JUVENILE

DELINQUENCY
and JUVENILE
JUSTICE
Catherine Padullon
Lecturer- MSCJ (c)
JUVENILE
 A child or a young person, who, under the
legal system may be dealt
with for an offense in a manner different from that
of an adult.
 Persons below the age of majority,
that is, below 18 years old.
 A minor, youth who is not yet emancipated by law
 Person of tender years
 Below the age of majority
 . individuals younger than the statutory age of
majority
 Delinquency
 AntiSocial Behavior that does not conform
with the society
Juvenile Delinquency
 Youth behavior against the norms
 Anti social act or behavior deviate from
normal pattern
 large number of disapproved behaviour of
children or youth
Why study delinquency?

examines why juveniles break the law

considers the impact of the family, the
neighborhood, and the school on the
delinquent behavior
examines the behaviors and social
characteristics of juvenile delinquents
discusses the measure and programs
needed to prevent and control delinquent
behavior
How deviant behavior varies
1.In terms of Time. The meaning of deviance changes
through the years. For example, it was socially
unacceptable to see girls drinking beer or teenagers
and women smoking. All these are not heavily
considered now as deviant behaviors.
2.In terms of Place or Geography. Being deviant varies
according to geographic area. Open prostitution as an
example is deviant in the Philippines but not in some
countries. Some countries have open "red light
districts" where"customers" can have their choice
3.Red light districts- pleasure district – sex shops,
street clubs or any sex-oriented businesses
 Risk factors towards JD
1.Individual Risk Factors. Individual psychological
or behavioral risk factors that may make offending
more likely include intelligence, impulsiveness
or the inability to delay gratification,
aggression, empathy, and restlessness
(Farrington, 2002)
2.Family Environment. Children brought up by
lone parents are more likely to start offending
than those who live with two natural parents.
Conflict between a child's parents is also much
more closely linked to offending than being raised
by a lone parent
 PREDICTOR OF JD
 A. Authoritarian Parenting. It is characterized by the use of harsh disciplinary
methods, and refusal to justify disciplinary actions, other than by saying
"because
 I said so.”
b. Peer Association. It is usually resulting from leaving adolescents
unsupervised, encouraging a child to engage in bad behaviors when
acting with his peer group.
c. Low Socioeconomic Status – poverty, less access to financial, education
and health resources KESA DOON SA MGA NSA HIGHER ECONOMIC STATUS.
d. Permissive Parenting. It characterized by lack of consequences for bad
behavior, permissive parenting can be broken down into two subcategories:
 1. Neglectful Parenting. It refers to lack of monitoring child's activities,
and
 2. Indulgent Parenting. It refers to the enablement of bad behavior.
e. Poor School Performance – under-performing students, below average
intelligence
f. Peer Rejection - feeling of unbelongingness, bullied
 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and other mental disorders
 Their inability to sit still and pay attention in class may lead to school failure,
truancy, and dropping out.
 HISTORY

Under the code of

Sentences were
napoleon in France In the US child
inconsiderate and
limited responsibility offenders was
the death penalty
was ascribed to treated as adult
was occasionally
children under the criminals.
imposed.
age of 16.
Children were treated as non –
persons until the 1700’s. They
did not receive any special
treatment or respect.

Discipline at that time is what we

now describe as abuse.

It did not make sense to the

parents to create an emotional
bond with their children.
 Innovations

 Inancient Britain, children at the age of seven

were tried, convicted and punished as adults.
 Juvenile crime is mentioned as far back as
ancient Sumeria and Hammurabi
 The first institution dedicated for the treatment
and confinement of juveniles,
 the HOUSE OF REFUGE was founded in NEW
YORK CITY in 1824.
 Industrializationand urbanization played
tremendous role in the modern era of juvenile
delinquency.

 Unemployment is still a factor with the youth today.

 We are a culture that values material wealth over

and above all.
 Youth have no money to live the way they want will
often turn to crime as a way to satisfy themselves.
 Salvage Attempts
 Poorhouses were created to keep the youthful
offenders away from trouble. The idea behind them
was to take the children of the dangerous classes
out of their dangerous environment.

 These houses, sometimes referred to as reform

school were very harsh. This was contradictory to
the ideas that they needed nurturing and love.

