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Designation: D1557 - 07

INTERNATIONAL

Standard Test Methods for

Laboratory Compaction Characteristics o f Soil Using
2
Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN-m/m3))1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1557; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use b y agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope* 1.3.1.5 Usage—May be used if 25 % or less by mass of the

1.1 These test methods cover laboratory compaction meth- material is retained on the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve. However, if
ods used to determine the relationship between molding water 5 to 25 % by mass of the material is retained on the No. 4
content and dry unit weight of soils (compaction curve) (4.75-mm) sieve, Method A can be used but oversize correc-
compacted in a 4- or 6-in. (101.6- or 152.4-mm) diameter mold tions will be required (See 1.4) and there are no advantages to
with a 10.00-lbf. (44.48-N) rammer dropped from a height of using Method A in this case.
18.00 in. (457.2 mm) producing a compactive effort of 56 000 1.3.1.6 Other Use—If this gradation requirement cannot be
ft-lbf/ft3 (2700 kN-m/m3). met, then Methods B or C may be used.
1.3.2 Method B:
NOTE 1—The equipment and procedures are the same as proposed by 1.3.2.1 Mold—4-in. (101.6-mm) diameter.
the U.S. Corps of Engineers in 1945. The modified effort test (see 3.1.2)
1.3.2.2 Material—Passing %-in. (9.5-mm) sieve.
is sometimes referred to as the Modified Proctor Compaction Test.
1.3.2.3 Layers—Five.
1.1.1 Soils and soil-aggregate mixtures are to be regarded as 1.3. 2.4 Blows per layer—25.
natural occurring fine- or coarse-grained soils, or composites or 1.3.2.5 Usage—May be used if 25 % or less by mass of the
mixtures of natural soils, or mixtures of natural and processed material is retained on the %-in. (9.5-mm) sieve. However, if
soils or aggregates such as gravel or crushed rock. Hereafter 5 to 25 % of the material is retained on the %-in. (9.5-mm)
referred to as either soil or material. sieve, Method B can be used but oversize corrections will be
1.2 These test methods apply only to soils (materials) that required (See 1.4). In this case, the only advantages to using
have 30 % or less by mass of their particles retained on the Method B rather than Method C are that a smaller amount of
%-in. (19.0-mm) sieve and have not been previously com- sample is needed and the smaller mold is easier to use.
pacted in the laboratory; that is, do not reuse compacted soil. 1.3.2.6 Other Usage—If this gradation requirement cannot
1.2.1 For relationships between unit weights and molding be met, then Method C may be used.
water contents of soils with 30 % or less by weight of material 1.3.3 Method C:
retained on the 3/4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve to unit weights and 1.3.3.1 Mold—6-in. (152.4-mm) diameter.
molding water contents of the fraction passing the %-in. 1.3.3.2 Material—Passing %-in. (19.0-mm) sieve.
(19.0-mm) sieve, see Practice D4718. 1.3.3.3 Layers—Five.
1.3 Three alternative methods are provided. The method 1.3.3.4 Blows per layer—56.
used shall be as indicated in the specification for the material 1.3.3.5 Usage—May be used if 30 % or less (see 1.4) by
being tested. If no method is specified, the choice should be mass of the material is retained on the %-in. (19.0-mm) sieve.
based on the material gradation. 1.3.4 The 6-in. (152.4-mm) diameter mold shall not be used
1.3.1 Method A. with Method A or B.
1.3.1.1 Mold— 4-in. (101.6-mm) diameter.
1.3.1.2 Material—Passing No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve. NOTE 2—Results have been found to vary slightly when a material is
tested at the same compactive effort in different size molds, with the
1.3.1.3 Layers—Five. smaller mold size typically yielding larger values of unit weight and
1.3.1.4 Blows per layer— 25. density (l). z
1.4 If the test specimen contains more than 5 % by mass of
5
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D I 8 on Soil oversize fraction (coarse fraction) and the material will not be
and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D I 8.03 on Texture,
Plasticity and Density Characteristics of Soils.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published November 2007. Originally
2
approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D1557 - 0 2 e l . DOI: The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
10.1520/D1557-07. this standard.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 D1557 - 0 7

included in the test, corrections must be made to the unit C l 36 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
weight and molding water content of the test specimen or to the Aggregates
appropriate field in-place unit weight (or density) test specimen D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
using Practice D4718. Fluids
1.5 This test method will generally produce a well-defined D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
maximum dry unit weight for non-free draining soils. If this istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600
test method is used for free-draining soils the maximum unit kN-m/m3))
weight may not be well defined, and can be less than obtained D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by
using Test Methods D4253. Water Pycnometer
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the D2168 Test Methods for Calibration of Laboratory
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Mechanical-Rammer Soil Compactors
Practice D6026, unless superseded by these test methods. D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-
1.6.1 For purposes of comparing measured or calculated ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
value (s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
value (s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
digits in the specified limits. D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
1.6.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/ (Visual-Manual Procedure)
recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce- Used in Engineering Design and Construction
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for D4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider- Samples
ations for the user’s objectives; it is common practice to D4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table
commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope D4718 Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and Water
of these test methods to consider significant digits used in Content for Soils Containing Oversize Particles
analytical methods for engineering design. D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying
1.7 The values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
standard. The values stated in SI units are provided for Construction Materials Testing
information only, except for units of mass. The units for mass D4914 Test Methods for Density and Unit Weight of Soil
are given in SI units only, g or kg. and Rock in Place by the Sand Replacement Method in a
1.7.1 It is common practice in the engineering profession to Test Pit
concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (Ibm) D5030 Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock in Place
and a force (Ibf). This implicitly combines two separate by the Water Replacement Method in a Test Pit
systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravita- D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
tional system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use Data
of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single D6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Grada-
standard. These test methods have been written using the tion) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis
gravitational system of units when dealing with the inch-pound E l l Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
system. In this system, the pound (Ibf) represents a unit of force Sieves
(weight). However, the use of balances or scales recording E319 Practice for the Evaluation of Single-Pan Mechanical
pounds of mass (Ibm) or the recording of density in lbm/ft3 Balances
shall not be regarded as a nonconformance with this standard.
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
System of Units (SI) : The Modern Metric System
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3. Terminology
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3.1 Definitions: See Terminology D653 for general defini-
tions.
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.1 molding water content, n— the water content of the
soil (material) specimen in the mold after it has been reconsti-
2.1 ASTM Standards?
tuted and compacted.
C l 27 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
Gravity) , and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate 3.1.2 modified effort—in compaction testing, the term for
the 56 000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2700 kN-m/m3) compactive effort applied
by the equipment and methods of this test.
3
3.1.3 modified maximum dry unit weight, y d m a x (lbf/ft3 (kN/
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 3
m )) —in compaction testing, the maximum value defined by
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the compaction curve for a compaction test using modified
the ASTM website. effort.

