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 THE COLOUR OF TIME

Marina Amaral & Dan Jones

Start Reading

About this Book

About the Author

Table of Contents

AN APOLLO BOOK

www.headofzeus.com
 About The Colour of Time

History brought to life as you have never seen it before.

The Colour of Time spans more than a hundred years of world

history from the reign of Queen Victoria and the US Civil War to the
Cuban Missile Crisis and the beginning of the Space Age. It charts
the rise and fall of empires, the achievements of science, industry
and the arts, the tragedies of war and the politics of peace, and the
lives of the men and women who made history.
 The book is a collaboration between a gifted Brazilian artist and a
leading British historian. Marina Amaral has created 200 stunning
images, using historical black-and-white photographs as the basis for
her full-colour digital renditions. Dan Jones has written a narrative
that anchors each image in its context, and weaves them into a vivid
account of the world that we live in today. A fusion of amazing
pictures and well- chosen words, The Colour of Time offers a unique
– and often beautiful – perspective on the past.
 Contents

Welcome Page
About The Colour of Time
Introduction
Frontispiece
1850s World of Empires
1860s Insurrection
1870s Age of Troubles
1880s Age of Marvels
1890s Century’s Twilight
1900s Darkness at Dawn
1910s War & Revolution
1920s The Roaring Twenties
1930s The Road to War
1940s Destruction & Salvation
1950s Changing Times
Endpapers
Acknowledgements
Picture credits
Index
About Marina Amaral
About Dan Jones
Also by Dan Jones
An Invitation from the Publisher
Copyright
 Introduction

Early in the 16th century Leonardo da Vinci jotted in his notebook a

few lines about perspective. As objects get further away, he wrote,
three things seem to happen. They get smaller. They become less
distinct. And they lose colour.
Da Vinci was writing about painting, but his words can be applied
literally to photography and metaphorically to history. We
understand that the world has always been as vivid, immediate,
colourful and ‘real’ as it seems to us today. Yet vivid and colourful is
seldom the way we see the past now. Photography, which became
part of the historical record with the popularisation of the
Daguerreotype in 1839, was for its first century a medium that
operated almost exclusively in black and white. The view behind us
is partial and faded. We see history, to repurpose St Paul’s phrase to
the Corinthians, through a glass, darkly.
This book is an attempt to restore brilliance to a desaturated
world. It is a history in colour. Among the following pages are
collected 200 photographs taken between 1850 and 1960. All were
originally monochrome, but they have been digitally colourized with
the effect – we hope – of making us look afresh at a dramatic and
formative age in human history.
Each picture included here is interesting in its own right. Together
they have been selected and organized as a collection, accompanied
by extended captions that flow one from another to form a
continuous narrative: a story that takes us from the Crimean War to
the Cold War and from the steam age to the space age. We begin in
an age of empires and end in an age of superpowers. Here is a
stage on which dance titans and tyrants, murderers and martyrs,
geniuses, inventors and would-be destroyers of worlds.
 The photographs come from a wide range of sources. Some were
originally albumen prints, created through a complicated process
involving long exposure-times, glass sheets and collodion, egg
whites and silver nitrate. Others were shot on medium-format or
even 35mm film roll. Some were created for private pleasure, others
for sale as postcards or for publication in mass-market magazines.
Some have an astonishing sharpness of definition; others bear the
inevitable and irresistible patina of age. All ended up being
preserved, digitized, and made available through modern picture
archives, from where they can now be downloaded in high
resolution.
Conscience dictates that before you sit down to colourize a
historical photograph, you must do your homework. A portrait of a
soldier, say, will contain uniforms, medals, ribbons, patches, vehicles,
skin, eye and hair colours. Where possible, each detail must be
verified: traced via other visual or written sources. There is no way
of knowing the original hues just by looking at the different shades
of grey. The only course of action is the one familiar to every
historian, whatever their speciality: dig, dig, dig.*
With as much information as possible to hand, you start to
colourize. Although the canvas on which you work is a computer
screen, every single part of the picture is coloured by hand. There’s
nothing algorithmic in the process. The tools may be digital, but the
basic artist’s technique has not changed since Leonardo’s day: slowly
starting to apply colours over colours, mixing them through
hundreds of layers, trying to capture and reproduce a specific
atmosphere that is (in this case) consistent with the photo itself.
Lighting matters. So too texture. Tiny details are of the utmost
importance. Patience is a virtue. A single photograph can take
anything between an hour and a month to colourize. And
sometimes, after all that work, you must still accept that for a whole
variety of reasons, the result is unsatisfactory. It just looks… wrong.
Back to the archive with it. Some things must remain black and
white.
 This book is the product of two years’ collaboration. In selecting
the photographs we have tried to spread our gaze across continents
and cultures, and to commingle the famous with the forgotten. We
have tried to honour the dead and do justice to their times. We
looked at perhaps 10,000 photographs. We agonized, and changed
our minds. We tried to pack in as much as we could, knowing all the
while that out of the 10,000 possible options 9,800 were destined for
the cutting-room floor.
That ratio alone confirms that this is not a comprehensive history
– how could it be? There are many more omissions than inclusions.
But it is, we hope, a new way of looking at the world during a time
of monumental change. It has been a privilege and a pleasure to
create. We hope you enjoy reading it.