 These houses eventually became overfilled, and

children were sent out west as indentured servants.
 As many as 50,000 children were shipped out.
 History of Juvenile Justice System
 A. Code of Hammurabi- first comprehensive
description of a system used by society to regulate
behavior and at the same time punish those who
disobeyed the rules. The main principle of this Code
was that: "the strong shall not injure the weak.“
 He only ruled no more than 50 square miles of territory
 So in order to unify his large empire which is consist of
diverse people, he needed one universal set of laws.
 That universal law is the CODE OF HAMMURABI
 The justice employed in this code is Retributive .
 “An eye for an eye, A tooth for a tooth”
 History of Juvenile Justice System
In 1641, the General Court of Massachusetts passed
the
 Stubborn Child Law
 A law enacted by the general court of
Massachusetts bay colony in November 6, 1646.
Providing among other things for capital punishment
of male children that were disobedient to their
parents.
 The parents of disobedient sons can bring them to
court for being stubborn and rebellious.
 If proven guilty, they will be put to death.
The Beginning of Childhood
 18th Century
 John Locke -English philosopher
 Locke emphasized the importance of nurturing and
guiding children rather than using harsh discipline or
punishment.
 Jean-Jacques Rousseau - Swiss philosopher
 Rousseau also made significant contributions to the
understanding of childhood and education. In his
book "Emile, or On Education," he proposed an
innovative approach to education that emphasized
natural development and individualized learning.
 AMERICAN POST COLONIAL
DELINQUENCY
 Keating-Owen Act (1916) - the first piece of child labor in America, it did
lay the groundwork for the passage in 1938 of the Fair Labor Standards
Act.
 Child Savers - it is believed that children were born good and became
bad. Juvenile children were blamed on bad environments. The best
way to save the children was to get them out of "bad" homes and
placed in "good" ones.
 Juvenile Court (1899 Illinois)- The first juvenile courts functioned as
administrative agencies of the circuit or district courts and were
mandated as such by legislative action that became the cornerstone of
juvenile justice throughout the United States. The vision of the child
savers and the founders of the juvenile court was the rehabilitative ideal
of reforming children instead of punishing them.
 House of Corrections for
Juvenile Delinquent
 Bridewell.
 Bridewell was a royal palace built between 1515
and 1520 for Henry VIII. The location, next to the
Fleet River (which was used as a sewer),
however, was insalubrious.
 In 1553, it was given to the City of London, and
it became both a hospital for vagrants and
homeless children and a place of incarceration
for petty criminals, who were punished with
whipping and hard labor.
 It is the first London house of correction; it
confined both children and adults considered
to be idle and disorderly.
 House of Corrections for
Juvenile Delinquent
 Hospice of San Michele (Saint Michael)
 the first home for delinquent boys ever established.
Built by Pope Clement XI in Rome for housing
incorrigible youths under 20 years of age.
 House of Refuge
 It was situated in New York (NY). On May 10, 1 825,
Society for the Prevention of Pauperism of NY
became the first group in America to call
attention to neglected children between the ages
of 10 to 18. The House of Refuge opened its doors
in New York City and became the earliest child-
saving institution in the county; it was the first to
house children and adults separately
 House of Corrections for
Juvenile Delinquent
 The Chicago Reform School
 This was opened in 1855. The reformers who
supported these institutions sought to
protect juvenile offenders by separating
them from adult offenders. They also
focused on rehabilitation trying to help
young offenders avoid a future life of crime.
 Massachusetts State Industrial School for
Girls
 It was the first girl's reformatory.
 These girls needed a Strong mothering
environment and teaching of morals for them to
become good mothers.
 a rural setting for the girls
 because it was said that the city was the root
of all evil and social problems and offered too
many temptations to unsupervised children
 Significant Cases on Juvenile
Justice
 In re: Winship. - It established proof
beyond reasonable doubt as the
standard for juvenile adjudication
proceedings, eliminating lesser standards
such as a preponderance of the
evidence, clear and convincing
reasonable proof. It established that a jury
trial is not a required part of due process
in the adjudication of the youth as
delinquent by a juvenile court.
Significant Cases on Juvenile
Justice
 McKeiver v. Pennsylvania.
 The significance of McKeiver is that it is the
only one of these first five cases in which the
U.S. Supreme Court did not rule that juveniles
must receive all the same due process rights
as adults in criminal court.
 The case of McKeiver v. Pennsylvania, Joseph
McKeiver, a 16-year-old, was charged with
robbery and larceny for taking 25 cents along
with a group of other juveniles.
Significant Cases on Juvenile
Justice
 Breed v. Jones
 It recognized that a juvenile cannot be
adjudicated in a juvenile court and then
tried for the same offense in an adult
criminal court.
 Gary Jones, age 17, was charged with
armed robbery and appeared in Los
Angeles juvenile court, where he was
adjudicated delinquent.
Significant Cases on Juvenile
Justice
 Kent v. United States
 It provided the procedural requirements for
waiver to criminal court as articulated by the
U.S. Supreme Court. The first of these cases
was Kent v. United States, 383 U.S. 54/ (1966).
 Morris Kent first entered the juvenile court
system at the age of 14, following several
housebreakings and an attempted purse
snatching.
 Theories of Crime and
Delinquency
 Supernatural Theory
 Classical School Theory.
 Neoclassical School Theory.
 Positivist theory
 Categories of Delinquent Youth
 Accidental– less identifiable in personality and
temperament, essentially a law abiding citizen but
happens to be at the wrong place at the wrong
time.
 This may be credited to peer pressure or pure curiosity
on the part of the young person.

 Asocial – children whose acts are manifested by

vile, cruel and atrocious acts and conduct for
which they feel no remorse.
 Timely intervention is necessary so as to prevent them
from becoming ruthless criminals capable of acts of
violence and heinous crimes.
 Neurotic
 the anti – social behavior of the youth is a direct result
of internal conflict and pre – occupation with his own
emotion and mood.
 Therapy and counseling is necessary to control this
type of delinquency, failure to do so will be risky since
this anti – social behavior makes the child prone to
committing serial crimes upon adulthood.

 Social
 refers to an aggressive teens who resents authority
whether it be parental, school regulations or
ordinances and laws passed by the proper legislative
authorities.
 The most common reason for such dislike is focused to
anyone who tried to control their conduct.
 Methodology Towards
Delinquency
 Biogenic/biological approach – law violations and
delinquency is a result of some physical defect.
 It advocates that youth misconduct is a direct result
of faulty biology.
 Hence the support from family members, friends
and acceptance of the community may solve the
problem on delinquency.
 Psychogenic approach – this argues that critical
factors in delinquency are personality problems, to
which the misbehavior is presumed to be the
response. This advocates the use of counseling to
curtail juvenile misbehavior.

 Sociogenic approach – ascribes distinction and

variation and delinquency pattern to social
structures. The youth misdeed may be attributed to
their learning process cultured in youth gangs,
stigmatizing contacts with governmental and social
control agencies and other similar variables
 Types of youth behavior disorders
 Anti – social behavior
 it may be best characterized by disobedience and
disrespect for authority.
 Truancy
 students failing to attend their classes for 20 days
without any reasonable cause. This may be attributed
to the school’s proximity to place of vices,
unattractive school life, failing grades, strict and
unreasonable mentors, family and domestic problems,
fear of school bullies and fear of punishment.
 Vagrancy –
 refers to children who are unable to cope to their family life
and chooses to leave the family home. This is a direct result of
feeble – mindedness, disagreeable home conditions, broken
homes and misdirected fancy for adventures.

 Emotional disorders –
 such misbehavior is related to fear reactions, temper tantrums
and jealousy reactions.

 Lying –
 the penchant for not telling the truth clearly manifest that the
following are lacking: love, security, attention, respect,
acceptance, praise and happiness.

 Stealing –
 this criminal act comes from loose morals in the home, lack of
economic security wherein parents are unable to provide for
the needs of their children, undisciplined desire for possession
and pleasure seeking and parental indifference.
Causes of Behavioral Disorders
 Predisposing factors
 internal propensities which may not be considered
as criminal act unless the attempt was made.

 Precipitating factors
 refers to conditions and elements which provokes
crimes or factors such as personal problems,
curiosity, ignorance, necessities and diseases.
 NATURE OF DELINQUENCY
Juvenile delinquency is a term that
denotes various offenses by
children under the age of 18
Aberant and anti-social acts
considered crime
if committed by adults.
Are within the jurisdiction of family
courts but in more serious offenses it
may be tried in criminal courts.
 Juvenile Delinquency
 AntiSocial Behavior that does not conform
with the society

 Youth behavior against the norms

 Anti
social act or behavior deviate from
normal pattern
 Stages of Delinquency
 Emergence.
 The child begins with petty larceny between 8 and sometime
during the 12th year
 Exploration
 He then may move on to shoplifting and vandalism between
ages 12 to 14
 Explosion
 At age 13, substantial increase in variety and seriousness
 Conflagration
 At around 15, four or more types of crime are added
 Outburst
 Thosewho continue on adulthood will progress into
more sophisticated or more violent forms of criminal
behavior
CLASSIFICATION OF DELINQUENCY
 1. Unsocialized Aggression
 Rejected or abandoned no parents to imitate
and become aggressive.
 2. Socialize Delinquency
 Membership of fraternities or groups that
advocate bad things.
 3. Over-inhibited
 Group secretly trained to do illegal activities,
like marijuana cultivation.
 PATHWAY TO DELINQUENCY
 Authority-conflict Pathway. Begins at early age with
stubborn behavior. This leads to defiance and then to
authority avoidance.