2
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 A’ D1557-07

3.1.4 modified optimum water content, wopt (%) —in com- codes may direct which test method, D698 or this one, should be used
paction testing, the water content at which the soil can be when specifying the comparison of laboratory test results to the degree of
compaction of the in-place soil in the field.
compacted to the maximum dry unit weight using modified
compactive effort. 5.2 During design of an engineered fill, testing performed to
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: determine shear, consolidation, permeability, or other proper-
3.2.1 oversize fraction (coarse fraction), Pc (%) —the por- ties requires test specimens to be prepared by compacting the
tion of total specimen not used in performing the compaction soil at a prescribed molding water content to obtain a prede-
test; it may be the portion of total specimen retained on the No. termined unit weight. It is common practice to first determine
4 (4.75-mm) sieve in Method A, 3/s-in. (9.5-mm) sieve in the optimum water content (wopt) and maximum dry unit
Method B, or 3/4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve in Method C. weight (ydmax) by means of a compaction test. Test specimens
3.2.2 test fraction (finer fraction), PF (%) —the portion of are compacted at a selected molding water content (w), either
the total specimen used in performing the compaction test; it wet or dry of optimum ( % pt) or at optimum (wopt), and at a
may be fraction passing the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve in Method selected dry unit weight related to a percentage of maximum
A, passing the %-in. (9.5-mm) sieve in Method B, or passing dry unit weight (ydmax). The selection of molding water content
the %-in. (19.0-mm) sieve in Method C. (w), either wet or dry of optimum (wopt) or at optimum (wopt)
and the dry unit weight (Tdniax) may be based on past
4. Summary of Test Method
experience, or a range of values may be investigated to
4.1 A soil at a selected molding water content is placed in determine the necessary percent of compaction.
five layers into a mold of given dimensions, with each layer 5.3 Experience indicates that the methods outlined in 5.2 or
compacted by 25 or 56 blows of a 10.00-lbf (44.48-N) rammer the construction control aspects discussed in 5.1 are extremely
dropped from a distance of 18.00 in. (457.2 mm), subjecting difficult to implement or yield erroneous results when dealing
the soil to a total compactive effort of about 56 000 ft-lbf/fr with some soils. The following subsections describe typical
(2700 kN-m/m3). The resulting dry unit weight is determined. problem soils, the problems encountered when dealing with
The procedure is repeated for a sufficient number of molding such soils and possible solutions for these problems.
water contents to establish a relationship between the dry unit 5.3.1 Oversize Fraction—Soils containing more than 30 %
weight and the molding water content for the soil. This data, oversize fraction (material retained on the %-in. (19-mm)
when plotted, represent a curvilinear relationship known as the sieve) are a problem. For such soils, there is no ASTM test
compaction curve. The values of optimum water content and method to control their compaction and very few laboratories
modified maximum dry unit weight are determined from the are equipped to determine the laboratory maximum unit weight
compaction curve. (density) of such soils (USDI Bureau of Reclamation, Denver,
5. Significance and Use CO and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS).
Although Test Methods D4914 and D5030 determine the
5.1 Soil placed as engineering fill (embankments, founda- "field” dry unit weight of such soils, they are difficult and
tion pads, road bases) is compacted to a dense state to obtain expensive to perform.
satisfactory engineering properties such as shear strength, 5.3.1.1 One method to design and control the compaction of
compressibility, or permeability. In addition, foundation soils such soils is to use a test fill to determine the required degree
are often compacted to improve their engineering properties. of compaction and the method to obtain that compaction. Then
Laboratory compaction tests provide the basis for determining use a method specification to control the compaction. Compo-
the percent compaction and molding water content needed to nents of a method specification typically contain the type and
achieve the required engineering properties, and for controlling size of compaction equipment to be used, the lift thickness,
construction to assure that the required compaction and water acceptable range of molding water content, and number of
contents are achieved. passes.
NOTE 3—The degree of soil compaction required to achieve the desired
NOTE 4—Success in executing the compaction control of an earthwork
engineering properties is often specified as a percentage of the modified
project, especially when a method specification is used, is highly
maximum dry unit weight as determined using this test method. If the
dependent upon the quality and experience of the contractor and inspector.
required degree of compaction is substantially less than the modified
maximum dry unit weight using this test method, it may be practicable for 5.3.1.2 Another method is to apply the use of density
testing to be performed using Test Method D698 and to specify the degree correction factors developed by the USDI Bureau of Reclama-
of compaction as a percentage of the standard maximum dry unit weight.
tion (3,4) and U.S. Corps of Engineers (5). These correction
Since more energy is applied for compaction using this test method, the
soil particles are more closely packed than when D698 is used. The
factors may be applied for soils containing up to about 50 to
general overall result is a higher maximum dry unit weight, lower 70 % oversize fraction. Both agencies use a different term for
optimum moisture content, greater shear strength, greater stiffness, lower these density correction factors. The USDI Bureau of Recla-
compressibility, lower air voids, and decreased permeability. However, for mation uses D ratio (or D - VALUE), while the U.S. Corps of
highly compacted fine-grained soils, absorption of water may result in Engineers uses Density Interference Coefficient (/J.
swelling, with reduced shear strength and increased compressibility, 5.3.1.3 The use of the replacement technique (Test Method
reducing the benefits of the increased effort used for compaction (2). Use
D1557 -78, Method D), in which the oversize fraction is
of D698, on the other hand, allows compaction using less effort and
generally at a higher optimum moisture content. The compacted soil may replaced with a finer fraction, is inappropriate to determine the
be less brittle, more flexible, more permeable, and less subject to effects maximum dry unit weight, ydmax , of soils containing oversize
of swelling and shrinking. In many applications, building or construction fractions (5).