Marina Amaral & Dan Jones

April 2018

* Sometimes of course, digging proves fruitless. At this point the colourizer needs
to make artistic choices, just as the historian uses his or her judgment. What
might this have looked like? You follow your instinct and never pretend to know
everything for sure.
Frontispiece
John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Jacqueline Bouvier photographed by Toni Frissell at
their wedding reception, Hammersmith Farm, Newport, Rhode Island: 12
September 1953

The archaeologist Howard Carter examines the coffin of the Egyptian pharaoh
Tutankhamun (c.1332–1323 BC), whose tomb he discovered (virtually intact) in
the Valley of the Kings in 1922
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 1850s
World of Empires
1850 1851
[Apr] Pope Pius IX is returned to [Jan] Taiping Rebellion breaks
Rome by French troops. He has out in Tianjing, pitching
been in exile since 1848 China’s ruling Qing dynasty
[May] Hippopotamus named against the Taiping Heavenly
Obaysch arrives in its new home Kingdom, led by Hong Xiuquan
at London zoo, having been [May] Great Exhibition opens
captured in Egypt and sent to in the Crystal Palace, then
Britain as a gift located in Hyde Park, London
[Sep] Compromise of 1850 [Jul] Death of Louis Daguerre,
agreed by US Congress in an pioneer and popularizer of
attempt to avoid conflict photography
between pro- and anti-slavery
states in the expanding Union
1852 1853
[Mar] Serialization of Charles [Jun] Georges-Eugène
Dickens’ novel Bleak House Haussmann appointed to begin
begins radical rebuilding programme in
[Dec] Charles-Louis Napoleon Paris
Bonaparte overthrows the [Jul] US Commodore Matthew C.
French Second Republic and Perry intimidates Japan with
has himself crowned Emperor American gunships, leading to a
of France as Napoleon III trade treaty between Japan and
the USA
[Oct] Crimean War begins when
Ottoman Empire, supported and
later joined by expeditionary
forces from Britain and France,
declares war on Russia
1854 1855
[May] Kansas–Nebraska Act creates [Mar] Roger Fenton
the US territories of Kansas and arrives in the Crimea with
Nebraska, sparking violence known his photographic van to
as ‘Bleeding Kansas’: a longrunning document the ongoing
battle between pro- and anti-slavers conflict
[Sep] John Snow traces a cholera [Mar] Tsar Nicholas I of
epidemic in London to a single Russia dies and is
water-pump, proving the disease is succeeded by his eldest
water-borne son, Alexander II
[Oct] Charge of the Light Brigade [Sep] Sevastopol falls to a
takes place during the Battle of joint assault of French and
Balaclava in the Crimean War British forces
1856 1857
[Mar] Peak XV in the [May] Indian Mutiny begins with
Himalayas measured as the rebellion of sepoys in the East
world’s highest mountain – India Company’s army near Delhi.
later named Mount Everest Hostilities continue for more than a
[Mar] Crimean War ends year
with Treaty of Paris [Sep] Financial panic in New York
[Oct] Second Opium War forces banks in the city to close
begins, pitching British and and railroad companies across the
French forces against those USA to fold
of Qing-dynasty China [Dec] Ottawa named as capital of
the Province of Canada by Queen
Victoria
1858 1859
[Jan] Felice Orsini attempts to [Apr] Work begins on the
assassinate Napoleon III with a Suez Canal
bomb. Orsini is later guillotined [Aug] SS Great Eastern,
[Aug] Government of India Act designed by Isambard
passed, effectively ending rule Kingdom Brunel and at that
by the East India Company and date the largest ship ever
passing power to the British built, sets out on her maiden
crown voyage
[Aug] US President James [Nov] Charles Darwin
Buchanan exchanges publishes On the Origin of
transatlantic telegraph messages Species, proposing a theory of
with Queen Victoria – telegraph evolution driven by natural
cable fails shortly afterwards selection
‘The camera will present [artists] with the most faithful transcript of nature, with detail and
breadth in equal perfection, while it will leave to them the exercise of judgment, the play of
fancy, and the power of invention.’