 Covert Pathway. Begins with minor, underhanded behavior

that leads to property damage. This behavior eventually
escalates to more serious form of criminality.

 Overt Pathway. Escalates to aggressive acts beginning with

aggression and leading to physical fighting and then to
violence.
Age of majority –
commences at the ages of 18
year of age
Emancipation –
freedom from parental
authority
Ithappens upon reaching the
age of eighteen years
 Parens Patriae

(Father of the
LAND/STATE)
 Authority of the state to act on behalf
of the children
 The power of the state to give any
form of CHARITY OF PUBLIC NATURE.
 Assumption of the state of the role of
guardian over the children whose
parents are deemed incapable or
unworthy
 In Loco Parentis
 Temporary parental rights and obligation
 Temporary guardian
 Ex- Teacher, nurses, baby sitter
 Guardian AD Litem
 For the proceeding –
 referring to adults who look after the welfare
of a child and represent their legal interest

 Refers to a person appointed by the court to

act as the legal guardian of the child even
though the parents of the child are still alive
when the best interest of the said child so
require.
 Presidential Decree No. 603
 THE CHILD AND YOUTH WELFARE CODE
 Article 1. Declaration of Policy. – The Child
is one of the most important assets of the
nation.
 Every effort should be exerted to promote
his welfare and enhance his opportunities
for a useful and happy life.
 The molding of the character of the child
starts at the home.
Art. 2. Title and Scope of Code. –
The Code shall be known as the
“Child and Youth Welfare Code”.
 It shall apply to persons below
twenty-one years of age except
those emancipated in accordance
with law. “Child” or “minor” or
“youth” as used in this Code, shall
refer to such persons.
Art. 5. Commencement of Civil
Personality.
The civil personality of the child
shall commence from the time of
his conception, for all purposes
favorable to him, subject to the
requirements of Article 41 of the
Civil Code.
 ABORTION
 Theexpulsion of the fetus from the
mother’s womb.
 KINDS OF ABORTION:
 1. CRIMINAL ABORTION - Classified as
intentional or unintentional as provided by
the RPC.
 THERAPEUTIC ABORTION - recommended
and performed by a certified physician
when there are health risks and
complications.
 Art. 117. Classifications of Child
and Youth Welfare Agencies.
 (1) A child-caring institution is one that provides
twenty-four hour resident group care service for the
physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being of
nine or more mentally gifted, dependent, abandoned,
neglected, handicapped or disturbed children, or
youthful offenders.
 (2) A detention home is a twenty-four hour child-
caring institution providing short term resident care
for youthful offenders who are awaiting court
disposition of their cases or transfer to other
agencies or jurisdiction.
 (3) A shelter-care institution is one that provides
temporary protection and care to children requiring
emergency reception as a result of fortuitous events,
abandonment by parents, dangerous conditions of
neglect or cruelty in the home, being without adult
care because of crisis in the family, or a court order
holding them as material witnesses.

 (4) Receiving homes are family-type homes which

provide temporary shelter from ten to twenty days for
children who shall during this period be under
observation and study for eventual placement by the
Department of Social Welfare.
 (5) A nursery is a child-caring institution that
provides care for six or more children below six
years of age for all or part of a twenty-four hour day,
except those duly licensed to offer primarily medical
and educational services.

 (6) A maternity home is an institution or place of

residence whose primary function is to give shelter
and care to pregnant women and their infants
before, during and after delivery.

A rehabilitation center is an institution that receives

and rehabilitates youthful offenders or other
disturbed children.
A child-placing agency is an institution or person
assuming the care, custody, protection and
maintenance of children for placement in any
child-caring institution or home or under the care
and custody of any person or persons for
purposes of adoption, guardianship or foster
care.
 SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF
CHILDREN
 dependent child is one who is without a parent, guardian or
custodian; or one whose parents, guardian or other
custodian for good cause desires to be relieved of his care
and custody;
 and is dependent upon the public for support.
 abandoned child is one who has no proper parental care or
guardianship, or whose parents or guardians have deserted
him for a period of at least six continuous months.
 A neglected child is one whose basic needs have been
deliberately unattended or inadequately attended.
 Neglect may occur in two ways:
 Neglected Child
 Physical neglect
 when the child is malnourished, ill clad and without proper
shelter.
 A child is unattended when left by himself without
provisions for his needs and/or without proper supervision.

 Emotional neglect exists:

 when children are maltreated, raped or seduced; when
children are exploited, overworked or made to work under
conditions not conducive to good health;
 or are made to beg in the streets or public places, or when
children are in moral danger, or exposed to gambling,
prostitution and other vices.
Mentally Retarded Children
 1 socially incompetent, that is, socially
inadequate and occupationally incompetent
and unable to manage their own affairs;
 2 mentally subnormal;
 3 retarded intellectually from birth or early
age;
 4 retarded at maturity;
 5 mentally deficient as a result of
constitutional origin, through hereditary or
disease, and
 6 essentially incurable
 Classification of Mental
Retardation
 Custodial Group – IQ 1-25
 the least capable group
 Trainable Group – IQ 25-50
 He can likewise attain a primary grade level of education if he receives
effective instruction.
 Educable Group – IQ 50-75
 may reach 5th or 6th grade educational level and can develop
occupational skills
 Borderline or Low Normal Group. IQ 75-89
 the highest group of mentally retarded; slightly retarded and they can
usually get by in regular classes