3
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 D1557-07
5.3.2 Degradation—Soils containing particles that degrade flares out to form a funnel, provided there is at least a 0.75-in.
during compaction are a problem, especially when more (19-mm) straight cylindrical section beneath it. The extension
degradation occurs during laboratory compaction than field collar shall align with the inside of the mold. The bottom of the
compaction, the typical case. Degradation typically occurs base plate and bottom of the centrally recessed area that
during the compaction of a granular-residual soil or aggregate. accepts the cylindrical mold shall be planar within ±0.005 in.
When degradation occurs, the maximum dry-unit weight in- (±0.1 mm).
creases (1) so that the resulting laboratory maximum value is 6.1.1 Mold, 4 in.—A mold having a 4.000 ± 0.016-in.
not representative of field conditions. Often, in these cases, the (101.6 ± 0.4-mm) average inside diameter, a height of 4.584 ±
maximum dry unit weight is impossible to achieve in the field. 0.018 in. (116.4 ± 0.5 mm) and a volume of 0.0333 ± 0.0005
5.3.2.1 Again for soils subject to degradation, the use of test ft3 (943.0 ± 14.0 cm 3). A mold assembly having the minimum
fills and method specifications may help. Use of replacement required features is shown in Fig. 1.
techniques is not correct. 6.1.2 Mold, 6 in.—A mold having a 6.000 ± 0.026-in.
5.3.3 Gap Graded—Gap-graded soils (soils containing
(152.4 ± 0.7-mm) average inside diameter, a height of 4.584 ±
many large particles with limited small particles) are a problem
0.018 in. (116.4 ± 0.5 mm), and a volume of 0.0750 ± 0.0009
because the compacted soil will have larger voids than usual.
ft3 (2124 ± 25 cm3). A mold assembly having the minimum
To handle these large voids, standard test methods (laboratory
required features is shown in Fig. 2.
or field) typically have to be modified using engineering
judgement. 6.2 Rammer—A rammer, either manually operated as de-
scribed further in 6.2.1 or mechanically operated as described
NOTE 5—The quality of the result produced by this standard is in 6.2.2. The rammer shall fall freely through a distance of
dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the
18.00 ± 0.05 in. (457.2 ± 1 . 3 mm) from the surface of the
suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the
criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent
specimen. The weight of the rammer shall be 10.00 ± 0.02 Ibf
and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are (44.48 ± 0.09 N, or mass of 4.5364 ± 0.009 kg), except that
cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure the weight of the mechanical rammers may be adjusted as
reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 described in Test Methods D2168 (see Note 6). The striking
provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. face of the rammer shall be planar and circular, except as noted
in 6.2. 2.1, with a diameter when new of 2.000 ± 0.005 in.
6. Apparatus
(50.80 ± 0.13 mm). The rammer shall be replaced if the
6.1 Mold Assembly—The molds shall be cylindrical in striking face becomes worn or bellied to the extent that the
shape, made of rigid metal and be within the capacity and diameter exceeds 2.000 ± 0.01 in. (50.80 ± 0.25 mm).
dimensions indicated in 6.1.1 or 6.1.2 and Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
See also Table 1. The walls of the mold may be solid, split, or NOTE 6—It is a common and acceptable practice to determine the
tapered. The “split” type may consist of two half-round weight of the rammer using either a kilogram or pound balance and
assume 1 Ibf is equivalent to 0.4536 kg, 1 Ibf is equivalent to 1 Ibm, or 1
sections, or a section of pipe split along one element, which can
N is equivalent to 0.2248 Ibf or 0.1020 kg.
be securely locked together to form a cylinder meeting the
requirements of this section. The “tapered” type shall have an 6.2.1 Manual Rammer—The rammer shall be equipped
internal diameter taper that is uniform and not more than 0.200 with a guide sleeve that has sufficient clearance that the free
in./ft (16.7 mm/m) of mold height. Each mold shall have a base fall of the rammer shaft and head is not restricted. The guide
plate and an extension collar assembly, both made of rigid sleeve shall have at least four vent holes at each end (eight
metal and constructed so they can be securely attached and holes total) located with centers % ± Vis in. (19 ± 2 mm) from
easily detached from the mold. The extension collar assembly each end and spaced 90° apart. The minimum diameter of the
shall have a height extending above the top of the mold of at vent holes shall be % in. (9.5 mm). Additional holes or slots
least 2.0 in. (51 mm) which may include an upper section that may be incorporated in the guide sleeve.

lion t o t h e full length stud.

x 3/5* stud m a y b e used. Then

l l v .u
wv~>. with a elotled bracket
ta the collar and a pin I n the mold. May b e
welded.

r so
2 3/8"

4.594"
3/r ± o . o i er

0.0125"
PLAN ELEVATION (ay b e
relded.

NOTE 1—See Table 1 for metric equivalents.

FIG. 1 Cylindrical Mold, 4.0-in.

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 D1557-07

2 3/B*

4.584’
A o.otr

0,1375'
± 0.0125
Vcy b e
FLAW ELEVATION welded.

NOTE 1—See Table 1 for metric equivalents.

FIG. 2 Cylindrical Mold, 6.0-in.

TABLE 1 Metric Equivalents for Figs. 1 and 2 6.3 Sample Extruder (optional)— A jack, with frame or
in. mm other device adapted for the purpose of extruding compacted
0.016 0.41 specimens from the mold.
0.026 0.66 6.4 Balance—A Class GP5 balance meeting the require-
0.032 0.81
0.028 0.71
ments of Specification D4753 for a balance of 1-g readability.
Vz 12.70 If the water content of the compacted specimens is determined
2% 60.33 using a representative portion of the specimen, rather than the
2Vz 63.50
2% 66.70
whole specimen, and if the representative portion is less than
4 101.60 1000 g, a Class GP2 balance having a 0.1-g readability is
4Vz 114.30 needed in order to comply with Test Methods D2216 require-
4.584 116.43
4% 120.60
ments for determining water content to 0.1 %.
6 152.40
NOTE 7—Use of a balance having an equivalent capacity and a
6Vz 165.10
6% 168.30 readability of 0.002 Ibm as an alternative to a class GP5 balance should
6% 171.40 not be regarded as nonconformance to this standard.
8V4 208.60
6.5 Drying Oven—Thermostatically controlled oven, ca-
ft 3 cm3 pable of maintaining a uniform temperature of 230 ± 9°F (110
Vso (0.0333) 943 ± 5°C) throughout the drying chamber. These requirements
0.0005 14
V13.333 (0.0750) 2,124
typically require the use of a forced-draft type oven. Preferably
0.0011 31 the oven should be vented outside the building.
6.6 Straightedge—A stiff metal straightedge of any conve-
nient length but not less than 10 in. (250 mm). The total length
6.2.2 Mechanical Rammer-Circular Face—The rammer of the straightedge shall be machined straight to a tolerance of
shall operate mechanically in such a manner as to provide ±0.005 in. (±0.1 mm). The scraping edge shall be beveled if
uniform and complete coverage of the specimen surface. There it is thicker than Vs in. (3 mm).
shall be 0.10 ± 0.03-in. (2.5 ± 0.8-mm) clearance between the 6.7 Sieves—% in. (19.0 mm), % in. (9.5 mm), and No. 4
rammer and the inside surface of the mold at its smallest (4.75 mm), conforming to the requirements of Specification
diameter. The mechanical rammer shall meet the Ell.
standardization/calibration requirements of Test Methods 6.8 Mixing Tools—Miscellaneous tools such as mixing pan,
D2168. The mechanical rammer shall be equipped with a spoon, trowel, spatula, spray device (to add water evenly), and
positive mechanical means to support the rammer when not in (preferably, but optional) a suitable mechanical device for
operation. thoroughly mixing the subspecimen of soil with increments of
6.2.2.1 Mechanical Rammer-Sector Face—The sector face water.
shall be used with the 6.0-in. (152.4-mm) mold in place of the
circular face rammer. The striking face shall have the shape of 7. Standardization/Calibration
a sector of a circle of radius equal to 2.90 ± 0.02 in. (73.7 ± 7.1 Perform standardizations before initial use, after repairs
0.5 mm) and an area about the same as the circular face (see or other occurrences that might affect the test results, at
6.2). The rammer shall operate in such a manner that the vertex intervals not exceeding 1000 test specimens, or annually,
of the sector is positioned at the center of the specimen. whichever occurs first, for the following apparatus:

5
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 D1557 - 0 7

7.1.1 Balance—Evaluate in accordance with Specification 10.1.1 Do not reuse soil that has been previously compacted
D4753 or Practice E319. in the laboratory. The reuse of previously compacted soil yields
7.1.2 Molds—Determine the volume as described in Annex a significantly greater maximum dry unit weight (1).
Al. 10.1.2 When using this test method for soils containing
7.1.3 Manual Rammer—Verify the free fall distance, ram- hydrated halloysite, or in which past experience indicates that
mer weight, and rammer face are in accordance with 6.2. Verify results will be altered by air-drying, use the moist preparation
the guide sleeve requirements in accordance with 6.2.1. method (see Section 10.2). In referee testing, each laboratory
7.1.4 Mechanical Rammer—Verify and adjust if necessary has to use the same method of preparation, either moist
that the mechanical rammer in accordance with Test Methods (preferred) or air-dried.
D2168. In addition, the clearance between the rammer and the 10.1.3 Prepare the soil specimens for testing in accordance
inside surface of the mold shall be verified in accordance with with 10.2 (preferred) or with 10.3.
6.2.2. 10.2 Moist Preparation Method (preferred)—Without pre-
viously drying the sample/specimen, process it over a No. 4
8. Test Specimen (4.75-mm), %-in. (9.5-mm), or %-in. (19.0-mm) sieve, de-
8.1 The minimum test specimen (test fraction) mass for pending on the Method (A, B, or C) being used or required as
Methods A and B is about 16 kg, and for Method C is about 29 covered in 8.2. For additional processing details, see Test
kg of dry soil. Therefore, the field sample (see Practices D4220 Method D6913. Determine and record the mass of both the
for practices of preserving and transporting soil samples) retained and passing portions (oversize fraction and test
should have a moist mass of at least 23 kg and 45 kg, fraction, respectively) to the nearest g. Oven dry the oversize
respectively. Greater masses would be required if the oversize fraction and determine and record its dry mass to the nearest g.
fraction is large (see 10.2 or 10.3) or an additional molding If it appears more than 0.5 % of the total dry mass of the
water content is taken during compaction of each point (see specimen is adhering to the oversize fraction, wash that
10.4.1). fraction. Then determine and record its oven dry mass to the
8.2 If gradation data is not available, estimate the percent- nearest g. Determine and record the water content of the
age of material (by mass) retained on the No. 4 (4.75-mm), processed soil (test fraction). Using that water content, deter-
3
/s-in. (9.5-mm), or 3/4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve as appropriate for mine and record the oven dry mass of the test fraction to the
selecting Method A, B, or C, respectively. If it appears the nearest g. Based on these oven dry masses, the percent oversize
percentage retained of interest is close to the allowable value fraction, Pc , and test fraction, PF , shall be determined and
for a given Method (A, B, or C), then either: recorded, unless a gradation analysis has already been per-
8.2.1 Select a Method that allows a higher percentage formed. See Section 11 on Calculations.
retained (B or C). 10.2.1 From the test fraction, select and prepare at least four
8.2.2 Using the sieve size designated for the Method of (preferably five) subspecimens having molding water contents
interest, process the specimen in accordance with 10.2 or 10.3 such that they bracket the estimated optimum water content. A
herein. This determines the percentage of material retained for subspecimen having a molding water content close to optimum
that method. If the percentage retained is acceptable, proceed. should be prepared first by trial additions or removals of water
If the percentage retained is not acceptable, go to Method B or and mixing (see Note 8). Select molding water contents for the
C using the next larger sieve size. rest of the subspecimens to provide at least two subspecimens
8.2.3 Determine percentage retained values using a repre- wet and two subspecimens dry of optimum, and molding water
sentative portion from the total sample, and performing a contents varying by about 2 %. At least two molding water
simplified or complete gradation analysis using the sieve (s) of contents are necessary on the wet and dry side of optimum to
interest and Test Method D6913 or C136. It is only necessary define the dry-unit-weight compaction curve (see 10.5). Some
to calculate the retained percentage (s) for the sieve or sieves soils with very high optimum water content or a relatively flat
for which information is desired. compaction curve may require larger molding water content
increments to obtain a well-defined maximum dry unit weight.
9. Preparation of Apparatus Molding water content increments should not exceed about
4%.
9.1 Select the proper compaction mold(s), collar, and base
plate in accordance with the Method (A, B, or C) being used. NOTE 8—With practice it is usually possible to visually Judge a point
Check that the volume of the mold is known and whether the near optimum water content. Typically, cohesive soils at the optimum
water content can be squeezed into a lump that barely sticks together when
volume was determined with or without the base plate. Also,
hand pressure is released, but will break cleanly into two sections when
check that the mold is free of nicks or dents, and that the mold "bent.” They tend to crumble at molding water contents dry of optimum;
will fit together properly with the collar and base plate. they tend to stick together in a sticky cohesive mass wet of optimum. For
9.2 Check that the manual or mechanical rammer assembly cohesive soils, the optimum water content is typically slightly less than the
is in good working condition and that parts are not loose or plastic limit. For cohesionless soils, the optimum water content is typically
worn. Make any necessary adjustments or repairs. If adjust- close to zero or at the point where bleeding occurs.
ments or repairs are made, the rammer must be restandardized. 10.2.2 Thoroughly mix the test fraction, then using a scoop
select representative soil for each subspecimen (compaction
10. Procedure point). Select about 2.3 kg when using Method A or B, or about
10.1 Soils: 5.9 kg for Method C. Test Method D6913 section on Specimen

