Matrices and Determinants

As for everything else, so for a mathematical theory, beauty can be perceived but not explained..... Cayley
Arthur

Introduction :
Any rectangular arrangement of numbers (real or complex) (or of real valued or complex valued
expressions) is called a matrix. If a matrix has m rows and n columns then the order of matrix is
written as m × n and we call it as order m by n
The general m × n matrix is

 a11 a12 a13 ...... a1j ..... a1n 

a a22 a23 ...... a2 j ..... a 2n 
 21
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
A=  
 ai1 ai2 ai3 ...... aij ...... ain 
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
 
am1 am2 am3 ..... amj ..... amn 

where aij denote the element of ith row & jth column. The above matrix is usually denoted as [aij]m × n .

Notes :
(i) The elements a11, a22, a33,........ are called as diagonal elements. Their sum is called as trace
of A denoted as tr(A)

(ii) Capital letters of English alphabets are used to denote matrices.

(iii)
Order of a matrix : If a matrix has m rows and n columns, then we say that its order is "m by n",
written as "m × n".
1
Example # 1 : Construct a 3 × 2 matrix whose elements are given by aij = | i –3j |.
2
 a11 a12 
Solution : In general a 3 × 2 matrix is given by A = a21 a22 
a31 a32 
1
aij = | i – 3j |, i = 1, 2, 3 and j = 1, 2
2

1 1 5
Therefore a11 = |1–3×1|=1 a12 =|1–3×2|=
2 2 2
1 1 1
a21 = |2–3×1|= a22 = |2–3×2|=2
2 2 2
1 1 3
a31 = |3–3×1|=0 a32 = | 3 – 3 × 2 | =
2 2 2

 5
1 2
 
Hence the required matrix is given hy A =  2
1
2 
 
0 3
 2 

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Matrices and Determinants

Types of Matrices :
Row matrix :
A matrix having only one row is called as row matrix (or row vector).General form of row
matrix is A = [a11, a12, a13, ...., a1n]
This is a matrix of order "1 × n" (or a row matrix of order n)

Column matrix :
A matrix having only one column is called as column matrix (or column vector).
 a11 
a 
Column matrix is in the form A =  21 
 ... 
 
am1 

This is a matrix of order "m × 1" (or a column matrix of order m)

Zero matrix :
A = [aij]m × n is called a zero matrix, if aij = 0  i & j.
0 0 0 
0 0 0 
e.g. : (i)   (ii)  0 0 0 
0 0 0   0 0 0 

Square matrix :
A matrix in which number of rows & columns are equal is called a square matrix. The general
form of a square matrix is
 a11 a12 ....... a1n 
a a22 ........ a2n 
A =  21 which we denote as A = [aij]n.
....... ....... ....... .......
 
 an1 an2 ....... ann 
This is a matrix of order "n × n" (or a square matrix of order n)

Diagonal matrix :
A square matrix [aij]n is said to be a diagonal matrix if aij = 0 for i  j. (i.e., all the elements of
the square matrix other than diagonal elements are zero)

Note : Diagonal matrix of order n is denoted as Diag (a11, a22, ......ann).

 a 0 0 0 
a 0 0   0 b 0 0 
e.g. : (i)  0 b 0  (ii) 
 0 0 0 0 
 0 0 c   
 0 0 0 c 
Scalar matrix :
Scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are same. A = [aij]n is a
scalar matrix, if (i) aij = 0 for i  j and (ii) aij = k for i = j.
a 0 0 
a 0 
e.g. : (i)   (ii)  0 a 0 
0 a   0 0 a 

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Matrices and Determinants

Unit matrix (identity matrix) :

Unit matrix is a diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are unity. Unit matrix of
order 'n' is denoted by n (or ).
i.e. A = [aij]n is a unit matrix when aij = 0 for i  j & aii = 1
1 0 0 
1 0 0 1 0 
eg. 2 =   , 3 =  
 0 1 0 0 1

Upper triangular matrix :

A = [aij]m × n is said to be upper triangular, if aij = 0 for i > j (i.e., all the elements below
the diagonal elements are zero).

a b c d  a b c 
e.g. : (i)  0 x y z  (ii)  0 x y 
 0 0 u v   0 0 z 

Lower triangular matrix :

A = [aij]m × n is said to be a lower triangular matrix, if aij = 0 for i < j. (i.e., all the
elements above
the diagonal elements are zero.)
a 0 0  a 0 0 0 
e.g. : (i)  b c 0  (ii)  b c 0 0 
 x y z   x y z 0 

Comparable matrices :
Two matrices A & B are said to be comparable, if they have the same order (i.e., number of rows of A &
B are same and also the number of columns).
2 3 4  3 4 2
e.g. : (i) A =   & B =  are comparable
 3 1 2  0 1 3 
 3 0 
2 3 4 
e.g. : (ii) C =   & D =  4 1  are not comparable
 3 1 2   2 3 
Equality of matrices :
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if they are comparable and all the corresponding elements
are equal.
Let A = [aij] m × n & B = [bij]p × q
A = B iff (i) m = p, n = q
(ii) aij = bij  i & j.

 sin  1/ 2  1/ 2 sin  

   
Example # 2 : Let A =  1/ 2 cos   & B =  cos  cos  . Find  so that A = B.
   cos 
 cos  tan   1 
 
Solution : By definition A & B are equal if they have the same order and all the corresponding elements
are equal.
1 1
Thus we have sin  = , cos = – & tan  = – 1
2 2

    = (2n + 1) – .
4
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Matrices and Determinants

 x  3 z  4 2y – 7   0 6 3y – 2

Example # 3 : If  –6 a – 1  
0  =  –6 –3 2c  2  , then find the values of a, b, c, x, y and z.
b – 3 –21 0  2b  4 –21 0 
Solution : As the given matrices are equal, therefore, their corresponding elements must be equal.
Comparing the corresponding elements, we get
x+3=0 z+4=6 2y – 7 = 3y – 2
a–1=–3 0 = 2c + 2 b – 3 = 2b + 4
  a = – 2, b = – 7, c = – 1, x = – 3, y = – 5, z = 2

Multiplication of matrix by scalar :

Let  be a scalar (real or complex number) & A = [aij]m × n be a matrix. Thus the product A is
defined as A = [bij]m × n where bij = aij  i & j.
 2 1 3 5   6 3 9 15 
e.g. : A =  0 2 1 3  & – 3A  (–3) A =  0 6 3 9 

 0 0 1 2   0 0 3 6 

Note : If A is a scalar matrix, then A = , where  is a diagonal entry of A

Addition of matrices :
Let A and B be two matrices of same order (i.e. comparable matrices). Then A + B is defined to be.
A + B = [aij]m × n + [bij]m × n.
= [cij]m × n where cij = aij + bij  i & j.

 1 1   1 2  0 1
e.g. : A =  2 3  , B =  2 3  , A + B = 0 0 
 
 1 0   5 7   6 7 

Substraction of matrices :
Let A & B be two matrices of same order. Then A – B is defined as A + (– B) where – B is (– 1) B.

Properties of addition & scalar multiplication :

Consider all matrices of order m × n, whose elements are from a set F (F denote Q, R or C).
Let Mm × n (F) denote the set of all such matrices.
Then
(a) A  Mm × n (F) & B  Mm × n (F)  A + B  Mm × n(F)
(b) A+B=B+A
(c) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
(d) O = [o]m × n is the additive identity.
(e) For every A  Mm × n(F), – A is the additive inverse.
(f)  (A + B) = A + B
(g) A = A
(h) (1 + 2) A = 1A + 2A

8 0  2 –2 
Example # 4 : IF A =  4 –2  and B =  4 2 , then find the matrix X, such that 2A + 3X = 5B
 3 6   –5 1
Solution : We have 2A + 3X = 5B.
 3X = 5B – 2A
1
 X= (5B – 2A)
3

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Matrices and Determinants

  2 –2 8 0     10 –10  –16 0  

1   1 
 X= 5 4 2 – 2  4 –2  =   20 10    –8
   4  
3   3  
  –5 1 3 6     –25 5   –6 –12 
 –10 
 –2 3 
 10 – 16 –10  0   –6 –10   
X =  20 – 8 10  4  =  12 14  =  4
1 1 14 

3 3  3 
 –25 – 6 5 – 12   31 –7   
 –31 –7 
 3 3 

Multiplication of matrices :

Let A and B be two matrices such that the number of columns of A is same as number of rows
of B. i.e., A = [aij]m × p & B = [bij]p × n.
p
Then AB = [cij]m × n where cij =  aik bkj , which is the dot product of ith row vector of A and jth
k 1

column vector of B.
0 1 1 1
 1 2 3  3 4 9 1
e.g. : A =   , B =  0 0 1 0  , AB =  
2 3 1  1 1 2 0   1 3 7 2

Notes :
(1) The product AB is defined iff the number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B. A
is called as premultiplier & B is called as post multiplier. AB is defined BA is defined.
(2) In general AB  BA, even when both the products are defined.
(3) A (BC) = (AB) C, whenever it is defined.

Properties of matrix multiplication :

Consider all square matrices of order 'n'. Let Mn (F) denote the set of all square matrices of
order n. (where F is Q, R or C). Then
(a) A, B  Mn (F)  AB  Mn (F)
(b) In general AB  BA
(c) (AB) C = A(BC)
(d) n, the identity matrix of order n, is the multiplicative identity.
An = A = n A   A  Mn (F)
(e) For every non singular matrix A (i.e., |A|  0) of Mn (F) there exist a unique (particular)
matrix B  Mn (F) so that AB = n = BA. In this case we say that A & B are multiplicative
inverse of one another. In notations, we write B = A–1 or A = B–1.
(f) If  is a scalar (A) B = (AB) = A(B).
(g) A(B + C) = AB + AC   A, B, C  Mn (F)

(h) (A + B) C = AC + BC   A, B, C  Mn (F).

Notes : (1) Let A = [aij]m × n. Then An = A & m A = A, where n & m are identity matrices of order
n & m respectively.
(2) For a square matrix A, A2 denotes AA, A3 denotes AAA etc.

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Matrices and Determinants

 1 2 3
Example # 5 : If A = 3 –2 1 , then show that A3 – 23A – 40 I = O
 4 2 1
 1 2 3  1 2 3 19 4 8 
Solution : We have A2 = A.A = 3 –2 1 3 –2 1
  =  1 12 8 
 4 2 1  4 2 1 14 6 15
 1 2 3  1 2 3 19 4 8 
So A3 = AA2 = 3 –2 1 3 –2 1 =  1 12 8 
   
 4 2 1  4 2 1 14 6 15
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 0 0
Now A3 – 23A – 40I = 3 –2 1  – 23 3 –2 1 – 40 0 1 0 
   
 4 2 1  4 2 1 0 0 1

63 46 69  –23 –46 –69   –40 0 0 

= 69 –6 23 +  –69 46 –23  +  0 –40 0 
92 46 63  –92 –46 –23   0 0 –40 
63 – 23 – 40 46 – 46  0 69 – 69 0  0 0 0 
=  69 – 69  0 –6  46 – 40 23 – 23 0  = 0 0 0  = O
 90 – 92  0 46 – 46  0 63 – 23 – 40 0 0 0 

Self practice problems :

cos   sin 
(1) If A() =   , verify that A() A() = A( + ).
 sin  cos  
Hence show that in this case A(). A() = A() . A().

 4 6 1  2 4
(2) Let A = 3 0 2  , B =  0 1 and C = [3 1 2].
 1 2 5   1 2 
Then which of the products ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA are defined. Calculate the
product whichever is defined.
Answer (2) Only CAB is defined. CAB = [25 100]

Transpose of a matrix :

Let A =[aij]m × n. Then the transpose of A is denoted by A( or AT ) and is defined as

A = [bij]n × m where bij = aji  i & j.

i.e. A is obtained by rewriting all the rows of A as columns (or by rewriting all the columns of A as
rows).
 1 a x 
 1 2 3 4   2 y 
e.g. : A =  a b c d  , A = 
b
 3 c z 
 x y z w   
 4 d w 

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Matrices and Determinants

Results : (i) For any matrix A = [aij]m × n, (A) = A

(ii) Let  be a scalar & A be a matrix. Then (A) = A

(iii) (A + B) = A + B & (A – B) = A – B for two comparable matrices A and B.
(iv) (A1 ± A2 ± ..... ± An) = A1 ± A2 ± ..... ± An, where Ai are comparable.

(v) Let A = [aij]m × p & B = [bij]p × n , then (AB) = BA

(vi) (A1 A2 .......An)= An. An – 1 ...........A2 . A1, provided the product is defined.

Symmetric & skew-symmetric matrix : A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if A = A

i.e. Let A = [aij]n. A is symmetric iff aij = aji  i & j. A square matrix A is said to be skew-
symmetric if A = – A
i.e. Let A = [aij]n. A is skew-symmetric iff aij = – aji  i & j.

a h g
e.g. A = h b f  is a symmetric matrix.
 g f c 
o x y
B =   x o z  is a skew-symmetric matrix.
  y z 0 
Notes :
(1) In a skew-symmetric matrix all the diagonal elements are zero.
( aii = – aii  aii = 0)
(2) For any square matrix A, A + A is symmetric & A – A is skew-symmetric.

(3) Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum of two square matrices of
which one is symmetric and the other is skew-symmetric.
1 1
A = B + C, where B = (A + A) & C = (A – A).
2 2

 –2 
Example # 6 : If A =  4  , B = [1 3 – 6], verify that (AB)' = B'A'.
 5 
Solution : We have
 –2 
A =  4  , B = [1 3 –6]
 5 
 –2   –2 –6 12 
Then 
AB =  4  [1 3 –6] =  4 12 –24 

 5   5 15 –30 
 1
Now A' = [–2 4 5], B' =  3 
 –6 
 1  –2 4 5
B'A' =  3  [–2 4 5] =  –6
 12 15  = (AB)'
 –6   12 –24 –30 
Clearly (AB)' = B'A'

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Matrices and Determinants

 2 –2 –4 
Example # 7 : Express the matrix B =  –1 3 4  as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric
 1 –2 –3 
matrix.
 2 –1 1
Solution : Here 
B' =  –2 3 –2
 –4 4 –3 
 3 3
 2 –
2
– 
2
 4 –3 –3   
1 
2 = – 1 
1 3
Let P= (B + B') = –3 6 3
2 2   2 
 –3 2 –6   
– 3 1 –3 
 2 
 –3 –3 
 2 2 2 
 
–3
Now P' =  3 1  =P
 2 
 
 –3 1 –3 
 2 

1
Thus P= (B + B') is a symmetric matrix.
2
 –1 –5 
0 2 2 
0 –1 –5   
1  
6 =  3 
1 1
Also, Let Q = (B – B') =  1 0 0
2 2  2 
5 –6 0   
 5
–3 0 
 2 
 1 5
 0 2 3
 
Q' =  – –3  = – Q
1
Now 0
 2 
 
– 5 3 0
 2 
1
Thus Q= (B – B') is a skew symmetric matrix.
2
 –3 –3   –1 –5 
 2   0
2 2 2 2   2 –2 –4 
   
–3
    =  –1 3 4  = B
1
Now P+Q= 3 1 + 0 3
 2  2 
     1 –2 –3 
 –3 1 –3   5 –3 0 
 2   2 
Thus, B is represented as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.

Thus, B is represented as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.

Example # 8 : Show that BAB is symmetric or skew-symmetric according as A is symmetric or skew-

symmetric (where B is any square matrix whose order is same as that of A).
Solution : Case - A is symmetric    A = A
(BAB) = (B)AB = BAB  BAB is symmetric.
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Case -  A is skew-symmetric  A = – A

(BAB) = (B)AB
= B ( – A) B
= – (BAB)
   BAB is skew-symmetric

Self practice problems :

(3) For any square matrix A, show that AA & AA are symmetric matrices.
(4) If A & B are symmetric matrices of same order, then show that AB + BA is symmetric and
AB – BA is skew-symmetric.
Submatrix : Let A be a given matrix. The matrix obtained by deleting some rows or columns of A is called
as submatrix of A.
a b c d  a c  a b c 
    a b d 
eg. A =  x y z w  Then  x z  ,   ,  x y z  are all submatrices of A.
p r  
p q s
p q r s  p q r 

Determinant of a square matrix :

To every square matrix A = [aij] of order n, we can associate a number (real or complex) called
determinant of the square matrix.
Let A = [a]1×1 be a 1×1 matrix. Determinant A is defined as |A| = a.
e.g. A = [– 3]1×1 |A| = – 3
a b 
Let A =   , then |A| is defined as ad – bc.
 c d
 5 3
e.g. A=   , |A| = 23
 1 4 

Minors & Cofactors :

Let  be a determinant. Then minor of element aij, denoted by Mij, is defined as the determinant
of the submatrix obtained by deleting ith row & jth column of . Cofactor of element aij, denoted
by Cij, is defined as Cij = (– 1)i + j Mij.
a b
e.g. 1 =
c d
M11 = d = C11
M12 = c, C12 = – c
M21 = b, C21 = – b
M22 = a = C22

a b c
e.g. 2 = p q r
x y z
q r
M11 = = qz – yr = C11.
y z
a b
M23 = = ay – bx, C23 = – (ay – bx) = bx – ay etc.
x y

Determinant of any order :

Let A = [aij]n be a square matrix (n > 1). Determinant of A is defined as the sum of products of elements
of any one row (or any one column) with corresponding cofactors.

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 a11 a12 a13 

e.g.1 A = a21 a22 a23 
a31 a32 a33 
|A| = a11C11 + a12 C12 + a13C13 (using first row).
a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
= a11 – a12 + a13
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
|A| = a12 C12 + a22 C22 + a32C32 (using second column).
a21 a23 a11 a13 a11 a13
= – a12 + a22 – a32
a31 a33 a31 a33 a21 a23
Transpose of a determinant : The transpose of a determinant is the determinant of transpose of the
corresponding matrix.
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
D = a2 b2 c2  D  T
b1 b2 b3
a3 b3 c3 c1 c 2 c3

Properties of determinant :
(1) |A| = |A| for any square matrix A.
i.e. the value of a determinant remains unaltered, if the rows & columns are inter changed,
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
i.e. D = a2 b2 c 2  b1 b2 b3 = D
a3 b3 c3 c1 c 2 c3
(2) If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged, the value of determinant is
changed in sign only.
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c 2
e.g. Let D1 = a2 b2 c 2 & D2 = a1 b1 c1 Then D2 = – D1
a3 b3 c 3 a3 b3 c 3

(3) Let  be a scalar. Than  |A| is obtained by multiplying any one row (or any one column)
of |A| by 
a1 b1 c1 Ka1 Kb1 Kc1
  D = a2 b2 c 2 and E = a2 b2 c2 Then E= KD
a3 b3 c 3 a3 b3 c3
(4) | AB | = | A | | B |. 
(5) |A| = n |A|, when A = [aij]n.
(6) A skew-symmetric matrix of odd order has determinant value zero.
(7) If a determinant has all the elements zero in any row or column, then its value is zero,
0 0 0
i.e. D = a2 b2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c 3
(8) If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical (or proportional), then its value
is zero,
a1 b1 c1
i.e. D = a1 b1 c1 = 0.
a3 b3 c3
(9) If each element of any row (or column) can be expressed as a sum of two terms then the
determinant can be expressed as the sum of two determinants, i.e.

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a1  x b1  y c1  z a1 b1 c1 x y z
a2 b2 c2  a2 b2 c2  a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

(10) The value of a determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row (or column) a
constant multiple of the corresponding elements of any other row (or column),
a1 b1 c1 a1  ma2 b1  mb2 c1  mc 2
i.e. D1 = a2 b2 c 2 and D2 = a2 b2 c2 . Then D2= D1
a3 b3 c3 a3  na1 b3  nb1 c3  nc1

(11) Let A = [aij]n. The sum of the products of elements of any row with corresponding
cofactors of any other row is zero. (Similarly the sum of the products of elements of
any column with corresponding cofactors of any other column is zero).

a b c
Example # 9 Simplify b c a
c a b
Solution : Let R1  R1 + R2 + R3
abc abc abc 1 1 1
  b c a = (a + b + c) b c a
c a b c a b
Apply C1 C1 – C2, C2  C2 – C3
0 0 1
= (a + b + c) b  c c  a a
c a a b b
= (a + b + c) ((b – c) (a – b) – (c – a)2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc – ca – b2 – c2 + 2ca – a2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 – c2)  3abc – a3 – b3 – c3

a b c
Example # 10 Simplify a2 b2 c 2
bc ca ab
Solution : Given determinant is equal to
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
1
= a3 b3 c 3 = a3 b3 c3
abc
abc abc abc 1 1 1
Apply C1  C1 – C2, C2  C2 – C3
a b2 2
b c
2 2
c 2

= a3  b3 b3  c 3 c3
0 0 1
ab bc c2
= (a – b) (b – c) a  ab  b2
2
b  bc  c 2
2
c3
0 0 1
= (a – b) (b – c) [ab2 + abc + ac2 + b3 + b2C + bc2 – a2b – a2c – ab2 – abc – b3 – b2c]
= (a – b) (b – c) [c(ab + bc + ca) – a(ab + bc + ca)]
= (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca)

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Self practice problems

0 ba c a
(5) Find the value of  = . a  b 0 c b
ac bc 0
b2  ab b  c bc  ac
(6) Simplify . ab  a2 a  b b2  ab
bc  ac c  a ab  a2
abc 2 a 2 a
(7) Prove that 2 b bc a 2 b = (a + b + c)3.
2 c 2 c c a b

1 a bc
(8) Show that 1 b ca = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) by using factor theorem .
1 c ab
Answers : (5) 0 (6) 0

Application of determinants : Following examples of short hand writing large expressions are:
(i) Area of a triangle whose vertices are (x r, yr); r = 1, 2, 3 is:
x1 y1 1
1
D= x2 y 2 1 If D = 0 then the three points are collinear.
2
x3 y3 1
x y 1
(ii) Equation of a straight line passing through (x 1, y1) & (x2, y2) is x1 y1 1 = 0
x2 y2 1
(iii) The lines : a1x + b1y + c1 = 0........ (1)
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0........ (2)
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0........ (3)
a1 b1 c1
are concurrent if, a2 b2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c 3
Condition for the consistency of three simultaneous linear equations in 2 variables.
(iv) ax² + 2 hxy + by² + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a pair of straight lines if:
a h g
abc + 2 fgh  af²  bg²  ch² = 0 = h b f
g f c

Singular & non singular matrix : A square matrix A is said to be singular or non-singular according as |A|
is zero or non-zero respectively.

Cofactor matrix & adjoint matrix : Let A = [aij]n be a square matrix. The matrix obtained by replacing
each element of A by corresponding cofactor is called as cofactor
matrix of A, denoted as cofactor A. The transpose of cofactor matrix of
A is called as adjoint of A, denoted as adj A.
i.e. if A = [aij]n
then cofactor A = [cij]n when cij is the cofactor of aij  i & j.
Adj A = [dij]n where dij = cji  i & j.

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Properties of cofactor A and adj A :

(a) A . adj A = |A| n = (adj A) A where A = [aij]n.
(b) |adj A| = |A|n – 1, where n is order of A. In particular, for 3 × 3 matrix, |adj A| = |A|2
(c) If A is a symmetric matrix, then adj A are also symmetric matrices.
(d) If A is singular, then adj A is also singular.

Example # 11 : For a 3×3 skew-symmetric matrix A, show that adj A is a symmetric matrix.
 0 a b  c 2 bc ca 
 
Solution : A =  a 0 c  cof A =  bc b2 ab 
 b c 0   ca ab a2 
 
 c 2 bc ca 
 
adj A = (cof A) =  bc b2 ab  which is symmetric.
 ca ab a2 
 

Inverse of a matrix (reciprocal matrix) :

1
Let A be a non-singular matrix. Then the matrix adj A is the multiplicative inverse of A (we call it inverse of
|A|
A) and is denoted by A–1. We have A (adj A) = |A| n = (adj A) A
 1   1 
 A  adj A  = n =  adj A  A, for A is non-singular
 | A |   | A | 
1
 A–1 = adj A.
|A|
Remarks :
1. The necessary and sufficient condition for existence of inverse of A is that A is non-singular.
2. A–1 is always non-singular.
3. If A = dia (a11, a22, ....., ann) where aii  0  i, then A–1 = diag (a11– 1, a22–1, ...., ann–1).

4. (A–1) = (A)–1 for any non-singular matrix A. Also adj (A) = (adj A).
5. (A–1)–1 = A if A is non-singular.
1 –1
6. Let k be a non-zero scalar & A be a non-singular matrix. Then (kA)–1 = A .
k
1
7. |A–1| = for |A|  0.
|A|
8. Let A be a non-singular matrix. Then AB = AC  B = C & BA = CA  B= C.
9. A is non-singular and symmetric  A–1 is symmetric.
10. (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1 if A and B are non- singular.
11. In general AB = 0 does not imply A = 0 or B = 0. But if A is non-singular and AB = 0, then B = 0.
Similarly B is non-singular and AB = 0  A = 0. Therefore, AB = 0  either both are singular or one of
them is 0.
1 3 3 
Example # 12 : If A = 1 4 3  , then verify that A adj A = | A | . Also find A–1
1 3 4 
Solution : We have | A | = 1 (16 – 9) – 3 (4 – 3) + 3 (3 – 4) = 1  0
Now C11 = 7, C12 = – 1, C13 = – 1, C21 = – 3, C22 = 1, C23 = 0,C31 = – 3, C32 = 0, C33 = 1
 7 –3 –3 
Therefore adj A =  –1 1 0 
 –1 0 1 

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1 3 3   7 –3 –3  7 – 3 – 3 –3  3  0 –3  0  3
Now A(adj A) = 1 4 3   –1 1 0  = 7 – 4 – 3 –3  4  0 –3  0  3
   
1 3 4   –1 0 1  7 – 3 – 4 –3  3  0 –3  0  4
1 0 0 1 0 0
= 0 1 0 = (1) 0 1 0  = |A|. I

0 0 1 0 0 1
 7 –3 –3   7 –3 –3 
adj A =  –1 1 0  =  –1 1 0 
1 1
Also A–1 =
|A| 1
 –1 0 1   –1 0 1 

2 3 
 satisfies the equation A – 4A + I = O, where I is 2 × 2 identity
Example # 13 : Show that the matrix A =  2
 1 2 
matrix and O is 2 × 2 zero matrix. Using the equation, find A–1 .
2 3  2 3  7 12
Solution : We have A2 = A.A =     =  
 1 2  1 2 4 7 
7 12 8 12  1 0  0 0 
Hence A2 – 4A + I =   –   +   =   =0
4 7   4 8   0 1 0 0 
Now A2 – 4A + I = 0
Therefore A A – 4A = – I
or AA(A–1) – 4 A A–1 = – I A–1 (Post multiplying by A–1 because |A| 0)
or A (A A–1) – 4I = – A–1 or AI – 4I = – A–1
4 0  2 3   2 –3
or A–1 = 4I – A =   –  =  
0 4   1 2  –1 2 
 2 –3
Hence A–1 =  
 –1 2 

Example # 14 : For two non-singular matrices A & B, show that adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
Solution : We have (AB) (adj (AB)) = |AB| n
= |A| |B| n
A (AB)(adj (AB)) = |A| |B| A–1
–1

1
 B adj (AB) = |B| adj A ( A–1 = adj A)
|A|
  B–1 B adj (AB) = |B| B–1 adj A
 adj (AB) = (adjB) (adj A)

Self practice problems :

(9) If A is non-singular, show that adj (adj A) = |A|n – 2 A.

(10) Prove that adj (A–1) = (adj A)–1.
For any square matrix A, show that |adj (adj A) | = | A |(n1) .
2
(11)
(12) If A and B are non-singular matrices, show that (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1.