 Idiot – mental condition is 2 years old and below

 Imbecile - mental condition is 2 to 7 years old and below
 Moron - mental condition is similar to 7 years old
 Physically Handicapped Children.
 – Physically handicapped children are those who are crippled,
deaf-mute, blind, or otherwise defective which restricts their means
of action on communication with others.
 Emotionally Disturbed Children.
 – Emotionally disturbed children are those who, although not
afflicted with insanity or mental defect, are unable to maintain
normal social relations with others and the community in general
due to emotional problems or complexes.
 Mentally Ill Children.
 are those with any behavioral disorder, whether
functional or organic, which is of such a degree of
severity as to require professional help or hospitalization.
 Disabled children
 as used in this Chapter shall include mentally retarded,
physically handicapped, emotionally disturbed, and
severe mentally ill children.
 Youthful Offenders (PD 603)
 A youthful offender is one who is over nine years but
under twenty-one years of age at the time of the
commission of the offense.
 A child nine years of age or under at the time of the
offense shall be exempt from criminal liability and
 shall be committed to the care of his or her father or
mother, or nearest relative or family friend in the
discretion of the court and subject to its supervision.
 The same shall be done for a child over nine years and
under fifteen years of age at the time of the commission
of the offense, unless he acted with discernment, in which
case he shall be proceeded against in accordance with
Article 192.
 Civil Liability of Youthful
Offenders.
 The civil liability for acts committed by a youthful
offender shall devolve upon the offender’s father and,
 in case of his death or incapacity,
 upon the mother, or in case of her death or incapacity,
 upon the guardian.
 Civil liability may also be voluntarily assumed by a
relative or family friend of the youthful offender.
Rehabilitation Centers
The Department of Social Welfare
shall establish regional
rehabilitation centers for youthful
offenders.
Detention Homes
 The Department of Local Government
and Community Development shall
establish detention homes in cities and
provinces distinct and separate from
jails pending the disposition of cases
of juvenile offenders.
 Republic Act No. 10630
 “An Act Establishing a Comprehensive Juvenile Justice and
Welfare System, Creating the Juvenile justice and Welfare
Council under the Department of Social Welfare and
Development, Appropriating Funds Therefor, and for Other
Purposes.”
 ‘Bahay Pag-asa’ – refers to a 24-hour child-caring
institution established, funded and managed by local
government units (LGUs) and licensed and/or accredited
nongovernment organizations (NGOs) providing short-term
residential care for children in conflict with the law who are
above fifteen (15) but below eighteen (18) years of age who
are awaiting court disposition of their cases or transfer to
other agencies or jurisdiction.
 “There shall be a Regional Juvenile Justice and
Welfare Committee (RJJWC) in each region.
 The RJJWCs will be under the administration and
supervision of the JJWC.
 The RJJWC shall be chaired by the director of the
regional office of the DSWD. It shall ensure the
effective implementation of this Act at the
regional and LGU levels and the coordination
among its member agencies.
 Adoption
 Itis an act by which relation of paternity
and filiation are recognized as legally
existing between person not so related by
nature

 Taking into one’s family child and

conferring a title to the rights and privilege
as such
 FILIATION
 Civil status of the child in relation to parent
 PATERNITY
 Civil status of the child in relation to father
 MATERNITY
 Civil status of the child in relation to mother
 MATERNAL PREFERENCE RULE
 Legal doctrine granting mothers custodial preference after divorce
 STEPPARENT
 Spouse of biological parent who has no legal rights to children
other than those voluntarily accepted
 SURROGATE PARENT
 Parent who provide egg, sperm, uterus with intent of giving child up
for adoption
 PSYCHOLOGICAL PARENT
 Granting custody of the parent whom child feels greatest
emotional attachment
 Tender year doctrine
 Young children placed on custody with
their mother following divorce
 Biological child
 Natural born child
 Adopted child
 Child underwent legal process
 foundling
 Abandoned infant whose parents
guardian or relatives are unknown
Legal Classification of Child
Legitimate child

Illegitimate child

Legitimated child

Adopted child
 Law on adoption
 PD 603 – Child And Youth Welfare Code

 RA 9523 - An Act Requiring the Certification of

The Department of Social Welfare and
Development (DSWD) To Declare A “Child
Legally Available For Adoption”

 RA 8552 – Domestic Adoption Act of 1998

 RA 8043 – Inter Country Adoption Act

 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8552
 Domestic Adoption Act of 1998
 SEC. 3. Definition of Terms. – For purposes of this Act,
the following terms shall be defined as:
 (a) “Child” is a person below eighteen (18) years of age.
 “A child legally available for adoption” refers to a child
who has been voluntarily or involuntarily committed to
the Department or to a duly licensed and accredited child-
placing or child-caring agency freed of the parental
authority of his/her biological parent(s) or guardian or
adopters) in case of rescission of adoption.
 “Child-caringagency” is a duly licensed and
accredited agency by the Department that
provides twenty four (24)-hour residential
care services for abandoned, orphaned,
neglected, or voluntarily committed.
Who May Adopt?
 (a) Any Filipino citizen of legal age, in possession
of full civil capacity and legal rights, of good moral
character,
 has not been convicted of any crime involving
moral turpitude,
 emotionally and psychologically capable of caring
for children,
 at least sixteen (16) years older than the adoptee,
and who is in a position to support and care for
his/her children in keeping with the means of the
family.
 The requirement of sixteen (16) year difference
between the age of the adopter and adoptee may
be waived when the adopter is the biological parent
of the adoptee, or is the spouse of the adoptee’s
parent;
 Child Abuse

Maltreatment of child whether

habitual or not
 Forms of Child Abuse
 Cruelty – word or deed that debases or
demeans the intrinsic dignity of the child.
 Physical Injury – injuries suffers by the child
 Psychological Injury – harm to child’s
emotional well-being
 Neglect – failure to provide basic needs
 Sexual Abuse – coercion of a child engage in
lascivious act, molestation prostitution.
 RA 9208 Anti-Trafficking in
Persons Act of 2003
 Trafficking in Persons - refers to the recruitment,
transportation, transfer or harboring, or receipt of persons
with or without the victim's consent or knowledge, within or
across national borders by means of threat or use of force,
or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception,
abuse of power or of position, taking advantage of the
vulnerability of the person, or, the giving or receiving of
payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person
having control over another person for the purpose of
exploitation which includes at a minimum, the exploitation
or the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual
exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery, servitude or
the removal or sale of organs.
 Prostitution - refers to any act, transaction,
scheme or design involving the use of a
person by another, for sexual intercourse or
lascivious conduct in exchange for money,
profit or any other consideration.

 Forced Labor and Slavery - refer to the

extraction of work or services from any person
by means of enticement, violence,
intimidation or threat, use of force or
coercion, including deprivation of freedom,
abuse of authority or moral ascendancy,
debt-bondage or deception.
 .
 Sex Tourism - refers to a program organized by travel and tourism-related
establishments and individuals which consists of tourism packages or
activities, utilizing and offering escort and sexual services as enticement
for tourists. This includes sexual services and practices offered during rest
and recreation periods for members of the military.