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 D1557-07

and Annex A2 give additional details on obtaining representa- the rigid foundation shall allow easy removal of the assembled
tive soil using this procedure and the reason it is the preferred mold, collar and base plate after compaction is completed.
method. To obtain the subspecimen’s molding water contents 10.4.2.1 During the compaction procedure, it is advanta-
selected in 10.2.1, add or remove the required amounts of geous but not required to determine the water content of each
water as follows: To add water, spray it into the soil during subspecimen immediately prior to compaction. This provides a
mixing; to remove water, allow the soil to dry in air at ambient check on the molding water content determined for each
temperature or in a drying apparatus such that the temperature compaction point and the magnitude of bleeding. See 10.4.9.
of the sample does not exceed 140°F (60°C). Mix the soil However, more soil will have to be selected for each subspeci-
frequently during drying to facilitate an even water content men than stated in 10.2.2.
distribution. Thoroughly mix each subspecimen to facilitate 10.4.3 Compact the soil in five layers. After compaction,
even distribution of water throughout and then place in a each layer should be approximately equal in thickness and the
separate covered container to stand (cure) in accordance with final layer shall extend slightly into the collar. Prior to
Table 2 prior to compaction. For selecting a standing time, the compaction, place the loose soil into the mold and spread into
soil may be classified using Practice D2487, Practice D2488 or a layer of uniform thickness. Lightly tamp the soil prior to
data on other samples from the same material source. For compaction until it is not in a fluffy or loose state, using either
referee testing, classification shall be by Practice D2487. the manual rammer or a cylinder approximately 2 in. (50 mm)
10.3 Dry Preparation Method—If the sample/specimen is in diameter. Following compaction of each of the first four
too damp to be friable, reduce the water content by air drying layers, any soil that has not been compacted, such as adjacent
until the material is friable. Drying may be in air or by the use to the mold walls, or extends above the compacted surface (up
of drying apparatus such that the temperature of the sample the mold walls) shall be trimmed. The trimmed soil shall be
does not exceed 140°F (60°C). Thoroughly break up the discarded. A knife or other suitable device may be used. The
aggregations in such a manner as to avoid breaking individual total amount of soil used shall be such that the fifth compacted
particles. Process the material over the appropriate sieve: No. layer slightly extends into the collar, but does not extend more
4 (4.75 mm), % in. (9.5 mm), or % in. (19.0 mm). When than approximately l/t in. (6 mm) above the top of the mold. If
preparing the material by passing over the 3/t-in. sieve for the fifth layer does extend above this limit, then the compaction
compaction in the 6-in. mold, break up aggregations suffi- point shall be discarded. In addition, the compaction point shall
ciently to at least pass the % in. sieve in order to facilitate the be discarded when the last blow on the rammer for the fifth
distribution of water throughout the soil in later mixing. layer results in the bottom of the rammer extending below the
Determine and record the water content of the test fraction and top of the compaction mold, unless the soil is pliable enough
all masses covered in 10.2, as applicable to determine the that this surface can easily be forced above the top of the
percent oversize fraction, Pc , and test fraction, PF. compaction mold during trimming. See Note 9.
10.3.1 From the test fraction, select and prepare at least four 10.4.4 Compact each layer with 25 blows for the 4-in.
(preferably five) subspecimens in accordance with 10.2.1 and (101.6-mm) mold or with 56 blows for the 6-in. (152.4-mm)
10.2.2, except for the following: Use either a mechanical mold. The manual rammer shall be used for referee testing.
splitting or quartering process to obtain the subspecimens. As 10.4.5 In operating the manual rammer, take care to avoid
stated in Test Method D6913, both of these processes will yield lifting the guide sleeve during the rammer upstroke. Hold the
non-uniform subspecimens compared to the moist procedure. guide sleeve steady and within 5° of vertical. Apply the blows
Typically, only the addition of water to each subspecimen will at a uniform rate of about 25 blows/min and in such a manner
be required. as to provide complete, uniform coverage of the specimen
10.4 Compaction—After standing (curing), if required, each surface. When using a 4-in. (101.6-mm) mold and manual
subspecimen (compaction point) shall be compacted as fol- rammer, follow the blow pattern given in Fig. 3(a) and Fig.
lows: 3(b) while for a mechanical rammer, follow the pattern in Fig.
10.4.1 Determine and record the mass of the mold or mold 3(b). When using a 6-in. (152.4-mm) mold and manual
and base plate, see 10.4.7. rammer, follow the blow pattern given in Fig. 4 up to the 9th
10.4.2 Assemble and secure the mold and collar to the base blow, then systematically around the mold (Fig. 3(b)) and in
plate. Check the alignment of the inner wall of the mold and the middle; while for a mechanical rammer use a sector face
mold extension collar. Adjust if necessary. The mold shall rest and a pattern having the logic given in Fig. 3(b). If the surface
without wobbling/rocking on a uniform rigid foundation, such of the compacted soil becomes highly uneven, see Note 9, then
as provided by a cylinder or cube of concrete with a weight or adjust the pattern to follow the logic given in Fig. 3(a) or Fig.
mass of not less than 200 lb or 91 kg, respectively. Secure the 4. This will most likely void the use of a mechanical rammer
base plate to the rigid foundation. The method of attachment to for such compaction points.
NOTE 9—When compacting specimens wetter than optimum water
content, uneven compacted surfaces can occur and operator judgment is
TABLE 2 Required Standing Times of Moisturized Specimens required as to the average height of the specimen and rammer pattern
Classification Minimum Standing Time, h during compaction.
GW, GP, SW, SP no requirement 10.4.6 Following compaction of the last layer, remove the
GM, SM 3
All other soils 16 collar and base plate (except as noted in 10.4.7) from the mold.
A knife may be used to trim the soil adjacent to the collar to

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 D1557-07

a b
FIG. 3 Rammer Pattern for Compaction in 4-in. (101.6-mm) Mold

FIG. 4 Rammer Pattern for Compaction in 6-in. (152.4-mm) Mold

loosen the soil from the collar before removal to avoid bottom of the specimen when the mold volume was determined
disrupting the soil below the top of the mold. In addition, to without the base plate. For very wet or dry soils, soil or water
prevent/reduce soil sticking to the collar or base plate, rotate may be lost if the base plate is removed. For these situations,
them before removal. leave the base plate attached to the mold. When the base plate
10.4.7 Carefully trim the compacted specimen even with the is left attached, the volume of the mold must be calibrated with
top of the mold by means of the straightedge scraped across the the base plate attached to the mold rather than a plastic or glass
top of the mold to form a plane surface even with the top of the plate as noted in Annex A l (Al.4.1).
mold. Initial trimming of the specimen above the top of the 10.4.8 Determine and record the mass of the specimen and
mold with a knife may prevent tearing out soil below the top of mold to the nearest g. When the base plate is left attached,
the mold. Fill any holes in either surface with unused or determine and record the mass of the specimen, mold and base
trimmed soil from the specimen, press in with the fingers, and plate to the nearest g.
again scrape the straightedge across the top of the mold. If 10.4.9 Remove the material from the mold. Obtain a speci-
gravel size particles are encountered, trim around them or men for molding water content by using either the whole
remove them, whichever is the easiest and reduces the distur- specimen (preferred method) or a representative portion. When
bance of the compacted soil. The estimated volume of particles the entire specimen is used, break it up to facilitate drying.
above the surface of the compacted soil and holes in that Otherwise, obtain a representative portion of the five layers,
surface shall be equal. Fill in remaining holes as mentioned removing enough material from the specimen to report the
above. Repeat the appropriate preceding operations on the water content to 0.1 %. The mass of the representative portion