Elementary row transformation of matrix :

The following operations on a matrix are called as elementary row transformations.
(a) Interchanging two rows.
(b) Multiplications of all the elements of row by a nonzero scalar.
(c) Addition of constant multiple of a row to another row.
Note : Similar to above we have elementary column transformations also.
Remarks : Two matrices A & B are said to be equivalent if one is obtained from other using elementary
transformations. We write A  B.

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Finding inverse using Elementry operations

(i) Using row transformations :
If A is a matrix such that A–1 exists, then to find A–1 using elementary row operations,
Step I : Write A = IA and

Step II : Apply a sequence of row operation on A = IA till we get, I = BA.

The matrix B will be inverse of A.
Note : In order to apply a sequence of elementary row operations on the matrix equation X = AB, we
will apply these row operations simultaneously on X and on the first matrix A of the product AB on RHS.

(ii) Using column transformations :

If A is a matrix such that A–1 exists, then to find A–1 using elementary column operations,
Step I : Write A = AI and
Step II : Apply a sequence of column operations on A = AI till we get, I = AB.
The matrix B will be inverse of A.
Note : In order to apply a sequence of elementary column operations on the matrix equation X = AB, we
will apply these row operations simultaneously on X and on the second matrix B of the product AB on
RHS.

0 1 2 
Example # 15 : Obtain the inverse of the matrix A =  1 2 3  using elementary operations.
3 1 1
0 1 2 1 0 0
Solution : Write A = IA, i.e.  1 2 3  , = 0 1 0  A
 
3 1 1 0 0 1
1 2 3 0 1 0
or 0 1 2 =  1 0 0  A (applying R1  R2)

3 1 1 0 0 1
1 2 3 0 1 0
or 0 1 2  =  1
 0 0  A (applying R3  R3 – 3R1)

0 –5 –8  0 –3 1 
1 0 –1  –2 1 0 
or 0 1 2  =  1 0 0  A (applying R1  R1 – 2R2)


0 –5 –8   0 –3 1 
1 0 –1  –2 1 0 
or 0 1 2 =  1 0 0  A (applying R  R + 5R )
   3 3 2
0 0 2   5 –3 1
 
 –2 1 0
 1 0 –1  
or 0 1 2  =A 1 0 0  A (applying R3  R3)
1
    2
0 0 1  
5 –3 1
 2 2 2 
1 1 1
2 –
1 0 0 2 2
 
or 0 1 2  =  1 0 0  A (Applying R1  R1 + R3)
   
0 0 1  
5 –
3 1
 2 2 2 

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Matrices and Determinants

1 –1 1
2 2 2
1 0 0  
or 0 1 0  =  –4 3 –1 A (Applying R2  R2 – 2R3)
   
0 0 1  
5 –3 1
 2 2 2 
1 1 1
 2 –2 2
 
Hence A–1 =  –4 3 –1
 
 
 5 –3 1
 2 2 2 

System of linear equations & matrices : Consider the system

a11 x1 + a12x2 + .......... + a1nxn = b1
a21x1 + a22 x2 + ..........+ a2n xn = b2
.................................................
am1x1 + am2x2 + ..........+ amnxn = bn.
 b1 
 a11 a12 .......... a1n   x1  b 
a a22 .......... a2n  x   2
Let A =  21   & B =  ...  .
,X=2

..... ..... .......... ..... ....  

    ... 
am1 am2 .......... amn   n 
x
bn 
Then the above system can be expressed in the matrix form as AX = B.
The system is said to be consistent if it has atleast one solution.

System of linear equations and matrix inverse:

If the above system consist of n equations in n unknowns, then we have AX = B where A is a square
matrix.
Results :
(1) If A is non-singular, solution is given by X = A–1B.
(2) If A is singular, (adj A) B = 0 and all the columns of A are not proportional, then the system has
infinitely many solutions.
(3) If A is singular and (adj A) B  0, then the system has no solution (we say it is inconsistent).
Homogeneous system and matrix inverse :
If the above system is homogeneous, n equations in n unknowns, then in the matrix form it is AX = O.
( in this case b1 = b2 = ....... bn = 0), where A is a square matrix.

Results :
(1) If A is non-singular, the system has only the trivial solution (zero solution) X = 0
(2) If A is singular, then the system has infinitely many solutions (including the trivial solution) and
hence it has non-trivial solutions.

xyz6
Example # 16 : Solve the system x  y  z  2 using matrix inverse.
2x  y  z  1
1 1 1  x 6 
Solution :  
Let A =  1 1 1  , X =  y  & B = 2 .
 
2 1 1  z   1 
Then the system is AX = B.
|A| = 6. Hence A is non singular.

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Matrices and Determinants

0 3 3 
Cofactor A = 2 3 1 
2 0 2
0 2 2 
adj A = 3 3 0 
3 1 2
0 2 2   0 1/ 3 1/ 3 
1    0 
1
A–1 = adj A = 3 3 0  = 1/ 2 1/ 2
|A| 6 
3 1 2 1/ 2 1/ 6 1/ 3 
 0 1/ 3 1/ 3   6  x  1
X = A–1 B = 1/ 2 1/ 2 0   2  i.e.  y  = 2 
     x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
1/ 2 1/ 6 1/ 3   1   z  3 

Self practice problems:

0 1 2 
(13) A =  1 2 3  . Find the inverse of A using |A| and adj A.
3 1 1

(14) Find real values of  and µ so that the following systems has
(i) unique solution (ii) infinitely many solutions (iii) No solution.
x+y+z=6
x + 2y + 3z = 1
x + 2y + z = µ
(15) Find  so that the following homogeneous system have a non zero solution
x + 2y + 3z = x
3x + y + 2z = y
2x + 3y + z = z
1 1 1

2 2 2
Answers : (13) 4 3 1 (14) (i)  3, µ  R (ii)  = 3, µ = 1 (iii)  = 3, µ  1 (15)  = 6
5 3 1

2 2 2

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 vkO;wg ,oa lkjf.kd

As for everything else, so for a mathematical theory, beauty can be perceived but not explained....Cayley Arthur

ifjp;
iafDr vkSj LrEHkksa esa fdlh lqfuf'pr rjhds ls O;ofLFkr la[;k,sa ¼okLrfod lfEeJ½ ¼;k okLrfod eku vFkok lfEeJ
eku okys O;atd½] tks vk;rkdkj O;wg esa fy[kh gks] vkO;wg dgykrh gSaA
vkO;wg dk Øe % ;fn fdlh vkO;wg esa m iafDr;k¡ rFkk n LrEHk gks] bls m × n vkO;wg fy[kk tkrk gS rFkk ;g
m × n Øe dk vkO;wg dgykrk gSA lkekU; :i esa m × n Øe dk vkO;wg fuEu izdkj ls O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS&

 a11 a12 a13 ...... a1j ..... a1n 

a a22 a23 ...... a2 j ..... a 2n 
 21
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
A=  
 ai1 ai2 ai3 ...... aij ...... ain 
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
 
am1 am2 am3 ..... amj ..... amn 

tgk¡ aij vo;o] vkO;wg A dh i oh iafDr vkSj j osa LrEHk dks iznf'kZr djrk gSaA bls ge [aij]m × n ls iznf'kZr djrs gSaA

uksV :
(i) vo;o a11, a22, a33,........ fod.kZ vo;o dgykrs gSa vkSj mudk ;ksxQy A dk Vsªl (Trace) dgykrk gS ftls
Tr(A) ls iznf'kZr djrs gSaA

(ii) vkO;wg dks vaxzsth o.kZekyk ds cM+s v{kjksa ls O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSaA

(iii) vkO;wg dk Øe % ;fn fdlh vkO;wg esa m iafDr;k¡ rFkk n LrEHk gks] rks vkO;wg dk Øe m × n fy[kk tkrk gS
rFkk m×n Øe dk vkO;wg dgykrk gSA
1
mnkgj.k # 1 : 3 × 2 dk vkO;wg cuk;s ftlds vOk;o aij = = | i –3j | }kjk fn;s tkrs gSA
2
 a11 a12 
gy % O;kid :i esa 3 × 2 vkO;wg A = a a22 
 21
a31 a32 
1
aij = | i – 3j |, i = 1, 2, 3 rFkk j = 1, 2
2

1 1 5
blfy, a11 = |1–3×1|=1 a12 = |1–3×2|=
2 2 2
1 1 1
a21 = |2–3×1|= a22 = |2–3×2|=2
2 2 2
1 1 3
a31 = |3–3×1|=0 a32 = | 3 – 3 × 2 | =
2 2 2

 5
1 2
 
gS A =  2
1
vr% vHkh"V vkO;wg 
2
 
0 3
 2 

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 vkO;wg ,oa lkjf.kd
vkO;wg ds izdkj %
iafDr vkO;wg (Row matrix) :
og vkO;wg ftlesa dso y ,d gh iafDr gks] iafDr vkO;wg dgykrk gSaA iafDr vkO;wg dks A = [a11, a12, a13, ...., a1n] ls
iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
bl vkO;wg dk Øe "1 × n" gSA (;k n Øe dk iafDr vkO;wg)
LrEHk vkO;wg (Column matrix) :
 a11 
a 
og vkO;wg ftlesa dsoy ,d gh LrEHk gks] LrEHk vkO;wg dgykrk gSaA LrEHk vkO;wg dks A =  21 
 ... 
 
am1 

ls iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA

bl vkO;wg dk Øe "m × 1" gSA (;k m Øe dk LrEHk vkO;wg)

'kwU; vkO;wg (Zero matrix) :

A = [aij]m × n 'kwU; vkO;wg dgykrk gS ;fn aij = 0  i ,oa j.
0 0 0 
0 0 0 
tSls : (i)   (ii)  0 0 0 
0 0 0   0 0 0 

oxZ vkO;wg (Square matrix) :

og vkO;wg ftlesa iafDr;ksa vkSj LrEHkksa dh la[;k cjkcj gks] oxZ vkO;wg dgykrk gSA lkekU; :i esa oxZ vkO;wg

 a11 a12 ....... a1n 

a a22 ........ a2n 
A =  21 gksrk gS ftls A = [aij]n ls iznf'kZr djrs gSaA
....... ....... ....... .......
 
 an1 an2 ....... ann 

bl vkO;wg dk Øe "n × n" gSA (;k n Øe dk oxZ vkO;wg)

fod.kZ vkO;wg (Diagonal matrix) :
og oxZ vkO;wg [aij]n ftlesa eq[; fod.kZ ds vfrfjDr 'ks"k vo;o 'kwU; gks vFkkZr~ aij = 0 ;fn i  j ¼vFkkZr~ oxZ vkO;wg
ds fod.kZ ds vykok lHkh vOk;o 'kwU; gks½
uksV : n Øe dh fod.kZ vkO;wg dks Diag (a11, a22, ......ann) ls iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSaA
 a 0 0 0 
a 0 0   0 b 0 0 
tSls : (i)  0 b 0 
 (ii) 
 0 0 0 0 
 0 0 c   
 0 0 0 c 

vfn'k vkO;wg (Scalar matrix) :

og fod.kZ vkO;wg ftlesa eq[; fod.kZ ds lHkh vo;o leku gks] vfn'k vkO;wg dgykrk gS vFkkZr~ A = [aij]n esa ;fn (i)
i  j ds fy, aij = 0 ,oa (ii) i = j ds fy, aij = k gks] rks A ,d vfn'k vkO;wg gksxkA
a 0 0 
a 0 
tSls : (i)   (ii)  0 a 0 

0 a   0 0 a 

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 vkO;wg ,oa lkjf.kd
bdkbZ@rRled vkO;wg (Unit/Identity matrix) :
og fod.kZ vkO;wg ftlds eq[; fod.kZ ds lHkh vo;o bdkbZ (1) gks] bdkbZ vkO;wg dgykrh gSA n Øe ds
bdkbZ vkO;wg dks n ;k I ls fu:fir djrs gSaA
 tc aij  0 ;
 i  j ds fy,
vFkkZr~ A = [aij]n ,d bdkbZ vkO;wg gksxh ;fn 
 tc aij  1 ;
 i  j ds fy,
1 0 0 
1 0 0 1 0 
tSls 2 =   , 3 =  
 0 1 0 0 1

Åijh f=kHkqtkdkj vkO;wg (Upper triangular matrix) :

;fn A = [aij]m × n esa i > j ds fy, aij = 0 (eq[; fod.kZ ds uhps ds lHkh vo;o 'kwU; gks½ gks] rks vkO;wg] Åijh
f=kHkqtkdkj vkO;wg dgykrk gSaA
a b c d  a b c 
tSls : (i)  0 x y z  (ii)  0 x y 
 0 0 u v   0 0 z 

fuEu f=kHkqtkdkj vkO;wg (Lower triangular matrix) :

;fn A = [aij]m × n esa i < j ds fy, aij = 0 (eq[; fod.kZ ds mij ds lHkh vo;o 'kwU; gks) gks] rks vkO;wg fuEu
f=kHkqtkdkj vkO;wg dgykrk gSaA
a 0 0  a 0 0 0 
tSls : (i)  b c 0  (ii)  b c 0 0 
 x y z   x y z 0 

rqyukRed vkO;wg (Comparable matrices) :

nks vkO;wg A vkSj B dks rqyukRed dgk tkrk gS ;fn mudk Øe leku gks (vFkkZr~ A vkSj B esa iafDr;ksa vkSj LrEHkksa
dh la[;k ijLij cjkcj gSaA)
2 3 4  3 4 2
tSls : (i) A =   rFkk B = rqyukRed vkO;wg gSaA
 3 1 2  0 1 3 
 3 0 
2 4 
D =  4 1  rqyukRed vkO;wg ugha gSaA
3
tSls : (ii) C =   rFkk
 3 1 2   2 3 

vkO;wg dh lekurk (Equality of matrices) :

nks vkO;wg A vkSj B dks leku dgk tkrk gS ;fn os rqyukRed gSa vkSj muds lHkh laxr vo;o cjkcj gSaA
ekuk A = [aij] m × n rFkk B = [bij]p × q
A = B ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn (i) m = p, n=q
(ii) aij = bij  i, j.

 sin  1/ 2  1/ 2 sin  

   
mnkgj.k # 2 : ekuk A =  1/ 2 cos   vkSj B =  cos  cos  gks rks  dk eku Kkr dhft, rkfd A = B gksA
   cos 
 cos  tan   1 
  
gy : ifjHkk"kkuqlkj A ,oa B leku gksrs gSa ;fn mudk Øe leku gks vkSj lHkh laxr vo;o cjkcj gksA bl izdkj
ge dg ldrs gSa fd
1 1
sin  = , cos = – rFkk tan  = – 1
2 2

    = (2n + 1) – .
4

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 vkO;wg ,oa lkjf.kd
 x  3 z  4 2y – 7   0 6 3y – 2
mnkgj.k # 3 : ;fn  –6 a –1 0  =  –6 –3 2c  2  gS rks a, b, c, x, y vkSj z dk eku Kkr dhft,A
b – 3 –21 0  2b  4 –21 0 
gy : pwafd fn;s x;s vkO;wg leku gS blfy, muds laxr vo;o Hkh leku gksxsa vr% rqyuk djus ij gesa izkIr
gksrk gS
x+3=0 z+4=6 2y – 7 = 3y – 2
a–1=–3 0 = 2c + 2 b – 3 = 2b + 4
  a = – 2, b = – 7, c = – 1, x = – 3, y = – 5, z = 2
vkO;wg dk ,d vfn'k la[;k ls xq.kk (Multiplication of matrix by a scalar) :
ekuk  ,d vfn'k ¼okLrfod ;k lfEeJ la[;k½ vkSj A = [aij]m × n ,d vkO;wg gks] rks xq.kuA dks A = [bij]m × n
tgk¡ bij = aij  i , j ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSaA
 2 1 3 5   6 3 9 15 
tSls : A =  0 2 1 3  vkSj – 3A  (–3) A = 
 0 6 3 9 

 0 0 1 2   0 0 3 6 
uksV : ;fn A vfn'k vkO;wg gS] rc A = , tgk¡  vkO;wg A dk fod.kZ vo;o gSaA
vkO;wg dk ;ksx (Addition of matrices) :
ekuk A vkSj B leku Øe ds nks vkO;wg ¼vFkkZr~ rqyukRed vkO;wg½ gks] rks A + B dks fuEu izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
tkrk gSa&
A+B = [aij]m × n + [bij]m × n.
= [cij]m × n tgk¡ cij = aij + bij  i vkSj j.
 1 1   1 2  0 1
tSls : A =  2 3  , B =  2 3  , A + B = 0 0 
 
 1 0   5 7   6 7 
vkO;wg dk O;odyu (Substraction of matrices) :
ekuk A vkSj B nks leku Øe ds vkO;wg gks] rks A – B dks A + (– B) ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSa] tgk¡ – B,= (– 1) B
gSaA
vkO;wg ds ;ksx vkSj vfn'k xq.ku ds xq.k/keZ (Properties of addition & scalar multiplication):
ekuk m × n Øe ds lHkh vkO;wgksa ftuds vo;o leqPp; F ls lEc) gSaA ¼tcfd F  Q, R ;k C dks iznf'kZr djrk
gSa½ ekuk bl izdkj ds vkO;wgks dks Mm × n (F) ls iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gks, rks&
(a) A  Mm × n (F) rFkk B  Mm × n (F)  A + B  Mm × n(F)
(b) A+B=B+A
(c) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
(d) O = [o]m × n ;ksT; rRled gSaA
(e) izR;sd A  Mm × n(F) ds fy, – A ;ksT; izfrykse gSaA
(f)  (A + B) = A + B
(g) A = A
(h) (1 + 2) A = 1A + 2A

8 0  2 –2 
mnkgj.k # 4 : ;fn A =  4 –2 vkSj B =  4 2 gS rks vkO;wg X dk eku Kkr dhft,] tks bl izdkj gS
 
 3 6   –5 1
2A + 3X = 5B
gy : fn;k gS 2A + 3X = 5B.
1
 X= (5B – 2A)
3

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 vkO;wg ,oa lkjf.kd
  2 –2 8 0     10 –10  –16 0  
1   1 
 X=  5 4 2 – 2  4 –2  =   20 10    –8
   4  
3 3 
  –5 1 3 6     –25 5   –6 –12 
 –10 
 –2 3 
 10 – 16 –10  0   –6 –10   
X =  20 – 8 10  4  =  12 14  =  4
1 1 14 

3 3  3 
 –25 – 6 5 – 12   31 –7   
 –31 –7 
 3 3 
vkO;wg dk xq.ku (Multiplication of matrices) :
ekuk A vkSj B nks vkO;wg bl izdkj gS fd A esa LrEHkksa dh la[;k B esa iafDr;ksa dh la[;k ds cjkcj gSaA
vr% A = [aij]m × p vkSj B = [bij]p × n.
p
rks AB = [cij]m × n tgk¡ cij = a
k 1
ik bkj tks A ds i oha iafDr lfn'k vkSj B ds j osa LrEHk lfn'k dk fcUnq xq.ku gSaA

0 1 1 1
 1 2 3  3 4 9 1
tSls : A =   , B =  0 0 1 0  , AB =  
2 3 1  1 1 2 0   1 3 7 2

uksV : (1) AB ifjHkkf"kr gksxk ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn A ds LrEHkksa dh la[;k B dh iafDr;ksa dh la[;k ds cjkcj
gSA vkO;wg xq.ku AB esa A dks iwoZ in xq.ku ,oa B dks mÙkj in xq.kt dgrs gSA AB ifjHkkf"kr gSa
BA ifjHkkf"kr gSaA
(2) lkekU;r % AB  BA, tcfd nksuksa xq.ku ifjHkkf"kr gSaA
(3) A (BC) = (AB) C, tc ;g ifjHkkf"kr gSaA

vkO;wg xq.ku ds xq.k/keZ (Properties of matrix multiplication) :

ekuk n Øe dh lHkh oxZ vkO;wgksa ds leqPp; dks Mn (F), iznf'kZr djrk gSa] (tgk¡ F  Q, R ;k C gSa) rc&
(a) A, B  Mn (F)  AB  Mn (F)
(b) lkekU;r% AB  BA
(c) (AB) C = A(BC)
(d) vkO;wg xq.ku esan (n Øe dh bdkbZ vkO;wg), xq.ku rRled dk dk;Z djrh gSaA
An = A = n A   A  Mn (F)
(e) Mn(F) esa izR;sd O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg A  Mn (F) ds fy, (i.e., |A|  0) ,d vf}rh; vkO;wg B  Mn
(F) bl izdkj gS fd AB = n = BA bl fLFkfr esa ;g dgk tkrk gSa fd A vkSj B ,d nwljs ds xq.ku izfrykse
gSA izrhdkRed :i esa& B = A–1 ;k A = B–1.
(f) ;fn  vfn'k gSa] rks (A) B = (AB) = A(B).
(g) A(B + C) = AB + AC   A, B, C  Mn (F)
(h) (A + B) C = AC + BC   A, B, C  Mn (F).

uksV : (1) ekuk A = [aij]m × n, rc An = A vkSj m A = A, tgk¡ n ,oa m Øe'k% n vkSj m Øe ds bdkbZ
vkO;wg gSaA
(2) ,d oxZ vkO;wg A ds fy,] A2 = AA, A3 = AAA vkfnA

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 vkO;wg ,oa lkjf.kd
1 2 3
mnkgj.k # 5 : ;fn A = 3 –2 1 , gS rks iznf'kZr dhft, A3 – 23A – 40 I = O
 4 2 1
1 2 3  1 2 3 19 4 8
gy : fn;k gS A2 = A.A = 3 –2 1 3 –2 1 =  1 12 8 
 4 2 1  4 2 1 14 6 15
 1 2 3  1 2 3 19 4 8 
blfy, A3 = AA2 = 3 –2 1 3 –2 1 =  1 12 8 
   
 4 2 1  4 2 1 14 6 15
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 0 0
vc A3 – 23A – 40I = 3 –2 1  – 23 3 –2 1 – 40 0 1 0 
   
 4 2 1  4 2 1 0 0 1

63 46 69  –23 –46 –69   –40 0 0 

    
= 69 –6 23 +  –69 46 –23  +  0 –40 0 
92 46 63  –92 –46 –23   0 0 –40 
63 – 23 – 40 46 – 46  0 69 – 69 0  0 0 0 

=  69 – 69  0 –6  46 – 40 23 – 23 0  = 0 0 0  = O
 90 – 92  0 46 – 46  0 63 – 23 – 40 0 0 0 

vE;kl dk;Z %
cos   sin 
(1) ;fn A() =   , gks, rks lR;kfir dhft, fd A() A() = A( + ).
 sin  cos  
,oa bl fLFkfr esa iznf'kZr dhft, fd A(). A() = A() . A()

46 1 2 4
(2) ekuk A = 3 0 2  , B =  0 1 vkSj C = [3 1 2] gks] rks xq.ku ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA,
 1 2 5   1 2 
CAB, CBA esa ls dkSu ifjHkkf"kr gS\ tks ifjHkkf"kr gS mldk xq.kuQy Kkr dhft,A
Answer (2) dsoy CAB ifjHkkf"kr gS ,oa CAB = [25 100]

vkO;wg dk ifjorZ (Transpose of a matrix) :

;fn A =[aij]m × n gks] rks A dk ifjorZ A( ;k AT) ls iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj A = [bij]n × m tgk¡ bij = aji  i] j. ls
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
vFkkZr~ A dh lHkh iafDr;ksa ¼LrEHkksa½ dks LrEHkksa ¼iafDr;ksa½ ds :i esa nqckjk fy[kdj A dks izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
 1 a x 
 1 2 3 4   y 
tSls : A =  a b c d  , A =  2 b
 3 c z 
 x y z w   
 4 d w 

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 vkO;wg ,oa lkjf.kd
ifj.kke : (i) fdlh vkO;wg A = [aij]m × n ds fy,, (A) = A
(ii) ekuk  vfn'k gS vkSj A ,d vkO;wg gS] rks (A) = A
(iii) nks rqyukRed vkO;wg A ,oa B ds fy, (A + B) = A + B ,oa (A – B) = A – B
(iv) (A1 ± A2 ± ..... ± An) = A1 ± A2 ± ..... ± An, tgk¡ Ai rqyukRed gSA
(v) ekuk A = [aij]m × p vkSj B = [bij]p × n , rc (AB) = BA
(vi) (A1 A2 .......An)= An. An – 1 ...........A2 . A1, tcfd xq.kuQy ifjHkkf"kr gksA

lefer vkSj fo"ke lefer vkO;wg (Symmetric & skew symmetric matrix) :
,d oxZ vkO;wg A lefer vkO;wg dgykrh gS ;fn A = A gksA
vFkkZr~ ekuk A = [aij]n gks] rks A lefer vkO;wg gksxk ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn aij = aji  i ,oa j.
,d oxZ vkO;wg A fo"ke lefer gksxk ;fn A = – A gksA
vFkkZr~ ekuk A = [aij]n gks] rks A fo"ke lefer gksxk ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn aij = – aji  i ,oa j.

a h g 
tSls A = h b f  ,d lefer vkO;wg gSA
 g f c 
o x y
B =   x o z  ,d fo"ke lefer vkO;wg gSA

  y z 0 

uksV : (1) fdlh fo"ke lefer vkO;wg esa fod.kZ ds lHkh vo;o 'kwU; gksrs gSaA
( aii = – aii  aii = 0)
(2) fdlh oxZ vkO;wg A ds fy, A + A lefer gksrk gS vkSj A – A fo"ke lefer gksrk gSaA
(3) izR;sd oxZ vkO;wg dks vf}rh; :i ls nks oxZ vkO;wgksa ds ;ksxQy ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk
gS] ftuesa ls ,d lefer gksrk gS vkSj nwljk fo"ke lefer gksrk gSA
1 1
A = B + C, tgk¡ B = (A + A) & C = (A – A).
2 2
 –2 
mnkgj.k # 6 : ;fn A =  4  , B = [1 3 – 6] gS rks lR;kfir dhft, (AB)' = B'A'.
 5 
gy : fn;k gS
 –2 
A =  4  , B = [1 3 –6]
 5 
 –2   –2 –6 12 
rks AB =  4  [1 3 –6] =  4 12 –24 
 5   5 15 –30 
 1
vc A' = [–2 4 5], B' =  3 
 –6 
 1  –2 4 5
B'A' =  3  [–2 4 5] =  –6
 12 15  = (AB)'
 –6   12 –24 –30 
Li"V gS (AB)' = B'A'

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 vkO;wg ,oa lkjf.kd
 2 –2 –4 
mnkgj.k # 7 : vkO;wg B =  –1 3 4  dks lefer o fo"ke lefer ds ;ksxQy ds :i esa O;DÙk dhft,A
 1 –2 –3 

 2 –1 1
gy : ;gk¡ 
B' =  –2 3 –2
 –4 4 –3 

 3 3
 2 –
2
– 
2
 4 –3 –3   
1 
2 = – 1 
1 3
ekuk P= (B + B') = –3 6 3
2 2   2 
 –3 2 –6   
– 3 1 –3 
 2 
 –3 –3 
 2 2 2 
 
–3
vc P' =  3 1  =P
 2 
 
 –3 1 –3 
 2 

1
vr% P= (B + B') ,d lefer vkO;wg gS
2
 –1 –5 
0 2 2 
0 –1 –5   
1  
6 =  3 
1 1
lkFk gh] ekuk Q = (B – B') =  1 0 0
2 2  2 
5 –6 0   
 5
–3 0 
 2 

 1 5
 0 2 3
 
Q' =  – –3  = – Q
1
vc 0
 2 
 
– 5 3 0
 2 
1
vr% Q= (B – B') ,d fo"ke lefer vkO;wg gS
2
 –3 –3   –1 –5 
 2 2 2  0 2 2 
     2 –2 –4 
–3
P + Q = 1  + 3  =  –1 3 4  = B
1
vc  2
3
 2
0