 Sexual Exploitation - refers to participation by a person in prostitution or

the production of pornographic materials as a result of being subjected
to a threat, deception, coercion, abduction, force, abuse of authority,
debt bondage, fraud or through abuse of a victim's vulnerability.

 Debt Bondage - refers to the pledging by the debtor of his/her personal

services or labor or those of a person under his/her control as security or
payment for a debt, when the length and nature of services is not clearly
defined or when the value of the services as reasonably assessed is not
applied toward the liquidation of the debt.

 Pornography - refers to any representation, through publication,

exhibition, cinematography, indecent shows, information technology, or
by whatever means, of a person engaged in real or simulated explicit
sexual activities or any representation of the sexual parts of a person for
primarily sexual purposes
 Republic Act No.9231
PROHIBITING CHILD LABOR
 When a child works directly under the sole
responsibility of his/her parents or legal
guardian and where only members of his/her
family are employed

 Where a child's employment or participation

in public entertainment or information through
cinema, theater, radio, television or other
forms of media is essential (APPROVED BY
DOLE)
 Hours of Work of a Working
Child
A child below fifteen (15) years of age
may be allowed to work for not more
than twenty (20) hours a week

 not be more than four (4) hours at any

given day;

6 am -8 pm
A child fifteen (15) years of age but
below eighteen (18) shall not be
allowed to work for more than eight
(8) hours a day, and in no case
beyond forty (40) hours a week;

6 am-10 pm
PROHIBITION ON THE EMPLOYMENT
OF CHILDREN IN CERTAIN
ADVERTISEMENTS
 no child shall be employed as a model in
any advertisement directly or indirectly
promoting the following:
 a.) alcoholic beverages
 b.) intoxicating drinks
 c.) tobacco and cigarettes
 d.) gambling
 e.) any form of violence or pornography
 Access to Education and
Training for Working Children
 a) No child shall be deprived of formal or non-
formal education.
 In all cases of employment allowed in this
Act,
 the employer shall provide a working child
with access to at least primary and
secondary education.
REPUBLIC ACT No. 9344

Juvenile Justice and

Welfare Act of 2006."
 "Best Interest of the Child" refers to the
totality of the circumstances and
conditions which are most congenial to
the survival, protection and feelings of
security of the child

 Child"
refers to a person under the age of
eighteen (18) year

 Childat Risk" refers to a child who is

vulnerable to and at the risk of
committing criminal offenses
 "Childin Conflict with the Law" refers to a
child who is alleged as, accused of, or
adjudged as, having committed an
offense under Philippine laws.

 "Community-based Programs" refers to

the programs provided in a community
setting developed for purposes of
intervention and diversion.

 Court" refers to a family court or regional

trial court.
 Deprivation of Liberty" detention or
imprisonment, or to the placement of a child
in conflict with the law

 "Diversion" refers to an alternative, child-

appropriate process of determining the
responsibility and treatment of a child in
conflict.

 DiversionProgram" program that the child in

conflict with the law is required to undergo
without resorting to formal court proceedings.
 InitialContact With-the Child" apprehension
or taking into custody of a child in conflict
with the law
 Intervention" refers to a series of activities
which are designed to address issues that
caused the child to commit an offense.
Individualized treatment program
 Offense" act or omission whether punishable
under special laws
 Recognizance" refers to an undertaking in
lieu of a bond assumed by a parent or
custodian
 Restorative Justice" refers to a principle which
requires the maximum involvement of the
victim, the offender and the community.

 Status Offenses" refers to offenses which

discriminate only against a child, while an
adult does not suffer any penalty for
committing similar acts.

 “Juvenile Justice and Welfare System” refers

to a system dealing with children at risk and
children in conflict with the law, which
provides child-appropriate proceedings,
including programs and services for
prevention, diversion, rehabilitation, re-
integration and aftercare to ensure their
normal growth and development.
 Determination of Age
 The child in conflict with the law shall enjoy the
presumption of minority. He/She shall enjoy all the
rights of a child in conflict with the law until he/she is
proven to be eighteen (18) years old or older.
 The age of a child may be determined from the child’s
birth certificate, baptismal certificate or any other
pertinent documents.
 In the absence of these documents, age may be based
on information from the child himself/herself,
testimonies of other persons, the physical appearance
of the child and other relevant evidence.
 In case of doubt as to the age of the child, it shall be
resolved in his/her favor.
 INITIAL CONTACT WITH THE
CHILD
 Procedure for Taking the Child into Custody.
 (a) Explain to the child in simple language and in a dialect
that he/she can understand why he/she is being placed
under custody and the offense that he/she allegedly
committed;
 (b) Inform the child of the reason for such custody and
advise the child of his/her constitutional rights in a
language or dialect understood by him/her;
 (e) Properly identify himself/herself and present proper
identification to the child;
 (d) Refrain from using vulgar or profane words and from
sexually harassing or abusing, or making sexual advances
on the child in conflict with the law;
 (e) Avoid displaying or using any firearm, weapon,
handcuffs or other instruments of force or restraint,
unless absolutely necessary and only after all other
methods of control have been exhausted and have
failed;
 (f) Refrain from subjecting the child in conflict with
the law to greater restraint than is necessary for
his/her apprehension;
 (g) Avoid violence or unnecessary force;
 (h) Determine the age of the child pursuant to Section
7 of this Act;
 (i) Immediately but not later than eight (8) hours after
apprehension, turn over custody of the child to the
Social Welfare and Development Office or other
accredited NGOs, and notify the child’s apprehension.
 RIGHTS OF THE CHILD IN
CONFLICT WITH THE LAW
 1. The right not to be imposed a sentence of capital
punishment or life imprisonment.
 2. The right not to be detained or imprisoned as a
disposition of last resort, which shall be for the
shortest appropriate period of time.
 3. The right to be separated from adult offenders at
all times: during detention, while being transported
to and from the court and while waiting for the
hearing.
 4. The right to be detained only with other
detainees of the same sex, if detention is necessary.
 5. The right to be searched only by a law
enforcement officer of the same gende
 RIGHTS OF THE CHILD IN
CONFLICT WITH THE LAW
 6. The right not to be handcuffed, when such is
not necessary.
 7. The right to have his parents or guardians
present.
 8.The right to diversion if he or she is qualified
and voluntarily avails of the same.
 9. The right to AUTOMATIC SUSPENSION OF
SENTENCE.
 10.The right to probation as an alternative to
imprisonment, if qualified under the Probation
Law.
 Minimum Age of Criminal
Responsibility.
 A child fifteen (15) years of age or under at
the time of the commission of the offense shall
be exempt from criminal liability. However,
the child shall be subjected to an intervention
program
 A child above fifteen (15) years but below
eighteen (18) years of age shall likewise be
exempt from criminal liability and be
subjected to an intervention program, unless
he/she has acted with discernment,
 System of Diversion
 Imposable penalty is not more than 6
years
 If more than 6 years diversion may be
resorted to court
 Diversion proceeding completed in 45
days
All records and proceedings
involving children in conflict
with the law shall be?