Roger Fenton, 1852

On 8 March 1855 a 35-year-old English lawyer-turned-photographer

named Roger Fenton arrived by ship at Balaclava on the Crimean
Peninsula in the Black Sea, and unloaded his equipment. The Crimea
was a war zone. Fenton and his two assistants came armed with five
cameras, 700 glass plates, cooking tools, camping gear, three horses
purchased in Gibraltar and a former wine-merchant’s carriage
converted into a mobile darkroom and sleeping quarters.
Fenton was an artistic pioneer and a political lightning rod. He was
a founder-member of the Photographic Society, formed to promote a
new and rapidly advancing art form. His trip was financed by the
Manchester publisher Thomas Agnew & Sons, who wanted
photographs for sale, and backed by the British monarch Queen
Victoria and her husband and consort Prince Albert.
Fenton is rightly remembered today as one of the world’s first war
photographers, although the bloodless, straight-backed, heroic
portraits he collected in the Crimea are what we would now call
propaganda, not documentary. They were produced to justify the
many thousands of British lives lost to violence and endemic disease
in a wasteful, sapping struggle involving four of the great imperial
powers of the 1850s: Britain, France and the Ottoman Empire on
one side, and Russia on the other. Shocking reports of the terrible
conditions in the Crimea had been printed in The Times; the British
government was eager that Fenton provide a visual counterpoint to
these bad news stories.
Be that as it may, Fenton’s journey to the Crimea was still
profoundly important as a historical moment. It marked the point at
which great world events began to be documented extensively on
film. Photography from this point becomes a rich seam in the mine
of posterity, and the service men like Fenton did for their patrons is
as nothing to the service they provided for then-unborn generations
of historians seeking to narrate and explain the history of world
events from then until now.
So what was the world of the 1850s, which Fenton went about
photographing in all of its glory and so little of its distress? It was, in
short, an age of empires. The dominant power was Britain, whose
range of command and conquest included Canada, India, Burma,
parts of southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand, along with
many other smaller outposts dotted around the vast oceans which
were commanded and explored by a navy that had done so much to
make Britain a superpower.
In Europe and the Middle East, Britain’s competitors and rivals
obviously included the French, Ottomans and Russians. The Chinese
Qing dynasty and Indian Mughals provided competition for influence
and resources in the East. South America was dominated by Brazil,
while between the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes marched the
young United States. Born some 70 years earlier as an act of
rebellious defiance against British rule, the USA had purchased
territory from France and gobbled remnants of the once-mighty
Spanish empire. Free white Americans, along with European and
Chinese settlers, were now busily colonizing the vast North American
vista between its Atlantic and Pacific seaboards. Yet as the United
States expanded, so they divided ever-more bitterly among
themselves, with consequences that would become horrifyingly
apparent during the 1860s.
The other great moving forces of this imperial decade were
technology and discovery. Rapid industrialization and new inventions
were changing the way that people lived, worked, travelled,
communicated, thought and dreamed. From telegraph cables laid
beneath the sea to vast ocean liners above it; from ambitious plans
to rebuild venerable old cities to wars deploying cannon that could
reduce an ancient building to rubble in minutes; from the exploration
of exotic faraway lands and scientific studies into the very origins of
life, to the systematic destruction of ancient peoples through
disease, forced resettlement and brute force: the 1850s was a time
of extraordinary, near-unprecedented change which confused,
delighted and killed people in roughly equal measure.
But as the world changed forever, so it was preserved forever by
men like Fenton of the Crimea in his repurposed wine-wagon:
capturing life through the shutter of his camera and ensuring,
whether he meant it or not, that centuries later we could step into
his time again, in black-and-white. Or, indeed, in colour.
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Napoleon III, Emperor of France