     1 –2 –3 
 –3 1 –3  5 –3 0 
 2   2 
vr% B dks lefer o fo"ke lefer vkO;wg ds ;ksxQy ds :i esa fy[kk tk ldrk gSA

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 vkO;wg ,oa lkjf.kd
mnkgj.k # 8 : iznf'kZr dhft, fd BAB lefer ;k fo"ke lefer gksxk ;fn A Øe'k% lefer ;k fo"ke lefer gks (tgk¡ B
dksbZ oxZ vkO;wg gS ftldk Øe A ds cjkcj gSA).
gy : fLFkfr -  A lefer gSA     A = A
(BAB) = (B)AB = BAB  BAB lefer gSA
fLFkfr -  A fo"ke lefer gSA  A = – A
(BAB) = (B)AB
= B ( – A) B = – (BAB)  BAB fo"ke lefer gSA
vE;kl dk;Z %
(3) fdlh oxZ vkO;wg A ds fy,] iznf'kZr dhft, fd AA ,oa AA lefer vkO;wg gSaA
(4) ;fn A ,oa B leku Øe dh lefer vkO;wg gks] rks iznf'kZr dhft, fd AB + BA lefer gS vkSj
AB – BA fo"ke lefer gSA

mivkO;wg (Submatrix) :
ekuk A ,d fn;k x;k vkO;wg gks] rks og vkO;wg ftls A dh dqN iafDr;ksa ;k LrEHkksa dks gVkdj izkIr fd;k tkrk gS]
vkO;wg A dk mivkO;wg dgykrk gSA

a b c d  a c  a b c 
tSls A =  x y z w  rc  x z  , a b d ,  x y z  lHkh A ds mivkO;wg gSaA
  p q s   
p q r s  p r    p q r 

oxZ vkO;wg dk lkjf.kd (Determinant of a square matrix) :

n Øe ds çR;sd oxZ vkO;wg A = [aij] ds fy;s ,d la[;k ¼okLrfod ;k lfEeJ½ lEc) dh tk ldrh gS ftls oxZ
vkO;wg dk lkjf.kd dgk tkrk gSA
ekuk A = [a]1×1 ,d 1×1 Øe dk vkO;wg gS rc lkjf.kd A dks |A| = a ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls A = [– 3]1×1 |A| = – 3
a b 
ekuk A = ,   , rc |A| dks ad – bc ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
 c d
 5 3
tSls A=   , |A| = 23
 1 4 
milkjf.kd ,oa lg[k.M (Minors & Cofactors) :
ekuk  ,d lkjf.kd gS rks vo;o aij dk milkjf.kd Mij ls fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ;g] vkO;wg A ds ith iafDr ,oa
jth LrEHk dks gVkus ls izkIr mivkO;wg ds lkjf.kd ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA blh izdkj vo;o aij
dk lg[k.M Cij ;k Aij ls fn;k tkrk gS tks fuEu :i esa ifjHkkf"kr gksrk gS &
Cij = (– 1)i + j Mij.
a b
mnkgj.k-1 A=
c d
M11 = d = C11
M12 = c, C12 = – c
M21 = b, C21 = – b
M22 = a = C22
a b c
mnkgj.k-2 = p q r
x y z
q r
M11 = = qz – yr = C11.
y z
a b
M23 = = ay – bx, C23 = – (ay – bx) = bx – ay ;fn
x y

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 vkO;wg ,oa lkjf.kd
fdlh Øe dk lkjf.kd (Determinant of any order) :
ekuk A = [aij]n (n > 1) ,d oxZ vkO;wg gSA A dk lkjf.kd fdlh ,d iafDr (;k ,d LrEHk) ds vo;oksa ds laxr
lg[k.Mksa ds lkFk xq.kuQy ds ;ksx ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
 a11 a12 a13 
mnkgj.k-1 A = a21 a22 a23 
a31 a32 a33 
|A| = a11C11 + a12 C12 + a13C13 (izFke iafDr dk mi;ksx djds).
a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
= a11 – a12 + a13
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
|A| = a12 C12 + a22 C22 + a32C32 (f}rh; iafDr dk mi;ksx djds).
a21 a23 a11 a13 a11 a13
= – a12 + a22 – a32
a31 a33 a31 a33 a21 a23
ifjorZ lkjf.kd (Transpose of a determinant) :
fdlh lkjf.kd dk ifjorZ lkjf.kd blds laxr vkO;wg ds ifjorZ ds lkjf.kd ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
D = a2 b2 c2  D  T
b1 b2 b3
a3 b3 c3 c1 c 2 c3
lkjf.kd ds xq.k/keZ (Properties of determinant) :
(1) fdlh oxZ vkO;wg A ds fy, |A| = |A|
vFkkZr~ ;fn fdlh lkjf.kd esa lHkh iafDr;ksa dks LrEHkksa esa vkSj LrEHkksa dks iafDr;ksa esa cny nas] rks
lkjf.kd ds eku esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrk gSA
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
vFkkZr~ D = a2 b2 c2  b1 b2 b3 = D
a3 b3 c3 c1 c 2 c3

(2) ;fn fdlh lkjf.kd esa nks iafDr;ksa ;k nks LrEHkksa dks ijLij cny fn;k tk;s] rks lkjf.kd dk
la[;kRed eku ogh jgrk gS ysfdu mldk fpUg cny tkrk gSA
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
ekuk D1 = a2 b2 c 2 ,oa D2 = a1 b1 c1 rks D2 = – D1
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

(3) ekuk  vfn'k gS] rks  |A| dks |A| dh ,d iafDr (;k ,d LrEHk) dks ls xq.kk djds izkIr fd;k
tk ldrk gS 
a1 b1 c1 Ka1 Kb1 Kc1
   D = a2 b2 c2 rFkk E = a2 b2 c2 rc E= KD
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

(4) | AB | = | A | | B |. 
(5) |A| = n |A|, tc A = [aij]n.

(6) ,d fo"ke Øe dh fo"ke lefer lkjf.kd dk eku 'kwU; gksrk gSA

(7) ;fn fdlh lkjf.kd esa fdlh iafDr ;k LrEHk ds lHkh vo;o 'kwU; gS] rks bldk eku 'kwU; gksxkA
0 0 0
vFkkZr~ D= a2 b2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c3

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 vkO;wg ,oa lkjf.kd
(8) ;fn fdlh lkjf.kd dh nks iafDr;k¡ ;k nks LrEHk loZle ¼;k lekuqikrh½ gks] rks bldk eku 'kwU; gksxk
a1 b1 c1
vFkkZr~ D = a1 b1 c1 = 0.
a3 b3 c3

(9) ;fn fdlh lkjf.kd esa fdlh iafDr ;k LrEHk dk izR;sd vo;o nks la[;kvksa dk ;ksx gks] rks ml lkjf.kd dks
mlh Øe ds nks lkjf.kdksa ds ;ksx ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gsA
a1  x b1  y c1  z a1 b1 c1 x y z
a2 b2 c2  a2 b2 c2  a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
(10) lkjf.kd dh iafDr ;k LrEHk ds izR;sd vo;o esa] fdlh vU; iafDr ;k LrEHk ds laxr vo;oksa dks fdlh vpj
ls xq.kk dj tksM+us ;k ?kVkus ij lkjf.kd ds eku esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrk gSA
a1 b1 c1 a1  ma 2 b1  mb 2 c 1  mc 2
vFkkZr~ D1 = a2 b2 c2 vkSj D2 = a2 b2 c2 rc D2= D1
a3 b3 c3 a3  na1 b3  nb1 c 3  nc 1
(11) ekuk A = [aij]n, fdlh iafDr ds vo;oksa dk fdlh nwljh iafDr ds laxr lg[k.Mksa ds lkFk
xq.kuQyksa dk ;ksx 'kwU; gksrk gSA ¼blh izdkj fdlh LrEHk ds vo;oksa dk fdlh vU; LrEHk ds laxr
lg[k.Mksa ds lkFk xq.kuQyksa dk ;ksx Hkh 'kwU; gksrk gSA)
a b c
mnkgj.k # 9 b c a dks gy dhft,A
c a b
abc abc abc 1 1 1
gy ekuk R1  R1 + R2 + R3  b c a = (a + b + c) b c a
c a b c a b
lafØ;k C1 C1 – C2, C2  C2 – C3 djus ij = (a + b + c)
0 0 1
= (a + b + c) b  c c  a a = (a + b + c) ((b – c) (a – b) – (c – a)2)
c a a b b
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc – ca – b2 – c2 + 2ca – a2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 – c2)  3abc – a3 – b3 – c3
a b c
mnkgj.k # 10 a2 b2 c 2 dks gy dhft,A
bc ca ab
gy % nh xbZ lkjf.kd
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
1
= a3 b3 c3 = a3 b3 c3
abc
abc abc abc 1 1 1
lafØ;k C1  C1 – C2, C2  C2 – C3 djus ij
a b 2 2
b c 2 2
c 2

= a3  b3 b3  c 3 c3
0 0 1
ab bc c2
= (a – b) (b – c) a2  ab  b2 b2  bc  c 2 c3
0 0 1
= (a – b) (b – c) [ab2 + abc + ac2 + b3 + b2C + bc2 – a2b – a2c – ab2 – abc – b3 – b2c]
= (a – b) (b – c) [c(ab + bc + ca) – a(ab + bc + ca)] = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca)

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 vkO;wg ,oa lkjf.kd
vE;kl dk;Z %
0 ba c a
(5)  = . ab 0 c b dk eku Kkr dhft,A
ac bc 0
b2  ab b  c bc  ac
(6) ab  a2 a  b b2  ab dks gy dhft,A
bc  ac c  a ab  a2
abc 2 a 2 a
(7) fl) dhft, fd 2 b b  c  a 2 b = (a + b + c)3.
2 c 2 c c a b

1 a bc
(8) xq.ku[k.M izes; ls fl) dhft, fd 1 b ca = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
1 c ab
Answers : (5) 0 (6) 0

lkjf.kd ds vuqiz;ksx (Application of determinants) :

(i) f=kHkqt ftlds 'kh"kZ (xr, yr), r = 1, 2, 3 gks] dk {ks=kQy
x1 y1 1
1
D= x2 y 2 1 ;fn D = 0 gks] rks rhuksa fcUnq lajs[kh; gSaA.
2
x3 y3 1
x y 1
(ii) fcUnq (x1, y1) vkSj (x2, y2) ls xqtjus okyh ljy js[kk dk lehdj.k x1 y1 1 = 0 gksxkA
x2 y2 1
(iii) ljy js[kk,¡ : a1x + b1y + c1 = 0........ (1)
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0........ (2)
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0........ (3)
a1 b1 c1
laxkeh gS ;fn a2 b2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c 3
;g nks pjksa esa rhu js[kh; lehdj.kksa dh laxrrk ds fy, vHkh"B izfrcU/k gS A
(iv) lehdj.k ax² + 2 hxy + by² + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ljy js[kk ;qXe dks iznf'kZr djrk gS ;fn
a h g
abc + 2 fgh  af²  bg²  ch² = 0 = h b f
g f c
vO;qRØe.kh; vkSj O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg (Singular & non singular matrix) :
,d oxZ vkO;wg A vO;qRØe.kh; ;k O;qRØe.kh; dgk tkrk gS ;fn |A| dk eku Øe'k% 'kwU; ;k v'kwU; gksA
lg[k.M vkO;wg ,oa lg[k.Mt vkO;wg (Cofactor matrix & adjoint matrix) :
ekuk A = [aij]n dksbZ oxZ vkO;wg gSA A ds izR;sd vo;o ds LFkku ij mlds laxr lg[k.M dks izfrLFkkfir djus ls
izkIr vkO;wg dks lg[k.M vkO;wg A dgrs gSA bls lg[k.M A ls çnf'kZr djrs gSA
tcfd A dh lg[k.M vkO;wg dk ifjorZ A dk lg[k.Mt vkO;wg dgykrk gS rFkk bls adj A ls iznf'kZr djrs gSA
vFkkZr~ ;fn A = [aij]n gks] rks lg[k.M A = [cij]n tcfd cij, i ,oa j ds lHkh ekuksa ds fy;s aij dk lg[k.M gSA
rFkk adj A = [dij]n ;gk¡ dij = cji  i, j.

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 vkO;wg ,oa lkjf.kd
lg[k.M A vkSj A ds lg[k.Mt ds xq.k/keZ (Properties of cofactor A and adj A) :
(a) A . adj A = |A| n = (adj A) A tgk¡ A = [aij]n.
(b) |adj A| = |A|n – 1, tgk¡ n , A dk Øe gSaA
mnkgj.kkFkZ fdlh 3 × 3 vkO;wg ds fy;s |adj A| = |A|2
(c) ;fn A lefer vkO;wg gS] rks adj A Hkh lefer vkO;wg gSaA
(d) ;fn A vO;qRØe.kh; gS] rks adj A Hkh vO;qRØe.kh; gSaA
mnkgj.k # 11 : ,d 3×3 fo"ke lefer vkO;wg A ds fy, iznf'kZr dhft, fd adj A ,d lefer vkO;wg gSaA
 0 a b  c 2 bc ca 
 
gy A =  a 0 c  cof A =  bc b2 ab 
 b c 0   ca ab a2 
 
 c 2 bc ca 
 
adj A = (cof A) =  bc b2 ab  tks lefer gSaA
 ca ab a2 
 

vkO;wg dk izfrykse (Reciprocal matrix/Inverse of a matrix) :

1
ekuk A O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg gSA rc A dk xq.ku izfrykse vkO;wg adj A bls ge A dk izfrykse dgrs gSa½
|A|
vkSj bls A–1 ls iznf'kZr djrs gSaA vr% A (adj A) = |A| n = (adj A) A
 1   1 
 A  adj A  = n =  adj A  A tcfd A O;qRØe.kh; gksA
| A |  | A | 
1
 A–1 = adj A.
|A|

fVIif.k;k¡ :

1. A ds izfrykse ds fo|eku gksus ds fy, vko';d ,oa i;kZIr 'krZ ;g gS fd A O;qRØe.kh; gksuk pkfg,A
2. A–1 ges'kk O;qRØe.kh; gksrk gSA
3. ;fn A = dia (a11, a12, ....., ann) tgk¡ aii  0  i, rks A–1 = diag (a11– 1, a22–1, ...., ann–1).
4. fdlh O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg A ds fy, (A–1) = (A)–1 ,oa adj (A) = (adj A).
5. (A–1)–1 = A ;fn A O;qRØe.kh; gSaA
1 –1
6. ekuk k ,d v'kwU; vfn'k vkSj A O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg gS] rks (kA)–1 = A .
k
1
7. |A|  0 ds fy;s |A–1| =
|A|
8. ekuk A ,d O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg gSA rc AB = AC  B = C ,oa BA = CA  B= C.

9. A O;qRØe.kh; vkSj lefer gSa  A–1 lefer gSaA

10. (AB)–1 = B–1A–1 ;fn A ,oa B O;qRØe.kh; gksA

11. lkekU;r AB = 0 dk eryc A = 0 ;k B = 0 ugha gSaA ysfdu ;fn A O;qRØe.kh; vkSj AB = 0 gks] rks B = 0. blh
izdkj B O;qRØe.kh; vkSj AB = 0 gks] rks A = 0. blfy, AB = 0  ;k rks nksuksa vO;qRØe.kh; gS ;k muesa ls ,d 0
gSaA

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 vkO;wg ,oa lkjf.kd
1 3 3 
mnkgj.k # 12 : ;fn A = 1 4 3  , gS rks lR;kfir dhft,A adj A = | A |  lkFk gh A–1 Kkr dhft,A
1 3 4 
gy : fn;k gS | A | = 1 (16 – 9) – 3 (4 – 3) + 3 (3 – 4) = 1  0
vc C11 = 7, C12 = – 1, C13 = – 1, C21 = – 3, C22 = 1, C23 = 0,C31 = – 3, C32 = 0, C33 = 1
7
–3 –3 
blfy, adj A =  –1 1 0 
 –1 0 1 
1 3 3   7 –3 –3  7 – 3 – 3 –3  3  0 –3  0  3
vc A(adj A) = 1 4 3   –1 1 0  = 7 – 4 – 3 –3  4  0 –3  0  3
   
1 3 4   –1 0 1  7 – 3 – 4 –3  3  0 –3  0  4
 1 0 0 1 0 0
= 0 1 0 = (1) 0 1 0  = |A|. I
 
0 0 1 0 0 1
 7 –3 –3   7 –3 –3 
adj A =  –1 1 0  =  –1 1 0 
1 1  
lkFk gh A–1 =
|A| 1
 –1 0 1   –1 0 1 

2 3 
mnkgj.k # 13 : iznf'kZr dhft, vkO;wg A =   lehdj.k A – 4A + I = O dks larq"V djrk gS tgk¡ I ,d 2 × 2 dk
2
 1 2
bdkbZ vkO;wg gS vkSj O ,d 2 × 2 dk 'kwU; vkO;wg gS rc bldk mi;ksx djds A–1 Kkr dhft,A
2 3  2 3  7 12 
gy : fn;k gS A2 = A.A =     = 4 7 
 1 2  1 2  
7 12 8 12   1 0  0 0 
vr% A2 – 4A + I =   –   +   =   =0
4 7   4 8   0 1 0 0 
vc A2 – 4A + I = 0
blfy, A A – 4A = – I
;k AA(A–1) – 4 A A–1 = – I A–1 (A–1 ls i'p xq.ku djus ij D;ksafd |A| 0)
;k A (A A–1) – 4I = – A–1
;k AI – 4I = – A–1
4 0  2 3   2 –3
;k A–1 = 4I – A =   –  =  
0 4   1 2  –1 2 
 2 –3
vr% A–1 =  
 –1 2 

mnkgj.k # 14 : nks O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg A vkSj B ds fy, iznf'kZr dhft, fd adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
gy ge tkurs gSa fd (AB) (adj (AB)) = |AB| n
= |A| |B| n
A–1 (AB)(adj (AB)) = |A| |B| A–1
1
 B adj (AB) = |B| adj A ( A–1 = adj A)
|A|
  B–1 B adj (AB) = |B| B–1 adj A
 adj (AB) = (adjB) (adj A)

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 vkO;wg ,oa lkjf.kd

vE;kl dk;Z %
(9) ;fn A O;qRØe.kh; gks] rks iznf'kZr dhft, fd adj (adj A) = |A|n – 2 A.
(10) fl) dhft, fd adj (A–1) = (adj A)–1.
fdlh oxZ vkO;wg A ds fy, iznf'kZr dhft, fd |adj (adj A) | = | A |(n1) .
2
(11)
(12) ;fn A vkSj B O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg gks] rks iznf'kZr dhft, fd (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1.
vkO;wg dk izkjfEHkd iafDr :ikUrj.k (Elementary row transformation of matrix) :
fuEufyf[kr lafØ;kvksa dks vkO;wg izkjfEHkd iafDr :ikUrj.k dgk tkrk gS&
(a) nks iafDr;ksa dks ijLij cnyuk
(b) fdlh Hkh iafDr ds leLr vo;oksa dks ,d v'kwU; vfn'k ls xq.kk djds fy[kukA
(c) fdlh Hkh iafDr dks ,d vpj jkf'k ls xq.kk dj vU; iafDr esa tksM+ nsukA
uksV : blh izdkj dk izkjfHHkd LrEHk :ikUrj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fVIif.k;k¡
;fn dksbZ vkO;wg A, fdlh vU; vkO;wg B ij fofHkUu izkjfEHkd :ikUrj.kksa ls izkIr gks] rks vkO;wg A ,oa B ijLij
leku vkO;wg dgykrh gS rFkk bls A  B ls fy[krs gSA
izkjEfHkd :ikUrj.k ds }kjk izfrykse Kkr djuk
(i) iafDr :ikUrj.k ds }kjk :
;fn A ,d vkO;wg gS ftldk A–1 fo|eku gS] rks A–1 iafDr :ikUrj.k ds }kjk
in I : fyf[k, A = IA vkSj
in II : A = IA esa iafDr lafØ;k yxkus ij tc rd I = BA izkIr uk gks tk;sA
vkO;wg B, A dk izfrykse vkO;wg gSA
uksV : vkO;wg lehdj.k X = AB esa çkjfEHkd iafDr :ikUrj.k yxkus dh çfØ;k esa ge X vkSj RHS esa xq.kuQy AB esa
çFke vkO;wg A nksuksa ij ,d lkFk iafDr :ikUrj.k yxk,sxsaA
(ii) LraEHk :ikUrj.k ds }kjk :
;fn A ,d vkO;wg gS ftldk A–1 fo|eku gS] rks A–1 LraEHk :ikUrj.k ds }kjk
in I : fyf[k, A = AI vkSj
in II : A = IA esa LraEHk lafØ;k yxkus ij tc rd I = AB izkIr uk gks tk;sA
vkO;wg B, A dk izfrykse vkO;wg gSA
uksV : vkO;wg lehdj.k X = AB esa çkjfEHkd LraEHk :ikUrj.k yxkus dh çfØ;k esa ge X vkSj RHS esa xq.kuQy AB ds
f}rh; vkO;wg B nksuksa ij ,d lkFk LrEHk :ikUrj.k yxk,sxsaA
0 1 2 
mnkgj.k # 15 : vkO;wg gS A =  1 2 3  dk izfrykse :ikUrj.k fo/kh ls Kkr dhft,A
3 1 1
0 1 2 1 0 0
gy : fy[ksa A = IA, i.e.,  1 2 3  , = 0 1 0  A
3 1 1 0 0 1
1 2 3 0 1 0
;k 0 1 2 =  1 0 0  A (R1  R2 ls)

31 1 0 0 1
1 2 3 0 1 0
;k 0 1 2  =  1 0 0  A (R3  R3 – 3R1 ls)

0 –5 –8  0 –3 1 
 1 0 –1  –2 1 0
;k 0 1 2  =  1 0 0  A (R1  R1 – 2R2 ls)
  
0 –5 –8   0 –3 1 

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 vkO;wg ,oa lkjf.kd
 1 0 –1  –2 1 0 
;k 0 1 2  =  1 0 0  A (R  R + 5R ls)
    3 3 2
0 0 2   5 –3 1

 
 –2 1 0
 1 0 –1  
;k 0 1 2  =A 1 0 0 A (R3 
1
R ls))
    2 3
0 0 1  
5 –3 1
 2 2 2 
1 1 1
2 –
1 0 0 2 2
 
;k 0 1 2  =  1 0 0  A (R1  R1 + R3 ls)
   
0 0 1  
5 –
3 1
 2 2 2 
1 –1 1
2 2 2
1 0 0  
;k 0 1 0  =  –4 3 –1 A (R2  R2 – 2R3 ls)
   
0 0 1  
5 –3 1
 2 2 2 
1 1 1
 2 –2 2
 
vr% A–1 =  –4 3 –1
 
 
 5 –3 1
 2 2 2 

jSf[kd lehdj.kksa dk fudk; vkSj vkO;wg (System of linear equations & matrices) :
ekuk n lehdj.kksa dk fudk; fuEu gS&
a11 x1 + a12x2 + .......... + a1nxn = b1
a21x1 + a22 x2 + ..........+ a2n xn = b2
.................................................
am1x1 + am2x2 + ..........+ amnxn = bn.
 b1 
 a11 a12 .......... a1n   x1  b 
a a22 .......... a2n  x   2
ekuk A =  21 ,X=   & B =  ...  .
2

..... ..... .......... .....  ....  

     ... 
am1 am2 .......... amn   x n  bn 
rc Åij fn;k x;k fudk; vkO;wg :i AX = B esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA
fudk; dks laxr dgk tkrk gS ;fn bldk de ls de ,d gy fo|eku gksA
jSf[kd lehdj.kksa dk fudk; vkSj vkO;wg iz frykse (System of linear equations and matrix inverse) : ;fn
Åij fn;s x;s fudk; esa n lehdj.k vkSj n vKkr gks] rks AX = B tgk¡ A oxZ vkO;wg gSaA
ifj.kke : (1) ;fn A vO;qRØe.kh; gks] rks fn;k x;k gy X = A–1 B gSA
(2) ;fn A vO;qRØe.kh;] (adj A)B = 0 rFkk vkO;wg A ds leLr LrEHk lekuqikrh ugha gks] rks fudk;
ds gyksa dh la[;k vuUr gksxhA
(3) ;fn A vO;qRØe.kh; vkSj (adj A) B  0 gks] rks fudk; dk dksbZ gy ugha gSaA
(ge dg ldrs gSa fd ;g vlaxr gSaA)
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 vkO;wg ,oa lkjf.kd
le?kkrh; fudk; ,oa vkO;wg izfrykse (Homogeneous system and matrix inverse) :
;fn Åij fn;k x;k fudk; le?kkr gS] (n vKkr vkSj n lehdj.k okyk fudk;½ rks vkO;wg :i esa bls AX = O
fy[kk tk ldrk gSA ( bl fLFkfr esa b1 = b2 = ....... bn = 0), tgk¡ A ,d oxZ vkO;wg gSaA
ifj.kke : (1) ;fn A O;qRØe.kh; gks] rks fudk; ds dsoy fujFkZd gy gSa ¼'kwU; gy½ X = 0 gh gksxsaA
(2) ;fn A vO;qRØe.kh; gks] rks fudk; ds vuUr gy gSaA ¼fujFkZd gyksa dks ysdj½ vr% blds lkFkZd gy gSaA
xyz6
mnkgj.k # 16 : fudk; x  y  z  2 dks vkO;wg fo/kh ls gy dhft,A.
2x  y  z  1
1 1 1  x 6 
gy :  
ekuk A =  1 1 1  , X =  y  & B =  2  . rks fudk; AX = B gS
 
2 1 1  z   1 

0 3 3 
|A| = 6. vr% A O;qRØe.kh; gS A dk lg[kaMks ls cuk vkO;wg = A = 2 3 1 
2 0 2

0 2 2 
adj A = 3 3 0 
3 1 2

0 2 2   0 1/ 3 1/ 3 
1 
3 3 0   0 
1
A–1 = adj A = = 1/ 2 1/ 2
|A| 6 
3 1 2 1/ 2 1/ 6 1/ 3 
 0 1/ 3 1/ 3  6  x  1
X= A–1 
B = 1/ 2 1/ 2 0   2  i.e.  y  =  2   x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
     
1/ 2 1/ 6 1/ 3   1   z  3 

vE;kl dk;Z %
0 1 2 
(13) A =  1 2 3  . |A| vkSj adj A dk mi;ksx djds A dk izfrykse Kkr dhft,A
3 1 1

(14) fuEu fudk;ksa ds fy,  vkSj µ ds okLrfod eku Kkr dhft, rkfd fudk; ds
(i) vf}fr; gy gksA (ii) vuUr gy gksA (iii) dksbZ gy ugha gksA
x+y+z=6
x + 2y + 3z = 1
x + 2y + z = µ

(15)  dk og eku Kkr dhft, ftlds fy;s fuEu le?kkr fudk;ksa ds v'kwU; gy fo|eku gSaA
x + 2y + 3z = x
3x + y + 2z = y
2x + 3y + z = z
1 1 1

2 2 2
Answers : (13) 4 3 1 (14) (i)  3, µ  R (ii)  = 3, µ = 1 (iii)  = 3, µ  1(15)  = 6
5 3 1