CONSIDERED PRIVILEGED AND

CONFIDENTIAL
Preliminary Investigation and Filing
of Information.
 The prosecutor shall conduct a preliminary
investigation in the following instances:
 (a) when the child in conflict with the law does not
qualify for diversion;
 (b) when the child, his/her parents or guardian
does not agree to diversion
 (c) when considering the assessment and
recommendation of the social worker, the
prosecutor determines that diversion is not
appropriate for the child in conflict with the law.
COURT PROCEEDINGS
- during trial, the court shall order:
 1. the release of the child on recognizance to
his or her parents and other suitable persons.
 2. the release of child on bail.
 3. if the child is to be detained, the transfer of
the child to a youth detention home (BAHAY
PAG-ASA).
 - detention of the child shall be ordered only as
a last resort
 AUTOMATIC SUSPENSION OF
SENTENCE
 if the child in conflict with the law is found
guilty of the offense charged, the court shall
place the child under suspended sentence,
without need of application.
 - the automatic suspension of sentence may
be extended until the child reaches the
maximum age of 21 years old.
 the court shall order the detention of the
child in a youth rehabilitation center where he
shall undergo the appropriate disposition
measures.
 PROBATION
a child in conflict with the law whose
sentence was executed by the court
upon reaching the maximum age of
twenty-one (21) shall be entitled to the
benefits of probation under PD 968, the
Adult Probation Law of 1976.
OFFENSES NOT APPLICABLE TO
CHILDREN
 persons below eighteen (18) years
old shall be exempt from
prosecution for the following crimes:
 1. Vagrancy and prostitution under
RPC
 2. Mendicancy under PD 1563
 3. Sniffing of rugby under PD 161
 It is the act of buying and
selling children
Trafficking (RA 9208)

What is the oldest Job

Know to man?
Types of Prostitution
 EFFECTIVE DELINQUENCY
MODEL
 Educational model – providing information
 Community involvement – interact of social
environment
 Parent child interaction - interactive situation
 Bullying prevention- independent counseling
 Intervention Assistance - rehabilitation
 Youth institution – change behavior
 Ending repeat offenses – free life
 Functional family therapy – therapist to
change home
Factors which Causes Juvenile
Delinquency
 Family
 Environment
 School
Family – the basic unit of society, whose main
responsibility is to provide the basic necessities of
the child as well as to give emotional, spiritual,
moral, intellectual and social basic to its members
particularly the children and the primary social
agency tasked with the significant task of rearing
the youth.
 Types of Family Structure
 Nuclear family
 mother, father, children
 Extended family
 mother, father, children, ascendants descendants, cousins.
 Conjugal family
 husband and wife
 Blended family
 mixed two families or re marriage (Step Family)
 Truncated Family
 grandparent-grandchildren relationship
 Stem Family
 Two families that do not share a common residence but their
houses may be located in the same area
 Single Parent Family
 consists of one parent raising one or more children on his own
 FAMILY MODEL
 1. THE CORPORATE MODEL
 The father is the chief executive officer. The mother, the
operating officer, and implements the father’s policy and
managing the staff that in turn have privileges and
responsibilities based on their seniority.
 2. THE TEAM MODEL
 The father is the head, the mother is the chief of the
training table and cheerleader. The children, suffering
frequent performance anxiety, play the rules and stay in
shape.
 3. THE MILITARY MODEL
 The father is the general. The mother is the guard duty with
a special assignment to the nurse corps when needed.
The kinds are the grunts.
 4. THE BOARDING SCHOOL MODEL
 The father is the rector or head master, is in charge of
training school minds and bodies, the mother is the
dorm counselor. The children are dutiful students.
 5. THE THEATERICAL MODEL
 The father is the producer, plays the role of the father.
The mother, the stage manager, doubles in the part
of mother and children, the stagehands, also acts
the roles of girls and boys.
 THREE TYPES OF HOME THAT
BREEDS THREE TYPES OF BEHAVIOR
A loving, friendly and just home that breeds a
 Conforming Behavior.
 2. A loving, liberal, and open-minded home that
breeds
 Critical behavior
 3. A loveless, lonely and problematic home life
that breeds
 Deviant Behavior.
 The ideal criteria for a normal home
include the following: (Model of Family)

 Structuralcompleteness
 Economic security
 Cultural conformity
 Moral conformity
 Physical and psychological normality
 Functional or emotional adequacy
 Factors which may be lead to
Juvenile Delinquency

 Faulty development of the child

 Lack of parental guidance
 Parental rejection
 Broken homes
 Lack of love
 Unfair treatment
 Too harsh discipline by either or both parents
 Too lenient discipline by either or both parents
 Parents indifference to their child.
 Legal Basis for Parental Authority
(art. 17 – 22 PD 603)
 Joint parental authority – the father and mother
shall exercise jointly just and reasonable parental
authority and responsibility over their legitimate or
adopted children.
 In case of disagreement, the father’s decision shall
prevail unless there is a judicial order to the
contrary.
 Grandparents – shall be consulted on important
family questions but they shall not interfere in the
exercise of parental authority
 Legal Custody – No child under 7 year old shall be
separated from mother
 Absence or Death of Parents – grandparents and in
their default, the oldest brother or sister who is at
least eighteen years of age, or the relative who has
actual custody of the child, shall exercise parental
authority in case of absence or death of both
parents, unless a guardian has been appointed in
accordance with the succeeding provision.

