Inorganic Chemistry (CHEM-5102) - Detailed Notes
1. Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties
- Modern Periodic Table: Elements arranged by increasing atomic number.
- Group Trends: Atomic radius increases down the group, ionization energy decreases.
- Period Trends: Atomic radius decreases across the period; electronegativity and ionization potential
increase.
- Electron affinity: Energy released when an atom gains an electron.
- Redox potential: Measure of a substance's tendency to gain or lose electrons.
- Applications: Corrosion (oxidation) and electroplating (reduction at cathode).
Inorganic Chemistry (CHEM-5102) - Detailed Notes
2. Acid Base Equilibria
- Arrhenius Concept: Acids produce H+, bases produce OH-.
- Bronsted-Lowry Concept: Acid = proton donor; base = proton acceptor.
- Lewis Concept: Acid = electron pair acceptor; base = electron pair donor.
- pH, pKa, pKb: pH = -log[H+], pKa/pKb = -log of respective equilibrium constants.
- SHAB Principle: Hard acids prefer hard bases; soft acids prefer soft bases.
- Buffers: Solutions that resist pH changes. Examples: Acetic acid + Sodium acetate.
- Indicators: Acid-base (Phenolphthalein), Redox (Methylene Blue), Adsorption (Starch in iodine titration).
Inorganic Chemistry (CHEM-5102) - Detailed Notes
3. Chemical Bonding
- Hybridization: Mixing of atomic orbitals to form hybrid orbitals (sp, sp2, sp3).
- VBT: Explains bond formation via overlap of orbitals.
- MOT: Molecular orbitals form by combination of atomic orbitals.
- VSEPR: Shape of molecules based on repulsion between electron pairs.
- Resonance: Delocalization of electrons in molecules (e.g., ozone).
- Hydrogen bonding: Weak bond between H and electronegative atoms.
- Bent Bond: Seen in molecules like H2O due to lone pair repulsion.
Inorganic Chemistry (CHEM-5102) - Detailed Notes
4. Chemistry of p-Block Elements
- Group 13-18: Properties and common compounds.
- Boranes: Binary compounds of boron and hydrogen, e.g., B2H6.
- Silicates: Made of SiO4 tetrahedra; used in glass and ceramics.
- Silicones: Synthetic polymers with Si-O-Si backbone.
- Phosphazenes: Inorganic polymers with phosphorus and nitrogen.
- Noble gases: Inert, used in lighting and inert atmospheres.
- Oxoacids: Acids with oxygen (e.g., HNO3, H2SO4).
- Energy applications: Boron and silicon-based compounds used in solar panels and chips.
Inorganic Chemistry (CHEM-5102) - Detailed Notes
5. Transition and Inner Transition Elements
- Transition metals: d-block elements with variable oxidation states and colored compounds.
- Lanthanides: Show lanthanide contraction, +3 oxidation state.
- Coordination Compounds: Central atom bonded to ligands.
- VBT, MOT, CFT: Explain bonding and geometry of complexes.
- Applications: Catalysts, pigments, and bioinorganic roles.
Inorganic Chemistry (CHEM-5102) - Detailed Notes
6. Separation Techniques
- Paper Chromatography: Separates based on solubility and capillary action.
- Ion Exchange: Uses resins to exchange specific ions from a solution.
- Column Chromatography: Separates compounds based on polarity.
Inorganic Chemistry (CHEM-5102) - Detailed Notes
7. Analytical Techniques
- Atomic Absorption: Measures metal concentration using absorption of light.
- Flame Emission: Excited atoms emit light; used for metal detection.
- IR Spectroscopy: Detects functional groups based on vibrational transitions.
- UV/Vis: Determines concentration of colored solutions.
Inorganic Chemistry (CHEM-5102) - Detailed Notes
8. Chemical Industries
- Metallurgy: Al (from bauxite), Cr (reduction of Cr2O3), U (uranium purification).
- Fertilizers: Urea, ammonium nitrate (N-based); single super phosphate (P-based).
- Cement: Made by heating limestone and clay.
- Sugar: Purification involves clarification and crystallization.
Inorganic Chemistry (CHEM-5102) - Detailed Notes
Practical Topics
1. Qualitative Analysis: Identify cations (e.g., Cu2+, Fe3+) and anions (e.g., Cl-, SO4^2-).
2. Chromatography: Paper or thin-layer to separate cations.
3. EDTA Titration: Measures hardness of water (Ca2+, Mg2+).
4. Estimation of Manganese: Complexometric titration with EDTA.
5. Estimation of Copper: Iodometric method involves reaction with iodine.
6. Estimation of Thiosulphate: Iodometric titration using starch as indicator.