2 2 2

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Matrix and Determinants


 Marked Questions may have for Revision Questions.
 fpfUgr iz'u nksgjkus ;ksX; iz'u gSA
PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Hkkx - I : fo"k;kRed iz'u ¼SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS½
Section (A): Matrix, Algebra of Matrix, Transpose, symmetric and skew symmetric
matrix,
[k.M (A) : vkO;wg] vkO;wg dk chtxf.kr] ifjorZ] lefer ,oa fo"ke lefer vkO;wg]
A-1. Construct a 3 × 2 matrix whose elements are given by aij = 2i – j.
,d 3 × 2 eSfVªDl cukb, ftlds vo;o aij = 2i – j ls fn;s tkrs gSA
 1 0 
Ans.  3 2 
 5 4 

 x  y 1 z   1 1 4 
A-2. If   =  , find x, y, z, w.
 2x  y 0 w   0 0 5 
 xy 1 z   1 1 4
;fn   =  gks] rks x, y, z, w Kkr dhft,A
 2x  y 0 w   0 0 5 
Ans. (x, y, z, w) = (1, 2, 4, 5)

 4 –1  0 –1 0 –2

A-3. Let A + B + C =   , 4A + 2B + C =   and 9A + 3B + C =  then find A
0 1   –3 2  2 1 
 4 –1  0 –1 0 –2
ekuk A + B + C =   , 4A + 2B + C =   vkSj 9A + 3B + C = 2 1  rc A Kkr dhft, &
0 1   –3 2   
 2 –1/ 2
Ans. 4
 –1 

 1 2 
 4 5 6 
A-4. If A =  3 4  and B =  7 8 2  , will AB be equal to BA. Also find AB & BA.
 5 6   

 1 2 
 4 5 6 
;fn A =  3 4  vkSj B=   gks] rks D;k BA vkSj AB cjkcj gksxs \ AB vkSj BA Hkh Kkr
 5 6   7 8 2 

dhft,A
 18 11 10 
 49 24 
Ans. AB =  16 47 10  , BA =  
 62 23 42   7 58 

3 4   7 12 
A-5. If A =   , then show that A =  3 5 
3

 1 1   
 3 4   7 12 
;fn A =   gks] rks iznf'kZr dhft, fd A3 =  
 1 1   3 5 

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Matrix and Determinants

  
 0  tan 
2  cos   sin  
A-6. If A =   show that ( + A) = ( – A)  
 tan    sin  cos  
0
 2 
  
 0  tan 
2  cos   sin  
;fn A =   gks] rks iznf'kZr dhft, fd ( + A) = ( – A)  
 tan  0   sin  cos  
 2 

cos x  sin x 0 
A-7. Given F(x) =  sin x cos x 0  . If x  R Then for what values of y, F(x + y) = F(x) F(y).
 0 0 1

cos x  sin x 0 
fn;k x;k gSa fd F(x) =  sin x cos x 0  . ;fn x R gks] rks y ds fdl eku ds fy,
 0 0 1
F(x + y) = F(x) F(y) gSA
Ans. y  R

A-8. Let A = [aij]n × n where aij = i2 – j2 . Show that A is skew-symmetric matrix.

ekuk A = [aij]n × n tgk¡ aij = i2 – j2 ] iznf'kZr dhft, A fo"ke lefer gSaA

1 4 6  0 2 3 1 7 9
A-9. If C = 7 2 5   –2 0 4   4 2
   8  , then trace of C + C3 + C5 + ........ + C99 is
9 8 3   –3 –4 0   6 5 3 
1 4 6  0 2 3 1 7 9
;fn C = 7 2 5   –2 0 4   4
   2 8  gks rc C + C3 + C5 + ........ + C99 dk vuqjs[k gS &
9 8 3   –3 –4 0   6 5 3 

Ans. Zero

Section (B) : Determinant of Matrix

[k.M (B) : vkO;wg dk lkjf.kd
0 1 sec 
B-1. If the minor of three-one element (i.e. M31) in the determinant tan   sec  tan  is 1 then find the
1 0 1
value of . (0 ).
0 1 sec 
nh xbZ lkjf.kd tan   sec  tan  esa vo;o 3-1 ds milkjf.kd ¼vFkkZr M31½ dk eku 1 gS] rks  dk eku
1 0 1
Kkr dhft;s tgk¡ (0 ).
3
Ans. 0, , 
4

B-2. Using the properties of determinants, evalulate:

lkjf.kd ds xq.k/keksZ ds mi;ksx ls fuEu ds eku Kkr dhft;sA
23 6 11 0 c b
(i) 36 5 26 (ii) c 0 a
63 13 37 b a 0

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Matrix and Determinants

103 115 114 113 116 104 13  3 2 5 5

(iii) 111 108 106 + 108 106 111 . (iv) 15  26 5 10
104 113 116 115 114 103 3  65 15 5
Ans. (i) 0 (ii) 0 (iii) 0 (iv) 5(3 2  5 3)

B-3. Prove that :

fl) dhft, &
1 1 1
(i) a b c = (a  b) (b  c) (c  a) (a + b + c)
3
a b 3
c 3

a b  c a2
(ii) b c  a b2 =  (a + b + c) (a  b) (b  c) (c  a)
c a  b c2
bc a a
(iii) b c a b = 4 abc
c c a b
1 a2 a4 1 1 1
(iv) If 1 b2 b4 = (a + b) (b + c) (c + a) a b c .
1 c2 c4 a2 b2 c2
1 a2 a4 1 1 1
;fn 1 b2 b4 = (a + b) (b + c) (c + a) a b c .
1 c2 c4 a2 b2 c2

B-4. If a, b, c are positive and are the pth, qth, rth terms respectively of a G.P., show without expanding that,
loga p 1
logb q 1 = 0.
logc r 1
;fn xq.kksÙkj Js<+h ds posa, qosa rFkk r osa in Øe'k% a, b, c rFkk /kukRed gks] rks fcuk foLrkj ds iznf'kZr dhft, fd
loga p 1
logb q 1 = 0.
logc r 1
loga p 1
Sol. logb q 1 = 0
logc r 1
Here a = ARp–1, b = ARq–1 , C = ARr–1
log ARp–1 p 1 logA  (p – 1)logR p 1
q–1
log AR q 1 = logA  (q – 1)logR q 1
log ARr –1 r 1 logA  (r – 1)logR r 1

Applying R2  R2  R1 & R3  R3 – R1
log A  (p – 1)logR p 1 log A  (p – 1)logR p 1
logR(q – p) q – p 0 = (r – p)(q – p) logR 1 0 =0
logR(r – p) r –p 0 logR 1 0

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Matrix and Determinants

B-5. Find the non  zero roots of the equation,     

 fuEufyf[kr lehdj.kksa ds v'kwU; ewy Kkr dhft;s&
a b ax  b 15  2 x 11 10
 (i) = b c bx  c = 0. (ii) 11  3 x 17 16 = 0
ax  b bx  c c 7  x 14 13
Ans. (i) x =  2 b/a (ii) 4

S0 S1 S2
B-6. If Sr = r + r + r then show that S1 S2 S3 = (  )2 ( )2 (  )2.
S2 S3 S4
S0 S1 S2
;fn Sr = r + r + r gks] rks iznf'kZr dhft, fd S1 S2 S3 = (  )2 ( )2 (  )2.
S2 S3 S4

a1 l1  b1 m1 a1 l2  b1 m2 a1 l3  b1 m3
B-7. Show that a2 l1  b2 m1 a2 l2  b2 m2 a2 l3  b2 m3 = 0.
a3 l1  b3 m1 a3 l2  b3 m2 a3 l3  b3 m3
a1 l1  b1 m1 a1 l2  b1 m2 a1 l3  b1 m3
iznf'kZr dhft, fd a2 l1  b2 m1 a2 l2  b2 m2 a2 l3  b2 m3 = 0.
a3 l1  b3 m1 a3 l2  b3 m2 a3 l3  b3 m3

ex sin x
B-8. If = A + Bx + Cx 2 + ....., then find the value of A and B.
cos x n(1  x)
ex sin x
;fn = A + Bx + Cx 2 + ....., rc A rFkk B dk eku Kkr dhft,A
cos x n(1  x)
Ans. A = 0, B = 0

Section (C) : Cofactor matrix, adj matrix and inverse of matrix

[k.M (C) : lg[k.M vkO;wg] lg[k.Mt vkO;wg ,oa vkO;wg dk izfrykse
 2 1  5 2  2 5 
C-1. If A =   ,B=   ,C=  and AB – CD = 0 find D.
3 4  7 4  3 8 
 2 1   5 2   2 5 
;fn A =   ,B=   ,C=  vkSj AB – CD = 0 gks] rks D Kkr dhft,A
3 4   7 4   3 8 
 191 110 
Ans.  77
 44 

C-2. (i). Prove that (adj adj A) = |A|n–2 A

(ii) Find the value of |adj adj adj A| in terms of |A|
(i) fl) dhft, fd (adj adj A) = |A|n–2 A
(ii) |adj adj adj A| dk |A| ds inksa esa eku Kkr dhft,A
| A |(n1)
3
Ans. (ii)

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Matrix and Determinants

 3 1 1   1 2 2 
C-3. 
If A =  15 6 5
–1  & B =  1 3 0  , find (AB)–1
  
 5 2 2   0 2 1 
 3 1 1   1 2 2 

;fn A =  15 6
–1 
5  vkSj B =  1 3 0  gks] rks (AB)–1 Kkr dhft,A
 5 2 2   0 2 1 
 9 3 5 
Ans.  2 1 0 
 
 1 0 2

C-4. If A is a symmetric and B skew symmetric matrix and (A + B) is non-singular and C = (A + B)–1 (A – B),
then prove that
;fn A lefer gS rFkk B fo"ke lefer vkO;wg gS rFkk (A + B) O;qRØe.kh; gS vkSj C = (A + B)–1 (A – B), rc fl)
dhft;s
(i) CT (A + B) C = A + B (ii) CT (A – B) C = A – B

 0 1 2   1/ 2  1/ 2 1/ 2
C-5. If A =  1 2 3  , A –1 =  4
 3 c  , then find v alues of a & c.
 3 a 1   5 / 2  3 / 2 1/ 2
0 1 2   1/ 2  1/ 2 1/ 2
A =  1 2 3  , A –1 = 
 4 3 c  gks rks a vkS j c dk eku Kkr dhft,A
 3 a 1   5 / 2  3 / 2 1/ 2
Ans. a = 1, c = – 1

Section (D) : Charactristic equation and system of equations

[k.M (D) : vfHkyk{kf.kd lehdj.k ,oa lehdj.kksa dk fudk;

3 2  –1
D-1. For the matrix A =   find a & b so that A + aA + b = 0. Hence find A .
2

 1 1 

3 2 
eSfVªDl A =   ds fy, a vkSj b ds eku Kkr dhft, tcfd A + aA + b = 0 gks rFkk A Hkh Kkr dhft,A
2 –1

 1 1
 1 2 
Ans. a = – 4, b = 1, A–1 =  
 1 3 

D-2. Find the total number of possible square matrix A of order 3 with all real entries, whose adjoint matrix B
has characterstics polynomial equation as 3 – 2 +  + 1 = 0.

3 Øe ds lHkh oxZ vkO;wg A dh la[;k Kkr dhft, ftlds lHkh vo;o okLrfod gS rFkk ftldh lg[k.Mt vkO;wg
B dh vfHkyk{kf.kd lehdj.k 3 – 2 +  + 1 = 0 gSA
Ans. 0

 1 1 2 
D-3. If A =  0 2 1  , show that A3 = (5A – ) (A – )
 1 0 2 
 1 1 2 
;fn A =  0 2 1  gks] rks iznf'kZr dhft, fd A3 = (5A – ) (A – )
 1 0 2 

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Matrix and Determinants
D-4. Apply Cramer's rule to solve the following simultaneous equations.
Øsej fu;e ds iz;ksx ls fuEufyf[kr lehdj.k fudk; dk gy Kkr dhft,A
(i) 2 x + y + 6 z = 46
5 x  6 y + 4 z = 15
7 x + 4 y  3 z = 19

(ii) x  2y + 3z = 2
x–y+z=3
5x – 11y + z = 17

Ans. (i) x = 3, y = 4, z = 6
5k 8 2k 1
(ii) x= –  , y=– – , z = k, where tgk¡ k  R
3 3 3 3

4 3 6 6
D-5. Solve using Cramer’s rule:  = 1 &  =  5.
x5 y7 x5 y7
4 3 6 6
Øsej fu;e ds iz;ksx ls gy dhft, :  =  1 rFkk  =  5.
x5 y7 x5 y7
Ans. x =  7, y =  4

D-6. Find those values of c for which the equations:

2x+3y = 3
(c + 2) x + (c + 4) y = c + 6
(c + 2)² x + (c + 4)² y = (c + 6)² are consistent.
Also solve above equations for these values of c.
c ds og eku Kkr dhft, ftuds fy, lehdj.k fudk;
2x+3y = 3
(c + 2) x + (c + 4) y = c + 6
(c + 2)² x + (c + 4)² y = (c + 6)² laxr gS
rFkk c ds bu ekuksa ds fy, Åij nh xbZ lehdj.kksa dks gy dhft,A
1 4
Ans. for c = 0, x =  3, y = 3 ds fy,; for c =  10 ds fy,, x =  ,y=
2 3

D-7. Solve the following systems of linear equations by matrix method.

fuEu jsf[kd lehdj.k fudk; dks vkO;wg fof/k dh lgk;rk ls gy dhft,&
(i) 2x  y + 3z = 8 (ii) x+y+z=9
 x + 2y + z = 4 2x + 5y + 7z = 52
3x + y  4z = 0 2x + y  z = 0
Ans. (i) x = 2, y = 2, z = 2 (ii) x = 1, y = 3, z = 5

D-8. Investigate for what values of ,  the simultaneous equations

x + y + z = 6; x + 2 y + 3 z = 10 & x + 2 y +  z =  have;
(a) A unique solution
(b) An infinite number of solutions.
(c) No solution.
 rFkk  ds og eku Kkr dhft, ftuds fy, lehdj.k fudk;
x + y + z = 6; x + 2 y + 3 z = 10 ,oa x + 2 y +  z =  ds
(a) vf}rh; gy gksxsaA (b) vuUr gy gSaA (c) dksbZ gy ugha gSaA
Ans. (a)   3 (b)  = 3,  = 10 (c)  = 3,   10

  4 4 4   1  1 1 
D-9. 
Determine the product   7 1  
3   1  2  2  and use it to solve the system of

 5  3  1   2 1 3 
equations x – y + z = 4, x – 2 y – 2 z = 9, 2 x + y + 3 z = 1.
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Matrix and Determinants

  4 4 4   1  1 1 

xq.kuQy   7 1 3   1  2  2  Kkr dhft, vkSj bldk mi;ksx djds lehdj.k fudk;
 
 5  3  1   2 1 3 
x – y + z = 4, x – 2 y – 2 z = 9, 2 x + y + 3 z = 1 dks gy dhft,A
Ans. x = 3, y = – 2, z = – 1

3 2 3 
D-10. Compute A1, if A =  2 1 1 Hence solve the matrix equations
 
 4 3 2 
3 0 3  x 8  2y 
2 1 0  y    1   z  .
       
 4 0 2  z   4  3y 
3 2 3  3 0 3  x 8  2y 
;fn A =  2 1 1 gks] rks A Kkr dhft,A vkO;wg lehdj.k  2 1 0 
 1 y
    1
   z .
 
 4 3 2   4 0 2  z   4  3y 

dks gy dhft,A
1 5 1
1 
Ans. –1
x = 1, y = 2, z = 3, A = 8 6 9 
17 
10 1 7 

D-11. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true fuEu es ls dkSulk dFku lR; gS:
4x  5y  2z  2
S1 : The system of equations 5x  4y  2z  3 is Inconsistent.
2x  2y  8z  1
4x  5y  2z  2
lehdj.k fudk; 5x  4y  2z  3 vlaxr gSA
2x  2y  8z  1
S2 : A matrix ‘A’ has 6 elements. The number of possible orders of A is 6.
,d eSfVªDl A esa 6 vo;o gSa] rc A ds lHkh laHko Øeksa (orders) dh la[;k 6 gSA
10 0 
S3 : For any 2 × 2 matrix A, if A (adjA) =   , then |A| = 10.
 0 10 
10 0
fdlh 2 × 2 Øe ds eSfVªDl ds fy, ;fn A (adjA) =   gks] rks |A| = 10.
 0 10 
S4 : If A is skew symmetric, then BAB is also skew symmetric.
;fn A fo"ke lefer gS] rks BAB Hkh fo"ke lefer gksxkA
Ans. S1, S3, S4

PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

Hkkx - II : dsoy ,d lgh fodYi çdkj (ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE)

Section (A): Matrix, Algebra of Matrix, Transpose, symmetric and skew symmetric
matrix,

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Matrix and Determinants

[k.M (A) : vkO;wg] vkO;wg dk chtxf.kr] ifjorZ] lefer ,oa fo"ke lefer vkO;wg]

x2  x x  0 1 0 2

A-1.   +   = 5 1  then x is equal to -
 3 2 x  1 x   
(A*) – 1 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) No value of x
x2  x x  0 1 0 2
  +   = 5 1  rks x dk eku gS &
 3 2 x  1 x   
(A) – 1 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) x dk dksbZ eku ugha

 1  5 4 0 
A-2. If A =  2  and B = 0
 2 1 , then
3   1 3 2 
 5 8 0
(A) AB =  0 4 2 (B) AB = [– 2 – 1 4]
 3 9 6 
 1
(C) AB =  1  (D*) AB does not exist
 1 
 1  5 4 0 
;fn A =  2  vkSj B =  0 2 1 gks] rks &
 
3   1 3 2 
 5 8 0 
(A) AB =  0 4 2 (B) AB = [– 2 – 1 4]
 3 9 6 
 1
(C) AB =  1  (D) AB fo|eku ugha gSA
 1 

1 0  0 1  cos  sin  
A-3. If  =   ,J=   and B =   , then B =
 0 1  1 0    sin  cos 
1 0  0 1  cos  sin  
;fn  =   , J =  1 0  vkSj B =   sin  cos  , gks] rks B =
 0 1     
(A*) cos + Jsin (B) cos – Jsin (C) sin + Jcos (D) – cos + Jsin

A-4. In an upper triangular matrix A = [aij]n × n the elements aij = 0 for

(A) i < j (B) i = j (C*) i > j (D) i  j
,d Åijh f=kHkqtkdkj eSfVªDl A = [aij]n × n esa vo;o aij = 0 gksrk gS &
(A) i < j ds fy;s (B) i = j ds fy;s (C) i > j ds fy;s (D) i  j ds fy;s

A-5. If A = diag (2, 1, 3), B = diag (1, 3, 2), then A2B =
;fn A = diag (2, 1, 3), B = diag (1, 3, 2) gks] rks A2B =
(A) diag (5, 4, 11) (B*) diag ( 4, 3, 18) (C) diag (3, 1, 8) (D) B

A-6. If A is a skew- symmetric matrix, then trace of A is

(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C*) 0 (D) none of these
;fn A ,d fo"ke lefer eSfVªDl gks] rks A dk vuqjs[k (trace) gSa –
(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) 0 (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
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Matrix and Determinants

p q
A-7. Let A =   such that det(A) = r where p, q, r all prime numbers, then trace of A is equal to
q p 
p q
ekuk A =   bl izdkj gS dh det(A) = r tgk¡ p, q, r vHkkT; la[;k;sa gS] rks A dk vuqjs[k cjkcj gS&
q p 
(A*) 6 (B) 5 (C) 2 (D) 3

 0 1  31
A-8. A=   and rFkk (A + A + A + A + ) V =  62  .
8 6 4 2

 2 0   
(Where  is the (2 × 2) identity matrix), then the product of all elements of matrix V is
(tgk¡  (2 × 2) Øe dk bdkbZ vkO;wg gS), rc vkO;wg V ds lHkh vo;o ds xq.kuQy gS&
(A*) 2 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) –2

3x 2  (x  2)2 5x 2 2x 

   
A-9. Let A =  1  , B = [a b c] and C =  5x 2
2x (x  1)2 
 6x   2x (x  2)2 5x 2 
  
Where a, b, c and x  R, Given that tr (AB) = tr(C), then the value of (a + b + c).
3x 2  (x  2)2 5x 2 2x 
   
ekukfd A =  1  , B = [a b c] rFkk C =  5x 2
2x (x  1)2 
 6x   2x (x  2)2 5x 2 
  
tgk¡ a, b, c rFkk x  R, fn;k x;k gS fd tr (AB) = tr(C), rc (a + b + c) dk eku gS
(A*) 7 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 4

Section (B) : Determinant of Matrix

[k.M (B) : vkO;wg dk lkjf.kd

B-1. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 such that |A| = – 1, |B| = 3, then |3AB| is equal to

;fn A vkSj B , 3 Øe dh oxZ eSfVªDl bl izdkj gS fd |A| = – 1, |B| = 3 gks] rks |3AB| dk eku gSa &
(A) – 9 (B*) – 81 (C) – 27 (D) 81

cos–1 x cos–1 y cos–1 z 

 
B-2. Let A = cos–1 y cos–1 z cos–1 x  such that |A| = 0, then maximum value of x + y + z is
cos–1 z cos–1 x cos–1 y 
 
cos–1 x cos–1 y cos–1 z 
ekuk A = cos–1 y cos–1 z cos–1 x  bl izdkj gS fd |A| = 0, rks x + y + z dk vf/kdre eku gS&
cos–1 z cos–1 x cos–1 y 
 
(A*) 3 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2

1 2 1
B-3. The absolute value of the determinant 3  2 2 2  2 2 1 is:
3  2 2 2  2 2 1
(A*) 16 2 (B) 8 2 (C) 8 (D) none
1 2 1
lkjf.kd 3  2 2 2  2 2 1 dk fujis{k eku gS&
3  2 2 2  2 2 1
(A*) 16 2 (B) 8 2 (C) 8 (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

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Matrix and Determinants

  
B-4. If ,  &  are the roots of the equation x3 + px + q = 0, then the value of the determinant    =
  

(A) p (B) q (C) p2  2q (D*) none

  
;fn ,  vkSj  lehdj.k x3 + px + q = 0 ds ewy gks] rks lkjf.kd    dk eku gS –
  
(A) p (B) q (C) p2  2q (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

a  a 
2 2
x
 a x x
 a x 1

b  b 
2 2
B-5. If a, b, c > 0 & x, y, z  R, then the determinant y
 b y y
 b y 1 =

c  c 
2 2
z
 c z z
 c z 1
(A) axbycz (B) axbycz (C) a2xb2yc2z (D*) zero
a  a 
2 2
x x
x
a x
a 1

b  b 
2 2
;fn a, b, c > 0 vkSj x, y, z  R gks] rks lkjf.kd y
 b y y
 b y 1 =

c  c 
2 2
z
 c z z
 c z 1

(A) axbycz (B) axbycz (C) a2xb2yc2z (D) 'kwU;

b2 c 2 bc b  c
B-6. If a, b & c are non-zero real numbers, then D = c 2a2 ca c  a =
a2b2 ab a  b

(A) abc (B) a2 b2 c2 (C) bc + ca + ab (D*) zero

b2c 2 bc b  c
;fn a, b vkSj c v'kwU; okLrfod la[;k,¡ gks] rks D = c 2a2 ca c  a =
a2b2 ab a  b
(A) abc (B) a2 b2 c2 (C) bc + ca + ab (D) 'kwU;

b1  c1 c1  a1 a1  b1
B-7. The determinant b2  c 2 c 2  a2 a2  b2 =
b3  c 3 c 3  a3 a3  b3
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
(A) a2 b2 c2 (B*) 2 a2 b2 c2 (C) 3 a2 b2 c2 (D) none of these
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

b1  c1 c1  a1 a1  b1
lkjf.kd b2  c 2 c 2  a2 a2  b2 =
b3  c 3 c 3  a3 a3  b3
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
(A) a2 b2 c2 (B*) 2 a2 b2 c2 (C) 3 a2 b2 c2 (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

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Matrix and Determinants

x xy xyz
B-8. If x, y, z  R &  = 2x 5x  2y 7x  5y  2z =  16 then value of x is
3x 7x  3y 9x  7y  3z
x xy x yz
;fn x, y, z  R rFkk  = 2x 5x  2y 7x  5y  2z =  16 gks] rks x dk eku gS–
3x 7x  3y 9x  7y  3z
(A)  2 (B)  3 (C*) 2 (D) 3

cos (  )  sin (  ) cos2

B-9. The determinant sin  cos  sin  is:
 cos  sin  cos 
(A) 0 (B*) independent of  (C) independent of  (D) independent of  &  both
cos (  )  sin (  ) cos2
lkjf.kd sin  cos  sin  dk eku gS&
 cos  sin  cos 
(A) 0 (B) ls LorU=k (C) ls LorU=k (D)  vkSj  nksuksa ls LorU=k

B-10. Let A be set of all determinants of order 3 with entries 0 or 1, B be the subset of A consisting of all
determinants with value 1 and C be the subset of A consisting of all determinants with value –1. Then
STATEMENT -1 : The number of elements in set B is equal to number of elements in set C.
and
STATEMENT-2 : (B  C) A

(A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B*) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct
explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false
(D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false
ekukfd A dksfV 3 ds lHkh lkjf.kdksa ftuds vo;o 0 ;k 1 gS, dk leqPp; gSA leqPp; A ds mu lHkh lkjf.kdksa dk
mileqPp; B gS ftu lkjf.kdksa dk eku 1 gSA leqPp; A ds mu lHkh lkjf.kdksa dk mileqPp; C gS ftu lkjf.kdksa
dk eku –1 gSA rc
oDrO;-1 : leqPp; B esa vo;oksa dh la[;k leqPp; C esa vo;oksa dh la[;k ds cjkcj gSA
vkSj
oDrO;-2 : (B  C) A
(A) dFku&1 lR; gS] dFku&2 lR; gS ; dFku&2, dFku&1 dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k gSA
(B*) dFku&1 lR; gS] dFku&2 lR; gS ; dFku&2, dFku&1 dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k ugha gSA
(C) dFku&1 lR; gS] dFku&2 vlR; gSA
(D) dFku&1 vlR; gS] dFku&2 lR; gSA
(E) lHkh dFku vlR; gSA

Section (C) : Cofactor matrix, adj matrix and inverse of matrix.

