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i

A SHORT
PHILOSOPHICAL
GUIDE TO THE
FALLACIES OF LOVE
ii

ALSO AVAILABLE FROM BLOOMSBURY

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Steven B. Cowan
The Myth of Luck, by Steven D. Hales
iii

A SHORT
PHILOSOPHICAL
GUIDE TO THE
FALLACIES OF LOVE

JOSÉ A. DÍEZ
and
ANDREA IACONA
iv

BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC
Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK
1385 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA

BLOOMSBURY, BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC and the Diana logo are trademarks of

Bloomsbury Publishing Plc

First published in Great Britain 2021

Copyright © José A. Díez and Andrea Iacona, 2021

José A. Díez and Andrea Iacona have asserted their right under the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Authors of this work.

For legal purposes the Acknowledgements on p. xi constitute an extension

of this copyright page.

Cover design by Louise Dugdale

Cover image: Castello di Masino (Turin, Italy).
Photograph by Karla Camila Harada.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced

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Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for, any
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inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased to exist, but
can accept no responsibility for any such changes.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Díez, José A., 1961– author. | Iacona, Andrea, author.
Title: A short philosophical guide to the fallacies of love /
José A. Díez and Andrea Iacona.
Description: London ; New York : Bloomsbury Academic, 2020. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020033586 (print) | LCCN 2020033587 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781350140905 (hb) | ISBN 9781350140899 (pb) |
ISBN 9781350140882 (epdf) | ISBN 9781350140875 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Love. Classification: LCC BD436 .D485 2020 (print) |
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v

To those who deceive themselves

(That is, to everybody)
To Camila
vi

vi
vii

CONTENTS

Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi

Introduction 1

1. Basic notions 3

1.1 What we talk about when we talk about love 3

1.2 Some fundamental properties of love 9
1.3 Truth, justification and knowledge 12
1.4 The fallacies of love 15
1.5 Sex, gender and stereotypes 19
1.6 Some final remarks 21

2. The invention of reasons 25

2.1 Rationalization 25
2.2 The you–you fallacy 27
2.3 The virtue fallacy 31
2.4 Purported sour grapes 37
2.5 Lost love’s labours 40
2.6 Inference to the worst explanation 42
viii

viii Contents

3. The power of desire over belief 47

3.1 The glasses of love 47

3.2 Belief without evidence 49
3.3 Evidence without belief 53
3.4 Love is blind 57
3.5 The diamond fallacy 60

4. Wanting it all 65

4.1 Complex cases of cognitive mistakes 65

4.2 The Divided Lover 67
4.3 The Princess 71
4.4 The Don Juan 77
4.5 The emotional terrorizer 83

5. When love goes away 95

5.1 The end of love 95

5.2 The sunk costs fallacy 98
5.3 The sweet lemons fallacy 101
5.4 Inertia and uncertainty 104
5.5 Desamor 106

6. FAQ 113

Notes 125
Bibliography 131
Index 133
ix

PREFACE

This book was initially conceived as an English version of Del

amor y otros engaños (Alphadecay, 2016), which in turn is a free
Spanish translation of Amore e altri inganni (Indiana, 2104).
But we have changed the Spanish text substantially, rewriting
entire parts of it and adding new material. So we no longer know
whether the final result may still be regarded as an extremely free
translation of Amore e altri inganni or is simply another book.
No matter how you want to call it, however, we hope that we
have made some progress in improving the original.
Since we have been thinking about the issues discussed in this
book for a long time, we owe thanks to lots of people for helping
us think through them and shape our ideas. These people include
friends, colleagues, anonymous referees or simply persons who
decided to spend a couple of hours listening to us. If you are
one of them, please forgive us for not knowing or remembering
your name.
We would like to thank Darlhen Louis, Vikram Mukhija and
Zsofia Zvolenszky for their thoughtful reading of a previous
version of the text. Their comments were really helpful. We are
also grateful to Bernardino Sassoli for facilitating the process of
x

x Preface

publishing in English. Finally, we owe much to Kevin Mulligan

and Richard Davies for their interest in our project, for their
invaluable support and for the innumerable corrections and
suggestions they provided. From them we have learned a lot
about English, literature and philosophy.
xi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The translations from Italian and Spanish provided in the

endnotes are by Richard Davies, José Díez and Andrea Iacona.
Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders and to
obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. We
apologize for any errors or omissions and would be grateful if
notified of any corrections that should be incorporated in future
reprints or editions of this book.
xii

xii
1

Introduction

This book originates in a series of playful conversations that we

never took very seriously. Over about ten years, we have often
discussed about the illusions of love, commenting on our own
amatory ups and downs as well as those of our friends. At the
beginning it was almost a joke. But the more we discussed, the
more we agreed on some points that seemed interesting. This
was rather surprising, since usually we disagree on almost
everything. So we thought it might be a good idea to give a more
theoretical form to our views. It quickly became clear that what
we were doing was epistemology of love.
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies the
nature and limits of knowledge. The questions it addresses are
those that arise when one reflects about the grounds of one’s
beliefs. We know that the Earth moves. But how do we know it?
The belief that the Earth moves is justified; it is not like the belief
that there is a yeti in the Himalayas. But why? What exactly are
2