 Guardian – the court may upon the death of the

parents and in the cases mentioned in Arts. 328 to
332 of the Civil Code appoint a guardian for the
person and property of the child, on petition of any
relative or friend of the family or the Department of
Social Welfare. (Art. 20)
 Dependent, abandoned or Neglected Child – the
dependent, abandoned or neglected child shall be
under the parental authority of a suitable or
accredited person or institution that is caring for him
as provided for under the four preceding articles,
after the child has been declared abandoned by
either the court or the Department of Social
Welfare. (Art. 21)
 Transfer to the Department of Social Welfare – the
dependent, abandoned or neglected child may
be transferred to the care of the Department Social
Welfare or a duly licensed child caring institution or
individual in accordance with articles 142 and 154
of this code, or upon the request of the person or
institution exercising parental authority over him.
Rights of Parents (Art. 43 – 45 PD 603)
 Primary Right of Parents – the parents shall have the
right to the company of their children and, in
relation to all other persons or institutions dealing
with the child’s development, the primary right and
obligation to provide for their upbringing.
 Rights Under the Civil Code – parents shall continue
to exercise the rights mentioned in articles 316 to
326 of the Civil Code over the person and property
of the child.
 Right to Discipline Child – parents have the right to
discipline the child as may be necessary for the
formation of his good character, and may therefore
require from him obedience to just and reasonable
rules, suggestions and admonitions.
 MARRIAGE
 Marriage
 Marriage is a special contract of permanent
union between a man and a woman entered
into in accordance with law for the
establishment of conjugal and family life
 Marriage, also called Matrimony or Wedlock, is
a socially or ritually recognized union between
spouses that establishes rights and obligations
between those spouses, as well as between
them and any resulting biological or adopted
children and affinity [in-laws and other family
through marriage].
 Forms of Marriage
 1. Monogamy.
 This refers to the marriage of one male and one
female. It is a form of marriage in which an
individual has only one spouse during their lifetime
or at any one time (Serial Monogamy). 2.
 Polygamy.
 This refers to the marriage between one person of
one sex and a minimum of two persons of the
other sex. It is a marriage which includes more
than two partners (Zeitzen, 2008)
 Types of Polygamy
 a. Polyandry.
 It refers to the marriage of one woman to two or more
men.
 b. Polygyny.
 It refers to the marriage of one man to two or more
women (Starkweather, & Hames, 2012).
 c. Plural Marriage.
 It refers to Group Marriage (also known as Multilateral
Marriage) is a form of polyamory in which more than
two persons form a family unit, with all the members of
the group marriage being considered to be married to
all the other members of the group marriage, and all
and all members of the marriage are parental
responsibility for any children arising from the marriage
(Murdock, 1949)
 Kinds of Marriage
 1. Adoptive Marriage.
 This is practiced in Japan. If the family does not have a son
to preserve their surname, the prospective son-in-law
adopts the family name of the bride's parents before
marriage. In doing so, the bride's family name is not
changed.
 2. Sororate Marriage.
 This is sometimes called Sister-in-law Marriage. It is called as
such because a man remarries his deceased wife's sister.
 3. Levirate Marriage.
 This is the reverse of sororate marriage. This is a marriage
where a woman marries the deceased husband's brother.
There is a similar custom of the ancient Jews, by which a
dead man's brother is obligated to marry the widow if there
were no sons .
 Kinds of Marriage
 4. Ghost Marriage.
 This is similar to levirate marriage. Under this form of
marriage, the children of the woman who married the
deceased husband's brother are considered "sired” by the
dead husband. That means, the second husband or the
brother is only a “surrogate” or who substituted for his
brother
 5. Endogamy Marriage.
 This refers to the norms which dictate that an individual
should marry from a member of one's clan or ethnic group.
However, parents may contrive to have their children marry
within the religious group or social class.
 6. Exogamy.
 This marriage prescribes that one marries outside of one's
clan or ethnic group
 RESIDENCE AFTER MARRIAGE
 1. Neolocal Residence.
 This means that the newly married couple lives in their
own residence.
 2. Patrilocal Residence.
 This means that the newly married couple moves in with
the husband's parents. Virilocal Residence is another term
used for this type of residence.
 3. Matrilocal Residence.
 This means that the newly married couple moves in with
the wife's parents. Uxorilocal Residence is another term
used for this type of residence.
 4. Bilocal Residence.
 This means that the newly married couple shifts residence
from matrilocal to patrilocal residence. The reason for this
shift may be due to financial reason, parents' wishes, or
some other reasons. By doing so, the couple can save m
 TERMS in MARRIAGE
 COMMON LAW MARRIAGE-
 It is also known as sui iuris marriage, informal marriage, marriage
by habit and repute, or marriage in fact, is a legal framework in a
limited number of jurisdictions where a couple is legally considered
married, without that couple having formally registered their
relation as a civil or religious marriage
 Same-sex Marriage
 It is a term used to describe a legally or socially recognized
marriage between two persons of the same biological sex or social
gender.
 Alimony
 is also known as Maintenance or Spousal Support; it is an
obligation established by divorce law in many countries that is
based on the premise that both spouses have an absolute
obligation to support each other during the marriage (or civil
union) unless they are legally separated. In some instances, the
obligation to support may continue after separation or divorce
 TERMS in MARRIAGE
 Dowry.
 A dowry was not an unconditional gift, but was usually a part
of a wider marriage settlement.
 Bride Price and Dower.
 In other cultures, the groom or his family was expected to pay
a bride price to the bride's family for the right to marry the
daughter, or dower, which was payable to the bride.
 Modern Customs.
 In many countries today, each marriage partner has the
choice of keeping his or her property separate or combining
properties.
 Taxation.
 In some countries, spouses are allowed to average their
incomes; this is advantageous to a married couple with
disparate incomes.
 TERMS in MARRIAGE
 Psychological Incapacity
 - It refers to no less than a mental (not physical) incapacity that
causes a party to be truly not cognitive of the basic marital
covenants that concomitantly must be assumed and discharged by
the parties to the marriage which, as so expressed by Art. 68 of the
FC, includes their mutual obligations to live together, observe love,
respect and fidelity, and render help and support.
 Annulment
 is a legal procedure for declaring a marriage null and void.
 Legal Separation
 is a legal process by which a married couple may formalize a de
facto separation whilst remaining legally married.
 Absolute community of property
 or the conjugal partnership as the case may be, shall be dissolved
and liquidated, but if either spouse contracted said marriage in bad
faith, his or her share of the net profits of the community property or
conjugal partnership property shall be forfeited in favor of the
common children or, if there are none, the children of the guilty
spouse by a previous marriage or in default of children, the innocent
spouse.
 Parental Consent and
Parental Advice
 Parental Consent
 is required when either or both of the
contracting parties are between the ages
of eighteen (18) and twenty-one (21)
 Parental Advice
 is required if either or both of the
contracting parties is/are the age of
twenty-two (22) and twenty-five (25)
 DIVORCE
- is the final termination of a marriage,
cancelling the legal duties and
responsibilities of marriage and dissolving
the bonds of matrimony between two
persons. In most countries, divorce
requires the sanction of a judge or other
authority in a legal process.
 Types of Divorce
 No-fault Divorce.
 This dissolution of a marriage does not require an allegation
or proof of fault of either party. The application can be
made by either party or by both. The same holds true for
Canada and Germany.
 At-fault Divorce.
 Prior to 1975, countries which permitted divorces also
required proof by one party that the other party had
committed an act incompatible to the marriage. This was
termed Grounds for divorce (popularly called Fault) and was
the only way to terminate a marriage. Most jurisdictions
around the world still require such proof o fault.
 Summary Divorce
 A summary (or simple) divorce, available in some
jurisdictions, is used when spouses meet certain eligibility
requirements, or can agree on key issues beforehand.
 irreconcilable differences
 Types of Divorce
 Uncontested Divorce.
 Divorce is "uncontested" because the two parties are able to come to
an agreement (either with or without lawyers or mediators or
collaborative counsel) about the property, children and support issues.
 Collaborative Divorce.
 In a collaborative divorce, the parties negotiate an agreed resolution with the
assistance of attorneys who are trained in the collaborative divorce process, and
in mediation, and often with the assistance of a neutral financial specialist and/or
divorce coach(es). The parties are empowered to make their own decisions
based on their own needs and interests, but with complete information and full
professional support.
 Mediated Divorce
 It is an alternative to traditional divorce litigation. In a divorce mediation session, a
mediator facilitates the discussion between the husband and wife by assisting with
communication and providing information and suggestions to help resolve
differences. At the end of the mediation process, the separating parties have
typically developed a tailored divorce agreement that can be submitted to the
court.
What is Kinship System?
 Itrefers to human relations based on
biological descent and marriage. It is
founded on social differences and
cultural creations
 Types of Kinship
1. Consanguinity. It refers to the links
between blood relatives.
2. Affinity. It refers to the links
between relatives by marriage
School – learning institutions are vital to proper
child development, it represents the child’s second
home and represents the instrument for the training
of young persons which should provide goals,
values and academic growth which will be
necessary to transform the raw mind of the child to
be able to bring them up as a productive, law
abiding and responsible citizen of the republic.
Environment – the culture norms and
behavior of the child’s surroundings may very well
influence the upbringing of the child especially
throughout their formative years and such
misbehaviors learned will definitely be carried out
until the child’s maturity or entrance to the
adolescent world. Behavior modification by means
of imitation as brought about by the environment is
as follows:
 PARENTING STYLE
 Authoritative Parents.
 The parent is demanding and responsive. When this style is
systematically developed, it grows to fit the descriptions propagative
parenting and concerted cultivate
 Authoritarian Parents.
 The parent is demanding but not responsive. Parents place a high
value on obedience and conformity, tending to favor more punitive,
absolute, and forceful disciplinary measures.
 Indulgent Parents.
 The parent is responsive but not demanding. Indulgent parenting,
also called Permissive, Non-directive, Lenient or Libertarian, is
characterized as having few behavioral expectations for the child.
Indulgent Parenting is a style of parenting in which parents are very
involved with their children but place few demands or controls on
them.
 Indifferent Parents.
 Parents with Indifferent Parenting or An Uninvolved Parenting style,
often called Neglectful, Dismissive Parenting, are both unresponsive
and undemanding toward the child.
 Samahan- shall refer to the aggregate of
persons working in commercial, industrial,
and agricultural establishments or
enterprises, whether belonging to labor or
management.