[k.M (C) : lg[k.M vkO;wg] lg[k.Mt vkO;wg ,oa vkO;wg dk izfrykse

 1 2  1 2
C-1. If A =   , then adj A = ;fn A =   gks] rks adj A =
 2 1  2 1
 1 2 2 1  1 2  1 2 
(A*)   (B)  1 1 (C)   (D)  
 2 1     2 1  2 1

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C-2. Identify statements S1, S2, S3 in order for true(T)/false(F)

cos   sin  0 
S1 : If A =,  sin  cos  0  then adj A = A'
 0 0 1
a 0 0  a 0 0 
S2 : If A = 0 b 0  , then A1 = 0 b 0 
0 0 c  0 0 c 
S3 : If B is a non-singular matrix and A is a square matrix, then det (B–1 AB) = det (A)
cos   sin  0 
S1 : ;fn A =  sin  cos  0  gks] rks adj A = A'
 0 0 1
a 0 0  a 0 0 

S2 : ;fn A = 0 b 0  gks] rks A = 0 b 0 
 1

0 0 c  0 0 c 
S3 : ;fn B ,d O;qRØe.kh; eSfVªDl vkSj A ,d oxZ eSfVªDl gks] rks det(B–1 AB) = det (A)
Øe esa crkb;s fd S1, S2, S3 lR;(T)/vlR;(F) gSA
(A) TTF (B) FTT (C*) TFT (D) TTT

C-3. If A, B are two n × n non-singular matrices, then

(A*) AB is non-singular (B) AB is singular
(C) (AB)–1 = A–1 B–1 (D) (AB)–1 does not exist
;fn n × n Øe ds nks O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg A ,oa B gks] rks&
(A) AB O;qRØe.kh; gSaA (B) AB vO;qRØe.kh; gSaA (C) (AB)–1 = A–1 B–1 (D) (AB)–1 fo|eku ugha gSaA

1 2  1 0
C-4. Let A =   and B =   and X be a matrix such that A = BX, then X is equal to
3 5  0 2 
1 2 4  1  2 4  2 4 
(A*) 3 5  (B)  3 5 (C)   (D) none of these
2   2   3 5 
1 2  1 0
ekuk A =   ,oa B = 0 2 ,oa eSfVªDl X bl izdkj gS fd A = BX gks] rks X =
 3  5   
1 2 4  1  2 4  2 4 
(A*) 3 5  (B)  3 5 (C))   (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
2   2   3 5 

 –1 2 –3
C-5. Let A =  –2 0 3  be a matrix, then (det A) x (adj A– 1) is equal to
 3 –3 1 
 –1 2 –3   3 –3 1 
(A) O3 × 3 (B) 3 (C*)  –2 0 3  (D)  3 0 –2 
 3 –3 1   –1 2 –3 
 –1 2 –3 
ekuk A =  –2 0 3  dk vkO;wg gks] rks (det A) x (adj A– 1) dk eku gS
 3 –3 1 
 –1 2 –3   3 –3 1 
(A) O3 × 3 (B) 3 (C*)  –2 0 3  (D)  3 0 –2 
 3 –3 1   –1 2 –3 

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 a2  x 2 ab – cx ac  bx  x c –b 
 
C-6. STATEMENT-1 : If A = ab  xc b2  x 2 bc  ax  and B =  –c x a  , then |A| =|B|2.
ac – bx bc  ax c 2  x 2   b –a x 
 
STATEMENT-2 : If A is cofactor matrix of a square matrix A of order n then |Ac| = |A|n–1.
c

(A*) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct
explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false
(D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false
 a2  x 2 ab – cx ac  bx  x c –b 
 
2 2 
dFku 1 : ;fn A = ab  xc b  x bc  ax  vkSj B =  –c x a  gks] rks |A| =|B|2.
ac – bx bc  ax c 2  x 2   b –a x 
 
dFku 2 : ;fn n Øe ds oxZ vkO;wg A dk lg[k.M vkO;wg Ac gks] rks |Ac| = |A|n–1 .
(A*) dFku&1 lR; gS] dFku&2 lR; gS ; dFku&2, dFku&1 dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k gSA
(B) dFku&1 lR; gS] dFku&2 lR; gS ; dFku&2, dFku&1 dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k ugha gSA
(C) dFku&1 lR; gS] dFku&2 vlR; gSA
(D) dFku&1 vlR; gS] dFku&2 lR; gSA
(E) lHkh dFku vlR; gSA

Section (D) : Characteristic equation and system of equations

[k.M (D) : vfHkyk{kf.kd lehdj.k ,oa lehdj.kksa dk fudk;
 1 0 2 
D-1. If A =  0 2 1  is a root of polynomial x  – 6x2 + 7x + k = 0, then the value of k is
 2 0 3 
 1 0 2 
;fn A =  0 2 1  cgqin x – 6x2 + 7x + k = 0 dk ,d ewy gS rc k dk eku gS&

 2 0 3 
(A*) 2 (B) 4 (C) –2 (D) 1

a b 
 (where bc  0) satisfies the equations x + k = 0, then
D-2 If A =  2
c d
(A*) a + d = 0 & k = |A| (B) a – d = 0 & k = |A|
(C) a + d = 0 & k = –|A| (D) a + d  0 & k = |A|
a b 
;fn A =   (tgk¡ bc  0) lehdj.k x + k = 0 dks larq"V djrk gks] rks &
2
c d
(A*) a + d = 0 & k = |A| (B) a – d = 0 & k = |A|
(C) a + d = 0 & k = –|A| (D) a + d  0 & k = |A|

D-3. If the system of equations x + 2y + 3z = 4, x + py + 2z = 3, x + 4y + z = 3 has an infinite number of

solutions and solution triplet is
(A) p = 2,  = 3 and (5 – 4,  – 1 , )
 1
(B) p = 2,  = 4 and (5 – 4, , 2)
2
(C) 3 p = 2 and (5 – 4,  – 1, 2)
 1
(D*) p = 4,  = 2 and (5 – 4, , )
2

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;fn lehdj.k fudk; x + 2y + 3z = 4, x + py + 2z = 3, x + 4y + z = 3 ds vuUr gy gS rFkk gyf=kd~ gks] rks&

 1
(A) p = 2,  = 3 rFkk (5 – 4,  – 1 , ) (B) p = 2,  = 4 rFkk (5 – 4, , 2)
2
 1
(C) 3 p = 2 rFkk (5 – 4,  – 1, 2) (D*) p = 4,  = 2 rFkk (5 – 4, , )
2
D-4. Let  and  be real. Find the set of all values of  for which the system of linear equations have infinite
solution  real values of .
ekuk  vkSj  okLrfod gSA  ds lHkh ekuksa dk leqPp; Kkr dhft;s ftlds fy;s jSf[kd lehdj.kksa dk fudk; vuUr
gy j[krk gS] lHkh okLrfod  ds fy,]
x + (sin )y + (cos ) z = 0
x + (cos  )y + (sin ) z = 0
– x + (sin ) y + (cos ) z = 0
(A) (–  , 2 ) ( 2 ,  ) (B*) – 1
(C) (–5, – 2 ) (D) None of these buesa ls dksbZ ugha

a o b   x  0 
D-5. Let A =  1 e 1  y  = 0  where a,b, c, d, e  {0, 1}
c o d  z  0 
then number of such matrix A for which system of equation AX = O have unique solution.
(A) 16 (B*) 6 (C) 5 (D) none
a o b   x  0 
ekuk A  1 e 1   y  = 0  tgk¡ a,b, c, d, e  {0, 1}
c o d   z  0 
rks bl izdkj ds vkO;wgksa A dh la[;k ftlds fy;s lehdj.k fudk; AX = O vf}rh; gy j[krk gks&
(A) 16 (B*) 6 (C) 5 (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

D-6. If the system of equations ax + y + z = 0,. x + by + z = 0 and x + y + cz = 0, where

1 1 1
a, b, c  1, has a nontrivial solution, then the value of + + is
1 a 1 b 1 c
(A*) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

;fn lehdj.k fudk; ax + y + z = 0,. x + by + z = 0 vkSj x + y + cz = 0 ds fy, tgk¡

1 1 1
a, b, c  1, lkFkZd (Non-trivial) gy gks] rks + + dk eku gSA
1 a 1 b 1 c
(A*) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Ans. 1
PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN
Hkkx - III : dkWye dks lqesfyr dhft, (MATCH THE COLUMN )

1. Column        Column  

 1 2 3   1
(A)  1 x 1   4 5 6   2  = 0 then x = (p) 2
 3 2 5   3 
(B) If A is a square matrix of order 3 × 3 and (q) –2
k is a scalar, then adj (kA) = km adj A, then m is
 2    7
(C) If A =  2  and B =   here (A – B) is upper triangular (r) 1
 3   49  
matrix then number of possible values of  are

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(b  c)2 a2 a2
9
(D) If b2 (c  a)2 b2 = k abc (a + b + c)3 (s) –
8
c2 c2 (a  b)2

then the value of k is

LrEHk        LrEHk 

 1 2 3   1
(A)  1 x 1   4 5 6   2  = 0 gks] rks x = (p) 2
 3 2 5   3 
(B) ;fn A ,d 3 × 3 Øe dh oxZ vkO;wg vkSj (q) –2
k vfn'k gks] rks adj (kA) = km adj A, rc m gksxk
 2    7
(C) ;fn A =  2  rFkk B =   ;gk¡ (A – B) Åijh f=kHkqtkdkj (r) 1
 3   49  
vkO;wg gS rc  ds laHkkfor ekuksa dh la[;k gS
(b  c)2 a2 a2
9
(D) ;fn b2 (c  a)2 b2 = k abc (a + b + c)3 (s) –
8
c2 c2 (a  b)2
gks] rks k dk eku gS&
Ans. (A)  (s), (B)  (p), (C)  (p), (D)  (p)

2. Column –  Column – 

(A) If A and B are square matrices of order 3 × 3, where (p) 7

|A| = 2 and |B| = 1, then |(A–1) . adj (B–1) . adj (2A–1)| =

(B) If A is a square matrix such that A2 = A and (I + A)3 = I + kA, (q) 8

then k is equal to
a b (a  b)
(C) Matrix b c (b  c) is non invertible (b2  ac) if –2 is (r) 0
2 1 0 
(D) If A = [aij]3×3 is a scalar matrix with a11 = a22 = a33 (s) –1
= 2 and A(adjA) = k then k is
LrEHk        LrEHk  
(A) ;fn A rFkk B , 3 × 3 Øe ds oxZ vkO;wg gS] tgk¡ |A| = 2 rFkk (p) 7
|B| = 1 gS] rks |(A–1) . adj (B–1) . adj (2A–1)| =

(B) ;fn A ,d oxZ vkO;wg bl izdkj gS fd A2 = A ,oa (I + A)3 = I + kA, (q) 8

rks k =

a b (a  b)
(C) vkO;wg b c (b  c) vizfrykseh; gSA (b2  ac) ;fn –2 gS (r) 0
2 1 0 

(D) ;fn A = [aij]3×3 ,d vfn'k vkO;wg gS] tgk¡ (s) –1

a11 = a22 = a33 = 2 rFkk A(adjA) = k, rc k =
Ans. (A)  (q), (B)  (p), (C)  (s), (D)  (q)

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 Marked Questions may have for Revision Questions.

 fpfUgr iz'u nksgjkus ;ksX; iz'u gSA

PART - I : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

Hkkx-I : dsoy ,d lgh fodYi çdkj (ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE)

1. Two matrices A and B have in total 6 different elements (none repeated) . How many different matrices
A and B are possible such that product AB is defined.
A vkSj B nks vkO;wg esa 6 fHkUu-fHkUu vo;o gS ¼iqujko`fÙk ugha½ fdrus fHkUu -fHkUu vkO;wg A vkSj B laHko gS tcfd xq.ku
AB ifjHkkf"kr gSA
(A) 5( 6!) (B) 3(6!) (C) 12(6!) (D*) 8 ( 6!)

2. If AB = O for the matrices

 cos2  cos  sin   cos2  cos  sin 
A=   and B =   then  –  is
 cos  sin  sin2    cos  sin  sin2  

(A*) an odd multiple of (B) an odd multiple of 
2

(C) an even multiple of (D) 0
2
 cos2  cos  sin   cos2  cos  sin 
;fn A =   vkS j B =   ds fy, AB = O gks] rks  –  gSa &
cos  sin  sin   cos  sin  sin2  
2

 
(A) dk fo"ke xq.kt (B)  dk fo"ke xq.kt (C) dk le xq.kt (D) 0
2 2

3 4 
3. If X =  , then value of Xn is, (where n is natural number)
1 1
3n 4n 2  n 5  n 3n ( 4)n  2n  1 –4n 
(A)  (B)  (C)  n n 
(D*) 
n n   n n  1 ( 1)   n –(2n – 1)
3 4 
;fn X =   gks] rks X dk eku gS (tgk¡ n izkd`r la[;k gS)&
n

 1 1
3n 4n 2  n 5  n 3n ( 4)n  2n  1 –4n 
(A)   (B)  (C)  n n 
(D*) 
 n n   n n  1 ( 1)   n –(2n – 1)

4. If A and B are two matrices such that AB = B and BA = A, then A2 + B2 =

;fn A vkSj B nks eSfVªDl bl izdkj gS fd AB = B vkSj BA = A gks] rks A2 + B2 =
(A) 2AB (B) 2BA (C*) A + B (D) AB

5. Find number of all possible ordered sets of two (n × n) matrices A and B for which AB – BA = 

(A) infinite (B) n2 (C) n! (D*) zero

(n × n) Øe ds vkO;wg A rFkk B ds Øfer ;qXeksa ds fdrus leqPp; laHko gS tcfd AB – BA = 
(A) vuUr (B) n2 (C) n! (D*) 'kwU;
Ans. No such ordered pair is possible. (,slk dksbZ Øfer ;qXe laHko ugha gS )

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6. If B, C are square matrices of order n and if A = B + C, BC = CB, C2 = O, then which of following is true
for any positive integer N.
;fn B, C, n Øe ds oxZ vkO;wg gS ;fn A = B + C, BC = CB, C2 = O, rc fdlh /kukRed iw.kk±d N ds fy, fuEu esa
ls dkSulk lgh gS
(A*) AN+1 = B N (B + (N + 1) C) (B) AN = BN (B + (N + 1) C)
(C) AN+1 = B (B + (N + 1) C) (D) A N+1 = B N (B + (N + 2) C)

7. How many 3 × 3 skew symmetric matrices can be formed using numbers –2, –1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0 (any
number can be used any number of times but 0 can be used at most 3 times)
3 × 3 Øe ds fo"ke lefer vkO;wg dks cuk;h tkrh gS ¼fdlh la[;k dks fdruh Hkh ckj mi;kse esa yh tk ldrh gS
ijUrq 0 dks vf/kd ls vf/kd 3 ckj mi;kse esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA
(A) 8 (B) 27 (C*) 64 (D) 54

8. If A is a skew - symmetric matrix and n is an even positive integer, then An is

(A*) a symmetric matrix (B) a skew-symmetric matrix
(C) a diagonal matrix (D) none of these
;fn A ,d fo"ke lefer vkO;wg vkSj n ,d /kukRed le iw.kk±d gks] rks An gS &
(A) ,d lefer vkO;wg (B) ,d fo"ke lefer vkO;wg
(C) ,d fod.kZ vkO;wg (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

9. Number of 3 × 3 non symmetric matrix A such that AT = A2 –  and |A|  0, equals to
(A*) 0 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) Infinite
3 × 3 Øe dk vkO;wg A tks fd lefer ugha gS] dh la[;k gksxh tcfd AT = A2 –  vkSj |A|  0, cjkcj gS&
(A*) 0 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) vuUr

10. Matrix A is such that A2 = 2A – , where  is the identity matrix. Then for n  2, An =
(A*) nA – (n – 1) (B) nA –  (C) 2n – 1 A – (n – 1) (D) 2n – 1 A – 
 vkO;wg A bl izdkj gS fd A = 2A – , tgk¡  rRled vkO;wg gS rc n  2 ds fy, An =
2

(A*) nA – (n – 1) (B) nA –  (C) 2n – 1 A – (n – 1) (D) 2n – 1 A – 

 3 1 
   1 1
11. If P =  2 2 , A=
0 1 and Q = PAP and x = P Q P, then x is equal to
T T 2005
 1 3  
 
 2 2 
 3 1 
   1 1
;fn  2 2 , A=
0 1 vkSj Q = PAP rFkk x = P Q P gks] rks x =
T T 2005
 1 3  
 
 2 2 
 1 2005   4  2005 3 6015 
(A*) 0 (B)  
 1   2005 4  2005 3 
1 2  3 1  1  2005 2  3 
(C)   (D)  
4  1 2  3  4 2  3 2005 

sin  cos  sin sin  cos 

12. Let = cos  cos  cos sin  sin  , then
 sin  sin  sin cos  0
(A)  is independent of  (B*)  is indepedent of 
(C)  is a constant (D) none of these
sin  cos  sin  sin  cos 
ekuk  = cos  cos  cos  sin   sin  ] rks
 sin  sin  sin  cos  0
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Matrix and Determinants

(A)  , ls LorU=k gSA (B)  , ls LorU=k gSA

(C)  ,d vpj gSA (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

1  a2  a4 1  ab  a2 b2 1 ac  a2 c2
13.  = 1  ab  a2 b2 1 b2  b4 1 bc  b2 c2 is equal to
1  ac  a c 1 bc  b2 c2
2 2
1 c2  c4
1  a2  a4 1  ab  a2 b2 1 ac  a2 c2
 = 1  ab  a2 b2 1 b2  b4 1 bc  b2 c2 dk eku gS &
1  ac  a2 c2 1 bc  b2 c2 1 c2  c4
(A*) (a – b)2 (b – c)2 (c – a)2 (B) 2(a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
(C) 4(a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (D) (a + b + c)3

a2  1 ab ac
14. If D = ba b2  1 bc then D =
ca cb c 1
2

(A*) 1 + a2 + b2 + c2 (B) a2 + b2 + c2 (C) (a + b + c)2 (D) none

a2  1 ab ac
;fn D = ba b2  1 bc rks D =
ca cb c2  1
(A) 1 + a2 + b2 + c2 (B) a2 + b2 + c2 (C) (a + b + c)2 (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

a3  x a 4  x a 5  x
15. Value of the  = a5  x a6  x a 7  x is
a7  x a8  x a9  x
a3  x a 4  x a 5  x
 = a5  x a 6  x a 7  x dk eku gS &
a7  x a8  x a9  x
(A*) 0 (B) (a3 – 1) (a6 – 1) (a9 – 1)
(C) (a3 + 1) (a6 + 1) (a9 + 1) (D) a15 – 1

2a b e f 2d e
16. If 1 = 2d e f , 2 = 2z 4x 2y , then the value of 1 – 2 is
4x 2y 2z e 2a b
2a b e f 2d e
;fn 1 = 2d e f , 2 = 2z 4x 2y , gks] rks 1 – 2 dk eku gS &
4x 2y 2z e 2a b
y
(A) x + +z (B) 2 (C*) 0 (D) 3
2

17. From the matrix equation AB = AC, we conclude B = C provided:

(A) A is singular (B*) A is nonsingular (C) A is symmetric (D) A is a square
vkO;wg lehdj.k AB = AC ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd B = C tcfd&
(A) A vO;qRØe.kh; gksA (B) A O;qRØe.kh; gksA (C) A lefer gksA (D) A oxZ eSfVªDl gksA

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Matrix and Determinants

 –2 7 3
 
18. Let A =  0 0 –2  and A4 = , then  is
0 2 0 
 
 –2 7 3
 
ekuk A =  0 0 –2  rFkk A4 = , rc  dk eku gS &
0 2 0 

(A) – 16 (B*) 16 (C) 8 (D) –8

19. If A is 3 × 3 square matrix whose characterstic polynomial equations is 3 – 32 + 4 = 0 then trace of
adjA is
(A*) 0 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) – 3
;fn A, 3 × 3 Øe ds oxZ vkO;wg gS ftldh vfHkyk{kf.kd cgqin lehdj.k 3 – 32 + 4 = 0 gS rc adjA dk vuqjs[k
gS&
(A*) 0 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) – 3

20. If a, b, c are non zeros, then the system of equations

( + a) x + y + z = 0
x + ( + b)y + z = 0
x + y + ( + c)z = 0
has a non-trivial solution if
(A*) –1 = – (a–1 + b–1 + c–1) (B) –1 = a + b + c
(C)  + a + b + c = 1 (D) none of these
;fn a, b, c v'kwU; gSa] rks lehdj.k fudk;
( + a) x + y + z = 0
x + ( + b)y + z = 0
x + y + ( + c)z = 0
ds v'kwU; gy gksxsa ;fn
(A) –1 = – (a–1 + b–1 + c–1) (B) –1 = a + b + c
(C)  + a + b + c = 1 (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

PART - II : SINGLE AND DOUBLE VALUE INTEGER TYPE

Hkkx - II : ,dy ,oa f}&iw.kk±d eku izdkj ¼SINGLE AND DOUBLE VALUE INTEGER TYPE½

1. Let X be the solution set of the equation

0 1 1
 
A = , where A =  4 3 4  and  is the unit matrix and X  N then the minimum value of
x

3 3 4 

(cos
x
x
  sinx ) , R is :

0 1 1
 
ekuk X lehdj.k Ax = dk gy leqPp; gS tgk¡ A =  4 3 4  rFkk  bdkbZ vkO;wg gS rFkk X  N rc ,
3 3 4 

(cos
x
x
  sinx ) , R dk U;wure eku gS :

Ans. 2

2. If A is a diagonal matrix of order 3 × 3 is commutative with every square matrix of order 3 × 3 under
multiplication and tr(A) = 12, then the value of |A| is :

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Matrix and Determinants

;fn A, ,d 3 × 3 Øe dk fod.kZ vkO;wg gS tks xq.ku ds vUrZxr 3 × 3 Øe ds izR;sd oxZ vkO;wg ds lkFk Øefofues;
gS rFkk tr(A) = 12 rc |A| dk eku gS :
Ans. 64

3. A, is a (3×3) diagonal matrix having integral entries such that det(A) = 120, number of such matrices is
10n. Then n is :
A, ,d (3×3) Øe dk fod.kZ vkO;wg gS ftlesa iw.kk±d vo;o bl izdkj gS fd det(A) = 120 rFkk bl izdkj ds
vkO;wgksa dh la[;k 10n gS rc n dk eku gS :
Ans. 36

bc c a ab
ab
4. If c a ab bc > 0 , where a, b, c  R+ , then is
c
ab bc c a
bc c a ab
ab
;fn c a ab bc > 0 , tgk¡ a, b, c  R+ , rc gS&
c
ab bc c a
Ans. 2

a1 a2 a3
5. If a1, a2, a3 , 5, 4, a6, a7, a8, a9 are in H.P. and D = 5 4 a6 , then the value of 21D is
a7 a8 a9
Ans. 50
a1 a2 a3
;fn a1, a2, a3 , 5, 4, a6, a7, a8, a9 gjkRed Js.kh es gSa rFkk D = 5 4 a6 , rks 21D dk eku gS
a7 a8 a9

a  b  2c a b
6. If ;fn c b  c  2a b = k(a + b + c)3 , then rc (2–)k is (  k  z+) gS
c a c  a  2b
Ans. 4

7. If A is a square matrix of order 3 and A denotes transpose of matrix A, A A =  and det A = 1, then
det (A – ) must be equal to
Ans. 0
;fn A ,d rhu Øe dk oxZ vkO;wg gS rFkk A vkO;wg A dh ifjorZ vkO;wg dks iznf'kZr djrk gS rFkk AA = I ,oa
det A = 1 rc det (A – ) cjkcj gksuk pkfg,&
Ans. 0

8. Suppose A is a matrix such that A2 = A and ( + A)6 =  + kA, then k is

ekuk A ,d vkO;wg bl izdkj gS fd A2 = A rFkk ( + A)6 =  + kA gks] rks k dk eku gS&
Ans. 63

 bc b2  bc c 2  bc
9. If a  ac
2
 ac c 2  ac = 64, then (ab + bc + ac) is :
a2  ab b2  ab  ab
 bc b2  bc c 2  bc
;fn a2  ac  ac c 2  ac = 64, rc (ab + bc + ac) gS :
a2  ab b2  ab  ab
Ans. 4

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Matrix and Determinants

1  sin2 x cos2 x 4 sin2x

10. Let f(x) = 2
sin x 1  cos2 x 4 sin2x then the maximum value of f(x) is
2
sin x 2
cos x 1  4 sin2x
1  sin2 x cos2 x 4 sin2x
;fn f(x) = sin x 1  cos x 4 sin2x
2 2
gks] rks f(x) dk vf/kdre eku gS –
sin2 x cos2 x 1  4 sin2x
Ans. 6

n 1 5 N


N
11. If Un = n2 2N  1 2N  1 and  Un = 
n 1
n2 , then  is
n3 3N2 3N  1 n 1

n 1 5 N


N
;fn Un = n2 2N  1 2N  1 vkSj  Un = 
n 1
n2 , rc  gS&
n3 3N2 3N  1 n 1

Ans. 2

12. The absolute value of a for which system of equations, a3x + (a + 1)3y + (a + 2)3z = 0,
ax + (a + 1) y + (a + 2) z = 0, x + y + z = 0, has a nonzero solution is:
Hindi. a dk fujis{k eku gksxk ftlds fy, lehdj.kksa a3x + (a + 1)3y + (a + 2)3z = 0,
ax + (a + 1) y + (a + 2) z = 0, x + y + z = 0, dk fudk;] v'kwU; gy j[krk gS &
Ans. 1

13. Consider the system of linear equations in x, y, z:

(sin 3) x  y + z = 0
(cos 2) x + 4y + 3z = 0
2x + 7y + 7z = 0
Number of values of  (0, ) for which this system has non  trivial solution, is
Hindi. ekuk fd x, y, z esa jsf[kd lehdj.kksa dk fudk; gS
(sin 3) x  y + z = 0
(cos 2) x + 4y + 3z = 0
2x + 7y + 7z = 0
 (0, ) ds ekuksa dh la[;k gksxh ftlds fy, ;g fudk; v'kwU; gy j[krk gSA

Ans. 2

14. The value of ‘ 2k ‘ for which the set of equations 3x + ky  2z = 0, x + ky + 3z = 0, 2 x + 3 y  4 z = 0 has

a non  trivial solution over the set of rational is:
2k dk og eku ftlds fy;s lehdj.k fudk; 3x + ky  2z = 0, x + ky + 3z = 0, 2 x + 3 y  4 z = 0 dk v'kwU;
gy ¼ifjes; la[;kvksa ds leqPp; esa ls½ fo|eku gS] gksxkA
Ans. 33

15. A1 = [ a1]
 a a3 
A2 =  2 
 a 4 a5 
 a6 a7 a8 
 
A 3   a9 a10 a11  ......................An  ........
a12 a13 a14 
Where ar = [ log2r ] ([.] denotes greatest integer). Then trace of A10
A1 = [ a1]
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Matrix and Determinants

 a a3 
A2 =  2 
 a 4 a5 
 a6 a7 a8 
 
A 3   a9 a10 a11  ......................An  ........
a12 a13 a14 
tgk¡ ar = [ log2r ] ([.] egÙke iw.kk±d dks iznf'kZr djrk gS) rks vuqjs[k A10 dk eku gS :
Ans. 80

   
   13 
1 3 3   2 3 4
 1  2    5 4 3  , then  is :
16. If  ( A  A    ) =   17 10  1  for A =  
 2   
7  11 5   7 2 9 
 
 
   
 2 3 4 1
   13  3 3 
2  
;fn A =  5 4 3  ds fy,]  ( A  A   ) =   17 10  1  , rc  gS&
1
 2    7
 7 2 9   11 5 
 
 
Ans.  = 39

2 0  
17. Given A = 5  0  For   R  {a, b}, A–1 exists and A1 = A2 5bA + cI, when = 1. The value of
0  3 
a + 5b + c is :
2 0  
fn;k x;k gS A = 5  0  ,   R  {a, b} ds fy, A–1 fo|eku gS rFkk A1 = A2 5bA + cI, rc = 1 rc a
0  3 
+ 5b + c dk eku gS :
Ans. 17

18. Let a, b, c positiv e numbers. Find the number o f solution of system of equations in x, y
and z
x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2
+ – = 1 ; – + = 1 ;– + + = 1 has finitely many solutions
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
ekuk a, b, c /kukRed la[;k, gS] x, y vkSj z esa lehdj.kksa
x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2
+ – = 1 ; – + = 1 ;– + + = 1 dk fudk; ifjfer gy j[krk gS] ds
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
gyksa dh la[;k Kkr dhft,A

Ans. 8

PART - III : ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS CORRECT TYPE
Hkkx - III : ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd lgh fodYi çdkj
1. Which one of the following is wrong ? [Revision Planner]
(A*) The elements on the main diagonal of a symmetric matrix are all zero
(B) The elements on the main diagonal of a skew - symmetric matrix are all zero
(C) For any square matrix A, A A is symmetric
(D*) For any square matrix A, (A + A)2 = A2 + (A)2 + 2AA
fuEu esa ls dkSulk dFku xyr gSa –

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Matrix and Determinants

(A*) ,d lefer eSfVªDl ds eq[; fod.kZ ds lHkh vo;o 'kwU; gksrs gSaA
(B) ,d fo"ke lefer eSfVªDl ds eq[; fod.kZ ds lHkh vo;o 'kwU; gksrs gSaA
(C) fdlh oxZ eSfVªDl A ds fy,] A A lefer gSaA
(D*) fdlh oxZ eSfVªDl A ds fy,] (A + A)2 = A2 + (A)2 + 2AA gSaA
 1 1
2. Which of the following is true for matrix A =  
2 3 
(A) A + 4I is a symmetric matrix
(B*) A2  4A + 5I2 = 0
 1
(C*) A  B is a diagonal matrix for any value of  if B =  
2 5 
(D) A  4I is a skew symmetric matrix

 1 1
A=   ds fy, fuEu esa ls dkSulk dFku lgh gSa &
2 3 
(A) A + 4I ,d lefer vkO;wg gSA
(B*) A2  4A + 5I2 = 0
 1
(C*) A  B,  ds fdlh Hkh eku ds fy, fod.kZ vkO;wg gS ;fn B =  
2 5 
(D) A  4I ,d fo"ke lefer vkO;wg gSA

3. Suppose a1, a2, a3 are in A.P. and b1, b2, b3 are in H.P. and let 
a1  b1 a1  b2 a1  b3
   = a2  b1 a2  b2 a2  b3 , then
a3  b1 a3  b2 a3  b3
(A*)  is independent of a1, a2, a3, (B*) a1  , a2  2, a3  3 are in A.P.
(C*) b1 + , b2 + 2, b3 +  are in H.P. (D*)  is independent of b1, b2, b3

a1  b1 a1  b2 a1  b3
ekuk a1, a2, a3 lekUrj Js<+h esa gSa vkSj b1, b2, b3 gjkRed Js<+h esa gSaA ;fn  = a2  b1 a2  b2 a2  b3 gks] rks
a3  b1 a3  b2 a3  b3
(A)  , a1, a2, a3, ls LorU=k gSA (B) a1  , a2  2, a3  3 lekUrj Js<+h esa gSA
(C) b1 + , b2 + 2, b3 +  gjkRed Js<+h esa gSaA (D)  dk eku b1, b2, b3 ls LorU=k gSA

 cos  – sin 
4. Let  = , X =   , O is null maxtrix and  is an identity matrix of order 2 × 2, and if
5  sin  cos  
 + X + X2 + ...... + Xn = O, then n can be
 cos  – sin 
ekuk  = , X =   , O 'kwU; vkO;wg gS rFkk  , 2 × 2 Øe dk rRled vkO;wg gS
5  sin  cos  
;fn  + X + X2 + ...... + Xn = O, rc n dk eku gks ldrk gS &
(A*) 9 (B*) 19 (C) 4  (D*) 29

x 2y  z z
5. If  = y 2x  z z , then
y 2y  z 2x  2y  z
(A*) x – y is a factor of  (B*) (x – y)2 is a factor of 
(C) (x – y)3 is a factor of  (D)  is independent of z

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x 2y  z z
;fn  = y 2x  z z gks, rks
y 2y  z 2x  2y  z
(A) x – y ,  dk ,d xq.ku[k.M gSA (B) (x – y)2 , dk ,d xq.ku[k.M gSaA
(C) (x – y)3 , dk ,d xq.ku[k.M gSA (D)  , z ls LorU=k gSA

x a b
6. Let a, b > 0 and  = b  x a , then
a b x
(A*) a + b – x is a factor of  (B*) x2 + (a + b)x + a2 + b2 – ab is a factor of 
(C*)  = 0 has three real roots if a = b (D) a + b + x is a factor of 
x a b
ekuk a, b > 0 vkSj  = b  x a gks] rks
a b x
(A) a + b – x , dk ,d xq.ku[k.M gSA (B) x2 + (a + b)x + a2 + b2 – ab , dk ,d xq.ku[k.M gSA
(C) ;fn a = b gks] rks  = 0 ds rhu okLrfod ewy gS]
(D) a + b + x,dk ,d xq.ku[k.M gSA
b c b  c
7. The determinent  = c d c  d is equal to zero if
b  c c  d a  c
3

(A) b, c, d are in A.P. (B*) b, c, d are in G.P.