2 Philosophical Guide to the Fallacies of Love

belief, justification, and knowledge? These are deep questions

that have always been at the heart of philosophy.
Love is definitely one of the most intense human feelings,
although perhaps not the most durable. Its power is so pervasive
and widespread that it is almost impossible to imagine a loveless
world. Many things people do, such as writing letters, buying
rings or making long unnecessary phone calls, are the effects of
love. The same goes for many things people say, as when they use
the words ‘passionate’, ‘ mysterious’ or ‘ beautiful person’. This is
why it is natural to have love beliefs, that is, beliefs about our own
loves and those of others.
The epistemology of love, as we understand it, includes any
reflection on the grounds of love beliefs. Love beliefs are just like
other beliefs. Some of them are grounded, some are not. Our
work focuses on those of the second kind. Many love beliefs are
like the belief that the yeti exists, in that they are built on clues
that have roughly the same degree of reliability as a mark on snow
resembling a big footprint. Lovers provide unequivocal examples
of ungrounded beliefs, because love is an inexhaustible source
of misperceptions, misconceptions and misunderstandings. The
aim of this book is to identify and spell out some characteristic
ways in which ungrounded love beliefs arise, are maintained and
reinforced, and to illustrate some of the typical mistakes that
constitute the main fallacies of love.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 Editorial footnote to same, p. 62, 63

Observations, The Pamphlet.

Cited by Madison, p. 33, 34, 43, 46, 50, 62
Cited by Pinckney, p. 90
When written, p. 93, 130
Description of, p. 105
Madison interest in, p. 107
Extracts from, p. 111
The Observations, a speech never made, p. 122, 126, 139
Madison and Yates evidence, p. 122
Contradictions in it, p. 126
Significant error in date, p. 127
Considered as a speech, p. 131
Considered as evidence, p. 132
Confirm Articles III, V, VIII, p. 132, 135
Explanation of Pinckney's publication, p. 135
Why speech was not delivered, p. 137
Why published, p. 138
Why Observations were not cited in Madison's "Note," p. 140
The Observations fateful, p. 141
They sustain the copy in the State department, p. 139
Articles in the draught described in the Observations cannot be
questioned, p. 182, 189, 198, 253, 269, 270
Article 11 referred to by Randolph described in the Observations,
p. 198

Patents. See Copyright.

Paulding, James Kirke.

Memorandum for, p. 34, 42, 107
Letters to, p. 43, 108
Friend of Madison, p. 44, 45
Phenomenon, The, of Madison, p. 46, 53, 80

Pinckney, Charles.
His official life, p. 23
His age, p. 88
Why he presented the Observations, p. 135
His strategic purpose, p. 137
Why he published the Observations, p. 138, 142
Desired the supremacy of the national government, p. 181, 279
He alone formulated a constitution before the convention met, p.
189
His misplacement of the veto power, p. 183
The style of the Constitution, p. 243, 245
His draught the only one, p. 249
His method of construction, p. 250
His composite work, p. 250, 251, 252
His generality of treatment and expression, p. 253
A condemned and misrepresented man, p. 254
His training and preparation, p. 261, 264
What he did and failed to o, p. 261
His co-operation with Madison, p. 264, 265, 267
His family, position, etc., p. 278
His speech of June 25, p. 278
The extremist federalist in the convention, p. 279
Pierce's description and estimate of him, p. 281, 284
The destruction of everything which Pinckney possessed, p. 285

Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth,

Opposes election by the people, p. 88
Proposes that no salary be allowed to Senators, p. 176
Living in 1818, p. 24
The most esteemed citizen in S. C., p. 88

Pinckney's Letters
To Secretary of State, p. 8, 12, 26, 27
Contemporary declaration, p. 10
 Letter to Madison, p. 62

Pierce, William.
His narrative of a lost paper in the convention, p. 230
His description of Randolph, King, Hamilton and Pinckney, p. 281

Preamble of the Constitution.