8
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 D1557-07

of soil shall conform to the requirements of Table 1, Method B, where:

of Test Methods D2216. Determine the molding water content pm = moist density of compacted subspecimen (compac-
in accordance with Test Method D2216. tion point), four significant digits, g/cm 3 or kg/m3 ,
10.5 Following compaction of the last specimen, compare Mt = mass of moist soil in mold and mold, nearest g,
the wet unit weights to ensure that a desired pattern of Mm d = mass of compaction mold, nearest g,
obtaining data on each side of the optimum water content will V = volume of compaction mold, cm3 or m3 (see Annex
be attained for the dry-unit-weight compaction curve. Plotting Al), and
the wet unit weight and molding water content of each K = conversion constant, depending on density units
compacted specimen can be an aid in making the above and volume units. Use 1 for g/cm3 and volume in
evaluation. If the desired pattern is not obtained, additional cm3 . Use 1000 for g/cm3 and volume in m3. Use
compacted specimens will be required. Generally, for experi- 0.001 for kg/cm3 and volume in m3. Use 1000 for
enced plotters of compaction curves, one compaction point wet kg/m 3 and volume in cm3.
of the optimum water content is adequate to define the 11.2.2.2 Dry Density.
maximum wet unit weight. See 11.2.
(5)
1 +
11. Calculation and Plotting (Compaction Curve) 100

11.1 Fraction Percentages—If gradation data from Test where:

Method D6913 is not available, calculate the dry mass of the p rf = dry density of compaction point, four significant
test fraction, percentage of oversize fraction, and test fraction digits, g/cm3 or kg/m3 , and
as covered below and using the data from 10.2 or 10.3: w = molding water content of compaction point, nearest
11.1.1 Test Fraction—Determine the dry mass of the test 0.1 %.
fraction as follows: 11.2.2.3 Dry Unit Weight.
7d= Pd (6 )
M dtr = .. (1)
3
1 +
100
in lbf/ft , or,
= A? X pd (7)
where:
Md t f = dry mass of test fraction, nearest g or 0.001 kg, in kN/m3 ,
Mm t f = moist mass of test fraction, nearest g or 0.001 kg,
where:
and y d = dry unit weight of compacted specimen, four signifi-
wlf = water content of test fraction, nearest 0.1 %.
cant digits, in lbf/ft3 or kN/m 3,
11.1.2 Oversize Fraction Percentage—Determine the over- Kj - conversion constant, depending on density units. Use
size (coarse) fraction percentage as follows: 62.428 for density in g/cm3 , or use 0.062428 for
p M
<W /o', density in kg/m3,
M dof + M ddf G) K2 = conversion constant, depending on density units. Use
9.8066 for density in g/cm3 , or use 0.0098066 for
where: density in kg/m3 .
Pc - percentage of oversize (coarse) fraction, nearest
11.3 Compaction Curve—Plot the dry unit weight and
%,
molding water content values, the saturation curve (see 11.3.2),
Md o f = dry mass of oversize fraction, nearest g or 0.001
kg. and draw the compaction curve as a smooth curve through the
points (see example, Fig. 5). For each point on the compaction
11.1.3 Test Fraction Percentage—Determine the test (finer)
curve, calculate, record, and plot dry unit weight to the nearest
fraction percentage as follows:
0.1 lbf/ft3 (0.02 kN/m 3) and molding water content to the
/>=100-P c (3) nearest 0.1 %. From the compaction curve, determine the
compaction results: optimum water content, to nearest 0.1 %
where:
PF = percentage of test (finer) fraction, nearest % and maximum dry unit weight, to the nearest 0.1 lbf/ft3 (0.02
kN/m3). If more than 5 % by mass of oversize material was
11.2 Density and Unit Weight—Calculate the molding water
removed from the sample/specimen, calculate the corrected
content, moist density, dry density, and dry unit weight of each
optimum water content and maximum dry unit weight of the
compacted specimen as explained below.
total material using Practice D4718. This correction may be
11.2.1 Molding Water Content, w—Calculate in accordance made to the appropriate field in-place density test specimen
with Test Method D2216 to nearest 0.1 %. rather than to the laboratory compaction results.
11.2.2 Density and Unit Weights—Calculate the moist (to- 11.3.1 In these plots, the scale sensitivities should remain
tal) density (Eq 4), the dry density (Eq 5), and then the dry unit the same, that is, the change in molding water content or dry
weight (Eq 6) as follows: unit weight per division is constant between plots. Typically,
11.2.2.1 Moist Density. the change in dry unit weight per division is twice that of
molding water content’s (2 lbf/ft3 to 1 % wper major division).
Pm = K X F (4) Therefore, any change in the shape of the compaction curve is

9
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 4§J D1557-07

COMPACTION TEST

136

132

Ibf/ft
7d -
UNIT WEIGHT - 126

124]

17’dmox

120]

ii6|

WATER CONTENT - W - X

NOTE 1—Wet Unit Weights are usually not plotted. They are plotted
here for informational purposes only. Also notice that the compaction
points may not all lie exactly on the compaction curve.
FIG. 5 Example Compaction Curve Plotting