One man who bestrode this age of empire was Charles-Louis

Napoleon Bonaparte, nephew and heir of Napoleon I, the
charismatic general who had seized control of revolutionary France
in 1799 and dominated the world.
The first Napoleon’s reign ended in military humiliation at the
Battle of Waterloo, and he died in exile on St Helena in 1821. His
successor, known in his youth as Louis-Napoleon, also lived much of
his life in exile, plotting to reclaim his uncle’s crown and return
France to imperial glory. His moment arrived in 1848. After a political
revolution against the Bourbon monarchy, a Second French Republic
was declared and Louis-Napoleon returned to be elected president.
Louis-Napoleon’s mission of restoring France to its Bonapartist
heyday involved a vigorous programme of modernization, which
included banking reform, urban planning, railway- and shipbuilding
and agricultural improvement. But it was all done under the shadow
of autocracy. In 1852 the president overthrew his own Republic, and
had himself crowned emperor. He took the name Napoleon III in
deference to the first Bonaparte’s son, another Napoleon, who was
titular ruler of the French for a few days in the summer of 1815. On
his coronation Napoleon III declared ‘Some people say the Empire is
war. I say the Empire is peace.’
These fine words turned out to be worthless. For the rest of the
decade dissenters were exiled or imprisoned. France joined the
Crimean War (1853–6) and invaded Italy (1859). During the 1860s
(when this photograph was taken), repression was relaxed; but in
the end Napoleon III proved himself a Bonaparte through and
through. Following defeat in a war with Prussia, in 1870 he was
overthrown and exiled. He died in England three years later.
Paris Rebuilt

One of Napoleon III’s most striking achievements was the wholesale

reconstruction of France’s capital, Paris. In 1850 over one-third of
Paris’s rapidly growing population was crammed into a tiny area
bounded by medieval walls, plagued by outbreaks of diseases like
cholera and typhoid.
In exile in the 1840s Napoleon had declared his ambition to
rebuild Paris as a magnificent city of marble, after the fashion of the
first Roman emperor Augustus. In the 1850s that job was entrusted
to Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann, the energetic but abrasive
prefect of the Seine. Twelve thousand buildings were demolished,
many of them in the slums at the centre of the city. New sewers and
aqueducts improved water sanitation, while wide tree-lined
boulevards connected parks and public squares.
Haussmann’s work cost 2.5 billion francs (perhaps 5bn euros
today) and sharply divided opinion. The poets Victor Hugo and
Charles Baudelaire thought the work had destroyed Paris’s medieval
charm, while many muttered that the newly widened streets were
designed to make it easier to mobilize troops against future
revolution. The writer Emile Zola called Haussmann’s Paris ‘an
enormous hypocrisy, the falsehood of a colossal Jesuitism’.
Yet the city was transformed. Overleaf we see the first works
beginning on the Rue de Constantine, looking towards the Palais de
Justice, as pictured by Charles Marville, appointed Paris’s official
photographer in 1858. Almost all of the buildings in this photograph
(except the Palais, under renovation when this photo was taken)
have now vanished.
‘When one is so happy and blessed in one’s home life, as I am, politics (provided my
country is safe) must take only a second place.’
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
658.
‘Affirmaret se nec duxisse uxorem nec doctrinæ Evangelii
adhæsisse.’—Alasco, Opp. ii. p. 548.

659.
Sanctiones ecclesiasticæ. (Cracow, 1525.) Constitutiones
synodorum, &c.

660.
‘Archiepiscopo Gnesnensi et episcopo Cracoviensi.’—Ibid.

661.
‘Volentem et scientem.’—Juramentum. Alasco, Opp. ii. p. 548.

662.
‘Quod si, ut sumus homines,’ &c.—Ibid.

663.
‘In omnibus licitis et honestis.’—Ibid.

664.
The text reads ad ea designatis. The author appears to have
read it ab ea, sede being understood.—(Editor.)

665.
Erasmi, Epp. xix. 26. Alasco appears to have had some thought
of translating some of the works of Erasmus.

666.
Ibid. xviii. 26.

667. Ibid. xix. 11. To Christopher de Schüdlovietz, chancellor of the

kingdom.

668.
Same letter.
669.
‘Curares ut quicquid novi post Hyperaspistem prodiit ab Erasmo
vel Luthero, is consilio tuo mea pecunia emat.’ This letter of
Alasco, dated November 17, 1526, is the earliest which has
come down to us.—Opp. ii. p. 547.

670.
Bartels, Johannes a Lasco, p. 8.

671.
‘Ut vel hoc uno amico mihi videar sat beatus.’—Erasmi, Epp.
xix. 5.