(C) b, c, d are in H.P. (D*)  is a root of ax3 – bx2 – 3cx – d = 0
b c b  c
lkjf.kd c d c  d dk eku 'kwU; gksxk] ;fn
b  c c  d a3  c
(A) b, c, d l-Js- esa gSaA (B) b, c, d xq-Js- esa gSaA
(C) b, c, d g-Js- esa gSaA (D)  , ax3 – bx2 – 3cx – d = 0 dk ,d ewy gSA

a2 (1  x) ab ac
8. The determinant  = ab b (1  x)
2
bc is divisible by
ac bc c (1  x)
2

a2 (1  x) ab ac
lkjf.kd  = ab b2 (1 x) bc dk ,d xq.ku[k.M gS&
ac bc c2 (1 x)
(A*) x + 3 (B) (1 + x)2 (C*) x2 (D) x2 + 1

9. If A is a nonsingular matrix and AT denotes the transpose of A, then:

;fn A ,d O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg gS vkSj AT ] A ds ifjorZ dks iznf'kZr djrk gks] rks –
(A) A  AT  (B*) A. AT  A2
(C*) A . A A  
T T 2 (D*) A+AT  0

2sin x sin2 x 0
10. Let f(x) = 1 2sin x sin2 x , then
0 1 2sin x
(A) f(x) is independent of x (B*) f(/2) = 0
/2
(C*) 
 / 2
f(x)dx  0 (D*) tangent to the curve y = f(x) at x = 0 is y = 0

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2sin x sin2 x 0
;fn f(x) = 1 2sin x sin2 x gks] rks
0 1 2sin x
(A) f(x), x ls Lora=k gSA (B*) f(/2) = 0
/2
(C*) 
 / 2
f(x)dx  0 (D*) x = 0 ij oØ y = f(x) dh Li'kZ js[kk y = 0 gSA

1 x x2
11. Let  = x 2 1 x , then
x x2 1
(A*) 1 – x3 is a factor of  (B*) (1 – x3)2 is factor of 
(C) (x) = 0 has 4 real roots (D*) (1) = 0
1 x x2
;fn  = x 2 1 x gks] rks &
x x2 1
(A*)  dk ,d xq.ku[k.M 1 – x3 gSA (B*) dk ,d xq.ku[k.M (1 – x3)2 gSA
(C) (x) = 0 ds 4 okLrfod ewy gSA (D*) (1) = 0

1/ x log x xn
12. Let f(x) = 1 1/ n ( 1)n , then (where f n(x) denotes nth derivative of f(x))
1 a a2

(A*) f n (1) is indepedent of a

(B*) f n (1) is indepedent of n
(C) f n(1) depends on a and n
(D*) y = a(x - f n (1)) represents a straight line through the origin
1/ x log x xn
ekuk f(x) = 1 1/ n ( 1)n gks] rks (tgk¡ fn(x), f(x) dk nok¡ vodyt gSA)
1 a a2
(A*) f n(1) , a ls Lora=k gSA
(B*) f n (1) , n ls Lora=k gSA
(C) f n(1) , a ,oa n ij fuHkZj djrk gSa
(D*) y = a(x - f n (1)) ,d ljy js[kk dks iznf'kZr djrk gS tks ewy fcUnq ls xqtjrh gSA

13. If D is a determinant of order three and  is a determinant formed by the cofactors of determinant D ;
then
(A*)  = D2 (B*) D = 0 implies  = 0
(C*) if D = 27, then  is perfect cube (D*) if D = 27, then  is perfect square
;fn D ,d rhu Øe dk lkjf.kd gks rFkk  D ds lg[k.Mksa ls fufeZr lkjf.kd gks] rks&
(A*)  = D2 (B*) D = 0, rks  = 0
(C*) ;fn D = 27 gks] rks  iw.kZ ?ku gSA (D*) ;fn D = 27 gks rks  ,d iw.kZoxZ gSA

14. Let A, B, C, D be real matrices such that AT = BCD ; BT = CDA ; CT = DAB and DT = ABC for the matrix
M = ABCD, then find M2016 ?
ekuk fd A, B, C, D okLrfod vkO;wg bl izdkj gS fd AT = BCD ; BT = CDA ; CT = DAB vkSj DT = ABC rc
vkO;wg ds fy, M = ABCD ds fy, M2016 dk eku gS ?
(A) M (B*) M2 (C) M3 (D*) M4

15. Let A and B be two 2 × 2 matrix with real entries. If AB = O and tr(A) = tr(B) = 0 then
(A*) A and B are comutative w.r.t. operation of multiplication.
(B) A and B are not commutative w.r.t. operation of multiplication.
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(C) A and B are both null matrices.
(D*) BA = 0
ekuk A rFkk B, nks 2 × 2 dk okLrfod vkO;wg gS ;fn AB = O rFkk tr(A) = tr(B) = 0 gks rks
(A*) xq.ku lafØ;k ds lkis{k A rFkk B Øefofue; gSA
(B) xq.ku lafØ;k ds lkis{k A rFkk B Øefofue; ugha gSA
(C) A rFkk B nksuksa fjDr vkO;wg gSA
(D*) BA = 0

 1 1 0 
16. IfA–1 =  0 2 1  , then
 0 0 1 
(A) | A | = 2 (B*) A is non-singular
 1/ 2 1/ 2 0 
(C*) Adj. A =  0 1 1/ 2  (D) A is skew symmetric matrix
 
 0 0 1/ 2 
 1 1 0 
;fn A–1 =  0 2 1  gks] rks &
 0 0 1 
(A) | A | = 2 (B*) A O;qRØe.kh; gSaA
 1/ 2 1/ 2 0 
(C*) Adj. A =  0 1 1/ 2  (D) A fo"ke lefer eSfVªDl gSaA
 
 0 0 1/ 2 

17. If A and B are square matrices of order 3, then the true statement is/are (where I is unit matrix).
(A*) det ( A) =  det A (B*) If AB is singular then atleast one of A or B is
singular
(C) det (A + I) = 1 + det A (D*) det (2A) = 23 det A
;fn A vkSj B, 3 Øe dk oxZ vkO;wg gks] rks fuEu esa ls lgh dFku gSa ¼tgk¡ I bdkbZ vkO;wg gSa½ &
(A*) det ( A) =  det A
(B*) ;fn AB vO;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg gS rc A ;k B es ls de ls de ,d vO;qRØe.kh; gSA
(C) det (A + I) = 1 + det A
(D*) det (2A) = 23 det A

18. Let M be a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix with det(M) = 4. If M– 1 adj(adj M) = k2, then the value of 'k' may be
:
ekuk M ,d 3 × 3 Øe dk O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg gS tgk¡ det(M) = 4 ;fn M– 1 adj(adj M) = k2rks 'k' dk eku gks
ldrk gS&
(A*) +2 (B) 4 (C*) –2 (D) –4

19. If AX = B where A is 3 × 3 and X and B are 3×1 matrices then which of the following is correct?
(A) If |A| = 0 then AX = B has infinite solutions
(B*) If AX = B has infinite solutions then |A| = 0
(C*) If (adj(A)) B = 0 and |A|  0 then AX = B has unique solution
(D*) If (adj(A)) B  0 & |A| = 0 then AX = B has no solution
;fn AX = B tgk¡ A ,d 3 × 3 Øe dk vkO;wg gS vkSj X vkSj B, 3×1 Øe dk vkO;wg gS rc fuEu es ls dkSulk lgh
gS?
(A) ;fn |A| = 0 rc AX = B ds vuUr gy gSA
(B*) ;fn AX = B ds vuUr gy gS rc |A| = 0
(C*) ;fn (adj(A)) B = 0 vkSj |A|  0 rc AX = B vf}rh; gy j[krk gSA
(D*) ;fn (adj(A)) B  0 vkSj |A| = 0 rc AX = B dk dksbZ gy ugh gSA

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PART - IV : COMPREHENSION

Hkkx - IV : vuqPNsn (COMPREHENSION)

Comprehension # 1 [Revision Planner]

vuqPNsn # 1
Let be the set of all 3×3 symmetric matrices whose entries are 1,1,1,0,0,0,–1, –1, –1. B is one of the
matrix in set and
x 0   1
X =  y  U = 0  V = 0  .
 z  0  0 

1*. Number of such matrices B in set is , then  lies in the interval

(A*) (30, 40) (B) (38, 40) (C*) (34, 38) (D) (25, 35)

2*. Number of matrices B such that equation BX = U has infinite solutions

(A*) is at least 6 (B) is not more than 10 (C*) lie between 8 to 16 (D) is zero.
3*. The equation BX = V

(A*) is inconsistent for atleast 3 matrices B.

(B) is inconsistent for all matrices B.
(C*) is inconsistent for at most 12 matrices B.
(D) has infinite number of solutions for at least 3 matrices B.
vuqPNsn # 1
ekuk lHkh 3×3 Øe dh lefer vkO;wgksa dk leqPp; gS] ftuds vo;o 1,1,1,0,0,0,–1, –1, –1 gSaA ekuk B
leqPp; dk ,d vkO;wg gS vkSj
x 0   1
X =  y  U = 0  V = 0 
 z  0  0 
rks fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A
1*. ;fn leqPp; esa bl izdkj ds vkO;wgks B dh la[;k gSa] rks  vUrjky esa fLFkr gS&
(A*) (30, 40) (B) (38, 40) (C*) (34, 38) (D) (25, 35)

2*. ;fn lehdj.k BX = U vuUr gy j[krk gS] rks vkO;wgksa B dh la[;k gksxh &
(A*) de ls de 6 (B) 10 ls vf/kd ugha
(C*) 8 ls 16 ds e/; (D) 'kwU; gS

3*. lehdj.k BX = V
(A*) de ls de rhu vkO;wg B ds fy, valxr gSA
(B) lHkh vkO;wg B ds fy, valxr gSA
(C*) vf/kdre 12 vkO;wg B ds fy, valxr gSA
(D) de ls de rhu vkO;wg B ds fy, vUkUr gy fo|eku gSA
Comprehension # 2
Some special square matrices are defined as follows :
Nilpotent matrix : A square matrix A is said to be nilpotent ( of order 2) if, A2 = O. A square matrix is said to be
nilpotent of order p, if p is the least positive integer such that Ap = O.
Idempotent matrix : A square matrix A is said to be idempotent if, A2 = A.
1 0
e.g.   is an idempotent matrix.
 0 1
Involutory matrix : A square matrix A is said to be involutory if A2 = , being the identity matrix.
1 0
e.g. A =   is an involutory matrix.
 0 1
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Orthogonal matrix : A square matrix A is said to be an orthogonal matrix if A A =  = AA.

4. If A and B are two square matrices such that AB = A & BA = B, then A & B are
(A*) Idempotent matrices (B) Involutory matrices
(C) Orthogonal matrices (D) Nilpotent matrices

 0 2  
5. If the matrix     is orthogonal, then
   
1 1 1
(A)  = ± (B)  = ± (C)  = ± (D*) all of these
2 6 3
 1 1 3 
6. The matrix A =  5 2 6  is
 2 1 3 
(A) idempotent matrix (B) involutory matrix
(C*) nilpotent matrix (D) none of these
vuqPNsn # 2
dqN fo'ks"k oxZ vkO;wg fuEuizdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS

'kwU;Hkkoh vkO;wg (Nilpotent matrix) : ;fn dksbZ oxZ vkO;wg A bl izdkj gS fd A2 = O gks] rks vkO;wg A dks 'kwU;Hkkoh vkO;wg
¼Øe 2½ dgrs gSaA ,d oxZ vkO;wg p Øe dh 'kwU;Hkkoh vkO;wg dgk tkrk gS ;fn p lcls de /kukRed iw.kk±d bl
izdkj gks fd Ap = O.
oxZle vkO;wg (Idempotent matrix) : ,d oxZ vkO;wg A dks oxZle dgk tkrk gS ;fn A2 = A.
1 0
tSls   ,d oxZle vkO;wg gSaA
 0 1
vUroZyuh; vkO;wg (Involutory matrix) : ,d oxZ vkO;wg A dks vUroZyuh; dgk tkrk gS ;fn A2 = , bdkbZ
vkO;wg gSA
1 0
tSls A =   ,d vUroZyuh; vkO;wg gSaA
 0 1
ykfEcd vkO;wg (Orthogonal matrix) : ,d oxZ vkO;wg A dks ykfEcd vkO;wg dgk tkrk gSa
4. ;fn A vkSj B nks oxZ vkO;wg bl izdkj gS fd AB = A ,oa BA = B gks] rks A vkSj B gSa &
(A*) oxZle vkO;wg (B) vUroZyuh; vkO;wg (C) ykfEcd vkO;wg (D) 'kwU;Hkkoh vkO;wg


 0 2
5. ;fn vkO;wg     ykfEcd vkO;wg gks] rks&
   
1 1 1
(A)  = ± (B)  = ± (C)  = ± (D*) mijksDr lHkh
2 6 3

1 1 3
6. vkO;wg A =  5 2 6  gS &
 2 1 3 
(A) oxZle vkO;wg (B) vUroZyuh; vkO;wg
(C*) 'kwU;Hkkoh vkO;wg (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

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
 Marked Questions may have for Revision Questions.
 fpfUgr iz'u nksgjkus ;ksX; iz'u gSA
PART - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

Hkkx - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE ¼fiNys o"kksZ½ ds iz'u

* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.
* fpfUgr iz'u ,d ls vf/kd lgh fodYi okys iz'u gS -

Comprehension # 1 (Q. No. 1 to Q. No. 3)

Let be the set of all 3 × 3 symmetric matrices all of whose entries are either 0 or 1. Five of these
entries are 1 and four of them are 0.
,d ,sls 3 × 3 lefer vkO;wgksa dk leqPp; gS ftudh lHkh iz fof"V;k¡ 0 ;k 1 gSaA buesa ls ik¡p izfof"V;k¡ 1 gSa rFkk
pkj 0 gSaA

1. The number of matrices in is [IIT-JEE 2009, Paper-1, (4, –1), 80]
esa vkO;wgksa dh la[;k gS&
(A*) 12 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 3

 x  1 
2. The number of matrices A in for which the system of linear equations A  y  = 0  has a unique
 z  0 
solution, is [IIT-JEE 2009, Paper-1, (4, –1), 80]
(A) less than 4 (B*) at least 4 but less than 7
(C) at least 7 but less than 10 (D) at least 10
 x  1 
esa ,sls vkO;wgks A dh la[;k ftuds fy, jsf[kd lehdj.k fudk; A  y  = 0  dk vf}rh; gy gks] gS&
 z  0 
(A) 4 ls de (B*) de ls de 4 fdUrq 7 ls de
(C) de ls de 7 ijUrq 10 ls de (D) de ls de 10

x 1 
3. The number of matrices A in for which the system of linear equations A  y  = 0 
  is inconsistent,
 z  0 
is
(A) 0 (B*) more than 2 (C) 2 (D) 1
 x  1 
esa ,sls vkO;wgksa A dh la[;k ftuds fy, jsf[kd lehdj.k fudk; A  y  = 0  vlaxr (inconsistent) gks] gS&
 z  0 
(A) 0 (B*) 2 ls vf/kd (C) 2 (D) 1
[IIT-JEE 2009, Paper-1, (4, –1), 80]

Comprehension # 2 (Q. No. 4 to 6)

Let p be an odd prime number and Tp be the following set of 2 × 2 matrices :


 a b 

Tp =  A    : a, b, c  {0, 1 , 2,.....,p – 1} 

 c a 


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4. The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric or skew-symmetric or both, and det (A) divisible
by p is [IIT-JEE 2010, Paper-1, (3, –1), 84]

(A) (p – 1)2 (B) 2 (p – 1) (C) (p – 1)2 + 1 (D*) 2p – 1

5. The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is not divisible by p but det (A) is divisible by p is
[Note : The trace of matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries.] [IIT-JEE 2010, Paper-1, (3, –1), 84]
(A) (p – 1)(p2 – p + 1) (B) p3 – (p – 1)2
(C*) (p – 1)2 (D) (p – 1)(p2 – 2)

6. The number of A in Tp such that det (A) is not divisible by p is[IIT-JEE 2010, Paper-1, (3, –1), 84]
(A) 2p2 (B) p3 – 5p (C) p3 – 3p (D*) p3 – p2

vuqPNsn #2 ¼iz'u 4 - 6 ds fy,½

ekuk fd p ,d fo"ke vHkkT; la[;k (odd prime number) gS rFkk Tp , 2 × 2 vkO;wgksa dk fuEu leqPp; gS %

 a b 

Tp =  A   : a, b, c  {0, 1 , 2,.....,p – 1} 

 c a 


4. Tp esa ,sls A dh la[;k tks lefer] fo"ke lefer vFkok nksuksa izdkj ds gksa ] ,oa ftuds fy, det (A), p ls foHkkT; gks]
fuEu gS& [IIT-JEE 2010, Paper-1, (3, –1), 84]

(A) (p – 1)2 (B) 2 (p – 1) (C) (p – 1)2 + 1 (D*) 2p – 1

5. Tp esa ,sls A dh la[;k ftuds fy, trace (A), p ls foHkkT; ugha gS] ijUrq det (A), p ls foHkkT; gS] fuEu gS&
[uksV : trace (A), A ds fod.khZ; izfof"V;ksa dk ;ksx gksrk gS ] [IIT-JEE 2010, Paper-1, (3, –1), 84]
(A) (p – 1)(p2 – p + 1) (B) p3 – (p – 1)2
(C*) (p – 1)2 (D) (p – 1)(p2 – 2)

6. Tp esa ,sls A dh la[;k ftuds fy, det (A), p ls foHkkT; ugha gS] fuEu gS&[IIT-JEE 2010, Paper-1, (3, –1), 84]
(A) 2p2 (B) p3 – 5p (C) p3 – 3p (D*) p3 – p2

7. The number of all possible values of , where 0 <  < , for which the system of equations
(y + z) cos 3 = (xyz) sin 3 
2cos3 2 sin3
x sin 3 = +
y z
(xyz) sin 3 = (y + 2z) cos 3  + y sin 3

have a solution (x0, y0, z0) with y0 z0  0, is [IIT-JEE 2010, Paper-1, (3, 0), 84]
0 <  < dks lUrq"V djus okys  ds lHkh lEHkkfor ekuksa dh la[;k] ftuds fy, lehdj.k lewg
(y + z) cos 3 = (xyz) sin 3
2cos3 2 sin3
x sin 3 = +
y z
(xyz) sin 3 = (y + 2z) cos 3  + y sin 3
dk ,d gy (x0, y0, z0) gS] tgk¡ y0 z0  0, gS
Ans. 3

8. Let k be a positive real number and let [IIT-JEE 2010, Paper-2, (3, 0), 79]
 2k  1 2 k 2 k   0 2k  1 k 
   
A= 2 k 1 2k  and B = 1  2k 0 2 k  . If det (adj A) + det (adj B) = 106, then
   
 2 k 2k 1    k 2 k 0 

[k] is equal to
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Matrix and Determinants
(Note : adj M denotes the adjoint of a square matrix M and [k] denotes the largest integer less than or
equal to k].
ekuk fd k ,d /kukRed okLrfod la[;k gS rFkk
 2k  1 2 k 2 k  0 2k  1 k 
   
A= 2 k 1 2k  ,oa B = 1  2k 0 2 k  . ;fn det (adj A) + det (adj B) = 106, rks [k] dk
   
 2 k 2k 1    k 2 k 0 

eku gS
(uksV : adj M fdlh oxZ vkO;wg M dk adjoint rFkk [k], vf/kdre iw.kk±d tks k ls de ;k k ds leku gS] dks iznf'kZr
djrk gSA)

Ans. 4

9. Let M and N be two 2n × 2n non-singular skew-symmetric matrices such that MN = NM. If PT denotes
the transpose of P, then M2 N2 (MT N)–1 (MN–1)T is equal to
(A) M2 (B) – N2 (C*) – M2 (D) MN
eku yhft, M vkSj N nks ,sls 2n × 2n O;qRØe.kh; vkSj fo"ke lefer vkO;wg (non-singular skew-symmetric
matrices) gS] tks MN = NM dks larq"V djrs gSA ;fn PT, vkO;wg P ds ifjorZ (transpose) vkO;wg dks iznf'kZr djrk
gS] rks
M N (M N) (MN ) fuEu esa ls fdlds cjkcj gS&
2 2 T –1 –1 T
[IIT -JEE 2011, Paper-1, (4, 0), 80]
(A) M ds
2
(B) – N 2
ds (C*) – M2 ds (D) MN ds
Ans. C (In JEE this question was bonus because in JEE instead of 2n × 2n, 3 × 3 was given and we
know that there is no non-singular 3×3 skew symmetric matrix).
Ans. C ( JEE esa ;g ç'u cksul Fkk D;kasfd JEE esa 2n × 2n dh txg 3 × 3 fn;k x;k Fkk ,oa ge tkurs gS fd
3 × 3 Øe dk O;qRØe.kh; vkSj fo"ke lefer vkO;wg (non-singular skew-symmetric matrices) lEHko ugha gS½

Comprehension # 3 (10 to 12)

Let a, b and c be three real numbers satisfying

1 9 7
[a b c] 8 2 7  = [0 0 0] ...........(E)
7 3 7 
ekuk fd a, b vkSj c ,slh rhu okLrfod la[;k,sa gS tks
1 9 7
[a b c] 8 2 7  = [0 0 0] ...........(E)
7 3 7 
dks larq"V djrh gSaA [IIT -JEE 2011, Paper-1, (3, –1), 80]

10. If the point P(a, b, c), with reference to (E), lies on the plane 2x + y + z = 1, then the value of 7a + b + c
is
;fn lehdj.k (E) ds lanHkZ esa] fcUnq P(a, b, c) lery 2x + y + z = 1 ij fLFkr gS] rks 7a + b + c dk eku gS&
(A) 0 (B) 12 (C) 7 (D*) 6

Ans. (D)

11. Let  be a solution of x 3 – 1 = 0 with m () > 0. if a = 2 with b and c satisfying (E), then the value of
3 1 3
+ b + c is equal to
a
 
ekuk fd , lehdj.k x3 – 1 = 0 dk gy gS] tgk¡ m () > 0 gSA ;fn a = 2 vkSj laxr la[;k,a b vkSj c lehdj.k
3 1 3
(E) dks larq"V djrh gSa rks a + b + c dk eku gS&
  
(A*) – 2 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) – 3
Ans. (A)

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12 . Let b = 6, with a and c satisfying (E). If  and  are the roots of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0,
n

 1 1
then     is
n0  
;fn b = 6 vkSj laxr la[;k,sa a vkSj c lehdj.k (E) dks larq"V djrh gksa] vkSj  ,  f}?kkrh; lehdj.k
n

 1 1
ax2 + bx + c = 0 ds ewy gSa] rks     dk eku gS&
n0  
6
(A) 6 (B*) 7 (C) (D) 
7
Ans. (B)
1 a b
13. Let   1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set of all non-singular matrices of the form,   1 c 
2  1

where each of a, b and c is either  or 2. Then the number of distinct matrices in the set S is
 1 a b
eku yhft,   1 bdkbZ dk ?kuewy gS vkSj S,   1 c  :i okyh O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wgksa (non-singular
2  1
matrices)
[IIT -JEE 2011, Paper-2, (3, –1), 80]
dk leqPp; gSA tgk¡ a, b vkSj c esa ls izR;sd ;k rks  gS] ;k 2 rc leqPp; S ds fofHkUu vkO;wgksa dh la[;k fuEu
gksxh&
(A*) 2 (B) 6 (C) 4 (D) 8

14. Let M be a 3 × 3 matrix satisfying

0   1 1 1 1 0

M  1 =  2  , M  1 =  1  , and M
     1 =  0  . Then the sum of the diagonal entries of M is
   
0   3   0   1 1 12 
ekuk fd M ,d 3 × 3 vkO;wg gS tks fuEu lehdj.kksa [IIT -JEE 2011, Paper-2, (4, 0), 80]
0   1 1 1 1 0
M  1 =  2  , M  1 =  1  , rFkk M = 1 =  0  . dks larq"V djrk gSA rc M ds fod.kZ ds vo;oksa dk
0   3   0   1 1 12 
;ksx Kkr dhft;sA
Ans. 9