a result of testing different material, not the plotting scale. ('?«-)( ) yd v , .... ,Q\
l =
However, a one to one ratio should be used for soils have a W ( Q - X 100 ®
relatively flat compaction curve (see 10.2.1), such as highly
where:
plastic soils or relatively free draining ones up to the point of
wsa( = water content for complete saturation, nearest
bleeding.
0.1 %,
11.3.1.1 The shape of the compaction curve on the wet side
7„, = unit weight of water, 62.32 lbf/ft3 (9.789 kN/m3) at
on optimum should typically follow that of the saturation 20°C,
curve. The shape of the compaction curve on the dry side of =
dry u n it weight of soil, lbf/ft3 (kN/m3), three signifi-
optimum may be relatively flat or up and down when testing cant digits, and
some soils, such as relatively free draining ones or plastic soils Gs = specific gravity of soil (estimated or measured), to
prepared using the moist procedure and having molding water nearest 0.01 value, see 11.4.1.
contents close to or less than the shrinkage limit. 11.4.1 Specific gravity may be estimated for the test fraction
11.3.2 Plot the 1 0 0 % saturation curve, based on either an based on test data from other soils having the same soil
estimated or a measured specific gravity. Values of water classification and source or experience. Otherwise, a specific
content for the condition of 100 % saturation can be calculated gravity test (Test Method C127, Test Method D854, or both) is
as explained in 11.4 (see example, Fig. 5). necessary.
NOTE 10—The 100 % saturation curve is an aid in drawing the
compaction curve. For soils containing more than about 10 % fines and 12. Report: Data Sheet(s)/Form(s)
molding water contents well above optimum, the two curves generally
12.1 The methodology used to specify how data are re-
become roughly parallel with the wet side of the compaction curve
between 92 % to 95 % saturation. Theoretically, the compaction curve corded on the test data sheet(s)/form(s), as described below, is
cannot plot to the right of the 100 % saturation curve. If it does, there is covered in Section 1.6.
an error in specific gravity, in measurements, in calculations, in testing, or 12.2 The data sheet (s)/form(s) shall contain as a minimum
in plotting. The 100 % saturation curve is sometimes referred to as the the following information:
zero air voids curve or the complete saturation curve. 12.2.1 Method used (A, B, or C).
11.4 Saturation Points—To calculate points for plotting the 12.2.2 Preparation method used (moist or dry).
100 % saturation curve or zero air voids curve, select values of 12.2.3 As-received water content, if determined, nearest
dry unit weight, calculate corresponding values of water 1%.
content corresponding to the condition of 100 % saturation as 12.2.4 Modified optimum water content, Mod-wopt to near-
follows: est 0.1 %.

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 D1557-07

12.2.5 Modified maximum (optimum) dry unit weight, intended as requirements for reporting final test results to the requesting
Mod-yd n i a x nearest 0.1 lbf/ft3 or 0.02 kN/m 3 . agency. The requirements apply to testing records for measurements, for
intermediate calculations and for compaction points used to plot the
12.2.6 Type of rammer (manual or mechanical).
compaction curve. It has been attempted in this test method to determine
12.2.7 Soil sieve data when applicable for selection of all measurements and calculations to four significant figures. The purpose
Method (A, B, or C) used. is to ensure that precision is not lost due to rounding prior to plotting the
12.2.8 Description of sample used in test (as a minimum, compaction curve and that data sheets and forms retained by the
color and group name and symbol), by Practice D2488, or laboratory contain that same degree of precision.
classification by Test Method D2487.
12.2.9 Specific gravity and method of determination, near- 13. Precision and Bias
est 0.01 value. 13.1 Precision—Data are being evaluated to determine the
12.2.10 Identification of sample used in test, for example, precision of this test method. In addition, pertinent data is
project number/name, location, depth, and the like. being solicited from users of the test method.
12.2.11 Compaction curve plot showing compaction points 13.2 Bias—It is not possible to obtain information on bias
used to establish compaction curve, and 100 % saturation because no other method is available to determine the values of
curve, value or point of maximum dry unit weight and modified maximum dry unit weight and modified optimum
optimum water content. water content.
12.2.12 Percentages for the fractions retained (Pc ) and
passing (PF) the sieve used in Method A, B, or C, nearest 1 %. 14. Keywords
In addition, if compaction data (Mod-wo p t and Mod-y(l max) are 14.1 compaction characteristics; density; impact compac-
corrected for the oversize fraction, include that data. tion using modified effort; laboratory tests; modified proctor
NOTE 11—The Data Sheet(s)/Form requirements in Section 12 are not test; moisture-density curves; soil compaction

ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A l . VOLUME OF COMPACTION MOLD

A l . l Scope A1.2.1.5 Thermometer or other Thermometric Device—

A l .1.1 This annex describes the method for determining the having a readability of 0.1°C and a maximum permissible error
volume of a compaction mold. of 0.5°C.
A l .1.2 The volume is determined by two methods, a water- A l .2.1.6 Stopcock Grease or similar sealant.
filled method and a linear-measurement method. A1.2.1.7 Distilled Water or De-ionized Water Either type of
A l .1.3 The water filling method for the 4-in. (106.5-mm) water may be used to fill the mold when determining the mold
mold, when using a balance readable to nearest g, does not volume using the water-filling method. Distilled water or
yield four significant figures for its volume, just three. Based de-ionized water may be purchased and is available in most
on Practice D6026, this limits the density/unit weight determi- grocery stores. In the procedure for the water-filling method,
nations previously presented from four to three significant distilled water, or de-ionized water, is referred to as water.
figures. To prevent this limitation, the water filling method has A l .2.1.8 Miscellaneous equipment—Bulb syringe, towels,
been adjusted from that presented in early versions of this test etc.
method.
A1.3 Precautions
A1.2 Apparatus A l .3.1 Perform this method in an area isolated from drafts
A l .2.1 In addition to the apparatus listed in Section 6, the or extreme temperature fluctuations.
following items are required:
A1.2.1.1 Vernier or Dial Caliper, having a measuring range A l .4 Procedure
of at least 0 to 6 in. (0 to 150 mm) and readable to at least 0.001 A1.4.1 Water-Filling Method.
in. (0.02 mm). Al.4.1.1 Lightly grease the bottom of the compaction mold
A1.2.1.2 Inside Micrometer (optional), having a measuring and place it on one of the plastic or glass plates. Lightly grease
range of at least 2 to 12 in. (50 to 300 mm) and readable to at the top of the mold. Be careful not to get grease on the inside
least 0.001 in. (0.02 mm). of the mold. If it is necessary to use the base plate, as noted in
A1.2.1.3 Depth Micrometer (optional), having a measuring 10.4.7, place the greased mold onto the base plate and secure
range of at least 0 to 6 in. (0 to 150 mm) and readable to at least with the locking studs.
0.001 in. (0.02 mm). Al.4.1.2 Determine the mass of the greased mold and both
A1.2.1.4 Plastic or Glass Plates—Two plastic or glass plastic or glass plates to the nearest 1 g and record, Mm p. When
plates about 8 in. by 8 in. by Vt in. thick (200 mm by 200 mm the base plate is being used in lieu of the bottom plastic or glass
by 6 mm). plate determine the mass of the mold, base plate and a single