 Youth association shall refer to any club,

organization or association of individuals
below twenty-one years of age which is
directly or indirectly involved in carrying
out child or youth welfare programs and
activities.
 Who are those with any behavioral
disorder, whether functional or organic,
which of such a degree of severity as to
require professional help or
hospitalization?
 a. Mentally Ill Children
 b. Physically Handicapped Children,
 c. Emotional Disturbed Children
 d. Retarded at Maturity
3. What is referred to the period of history which
is sometimes known as the beginning of
humanism and reason?
 a. The enlightenment
 b. The innovation
 c. The urbanization
 d. The industrialization
Juvenile delinquency is also known as?
a. Child offender
b. Juvenile delinquent
c. Minor lawbreaker
d. Juvenile crime
It is referred as the basic political unit of the
society?
 a. Family
 b. barangay
 c. Community
 d. School
The following person is liable for child
prostitution, EXCEPT:
 a.those who act as procurers of a child
prostitute
 b. managers or owners of the
establishment where the prostitution
takes place
 c. clients of a child prostitute
 d. none of the above
 WHO ARE CRIMINALLY LIABLE
FOR CHILD PROSTITUTION
 1. Those who engage in or promote, facilitate or
induce child prostitution, such as:
 a.) those acting as procurer of a child prostitute.
 b.) parents, guardians, or relatives who knowingly
allow or coerce their children or ward into prostitution.
 2.Those who commit the act of sexual intercourse or
lascivious conduct with a child exploited in child
prostitution, such as:
 a.) clients of child prostitutes.
 3. Those who derive profit or advantage therefrom,
such as:
 a.) managers or owners of the establishment where the
prostitution takes
This is employed as a makeshift home for minors
who are waiting for final disposition of their
cases by the court.
 a. Youth Detention Home
 b. Bahay Pag-asa
 c. child-placing agency
 d. receiving home
 Teachers, administrators, and babysitters who
are viewed as having some temporary
parental rights & obligations are
considered_____________.
 A. Parens Patriae
 B. Guardian Ad litem
 C. In Loco parentis
 D. Patria Protestas
A child in conflict with the law is seen to
be innocent and does not know what he/
she is doing. Therefore, he is exempted
from :
 A. criminal liability
 B. Civil liability
 C. trial
 D. all of the above
 Being an orphan, Joseph, roams the street 24
hours a day with no place to go, surviving on
foods given by kindhearted people with no one to
supervise him at his young age of nine (9). How
do you categorize Joseph as a child?
 a. neglected child
 B. Abandoned child
 C. dependent child
 D. independent child
 The age of full criminal irresponsibility is:
 a. Over 15 but under 18 years old who
acted with discernment
 b. 18 to 70 years old
 c. 15 years old and below
 d. Below 18 even if the act is committed
with discernment
A child born inside a marriage where either
marriage is declared void.
 a. illegitimate child
 b. legitimated child
 c. legitimate child
 d. adopted child
13. If children, whether male or female, who for money,
profit or any other consideration or due to the
coercion or influence of any adult, syndicate or group,
are indulge in sexual intercourse or lascivious
conduct it is known as…
a. Child Abuse
b. Child Prostitution
c. Child Trafficking
d. Child Exploitation
THANK YOU
AND
GOD BLESS