15. Let P = [aij] be a 3 × 3 matrix and let Q = [bij], where bij = 2i+jaij for 1  i, j  3. If the determinant of P is 2,
then the determinant of the matrix Q is [IIT -JEE 2012, Paper-1, (3, –1), 70]
ekuk fd P = [aij] ,d 3 × 3 vkO;wg (matrix) gS vkSj Q = [bij], tgk¡ bij = 2i+jaij tc 1  i, j  3 gSA ;fn P ds lkjf.kd
(determinant) dk eku 2 gS rks vkO;wg Q ds lkjf.kd dk eku fuEu gS [IIT -JEE 2012, Paper-1, (3, –1), 70]
(A) 210 (B) 211 (C) 212 (D*) 213

16. If P is a 3 × 3 matrix such that PT = 2P + I, where PT is the transpose of P and I is the 3 × 3 identity
x 0 

matrix, then there exists a column matrix X =  y   0  such that
 [IIT -JEE 2012, Paper-2, (3,
 z  0 
–1), 66]
,d 3 × 3 vkO;wg (matrix) P bl izdkj dk gS fd PT = 2P + I, tgk¡ PT vkO;wg P dk ifjorZ vkO;wg (transpose)
vkSj

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Matrix and Determinants

x 0 
I 3 × 3 dk rRled vkO;wg gSA rc ,d LrEHk vkO;wg (column matrix) X =  y   0 
  dk vfLrRo bl izdkj gS
 z  0 
fd
0 
(A) PX = 0  (B) PX = X (C) PX = 2X (D*) PX = – X
0 

1 4 4
17*. If the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix P is 2 1 7  , then the possible value(s) of the determinant of P is
 1 1 3 
(are)
[IIT-JEE 2012, Paper-2, (4, 0), 66]
1 4 4
;fn 3 × 3 vkO;wg (matrix) P dk lg[kaMt (adjoint) 2 1 7  gS rks P ds lkjf.kd (determinant) dk (ds)
 1 1 3 
lEHkkfor eku gS (gSa) [IIT-JEE 2012, Paper-2, (4, 0), 66]
(A*) –2 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D*) 2

18.* For 3×3 matrices M and N, which of the following statement(s) is (are) NOT correct ?
[JEE (Advanced) 2013, Paper-1, (4, – 1)/60]
(A) NT M N is symmetric or skew symmetric, according as M is symmetric or skew symmetric
(B) M N – N M is skew symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(C*) M N is symetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(D*) (adj M) (adj N) = adj(MN) for all invertible matrices M and N

3×3 vkO;wgksa M rFkk N ds fy, fuEu esa ls dkSu çdFku lR; ugha gSa ¼gSa½ \
[JEE (Advanced) 2013, Paper-1, (4, – 1)/60]
(A) M ds lefer ;k fo"ke&lefer gksus ds vuqlkj NT M N lefer ;k fo"ke&lefer gSA
(B) lHkh lefer vkO;wgksa M rFkk N ds fy, MN – NM fo"ke &lefer gSSA
(C*) lHkh lefer vkO;wgksa M rFkk N ds fy, MN lefer gSA
(D*) lHkh O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wgksa M rFkk N ds fy, (adj M) (adj N) = adj(MN)

19*. Let M be a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries. Then M is

inv ertible if
[JEE (Advanced) 2014, Paper-1, (3, 0)/60]
(A) the fi rst column of M is the transpose of the second row of M
(B) the second row of M is the transpose of first column of M
(C*) M is a diagonal matrix with nonzero entries in the main diagonal
(D*) the product of entries in the main diagonal of M is not th e square of an integer
ekuk fd 2 × 2 lefer vkO;w g (symmetric matrix) M ds lHkh vo;o (elements) iw . kkZ a d (integer)
gS a A rc M O;q R Øe.kh; (invertible) gS ] ;fn

(A) M dk igyk LrEHk M dh nw l jh ifa D r dk ifjorZ (transpose) gS A

(B) M dh nw l jh ia f Dr M ds igys LrEHk dk ifjorZ gS A
(C*) M ,d fod.kZ vkO;w g (diagonal matrix) gS ftlds eq [ ; fod.kZ (main diagonal) ds vo;o
'kw U ;rj (non-zero) gS a
(D*) M ds eq [ ; fod.kZ (main diagonal) ds vo;oks a dk xq . kuQy fdlh Hkh iw . kkZ a d dk oxZ ugha gS A

Ans. (CD)

20*. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 matrices such that MN = NM. Further, if M  N 2 and M 2 = N 4 ,
then [JEE (Advanced) 2014, Paper-1, (3, 0)/60]
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Matrix and Determinants
(A*) determinant of (M 2 + MN 2 ) is 0
(B*) there is a 3 × 3 non-zero matrix U such that (M 2 + MN 2 )U is the zero matrix
(C) determinant of (M 2 + MN 2 )  1
(D) f or a 3 × 3 matrix U, if (M 2 + MN 2 )U equals the zero matrix then U is the zero matrix
ekuk fd nks 3 × 3 vkO;wg (matrices) M rFkk N bl çdkj gS fd MN = NM gSA ;fn M  N 2 rFkk M 2 = N 4
gks] rks
(A*) (M 2 + MN 2 ) ds lkjf.kd (determinant) dk eku 'kwU; gSA
(B*) ,d ,slk 3 × 3 'kwU;srj (non-zero) vkO;wg U gS ftlds fy;s (M 2 + MN 2 )U 'kwU; vkO;wg gSA
(C) (M 2 + MN 2 ) ds lkjf.kd eku  1 gSA
(D) 3 × 3 vkO;wg U ftlds fy;s (M 2 + MN 2 )U 'kwU; vkO;wg gS rks U Hkh ,d 'kwU; vkO;wg gksxkA
Ans. (AB)
21*. Let X and Y be t wo arbitrary, 3 × 3, non -zero, skew-symmetric matrices and Z be an
arbitrary 3 × 3, non-zero, symmetric matrix. Then which of the f ollowing matrices is (are)
skew symmetric ?
ekuk fd X ,oa Y nks LosPN (arbitrary), 3 × 3, 'kwU;srj (non-zero) fo"ke lefer (skew-symmetric)
vkO;wg (Matrix) gS vkSj Z ,d LosPN, 3 × 3, 'kwU;srj] lefer (symmetric) vkO;wg gSA rc fuEufyf[kr esa ls
dkSulk ( ls) fo"ke lefer vkO;wg gS ( gSa) ? [JEE (Advanced) 2015, Paper-1 (4, –2)/88]
(A) Y 3 Z 4 – Z 4 Y 3 (B) X 4 4 + Y 4 4 (C*) X 4 Z 3 – Z 3 X 4 (D*) X 2 3 + Y 2 3
Ans. (C,D)

(1   )2 (1  2)2 (1 3)2

22*. W hich of the f ollowing v alues of  satisf y the equation (2  )2 (2  2)2 (2  3)2 = –
(3  )2 (3  2)2 (3  3)2
648 ?
(1   )2 (1  2)2 (1 3)2
 ds fuEufyf[kr ekuksa esa dkSu lk ( ls) eku lehdj.k (2  )2 (2  2)2 (2  3)2 = – 648 dks larq"V
(3  )2 (3  2)2 (3  3)2
djrk ( djrsa) gS ( gSA) ? [JEE (Advanced) 2015, Paper-1 (4, –2)/88]
(A) – 4 (B*) 9 (C*) – 9 (D) 4
Ans. (B,C)

3  1  2
23. Let P = 2 0 
  , where R. Suppose Q = [qij] is a matrix such that PQ = k , where k  R, k  0
3  5 0 
k k2
and  is the identity matrix of order 3. If q23 = – and det (Q) = , then
8 2
[JEE (Advanced) 2016, Paper-1 (4, –2)/62]
3  1  2
ekuk fd P = 2 0   , tgk¡ R gSA eku yhft, fd Q = [qij] ,d ,slk vkO;wg (matrix) gS fd PQ = k ,
3  5 0 
k
tgk¡ k  R, k  0 vkSj  rhu dksfV (order 3) dk rRled vkO;wg (identity matrix) gSA ;fn q23 = – vkSj det
8
2
k
(Q) = gks , rc
2
(A)  = 0, k = 8 (B) 4 – k + 8 = 0 (C) det (P adj (Q)) = 29 (D) det (Q adj (P)) = 213
Ans. (B,C)
x x2 1  x3
24. The total number of distinct x  R for which 2x 4x 2 1  8x 3 = 10 is
3x 9x 2
1  27x 3

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x x2 1  x3
,sls lHkh fHkUu (distinct) x  R ftuds fy, 2x 4x 2 1  8x 3 = 10 gS] dh dqy la[;k gS&
3x 9x 2 1  27x 3
Ans. 2 [JEE (Advanced) 2016, Paper-1 (3, 0)/62]
 1 0 0
25.
 
Let P = 4 1 0 and  be the identity matrix of order 3. If Q = [qij] is a matrix such that P50 – Q= ,
 
16 4 1
q  q32
then 31 equals [JEE (Advanced) 2016, Paper-2 (3, –1)/62]
q21
 1 0 0
ekuk fd P =  4 1 0 vkSj  rhu dksfV (order 3) dk rRled vkO;wg (identity matrix) gSA ;fn Q = [qij]
16 4 1
q  q32
,d vkO;wg bl izdkj gS fd P50 – Q = gS, rc 31 dk eku gS&
q21
(A) 52 (B) 103 (C) 201 (D) 205
Ans. (B)

26. Let a, ,  R. Consider the system of linear equations

ax + 2y = 
   3x – 2y =     [JEE (Advanced) 2016, Paper-2 (4, –2)/62]
 Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct ?
(A) if a = – 3, then the system has infinitely many solutions for all values of  and 
(B) If a  –3, then the system has a a unique solution for all values of  and 
(C) If  +  = 0, the the system has infinitely many solutions for a = –3
(D) If  + 0, then the system has no solution for a = –3
Ekkuk fd a, ,  R gSaA bu jSf[kd lehdj.kksa ds fudk; (system of linear equations) ij fopkj dhft,
ax + 2y = 
   3x – 2y = 
 fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu lk ¼ls½ dFku lgh gS ¼gSa½ ?
(A) ;fn a = – 3, rc rFkk ds lHkh ekuksa ds fy, fudk; ds vuUr (infinitely many) gy gSaA
(B) ;fn a  –3, rc rFkk  ds lHkh ekuksa ds fy, fudk; dk vf}rh; (unique) gy gSaA
(C) ;fn  +  = 0, rc a = –3 ds fy, fudk; ds vuUr gy gSaA
(D) ;fn  + 0, rc a = –3 ds fy, fudk; dk dksbZ gy ugha gSaA
Ans. (B,C,D)

27. Which of the following is(are) NOT the square of a 3 × 3 matrix with real entries?
[JEE(Advanced) 2017, Paper-1,(4, –2)/61]
fuEu esa ls dkSulk¼ls½ okLrfod la[;kvksa ds 3 × 3 vkO;wg (matrix) dk oxZ (square) ugha gS¼gSa½?
1 0 0  1 0 0   1 0 0  1 0 0

(A) 0 1 0   
(B) 0 1 0   
(C)  0 1 0   (D) 0 1 0 
0 0 1 0 0 1  0 0 1 0 0 1
Ans. (A,C)

28. For a real number , if the system [JEE(Advanced) 2017, Paper-1,(3, 0)/61]
 1  2   x  1
     1
  1   y =  
 2 
  1   z   1 
of linear equations, has infinitely many solutions, then 1 +  + 2 =

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Matrix and Determinants

okLrfod la[;k (real number) ds fy,, ;fn jSf[kd lehdj.k fudk; (system of linear equations)
1  2   x   1 
 
 1    y  =  1
2  1   z   1 

ds vuUr gy (infinitely many solutions) gSa] rc 1 +  + 2 =
Ans. (1)

29. How many 3 × 3 matrices M with entries from {0, 1, 2} are there, for which the sum of the diagonal
entries of MT M is 5 ? [JEE(Advanced) 2017, Paper-2,(3, –1)/61]
,sls fdrus 3 × 3 vkO;wg M gSa ftudh izfof"V;k¡ (entries) {0, 1, 2} esa gSa ,oe~ MT M dh fod.khZ; izfof"V;ksa
(diagonal elements) dk ;ksx 5 gS?
(A) 198 (B) 162 (C) 126 (D) 135 
Ans. (A)

 b1 
30. Let S be the set of all column matrices b 2  such that b1, b2, b2  R and the system of equation (in real
b3 
variables)
– x + 2y + 5z = b1
2x – 4y + 3z = b2
x – 2y + 2z = b3
has at least one solution. Then, which of the following system(s) (in real variables) has (have) at least
 b1 
one solution for each b 2   S ? [JEE(Advanced) 2018, Paper-2,(4, –2)/60]
b3 
(A) x + 2y + 3z = b1, 4y + 5z = b2 and x + 2y + 6z = b3
(B) x + y + 3z = b1, 5x + 2y + 6z = b2 and – 2x – y – 3z = b3
(C) – x + 2y – 5z = b1, 2x – 4y + 10z = b2 and x – 2y + 5z = b3
(D) x + 2y + 5z = b1, 2x + 3z = b2 and x + 4y – 5z = b3
 b1 
ekuk fd S mu lHkh LrEHk vkO;wgks (column matrices) b2  dk leqPp; (set) gS ftuds fy, b1, b2, b2  R vkSj
b3 
okLrfod pjksa (real variables) okysa lehdj.k fudk; (system of equations)
– x + 2y + 5z = b1
2x – 4y + 3z = b2
x – 2y + 2z = b3
dk de ls de ,d gy (solution) gSA rc fuEufyf[kr okLrfod pjksa okys fudk;ksa esa ls fdl (dkSu ls) fudk;
 b1 
(fudk;ksa) dk Hkh izR;sd b 2   S ds fy, de ls de ,d gy gS ?
b3 
(A) x + 2y + 3z = b1, 4y + 5z = b2 vkSj x + 2y + 6z = b3
(B) x + y + 3z = b1, 5x + 2y + 6z = b2 vkSj – 2x – y – 3z = b3
(C) – x + 2y – 5z = b1, 2x – 4y + 10z = b2 vkSj x – 2y + 5z = b3
(D) x + 2y + 5z = b1, 2x + 3z = b2 vkSj x + 4y – 5z = b3
Ans. (AD)

31. Let P be a matrix of order 3 × 3 such that all the entries in P are from the set {–1, 0, 1}. Then, the
maximum possible value of the determinant of P is _____ . [JEE(Advanced) 2018, Paper-2,(3, 0)/60]
ekuk fd P, 3 × 3 dksfV (order) dk ,d ,slk vkO;wg (matrix) gS fd P dh lHkh izfof'k"V;kW leqPp; (set) {–1, 0, 1}
esa ls gSA P ds lkjf.kd (determinant) dk vf/kdre~ laHkkfor eku (maximum possible value) gS _____A
Ans. (4)

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Matrix and Determinants

PART - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

Hkkx - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE ¼fiNys o"kksZ½ ds iz'u

1. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix.
Statement-1 : adj(adj (A)) = A.
Statement-2 : |adj A| = |A| [AIEEE 2009 (4, –1), 144]
(1*) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(2) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(3) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
(4) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
ekuk A ,d 2 × 2 dk vkO;wg gS&
dFku - 1 adj(adj (A)) = A.
dFku - 2 |adj A| = |A| [AIEEE 2009 (4, –1), 144]
(1*) dFku-1 lR; gS] dFku-2 lR; gS ; dFku-2, dFku-1 dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k ugha gSA
(2) dFku-1 lR; gS] dFku-2 vlR; gSA
(3) dFku-1 vlR; gS] dFku-2 lR; gSA
(4) dFku-1 lR; gS] dFku-2 lR; gS ; dFku-2, dFku-1 dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k gSA

a a 1 a –1 a 1 b1 c –1
2. Let a, b, c be such that b(a + c)  0. If –b b  1 b – 1 + a –1 b –1 c  1 = 0. Then the
c c –1 c 1 (–1) a (–1) b (–1)n c
n 2 n 1

value of 'n' is - [AIEEE 2009 (4, –1), 144]

(1) zero (2) any even integer (3*) any odd integer (4) any integer

a a 1 a –1 a 1 b 1 c –1
ekuk a, b, c bl izdkj gS fd b(a + c)  0. ;fn –b b  1 b – 1 + a –1 b –1 c 1 = 0 gks]
c c –1 c 1 (–1) n2
a (–1) b (–1) c
n 1 n

rks n dk eku gS & [AIEEE 2009 (4, –1), 144]

(1) 'kwU; (2) dksbZ le iw.kk±d (3*) dksbZ fo"ke iw.kk±d (4) dksbZ iw.kk±d

3. The number of 3 × 3 non-singular matrices, with four entries as 1 and all other entries as 0, is
(1) 5 (2) 6 (3*) at least 7 (4) less than 4
[AIEEE 2010 (8, –2), 144]
dksfV 3 × 3 okys O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wgksa] ftlesa pkj izfof"V;k¡ 1 gS rFkk 'ks"k lHkh 0 gS] dh dqy la[;k gS&
(1) 5 (2) 6 (3*) de&ls&de 7 (4) 4 ls de
[AIEEE 2010 (8, –2), 144]
Ans. (3)

4. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with non-zero entries and let A2 = I, where I is 2 × 2 identity matrix.
Tr(A) = sum of diagonal elements of A and |A| = determinant of matrix A. [AIEEE 2010 (4, –1), 144]
Statement -1 : Tr(A) = 0
Statement -2 : |A| = 1
(1) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true ; Statement -2 is not a correct explanation for Statement -
1.
(2*) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(3) Statement -1 is false, Statement -2 is true.
(4) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
ekuk A, 2 × 2 dksfV dk v'kwU; izfof"V;ksa okyk ,d vkO;wg gS vkSj ekuk A2 = I, tgk¡ I ,d 2 × 2 dksfV dk rRled
vkO;wg gSA Tr(A) = vkO;wg A ds fod.kZ ij fLFkr izfof"V;ksa dk ;ksxQy gS rFkk |A| = vkO;wg A dk lkjf.kd gSA
[AIEEE 2010 (4, –1), 144]
izzdFku-1 : Tr(A) = 0
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Matrix and Determinants

izzdFku-2 : |A| = 1
(1) izzdFku-1 lR; gS] izdFku-2 lR; gS ; izdFku-2, izdFku-1 dh lgh O;k[;k ugha gSA
(2*) izdFku-1 lR; gS] izdFku-2 feF;k gSA
(3) izdFku-1 feF;k gS] izdFku-2 lR; gSA
(4) izdFku-1 lR; gS] izdFku-2 lR; gS ; izdFku-2, izdFku-1 dh lgh O;k[;k gSA
Ans. (2)

5. Consider the system of linear equations : [AIEEE 2010 (4, –1),

144]
x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 3
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 3
3x1 + 5x2 + 2x3 = 1
The system has
(1) exactly 3 solutions (2) a unique solution (3*) no solution (4) infinite number of solutions
fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.k fudk; dks yhft, % [AIEEE 2010 (4, –1), 144]
x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 3
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 3
3x1 + 5x2 + 2x3 = 1
fudk; ds
(1) dsoy 3 gy gSA (2) ,dek=k gy gS A (3*) dksbZ gy ugha gSA (4) vuUr gy gSA
Ans. (3)

6. Let A and B be two symmetric matrices of order 3. [AIEEE 2011, I, (4, –1), 120]
Statement-1 : A(BA) and (AB)A are symmetric matrices.
Statement-2 : AB is symmetric matrix if matrix multiplication of A with B is commutative.
(1) Statement-1 is true, Statement -2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation f or
Statement-1.
(2*) Statement-1 is true, Statement -2 is true; Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is not
a correct explanation f or Statement -1.
(3) Statement-1 is true, Statement -2 is f alse.
(4) Statement-1 is f alse, Statement -2 is true.
ekuk A vkS j B dks f V 3 ds nks lefer vkO;w g gS & [AIEEE 2011, I, (4, –1), 120]
dFku -1 : A(BA) rFkk (AB)A lefer vkO;w g gS a A
dFku -2 : AB ,d lefer vkO;w g gS ;fn vkO;w g ks a A rFkk B dh xq . kk Øe&fofues ; dkjh gS A
(1) dFku -1 lR; gS ] dFku -2 lR; gS A dFku -2, dFku -1 dh lgh O;k[;k gS A
(2*) dFku -1 lR; gS ] dFku -2 lR; gS A dFku -2, dFku -1 dh lgh O;k[;k ugha gS A
(3) dFku -1 lR; gS ] dFku -2 vlR; gS A
(4) dFku -1 vlR; gS ] dFku -2 lR; gS A

7. The number of values of k f or whi ch the linear equations [AIEEE 2011, I, (4, –1), 120]
4x + ky + 2z = 0
kx + 4y + z = 0
2x + 2y + z = 0
posses a non-zero solution is :

k ds mu ekuks a dh la [ ;k ftuds fy, jS f [kd lehdj.k [AIEEE 2011, I, (4, –1), 120]
4x + ky + 2z = 0
kx + 4y + z = 0
2x + 2y + z = 0
ds v'kw U ; ew y gS ] gS a :
(1) 3 (2*) 2 (3) 1 (4) zero 'kw U ;

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Matrix and Determinants

 0 
8. If   1 is the complex cube root of unity and matrix H =   , then H is equal to -
70

 0  
[AIEEE 2011, I, (4, –1), 120]
 0 
;fn   1 bdkbZ dk ,d lfEeJ ?ku ewy gS rFkk vkO;wg H =   gS] rks H cjkcj gS % [AIEEE 2011, I, (4,
70

 0 
–1), 120]
(1) 0 (2) – H (3) H2 (4*) H

9. If the trivial solution is the only solution of the system of equations [AIEEE 2011, II, (4, –1), 120]
x – ky + z = 0
kx + 3y – kz = 0
3x + y – z = 0
then the set of all values of k is :
;fn ,d lehdj.k fudk; [AIEEE 2011, II, (4, –1), 120]
x – ky + z = 0
kx + 3y – kz = 0
3x + y – z = 0
dk 'kwU; gy (trival solution) gh dsoy gy gS] rks k ds lHkh ekuksa dk leqPp; gS %

(1*) R – {2, –3} (2) R – { 2 } (3) R – { –3 } (4) {2, –3}

10. Statement - 1 : Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3 is zero.[AIEEE 2011, II, (4, –1),
120]
Statement - 2 : For any matrix A, det (A)T = det(A) and det (–A) = – det(A).
Where det (B) denotes the determinant of matrix B. Then :
(1) Both statements are true (2) Both statements are false
(3) Statement-1 is false and statement-2 is true. (4*) Statement-1 is true and statement-2 is false
dFku - 1 : dksfV 3 ds fo"ke lefer vkO;wg ds lkjf.kd dk eku 0 gSA [AIEEE 2011, II, (4, –1), 120]
dFku - 2 : fdlh vkO;wg A ds fy, det (A) = det(A) rFkk det (–A) = – det(A).
T

tgk¡ det(B), vkO;wg B dk lkjf.kd n'kkZrk gS %

(1) nksuksa dFku lR; gSA (2) nksuksa dFku vlR; gSA
(3) dFku -1 vlR; gS rFkk dFku-2 lR; gSA (4*) dFku -1 lR; gS rFkk dFku-2 vlR; gSA

 1 0 0  1 0
     
11. Let A =  2 1 0  . If u1 and u2 are column matrices such that Au1 =  0  and Au2 =  1  , then u1 + u2 is
 3 2 1 0 0
     
equal to : [AIEEE-2012, (4, –1)/120]
 1  1  1 1
       
(1)  1  (2)  1  (3)  1 (4*)  1
0  1 0  1
       
 1 0 0  1 0
ekuk A =  2 1 0  gSA ;fn u1 rFkk u2 ,sls LraHk vkO;wg gSa fd Au1 =  
 0  rFkk Au2 =
 
 1  gS] rks u1 + u2 cjkcj
 3 2 1 0 0
     
gS:
[AIEEE-2012, (4, –1)/120]
 1  1  1 1
       
(1)  1  (2)  1  (3)  1 (4*)  1
0  1 0  1
       

12. Let P and Q be 3 × 3 matrices P  Q. If P3 = Q3 and P2Q = Q2P, then determinant of (P2 + Q2) is equal
to :
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Matrix and Determinants
[AIEEE-2012, (4, –1)/120]
(1) – 2 (2) 1 (3*) 0 (4) – 1
ekuk P rFkk Q, 3 × 3 vkO;wg gSa rFkk P  Q gSA ;fn P3 = Q3 rFkk P2Q = Q2P gS] rks lkjf.kd (P2 + Q2) cjkcj gS:
[AIEEE-2012, (4, –1)/120]
(1) – 2 (2) 1 (3*) 0 (4) – 1

13. The number of values of k, for which the system of equations :

[ XI ] JP & JP*[AIEEE - 2013, (4, – 1) 120 ]
(k + 1)x + 8y = 4k
kx + (k + 3)y = 3k – 1
has no solution, is
(1) infinite (2*) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
k ds mu ekuksa dh la[;k] ftuds fy, fuEu lehdj.k fudk;
(k + 1)x + 8y = 4k
kx + (k + 3)y = 3k – 1
dk dksbZ gy ugha gS] gS& [AIEEE - 2013, (4, – 1) 120 ]
(1) vuUr (2*) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3

1  3
14. If P =  1 3 3  is the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix A and |A| = 4, then  is equal to : [ XII ] Only JP*
2 4 4 
[AIEEE - 2013, (4, – 1) 120 ]
1  3
;fn P =  1 3 3  ,d 3 × 3 vkO;wg A dk lg[kaMt gS rFkk |A| = 4 gS rks  cjkcj gS :
2 4 4 
[AIEEE - 2013, (4, – 1) 120 ]
(1) 4 (2*) 11 (3) 5 (4) 0

3 1  f(1) 1  f(2)
15. If ,   0 and f(n) =  +  and 1  f(1) 1  f(2) 1  f(3) = K (1 – )2 (1 – )2 ( –)2 , then K is equal
n n

1  f(2) 1  f(3) 1  f(4)

to

[JEE(Main) 2014, (4, – 1), 120]

3 1  f(1) 1  f(2)
;fn ,   0 rFkk f(n) = n + n rFkk 1  f(1) 1  f(2) 1  f(3) = K (1 – )2 (1 – )2 ( –)2 gS] rks K cjkcj
1  f(2) 1  f(3) 1  f(4)
gSµ
[Matrices & Determinant]
[JEE(Main) 2014, (4, – 1), 120]
1
(1*) 1 (2) –1 (3)  (4)


16. If A is an 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that AA = AA and B = A–1A, then BB equals :

[JEE(Main) 2014, (4, – 1), 120]

;fn A ,d ,slk 3 × 3 O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg gS fd AA = AA rFkk B = A–1A gS] rks BBcjkcj gSµ
[Matrices & Determinant]
[JEE(Main) 2014, (4, – 1), 120]
(1) B–1 (2) (B–1) (3) I + B (4*) I

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Matrix and Determinants

1 2 2 
17. If A = 2 1 –2 is a matrix satisfying the equation AAT = 9, where  is 3 × 3 identity matrix, then the
a 2 b 
ordered pair (a, b) is equal to :
(1) (2, – 1) (2) (–2, 1) (3) (2, 1) (4) (–2, – 1)
1 2 2 
;fn A = 2 1 –2 ,d ,slk vkO;wg gS tks vkO;wg lehdj.k AAT = 9, dks larq"V djrk gS tgk¡ 3 × 3 dk
a 2 b 
rRled vkO;wg gS] rks Øfer ;qXe(a, b) dk eku gS : [JEE(Main) 2015, (4, – 1), 120]
(1) (2, – 1) (2) (–2, 1) (3) (2, 1) (4) (–2, – 1)
Ans. (4)