672.
‘Fieri non potest ut Christi regno exoriente alicubi Sathanas
dormiat, cujus artes et furias,’ &c.—Alasco, Opp. ii. p. 555.

673.
‘Sed peculiari quodam malleo petras contundente præstandum
sane esset.’—Alasco, Opp. ii. p. 557.

674.
‘Si te multa simulare ac dissimulare cogat et tu illi obsequaris,
estne hoc libere reprehendisse?‘—Ibid.

675.
‘Cum is, anno 1536, nominatus jam esset in Hungaria
Episcopus Vesprimensis.’—Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 147.

676.
‘Sed bonus Deus me mihi rursum restituit atque ad veram sui
cognitionem, e medio Pharisaismo demum mirabiliter evocavit,
Illi gloria!‘—Alasco, Opp. ii. p. 583. To Pellicanus.

677. Calv. Opp. v. p. 279.

678.
Calvin.

679.
‘Jam sum hac scriptione fatigatus ... cum hæc pauca toto hoc
die ex intervallis vix etiamnum absolverim.’—Alasco, Opp. ii. p.
553.

680.
Alasco, Opp. ii. p. 552.

681.
Bartels, John a Lasco, p. 12.

682.
Alasco, Opp. ii. p. 556.

683.
‘Quæ tu de pudore, dolore, tristitia atque ea quæ, te perpetuo,
ut scribis, excarnificat, miseria adfers.’—Alasco to Hardenberg,
Opp. ii. p. 556.

684.
‘Qui sabbathum in Christo suum sanctificat, non est cur apud
homines turbetur.’—Ibid.

685.
The reference is doubtless to the host in the mass.
686.
Alasco, Opp. ii. p. 588.

687. ‘Spem magni cujusdam episcopatus, si redirem.’—Alasco, Opp.

ii. p. 588.

688.
‘His jam respondi me nolle esse neque cornutum neque
cucullatum apostolum.’—Ibid.

689.
‘Desiderabatur ultima adhuc lima.’—Gerdesius, iii. p. 148.

690.
‘Audis fulmina,’ &c.—Alasco, Opp. ii. 588.

691.
‘Adversus hæc me tutata est divina bonitas.’—Ibid.

692.
Bartels, Joh. a Lasco, p. 14.

693.
‘Expectanda nova fulmina ab Aula Brabantia; sed potentior est
Deus.’ (Embden, August 31, 1544).—Ibid.

694.
‘. . Sed usque ad aras; hæc septa transilire non posse, etiam si
deserenda sit omnium amicitia, atque adeo familia in summa
inopia et mendicitate relinquenda.’—Opp. ii. p. 560. According
to the statement of Kuyper, he has reconstructed the letter
from citations made oratione obliqua by Emmius, Hist. Fris. p.
919.
695.
‘Defensio veræ doctrinæ de Christi incarnatione adversus
Mennonem Simonis.’—Opp. i. pp. 5-60.

696.
Bartels, Joh. a Lasco, p. 18.

697. ‘Huic sane debemus omnem Papæ et Mahumetis

tyrannidem.’—Alasco, Epp. Opp. ii. p. 567.

698.
Wonderboek, 4to. 1542.

699.
‘In quo videlicet nec falli possis nec fallere.’—Alasco, Opp. ii. p.
571.

700.
Alasco, Opp. passim. Trechsel, Antitrinitarier, in Herzog i. pp.
30-35. Bartels, Joh. a Lasco, pp. 18-20. Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p.
116.

701.
‘Si dum in alios severi sumus, in vitiis interim ipsi nobis
indulgeamus.’—To Hardenberg, July 28, 1544.—Opp. ii. p. 574.

702.
Alasco, Opp. ii. p. 575. Gutachten über die Stellung des Cœtus,
Embden, 1857. Bartels, Joh. a Lasco, p. 22.

703.
Alasco, Opp. ii. p. 586. To Bullinger, August 31, 1544.

704.
‘Ad eum, ut ad servatorem nostrum omnium ac patrem
omnium longe optimum, omnium beneficentissimum longeque
 omnium indulgentissimum, decurramus.’—Epitome Doctrinæ
Ecclesiarum Phrisiæ Orientalis.—Opp. i. p. 493.

705.
‘Ut qui paulo frugalius velit vivere, mox pro sectario habeatur...
In his culices, si Deo placet, persecuti sumus, et vespas interim
et crabrones ipsos alimus: danda est corvis venia.’ The letter is
written to Hermann Lenthius, councillor of the Countess Ann.—
Alasco, Opp. ii. p. 597. September 6, 1545.