Suggested by the Articles of Confederation, p. 169.
Derived from Constitution of Massachusetts, p. 169
Randolph attempted draught of preamble, p. 162
Wilson attempted draught of preamble, p. 166
The preamble in the committee's draught, p. 168
It declared the source and supremacy of authority, p. 213
Ignored State governments, p. 213
The preamble unquestioned in the convention, p. 215

President, The.
See Election of.

Printers—Copy.
Pinckney draught used as printers' copy. p. 188, 208, 237

Randolph, Edmund.
The Virginia resolutions cited as his, p. 68
Opens the main business of the convention, p. 130, 136
His draught of the Constitution, p. 158, 161

Read, George.
Letter to Dickinson on Pinckney's draught, p. 89

Ritchie, Thomas.
Madison's letter to, p. 63

Rutledge, John.
Present in the convention, May 29, p. 135
 Seconds Pinckney motion to strike out the word people and insert
Legislatures, p. 95
Chairman of the Committee of Detail, p. 75
"Delivers in" the report of the committee, p. 70
His annotations on the other draughts, p. 162, 164, 182
He co-operates with Wilson and Randolph, p. 164
Used Pinckney draught when annotating, p. 182
His ruthless slashing of Wilson's, p. 161
His 43 amendments, p. 161, 204
Strongest man in the State, p. 88

Secrecy.
The resolution of the convention, p. 228
Secrecy to continue after the dissolution of the convention, p. 228
Silence of members from May 29 to September 17, p. 229
Washington recognition of the obligation, p. 229
The obligation required that the draught be not lost, p. 232
Pinckney draught used as printers' copy and scrupulously
destroyed, p. 237
Legal presumption that it was destroyed, p. 237
Secrecy of Committee of Detail, p. 75, 200, 237

Senate.
Pinckney's Senate, p. 91, 217
To appoint ambassadors and judges, p. 102

South Carolina.
The State postpones action in the convention, p. 175

South Carolina Gazette.

Draught republished in, p. 274

Sparks, Jared.
Writes to Madison, p. 42, 43, 144, 146, 147, 149
Madison to Sparks, p. 35, 42, 43, 110
 His opinion of the draught, 148, 152
His correct analysis, p. 152
His most delicate test, p. 153

Story, Mr. Justice.

Ignores the Draught, p. 6, 8, 12

"Supreme Law of the Land."

History of the term. p. 179.
The case of Trevatt v. Weeden gives judicial significance to it, p.
182
Derived from resolution of Congress, p. 251

Thomson, Doctor William H.

Definition of mystery, p. 4

Time.
The second condition imposed on the committee, p. 232
Two of these days were Sundays, p. 233
Three days required for printing, p. 234
200 constitutional provisions framed and printed within the limited
time, p. 234

Treason.
The punishment of treason, p. 185
How defined, etc., in the three draughts, p. 186
Caution of Rutledge and Pinckney, p. 186
Their provisions combined in the Constitution, p. 187

The Treaty Making Power.

Lodged in the Senate exclusively, p. 210
Not authorized by the convention, p. 211
Committee of detail followed Pinckney erroneously, p. 211
Veto Power, The.
Taken from the constitution of New York, p. 47
Misplaced by Pinckney and by the committee, p. 183, 220
Correctly placed by Wilson, p. 183

Washington, General, The.

Madison's letters to, p. 33, 34
His copy of the committee's draught, p. 74
Letter to Congress, p. 54
His illness, and the illness of his mother, p. 128
His journey to Fredericksburg, p. 128
His arrival in Philadelphia, p. 129
President of the convention, p. 129
Letter to General Knox, p. 128
Made custodian of the records, p. 228, 239
His sense of the obligation of secrecy, p. 229
Extracts from his diary, p. 229
His admonition to the convention, p. 230
The convention's daily mark of respect, p. 230
Extracts from his diary of September 17, p. 239

Washington, City.
Capture of, 56
Burning of the Capitol, p. 56

Wilson, James.
His draughts of the Constitution, p. 158
Intelligent and wise, p. 159
Opposed the payment of representatives by the States, p. 175,
176
His proper treatment of the veto power, p. 183
His careful and logical work, p. 165, 187
Alien member of the convention, p. 199
A judge of the Supreme Court, p. 200
The hard-worker of the convention, p. 204
 A signer of the Declaration, p. 171
He first suggests the Electoral Colleges, p. 77

Yates, Robert.
Entry in his minutes, p. 29, 122
Report of Pinckney's speech, p. 30
His age, position and experience, p. 124
Value of his minutes, p. 125
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