11
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 5
A D1557-07
plastic or glass plate to be used on top of the mold to the A l .4. 2.2 Using the vernier caliper or depth micrometer
nearest 1 g and record. (preferably), measure the inside height of the mold to the base
A l .4.1.3 Place the mold and the bottom plate on a firm, plate. In these measurements, make three or more measure-
level surface and fill the mold with water to slightly above its ments equally spaced around the inside circumference of the
rim. mold, and preferably one in the center of the mold, but not
A1.4.1.4 Slide the second plate over the top surface of the required (use the straightedge to facilitate the latter measure-
mold so that the mold remains completely filled with water and ment and correct the measurement for the thickness of the
air bubbles are not entrapped. Add or remove water as straightedge). Record these values to the nearest 0.001 in. (0.02
necessary with a bulb syringe. mm). Determine and record the average of these height
measurements to the nearest 0.001 in. (0.02 mm), havg. Verify
A1.4.1.5 Completely dry any excess water from the outside
that this height is within specified tolerances, 4.584 ± 0.018 in.
of the mold and plates.
(116.4 ± 0.5 mm); if not, discard the mold.
A l .4.1.6 Determine the mass of the mold, plates and water A l .4.2.3 Calculate the volume of the mold to four signifi-
and record to the nearest 1 g, Mm p w cant digits in cm3 as follows:
A l .4.1.7 Determine the temperature of the water in the
mold to the nearest 0.1°C and record. Determine and record the TT X A X (<A )2
V lm = K3 ------a,g4 d s>
' (A1.2)
density of water from the table given in D854 or as follows:
p„. c = 1.00034038 - ( 7 . 7 7 X 10 ) X T - (4.95 X 10’ 6 ) X 72 where:
(Al.l) Km = volume of mold by 3linear measurements, to four
significant digits, cm ,
where: K3 = constant to convert measurements made in inch (in.)
p l v c = density of water, nearest 0.00001 g/cm3 , and or mm. Use 16.387 for measurements in inches. Use
T = calibration test temperature, nearest 0.1°C. 10~G for measurements in mm.
A l .4.1.8 Calculate the mass of water in the mold by TT = 3.14159,
subtracting the mass determined in A1.4.1.2 from the mass havg = average height, in. (mm), and
determined in A1.4.1.6. davg = average of the top and bottom diameters, in. (mm).
A l .4.1.9 Calculate the volume of water by dividing the If the volume in m 3 is required, then multiply the above
mass of water by the density of water. Record this volume to value by ID- 6 .
the nearest 0.1 cm3 for the 4-in.(101.6-mm) mold or nearest 1 A l .5 Comparison of Results and Standardized Volume of
cm 3 for the 6-in. (152.4-mm) mold. To determine the volume Mold
of the mold in m3 , multiply the volume in cm3 by 1 X 10“6.
A1.5.1 The volume obtained by either method should be
Record this volume, as prescribed.
within the volume tolerance requirements of 6.1.1 and 6.1.2,
A l .4.1.10 If the water-filling method is being used to using either or cm3 or ft3 . To convert cm3 to ft3 , divide cm3 by
determine the mold’s volume and checked by linear measure- 28 317, record to the nearest 0.0001 ft3 .
ment method, repeat this volume determination (A1.4.1.3- A1.5.2 The difference between the two methods should not
A l .4.1.9) and determine and record the average value, as exceed 0.5 % of the nominal volume of the mold, cm3 or ft3.
prescribed. A1.5.3 Repeat the determination of volume which is most
A l .4.2 Linear Measurement Method. suspect, or both, if these criteria are not met.
M.A.2.1 Using either the vernier caliper or the inside A l .5.4 Failure to obtain satisfactory agreement between the
micrometer (preferable), measure the inside diameter (ID) of two methods, even after several trials, is an indication that the
the mold six times at the top of the mold and six times at the mold is badly deformed and should be replaced.
bottom of the mold spacing each of the six top and bottom A1.5.5 Use the volume of the mold determined using the
measurements equally around the inside circumference of the water-filling method or linear method, or average of both
mold. Record the values to the nearest 0.001 in. (0.02 mm). methods as the standardized volume for calculating the moist
Determine and record the average ID to the nearest 0.001 in. density (see 11.2.2.1). This value (I) in cm3 or m3 shall have
(0.02 mm), davg. Verify that this ID is within specified four significant digits. The use of a volume in ft3 , along with
tolerances, 4.000 ± 0.016 in. (101.6 ± 0.4 mm); if not, discard masses in Ibm shall not be regarded as a nonconformance with
the mold. this standard.

12
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 D1557-07

REFERENCES

(1) Johnson, A.W., and Sallberg, J.R., Factors Influencing Compaction (3) Earth Manual, United States Bureau of Reclamation, Part 1, Third
Test Results, Highway Research Board, Bulletin 318, Publication 967, Edition, 1998, pp. 255-260.
National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washing- (4) Earth Manual, United States Bureau of Reclamation, Part 2, Third
ton, DC, 1962, p. 73. Edition, 1990.
(2) Head, K. H., Manual of Soil Laboratory Testing: Volume 1 Soil (5) Torrey, V.H., and Donaghe, R.T., "Compaction Control of Earth-Rock
Classification and Compaction Tests, Pentech Press, London, Second Mixtures: A New Approach," Geotechnical Testing Journal, GT-
Edition, 1992, p. 313. JODJ, Vol 17, No 3, September 1994, pp. 371-386.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D1557 - 02 ) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved November 1, 2007.)

(7) Moved Note 1 and Note 3 into the text. Also, add in 1.2 shall not reuse compacted soil, b) plotting compaction curve, c)
that compacted soil cannot be reused, since it is such an using molding water content to check the one taken after
important issue. compaction and to determine magnitude of bleeding, d) proper
(2) The amount of allowable oversize fraction increased to 25 pattern of rammer during compaction and what to do when the
% for Method A & B. rammer causes to soil to flow up the sides, e) removing the
(3) In 1.3, simplified the description of the gradation control- collar and mold from base plate, f) trimming subspecimens
ling the selection of the method. containing gravel, g) calculating the percentages for oversize
(4) Updated the section on units. and test fractions.
(5) Added reference to D6913 for gradation and sample/ (3) Section 10.4.9 was reworded to permit alternative methods
specimen processing. for obtaining water content samples from compacted speci-
(6) In Terminology, relocated some terms to definitions and mens and to clarify the requirements of D2216.
made editorial changes.
(76) Changed the title and revised the Calculations section.
(7) In apparatus for ovens, added the guidance that they should
be vented outside the building. In mixing tools, made the mixer (77) Updated the Report section to agree with D18.91 require-
optional. The sector face has to be used for the 6-in. mold and ments.
the area of its face the same as the circular one. The (12) Updated the Annex on volume of mold to allow either
requirement for balances was changed to conform to the latest water filling or linear method to determine the volume of the
version of D2216 used to determine water content. mold , to measure temperature to 0.1°C instead of nearest 1°C,
(3) More guidance is provided in following areas: a) why one and to use D854 (or equation) for density of water.

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13
Copyright to, or licensed by, ICC (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED); accessed by Rachel Shogren on Jul 30, 2014 5:13:34 PM pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.