706.
Alasco, Opp. ii. pp. 606, 607.

707. Alasco, Opp. ii. pp. 609, 617.

708.
The first letter of Alasco to Calvin is dated from Windsor,
December 14, 1548. Among the works of Alasco there are
extant only four letters from the Polish reformer to the
Genevese. These are of the years 1548, 1551, 1555 and 1557.
But Alasco sent some books to Calvin. In the public library of
Geneva are preserved two folio volumes, printed at Louvain in
1555, bearing this title:—
‘Explicatio articulorum venerandæ facultatis sacræ theologiæ
Generalis Studii Lovaniensis.’—The author of these volumes is
Ruard Tapper of Enkhuizen. Below the title of the first volume
are the following words, in an elegant handwriting:—‘Viro
sanctissimo, D. Jo. Calvin, Jo. a Lasco mittit.’

709.
‘Quo tuæ me insinuari benevolentiæ posse sperarem. A puero
non alius mihi vehementior ad studia stimulus fuerit quam ut
sic proficerem,’ &c. Erasmi Epp. lib. xx. Ep. 80.
710.
‘Meditare quibus rationibus laudem absque invidia tibi pares.’—
Ibid. Ep. 81.

711.
Letter of the Duchess of Parma, written from Brussels, in the
Correspondance de Philippe II., from the archives of Simancas,
published by M. Gachard, archivist-general of the kingdom, vol.
i. p. 318.

712.
The informations laid against Viglius are to be found in the
Correspondance de Philippe II., vol i. p. 319.

713.
Moreri, art. Viglius.

714.
‘Urbes supra trecentas et quinquaginta censenter.’—Strada, De
Bello, i. p. 32.

715.
Histoire de la Cause de la Désunion des Pays-Bas, by Messer
Renom de France, chevalier, vol. i. chap. 5.

716.
For fuller details on the forerunners of the Reformation in the
Netherlands, see Hist. of the Reform. First series, vol. i. book i.
ch. 6 and 8.

717. ‘Est Antverpiæ Prior, qui te unice deamat.’—Erasmus to Luther,

Epp. 427, in Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 18.

718.
‘Is omnium pæne solus Christum prædicat.’—Ibid.
719.
‘Curavimus ne in nostra universitate liber publice venderetur.’—
Bulla damnatoria. Luther, Opp. Lat. i. p. 416.

720.
‘Asserentes hujus libri doctrinam vere esse Christianam.’—Ibid.

721.
‘Miras excitarunt tragœdias.’—Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 19.

722.
‘Nec adhuc vacavit hominis libros evolvere præter unam et
alteram pagellam.’—Erasmus, Epp. 317; in Gerdesius, Ann. iii.
p. 17.

723.
‘Ego in quotidianis concionibus lapidor a prædicatoribus.’—
Erasmus, Epp. 234.

724.
Luther, Opp. lat. i. p. 416. Löscher, iii. p. 850.

725.
‘Obtrectator pertinacissimus.’—Erasmus, Epp. 562.

726.
‘Pro fide capitis subire periculum.’—Erasmus, Epp. 562.

727. ‘Ite et prædicate sincere evangelium Christi sicut Lutherus.’—

Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 22. Seckendorf, lib. i. s. 81.

728.
‘Totus mundus plus credet multis doctis quam uni indocto.’—
Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 22. Seckendorf, lib. i. s. 81, p. 23.
729.
‘Unus homo Christianus surrexit in quadringentis annis, quem
Papa vult occidere.’—Ibid.

730.
‘Vocavit nos grues, asinos, bestias, stipites, anti-christos.’—
Erasmus, Epp. 314.

731.
‘Etiam si noctis concubuerint cum aliquo scorto.’—Ibid.

732.
‘Ut malim parere Turcæ quam horum ferre tyrannidem.’—
Erasmus, Epp. App. p. 307.

733.
‘Ordonnantie en Statuten van Vlaenderen.’—Deel, i. p. 88.

734.
‘Capite truncata, submersa, suspensa, defossa, exusta, aliisque
mortis generibus extincta, ultra quinquaginta hominum
millia.’—Scultetus, Ann. p. 87.

735.
‘Aleander plane maniacus est, vir malus et stultus.’—Erasmus,
Epp. 317.