18. The set of all value of  for which the system of linear equations :
2x1 – 2x2 + x3 = x1
2x1 – 3x2 + 2x3 = x2
– x1 + 2x2 = x3
has a non-trivial solution, [JEE(Main) 2015, (4, –1), 120]
(1) is an empty set (2) is a singleton
(3) contains two elements (4) contains more than two elements
ds lHkh ekuksa dk leqPp;] ftuds fy, jsf{kd lehdj.k fudk; :
2x1 – 2x2 + x3 = x1
2x1 – 3x2 + 2x3 = x2
– x1 + 2x2 = x3
dk ,d vrqPN gy gS , [JEE(Main) 2015, (4, –1), 120]
(1) ,d fjDr leqPp; gSA (2) ,d ,dy leqPp; gSA
(3) esa nks vo;o gSA (4) esa nks ls vf/kd vo;o gSA
Ans. (3)

19. The system of linear equations [JEE(Main) 2016, (4, –1), 120]
x + y – z = 0
x –y –z = 0
x +y – z = 0
has a non-trivial solution for :
(1) Exactly one value of . (2) Exactly two values of .
(3) Exactly three values of . (4) Infinitely many values of .

jSf[kd lehdj.k fudk; [JEE(Main) 2016, (4, –1), 120]

x + y – z = 0
x –y –z = 0
x +y – z = 0
dk ,d vrqPN gy gksus ds fy,:
(1)dk rF;r% ,d eku gSA (2) ds rF;r% nks eku gSaA
(3) ds rF;r% rhu eku gSaA (4) ds vuar eku gSA 
Ans. (3)

5a – b
 and A adj A = A A , then 5a + b is equal to [JEE(Main) 2016, (4, –1), 120]
T
20. If A = 
3 2 

5a – b
;fn A =   rFkk A adj A = A A gSa, rks 5a + b cjkcj gS : [JEE(Main) 2016, (4, –1), 120]
T

3 2 
(1) 5 (2) 4 (3) 13 (4) – 1
Ans. (1)
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Matrix and Determinants

21. It S is the set of distinct values of ‘b’ for which the following system of linear equations
x+y+z=1 [JEE(Main) 2017, (4, –1), 120]
x + ay + z = 1
ax + by + z = 0
has no solution, then S is :
(1) an empty set
(2) an infinite set
(3) a finite set containing two or more elements
(4) a singleton
;fn S ‘b’ dh mu fofHkUu ekuksa dk leqPp; gS ftuds fy, fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.k fudk;
x+y+z=1
x + ay + z = 1
ax + by + z = 0
dk dksbZ gy ugha gS] rks S :
(1) ,d fjDr leqPp; gS
(2) ,d vifjfer leqPPk; gS
(3) ,d ifjfer leqPP; gS ftlesa nks ;k vf/kd vo;’o gS
(4) ,d gh vo;o okyk leqPp; gS
Ans. (4)

 2 – 3 2
22. If A =   , then adj (3A + 12A) is equal to
– 4 1 
 2 – 3
;fn A =   gS, rks adj (3A + 12A) cjkcj gS :
2
[JEE(Main) 2017, (4, –1), 120]
 – 4 1 
 72 – 84  51 63  51 84  72 – 63
(1)   (2)   (3)   (4)  
 – 63 51  84 72 63 72  – 84 51 
Ans. (2)

23. If the system of linear equations [JEE(Main) 2018, (4, –1), 120]
x + ky + 3z = 0
3x + ky – 2z = 0
2x + 4y – 3z = 0
xz
has a non-zero solution (x, y, z), then is equal to :
y2
;fn jSf[kd lehdj.k fudk;
x + ky + 3z = 0
3x + ky – 2z = 0
2x + 4y – 3z = 0
xz
dk ,d 'kwU;srj gy (x, y, z) gS] rks cjkcj gS %
y2
(1) – 30 (2) 30 (3) –10 (4*) 10
x  4 2x 2x
24. If 2x x  4 2x = (A + Bx) (x–A)2 then the ordered pair (A, B) is equal to :
2x 2x x  4
x4 2x 2x
;fn 2x x  4 2x = (A + Bx) (x–A)2 rks Øfer ;qXe (A, B) cjkcj gS % [JEE(Main) 2018, (4, –1),
2x 2x x  4
120]
(1*) (–4, 5) (2) (4, 5) (3) (–4, –5) (4) (–4, 3)

25. The system of linear equations [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (09-01-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
x+y+z=2
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Matrix and Determinants
2x + 3y + 2z = 5
2x + 3y + (a2 + 1)z = a + 1
(1) is inconsistent when a = 4
(2) has infinitely many solutions for a = 4
(3) is inconsistent when |a| = 3
(4) has a unique solution for |a| = 3
jSf[kd lehdj.k fudk;
x+y+z=2
2x + 3y + 2z = 5
2x + 3y + (a2 + 1)z = a + 1
(1) vlaxr gS tc a = 4
(2) ds a = 4 ds fy, vuUr gy gSA
(3) vlaxr gS tc |a| = 3
(4) dk |a| = 3 ds fy, ek=k ,d gy gSA

Ans. (3)

cos   sin  –50 

26. If A =   , then the matrix A when  = , is equal to :
 sin  cos   12
cos   sin  –50 
;fn A =   , rks vkO;wg A tc  = cjkcj gS&
 sin  cos   12
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online (09-01-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
 1 3  3 1   3 1  1 3
         
(1)  2 2  (2)  2 2  (3)  2 2  (4)  2 2 
 3 1   1 3  1 3  3 1 
 2 2   2 2 
   2 
 2 2  2
Ans. (2)
 2 4d (sin   2) 
27. 
Let d R, and A =  1 (sin )  2 d  , [0, 2]. If the minimum value of det(A) is 8,

 5 (2sin )  d (  sin )  2  2d
then a value of d is :
 2 4d (sin   2) 

ekuk d R RkFkk A =  1 (sin )  2 d  , [0, 2] A ;fn det(A) dk U;wure eku 8 gS] rks d

 5 (2sin )  d (  sin )  2  2d
dk ,d eku gS : [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (10-01-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
(1) –5 (2) 2( 2 + 2) (3) 2( 2 +1) (4) –7
Ans. (1)
0 2q r 
 
28. Let A =  p q – r  . If AAT = 3, then |p| is
p – q r 

0 2q r 
 
ekuk A =  p q – r  ;fn AAT = 3, rks |p| cjkcj gS -
p – q r 

[JEE(Main) 2019, Online (11-01-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
1 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
5 3 6 2
Ans. (4)

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Matrix and Determinants

a2  (b2  c 2 )cos  ab(1  cos ) ac (1  cos )

1. 2 2 2
If a + b + c = 1, then prov e that ba(1  cos ) b  (c  a )cos 
2 2 2
bc (1  cos )
ca(1  cos ) cb(1  cos ) c 2  (a2  b2 )cos 
is independent of a, b, c
;fn a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1 gks ] rks fl) dhft, fd lkjf.kd
a2  (b2  c 2 )cos  ab(1  cos ) ac (1  cos )
ba(1  cos ) b2  (c 2  a2 )cos  bc (1  cos )
ca(1  cos ) cb(1  cos ) c 2  (a2  b2 )cos 
dk eku a, b, c ls LorU=k gS A

2. If a, b, c, x, y, z  R, then prov e that,

;fn a, b, c, x, y, z  R, rc fl) dhft, fd
(a  x)2 (b  x)2 (c  x)2 (1  a x)2 (1  b x)2 (1  c x)2
(a  y)2 (b  y)2 (c  y)2 = . (1  a y)2 (1  b y)2 (1  c y)2
(a  z)2 (b  z)2 (c  z)2 (1  a z)2 (1  b z)2 (1  c z)2

1  a1 1 1
3. If a1, a2, a3 are distinct real roots of the equation px3 + px2 + qx + r = 0 such that 1 1  a2 1 =
1 1 1  a3
r
0, then Prove that <0
p
1  a1 1 1
lehdj.k px3 + px2 + qx + r = 0 ds ewy ;fn a1, a2, a3 fHkUu-fHkUu okLrfod gSsa blh izdkj 1 1  a2 1
1 1 1  a3
r
= 0, gks rks fl) dhft, fd <0
p

 '  '  ' '

4. Prov e that  =  '  '  ' ' = (' – ') (' – ') (' – ')
 '  '  ' '
  '  '   '  '
fl) dhft, fd %  =   '  '   '  ' = (' – ') (' – ') (' – ')
  '  '   '  '

5. If ax 1 ² + by 1 ² + cz 1 2 = d ax 2 x 3 + by 2 y 3 + cz 2 z 3 = f
ax 2 2 + by 2 2 + cz 2 2 = d and ax 3 x 1 + by 3 y 1 + cz 3 z 1 = f
ax 3 2 + by 3 2 + cz 3 2 = d ax 1 x 2 + by 1 y 2 + cz 1 z 2 = f
2
x1 y1 z1
d  2f
then prov e that x2 y2 z2 = (d  f ) 2 , where a, b, c  0.
abc
x3 y3 z3
;fn ax 1 ² + by 1 ² + cz 1 2 = d vkS j ax 2 x 3 + by 2 y 3 + cz 2 z 3 = f
ax 2 2 + by 2 2 + cz 2 2 = d ax 3 x 1 + by 3 y 1 + cz 3 z 1 = f gks ] rks
ax 3 2 + by 3 2 + cz 3 2 = d ax 1 x 2 + by 1 y 2 + cz 1 z 2 = f

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Matrix and Determinants
2
x1 y1 z1
d  2f
fl) dhft, fd x 2 y2 z2 = (d  f ) 2 , tgk¡ a, b, c  0.
abc
x3 y3 z3

 x1  x2    y1  y 2 
2 2
 a2 x1 y1 1
2

 x2  x3    y 2  y3 
2 2
6. If  b2 , prov e that 4 x2 y2 1 = (a + b + c) (b + c  a) (c + a 
 x3  x1    y3  y1 
2 2 2
 c x3 y3 1
b)(a + b  c).
 x1  x2    y1  y 2 
2 2
 a2
;fn  x 2  x3    y 2  y3 
2 2
 b2 gks ] rks fl) dhft, fd
 x3  x1    y3  y1 
2 2 2
 c
2
x1 y1 1
4 x2 y2 1 = (a + b + c) (b + c  a) (c + a  b) (a + b  c).
x3 y3 1

cos–1 x cos–1 y cos–1 z 

 
7. Let A = cos–1 y cos–1 z cos–1 x  such that |A| = 0, then find the maximum value of x + y + z
cos–1 z cos–1 x cos–1 y 
 

cos–1 x cos–1 y cos–1 z 

ekuk A = cos–1 y cos–1 z cos–1 x  bl izdkj gS fd |A| = 0, rks x + y + z dk vf/kdre eku gSA
cos–1 z cos–1 x cos–1 y 
 
Ans. 3

u v 0
u d2 y
8. If y = , where u & v are f unctions of ' x ', show t hat, v 3 = u v  v .
v d x2
u v  2 v 
u v 0
u d2 y
;fn y = , tgk¡ u vkS j v ] x' ds Qyu gks ] rks iz n f'kZ r dhft, fd v 3 = u v  v .
v d x2
u v  2 v 

u dy vu  uv d2 y v 2 ( vu  v u  u v  uv )  2vv (u v u 

Sol. y =  =   =
v dx v2 dx 2 v4
v 2v 0 u v 0
d2 y 2
3 d y
v3 = v(vu– uv – 2v (uv – uv ) = u u u  v = u v  v
dx 2 dx 2
v v  v u v 2v

9. If ,  be the real roots of ax 2 + bx+c = 0 and s n =  n +  n , then prov e that as n + bs n– 1 +

3 1  s1 1  s2
cs n –2 = 0 f or all n  2, n  N. Hence or otherwi se prov e that 1  s1 1  s2 1  s3 > 0 f or
1  s 2 1  s3 1  s 4
all real a, b, c.
;fn ,  lehdj.k ax 2 + bx+c = 0 ds okLrfod ew y gS vkS j s n =  n +  n gks ] rks fl) dhft, fd

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Matrix and Determinants

as n + bs n –1 + cs n–2 = 0, tgk¡ n  2, n  N rFkk blls a, b, c ds lHkh okLrfod ekuks a ds fy,

3 1  s1 1  s2
fl) dhft, fd 1  s1 1  s2 1  s3 > 0 ,
1  s 2 1  s3 1  s 4

1 1 1
a a (a  d) (a  d) (a  2d)
10. Let a > 0, d > 0. Find the value of determinant 1 1 1
(a  d) (a  d) (a  2d) (a  2d) (a  3 d)
1 1 1
(a  2d) (a  2d) (a  3 d) (a  3 d) (a  4 d)
1 1 1
a a (a  d) (a  d) (a  2d)
;fn a > 0, d > 0 gks ] rks lkjf.kd 1 1 1
(a  d) (a  d) (a  2d) (a  2d) (a  3 d)
1 1 1
(a  2d) (a  2d) (a  3 d) (a  3 d) (a  4 d)
dk eku Kkr dhft,A
4 d4
Ans.
a(a  d) (a  2d)3 (a  3 d)2 (a  4 d)
2


11. Let a r  xr ˆi  yr ˆj  zr k,
ˆ r = 1, 2, 3 be three mutually perpendicular unit vectors, then find the value of
x1 x2 x3
y1 y2 y3
z1 z2 z3
x1 x2 x3

ekuk a r  xr ˆi  yr ˆj  zr k,
ˆ , r = 1, 2, 3 rhu ijLij yEcor~ bdkbZ lfn'k gS rc y y y
1 2 3 dk eku gSA
z1 z2 z3
Ans. 1

xk xk  2 xk  3
 1 1 1
12. If yk yk  2 yk  3 = (x  y) (y  z) (z  x)     , then f ind the value of k.
x y z
zk zk  2 zk  3
xk xk 2 x k 3

 1 1 1
;fn yk yk 2 y k 3
= (x  y) (y  z) (z  x)     gks rks k dk eku Kkr dhft,A
x y z
zk zk  2 z k 3

Ans. k =  1

a  p  x u  f
13. If the determinant b  q m  y v  g splits into exactly K determinants of order 3,
c  r n  z w  h
each element of which contains only one term, then find the v alue of K =
a  p  x u  f
;fn lkjf.kd b  q m  y v  g dks 3 Øe ds K lkjf.kdks a es a iz l kfjr dj fn;k tk;s
c  r n  z w  h
ftldk iz R ;s d vo;o ds o y ,d in j[krk gS rks K dk eku Kkr djks A
Ans. 8

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Matrix and Determinants

a a3 a4  1
14. If a, b, c are all different and b b3 b 4  1 = 0 , then find the v alue of abc (ab + bc + ca) –
c c3 c 4 1
(a + b + c).
a a3 a4  1
;fn a, b, c lHkh fHkUu - fHkUu gS rFkk b b3 b 4  1 = 0 , rc abc (ab + bc + ca) – (a + b + c) dk
c c3 c 4 1
eku Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 0

0 b c
15. If a, b, c are complex numbers and z = b 0 a then show that z is purely imaginary.
c a 0
0 b c
;fn a, b, c lfEeJ la [ ;k,a gS rFkk z = b 0 a gS rc n'kkZ b ;s fd z ,d fo'kq ) dkYifud gS A
c a 0

f(x)g(x) [f(x)]g( x ) 1
2 2 2 g( x 2 )
16. If f (x) = log 1 0 x and g(x) = e i  x and h(x) = f(x )g(x ) [f(x )] 0 , then find the v alue of
3 3 3 g( x3 )
f(x )g(x ) [f(x )] 1
h(10).
f(x)g(x) [f(x)]g( x ) 1
g( x 2 )
;fn f (x) = log 1 0 x vkS j g(x) = e ix
vkS j h(x) = f(x )g(x ) [f(x )]
2 2 2
0 , rc h(10) dk eku gS &
3 3 3 g( x3 )
f(x )g(x ) [f(x )] 1
Ans. 0

a 1  2i 3  5i
17. If a, b, c, are real numbers, and D = 1  2i b 7  3i then show that D is purely
3  5i 7  3i c
real.
a 1  2i 3  5i
;fn a, b, c, okLrfod la [ ;k,a gS rFkk D = 1  2i b 7  3i rc n'kkZ b ;s fd D fo'kq )
3  5i 7  3i c
okLrfod gS A

1 a 1
18. If ;fn A   then rc find lim A n Kkr dhft,A .
0 1 n  n

0 a 
Ans. 0 0 
 

  
 cos 9 sin 9 
19. Let P =   and  be non-zero real numbers such that p6 + p3 + 
 – sin  cos  
 9 9 
is the zero matrix. Then find value of (2  2   2 )(  –)( –  )(  –  )

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Matrix and Determinants

  
 cos 9 sin 9 
ekuk P =  
 – sin  cos  
 9 9 
rFkk  v'kwU; okLrfod la[;k,sa bl izdkj gS fd p6 + p3 + 'kwU; vkO;wg gks] rks (2  2   2 )(  –)(–  )(  –  )
dk eku Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 1

20. Consider an odd order square symmetric matrix A = [ai j]nxn. It's element in any row are 1, 2, ......, n in
some order, then prove that a11, a22, ..........., ann are numbers 1, 2, 3, ......, n in some order.
fo"ke Øe ds lefer oxZ vkO;wg A = [ai j]nxn ds fdlh Hkh iafDr es vo;o 1, 2, ......, n fdlh Øe es gS rks fl)
dhft, fd a11, a22, -, ann fdlh Øe es 1, 2, 3, ......, n la[;k,sa gSA

1 1 1 2 –1 –1
21. 
Let A = 1 1 1  ; B =  –1 2 –1 and C = 3A + 7B
1 1 1  –1 –1 2 
Prove that
(i) (A + B)2013 = A2013 + B2013
(ii) Prove that An = 3n – 1 A ; Bn = 3n – 1 B ; Cn = 32n – 1 A + 7.21n – 1 B.
1 1 1 2 –1 –1
Hindi. ekuk A = 1 1 1 ; B =  –1 2 –1
1 1 1  –1 –1 2 
vkSj C = 3A + 7B
fl) dhft, fd
(i) (A + B)2013 = A2013 + B2013
(ii) fl) dhft, fd An = 3n – 1 A ; Bn = 3n – 1 B ; Cn = 32n – 1 A + 7.21n – 1 B.

22. Let 'A' is (4×4) matrix such that sum of elements in each row is 1. Find out sum of all the elements in
A10.
ekuk 'A'. (4×4) vkO;wg bl izdkj gS fd bldh izR;sd iafDr ds vo;oksa dk ;ksxQy 1 gS] rks A10 ds lHkh vo;oksa dk
;ksxQy Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 4
 x x x 
23. Let A =  x x x  , then prov e that A –1 exists if 3x +   0,   0
 x x x   
 x x x 

ekuk A =  x x   x  , rc n'kkZ b ;s fd A –1 fo|eku gS ;fn 3x +   0,   0
 x x x   

24. Prov e that if A and B are n × n matrices, then det (  n – AB) = det ( n – BA).
fl) djks fd ;fn A rFkk B, n × n Øe dh vkO;w g gS ] rc det ( n – AB) = det ( n – BA).

25. Let A be an n × n matrix such that A n = A where  is a real number diff erent f rom 1 and
– 1. Prov e that the matrix A +  n is inv ertible.
ekuk A ,d n × n Øe dk vkO;w g bl iz d kj gS fd A n = A tgk¡  , –1 vkS j 1 ls fHkUu ,d
okLrfod la [ ;k gS A fl) djks fd vkO;w g A +  n çfryks e h; gS A

26. Let p and q be real numbers such that x 2 + px + q  0 f or ev ery real number x. Prov e that
if n is an odd positive integer, then X 2 + pX + q n  0 n f or all real matrices X of order n ×
n.

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ekuk p rFkk q okLrfod la [ ;k,¡ bl iz d kj gS fd iz R ;s d okLrfod la [ ;k x ds fy, x 2 + px + q  0

fl) djks fd ;fn n ,d fo"ke /kukRed iw . kk± d gS rks n × n Øe dh lHkh okLrfod vkO;w g ks a ds fy,
X 2 + pX + q n  0 n

27. Let A, B, C be three 3 × 3 matrices with real entries. If BA + BC + AC =  and det(A + B) = 0 then find
the value of det(A + B + C – BAC).
ekuk A, B, C rhu 3 × 3 Øe ds okLrfod vo;oks a dk vkO;w g gS A ;fn BA + BC + AC =  rFkk det(A +
B) = 0 rc det(A + B + C – BAC) dk eku Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 0

1 1
z z 2   z1 z2   12 0
28. If |z1| = |z2| = 1, then prove that  1 =
 z2 z1  z
 2 z1  0


2
1

1 1
z z 2   z1 z2   12 0
;fn |z1| = |z2| = 1, gks rks fl) dhft, fd  1 =
 z2 z1  z
 2 z1  0


2
1

29. If A and B are t wo square matrices such that B = –A –1 BA, then show that (A +B) 2 = A 2 +
B2
;fn A vkS j B nks oxZ vkO;w g bl iz d kj gS fd B = –A – 1 BA, rc n'kkZ b ;s fd (A +B) 2 = A 2 + B 2

a 1 0  a 1 1 f  a 2  x
 
30.    
If A   1 b d , B  0 d c  , U  g , V   0  , X =  y 
 
 1 b c   f g h h  0  z 
 
and AX = U has infinitely many solution. Prove that BX = V has no unique solution, also prove that if afd
 0, then BX = V has no solution.
a 1 0  a 1 1 f  a 2  x
 
   
; If A   1 b d , B  0 d c  , U  g , V   0  , X =  y  vkS j AX = U ds vuUr gy gks ] rks
 
 1 b c   f g h h  0  z 
 
fl) dhft, fd BX = V dk dks b Z vf}rh; gy ugha gS a A ;g Hkh fl) dhft, f d ;fn afd  0 gks ] rks
BX = V dk dks b Z gy ugha gS a A

31. If the system of equations x = cy + bz, y = az + cx and z = bx + ay has a non-zero solution and at least
one of a, b, c is a proper fraction, prove that a3 + b3 + c3 < 3 and abc > – 1.
;fn lehdj.k fudk; x = cy + bz, y = az + cx rFkk z = bx + ay ds v'kwU; gy gks rFkk a, b, c es de ls de ,d
mfpr fHkUu gks] rks fl) dhft, fd a3 + b3 + c3 < 3 rFkk abc > – 1.

32. If D = diag {d1, d2,........., dn}, then prove that f(D) = diag {f(d1), f(d2),........, f(dn)}, where f(x) is a
polynomial with scalar coefficient.
;fn D = diag {d1, d2,........., dn}, rc fl) dhft, fd f(D) = diag {f(d1), f(d2),........, f(dn)}, tgk¡ f(x) vfn'k xq.kkadks
ds lkFk cgqinh; gSA
 –1 3 5 
33. Given the matrix A =  1 3 5 and X be the solution set of the equation Ax = A, where x  N –
 1 3 5 
x3  1
{1}. Evaluate  3 ; where the continued product extends  x  X.
x –1

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Matrix and Determinants

 –1 3 5 
x3  1
,d vkO;wg A =  1 3 5  rFkk lehdj.k Ax = A tgk¡ x  N – {1} dk gy lewPp; X gks] rks  3 ;
x –1
 1 3 5 
tgk¡ x  X ds fy, lrr~ xq.kQy gS] ifjdyu dhft,A

Comprehension (Q. NO. 36 to 38)

Any non-zero vector, X, is said to be characteristic vector of a matrix A, if there exist a number  such
that AX = X. And then  is said to be a charactristic root of the matrix A corresponding to the
characteristic vector X and vice versa.
Also AX = X  (A – )X = 0
Since X  0  |A – | = 0
Thus every characteristic root  of a matrix A is a root of its characteristic equation.

34. Prove that the two matrices A and P–1 AP have the same characteristic roots and hence show that
square matrices AB & BA have same characteristic roots if at least one of them is invertible.

|A|
35. If q is a characteristic root of a non singular matrix A, then prove that is a characteristic root of a
q
adj A.

36. Show that if 1, 2, ........, n are n characteristic roots of a square matrix A of order n, then the roots of
the matrix A2 be 12, 22,......... n2.

vuq P Ns n (iz ' u la [ ;k 36 ls 38)

,d v'kw U ; lfn'k X, dks vkO;w g A, dk vfHkyk{kf.kd lfn'k dgk tkrk gS ;fn ,d la [ ;k bl iz d kj
fo|eku gS fd AX = X rFkk  dks vkO;g A dk vfHkyk{kf.kd ew y lfn'k X ds la x r dgk tkrk gS
rFkk foyks e rA
rFkk AX = X  (A – )X = 0
pw a f d X  0  |A – | = 0
vr% vkO;w g A dk iz R ;s d vfHkyk{kf.kd ew y ,bldh vfHkyk{kf.kd lehdj.k dk ew y gS A

34. fl) dhft, fd nks vkO;w g A rFkk P–1 AP ds leku vfHkyk{kf.kd ew y gS vr% n'kkZ b ;s fd oxZ vkO;w g
AB vkS j BA ds Hkh leku vfHkyk{kf.kd gks a x s a ;fn mues a ls de ls de ,d iz f ryks f e; gS A

|A|
35. ;fn q, ,d O;q R Øe.kh; vkO;w g A dk vfHkyk{kf.kd ew y gS rc fl) dhft, fd , adj A dk
q
vfHkyk{kf.kd ew y gS A

36. n'kkZ b ;s fd ;fn 1, 2, ........, n , n Øe dh ,d oxZ vkO;w g A ds n vfHkyk{kf.kd ew y gS

rc vkO;wg A2 ds ewy 12, 22,......... n2 gSA

37. IF threre are three square matrices A, B, C of same order satisying the equation A 3 = A–1 and let
n (n  4)
B  A3 and C  A3 then prove that det(B + C) = 0, n  N
n
leku Øe dh ;fn rhu oxZ vkO;w g A, B, C lehdj.k A3 = A–1 dks la r q " B djrs gS rFkk B  A3 vkS j
(n  4)
C  A3 rc fl) dhft, fd det(B + C) = 0, n N

38. If A is a non-singular matrix satisfying AB – BA = A, then prove that det.(B + I) = det.(B – I)

;fn A ,d O;q R Øe.kh; vkO;w g bl iz d kj gS fd AB – BA = A dks la r q " B djrk gS rc fl) dhft,
det.(B + ) = det.(B – )

39. If rank is a number associated with a matrix which is the highest order of non-singular sub matrix then
prove that
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Matrix and Determinants

;fn dksfV ,d la[;k gS tksfd vkO;wg dh mPpre Øe dh O;qRØe.kh; mi vkO;wg gksrh gSA rks fl) dhft, fd

1 3 2
(i) Rank of the matrix A =  4 1 0  is 2
 2 7 4 
 1 3 2
vkO;wg A =  4 1 0  dh dksfV 2 gS
 2 7 4 

y  a b c 
(ii) 
If the matrix A =  a yb c  has rank 3, then y  – (a + b + c) and y  0
 a b y  c 
y  a b c 

;fn vkO;wg A =  a y  b c  dh dksfV 3 gks] rks y  – (a + b + c) rFkk y  0
 a b y  c 

(iii) If A & B are two square matrices of order 3 such that rank of matrix AB is two, then atleast one
of A & B is singular.
;fn A vkSj B rhu Øe ds nks oxZ vkO;wg bl izdkj gS fd vkO;wg AB dh dksfV nks gS] rc
A vkSj B esa ls de ls de ,d vO;qRØe.kh; gSA

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