736.
‘Captivus ducitur Bruxellas, ubi mire divexatus, atque ignis
supplicio gravissimo perterrefactus.’—Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 23.

737. ‘Articulos ad abjurandos miserum Jacobum metu mortis cogere

veriti non fuerunt.’—Ibid. p. 24.

738.
‘Cum ipsi non credant . . animum superesse a morte
corporis.’—Erasmus, Epp. p. 587; in Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 24.
739.
‘Præsumitur jam exustus esse.’ . . Luther, Epp. ii. pp. 76, 80.
Ad Langium et ad Hausmannum.—Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 25.

740.
Luther, Epp. ii. p. 182.

741.
Erasmus, Epp. 669; in Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 27.

742.
Letter of Grapheus to the Archbishop of Palermo, chancellor of
the court of Brabant.—Brandt, Hist. der Reformatie, i. p. 71.

743.
‘Profecisse atque ad altiora esse enisum.’—Gerdesius, Ann. iii.
p. 28.

744.
We give only a portion of the remarkable theses of Henry of
Zutphen.—Gerdesius, Ann. iii. App. p. 16.

745.
‘Sola quippe folia sunt ficus et occultamenta dedecoris quicquid
unquam est ab hominibus morale consutum.’—Ibid.

746.
‘Sicut sol excitat fœtorem cadaveris.’—Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p.
16.

747. ‘Mortis rapina simul et laqueus. Captus in infero quem

disrupit.’—Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 16.

748.
‘Omnem movebat lapidem.’—Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 29.
749.
‘Ab ejus ore pependerant.’—Ibid. p. 30.

750.
‘Ex quo noctu fueram educendus et Bruxellas deducendus.’—
Henrici Epist. ad Jac. Spreng. Gerdesius, Ann. iii. App. p. 13.

751.
‘Vespere dum sol occubuisset.’—Gerdesius, Ann. iii. App. p. 13.

752.
‘Aliquot mulierum millia concurrentibus simul viris.’—Ibid.
‘Credo te nosse quomodo mulieres vi Henricum liberarint.’—
Luther, Epp. ii. p. 265.

753.
First series, vol. iii. l. x. chap. vi.

754.
‘Monasterio expulsi fratres, alii aliis locis captivi.’—Luther, Epp.
ii. p. 265. De Wette.

755.
‘Monasterium illud solo plane esse æquatum.’—Cochlæus.
Gerdesius, Ann. iii p. 29.

756.
First series, vol. iii. book x. chap. iv.

757. ‘Ut monte parturiente nascatur ridiculus mus.’—Ep. Fr. Canirmii

ad Hedionem, 1522.

758.
‘Tum demum ex improviso aderit ecclesiæ suæ.’—Ibid.

759.
Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 55. See also Van Till, Le Long, &c.
760.
‘Similiter sumens eucharistiam pignus sponsi sui, firmiter
credere debet Christum jam esse suum.’—Epistola Christina per
Honium.

761.
‘Causa inaudita in carcerem conjici jusserunt.’—Gnapheus,
Tobias and Lazarus.

762.
‘Regnum illud cæremoniarum et falsorum cultuum non
assectari.’—Ibid. Preface.

763.
Matt. vii. 15.

764.
‘Non ait: Perdite, trucidate, jugulate.’—Disputatio habita.
Groningæ, 1529. Gerdesius, Ann. iii. App. pp. 29-60.

765.
Matt. xiv. 14-21.

766.
‘Juvenis quidam Nicolaus in navem littori proximam ascendit et
Evangelium. . . pie explicavit.’—Scultetus, Ann. sec. i. p. 192 in
Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 37.

767. ‘Postero autem die sacco indutus. . . subito in profluentem

projectus est.’—Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 37.

768.
‘Nos vero eum vobis vendimus et non tradimus.’—Scultetus,
Ann. p. 210.

769.
Erasmus, Epp. 266. Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 40.
770.
‘Ut omnis compulsæ castitatis necessitas tolleretur.’—Mathæi,
Analecta, vol. i. pp. 192-203.

771.
Luther, Epp. Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 42 and App. p. 63.

772.
Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 44.

773.
State Papers of Cardinal Granvella, vol. i. p. 253.

774.
‘Suppliciis etiam extremis adficiendi.’—Pontanus, Hist. Gueld.
lib. xi. fol. 720. Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 46.

775.
Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 46.

776.
‘Fulgore veritatis quæ tum renasci cœperat tactus.’—Ibid. p.
48.

777. Joh. Pistorii Woerdenatis Martyrium e MS. editum a Jac. Revio.

Lugd. Batav. 1649.—Scultetus, Ann. ad annos. Gerdesius, Ann.
iii. pp. 48, 49.

778.
‘Manibus pedibusque egit.’—Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 49.

779.
‘Se extra scripturam sacram nil quicquam quod ad salutarem
attinet doctrinam fide accipere.’—Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 50.
780.
‘Diuque et multum ab inquisitoribus vexatus.’—Scultetus, Ann.
ad annum.

781.
Gerdesius, Ann. iii p. 51.

782.
‘Paratum se quidem Abrahami exemplo filium oppido carum ...
Deo offerre.’—Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 51.

783.
‘Stupendo quodam et inusitato animi gaudio.’—Gnapheus, Hist.
Pistorii, p. 163.

784.
Revius, Schroeckh, Brandt, Scultetus, ad annum.

785.
‘Cadaver ex oculis adstantium disparuisse, secuta constanti
fama virum Dei ad cœlum translatum esse.’—Schelhorn,
Amœnit. litterar. iv. p. 418, &c.

786.
Erasmus, Epp. 757. Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 43.

787. Phrase used by the Rev. Father Félix, in his discourses at Notre
Dame, Paris.

788.
‘Per eorum doctrinam fabulis refertam vel mores
impurissimos.’—Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 54.

789.
Document dated from the Hague, September 27, 1525.—Ibid.
790.
Ibid.

791.
Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 53.

792.
‘Ejus virtute permulti ad veritatis cognitionem sunt perducti.’—
Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 56.

793.
Dumont, Corps universel diplomatique du droit des gens, iv. i.
p. 399.

794.
‘Illas rotundas hostiolas.’—Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 62.

795.
‘Nobili cuidam feminæ Wendelmutham unice diligenti.’—Ib. 63.

796.
‘Cur non taces, mea Wendelmutha?‘—Ibid.

797. ‘Hunc ego ligneum salvatorem non agnosco.’—Gerdesius, Ann.

iii. p. 63.

798.
‘Propter verbum Dei captus.’—Scultetus, Ann. ad annum.

799.
‘Magna animi fortitudine et fidei magnitudine supplicium
sustinuisse traditur.’—Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 64.

800.
This term is used by Gerdesius and Scultetus in the title of
their Annales.
801.
Dumont, Corps universel diplomatique, iv. pp. 1, 5.

802.
Haræi, Annales Ducum Brabantiæ, ii. p. 582, Gerdesius, Ann.
iii. p. 65. Brandt, Schook.

803.
Pontanus, Hist. Geldr. lib. xi. fol. 762.

804.
Sleidan, Scultetus, Rabus, Martyrologium, Gerdesius, Ann. iii.
pp. 41, 67. Melchior Adam.

805.
‘Sine mora fidei suæ rationem exhibendam esse.’—Gerdesius,
Ann. iii. p. 68.

806.
Ephes. vi. 17.

807. ‘Illa confessio ingenua certe ac singulari pietate conspicua.’—

Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 70.

808.
‘Magno piorum luctu vivus sit combustus.’—Ibid.

809.
Brandt.

810.
‘Pro quibus non semel, timide licet et verecunde, apud
Cæsarem intercesserat.’—Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 74.

811.
Sarpi, Hist. of the Council of Trent, § lxi.
812.
‘Sunt quidam partim cognati mei partim noti partim etiam qui
fuerunt discipuli mei.’—Letter from Crocus to the official of
Utrecht, 1531. Foppens, Bibliotheca Belgica, i. p. 197.
Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 76.

813.
‘Mense proximo quidam illorum navibus profecturi sunt in
partes orientales, ut hic Amsterdami mos est.’—Gerdesius, Ann.
iii. p. 76.

814.
Pauli Merulæ, Descriptio rerum adv. Ang. Merulam gestarum,
p. 108.

815.
‘Quum. . . imprimis de justificatione ex sola fide doctrinam
evangelicam urgeret.’—Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 77.

816.
‘Assertiones fidei ad Satanæ satellitium.’—Ibid. p. 78.

817.

‘Sed postquam virtus duris exercita fatis

Destituit corpus, spiritus astra tenet.’

Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 78.

818.
‘Et candentem crucem cauterio inurendam.’—Gerdesius, Ann.
iii. p. 79.

819.
‘Cæsar suis fidelibus salutem.’—Edict of 1529.
820.
Brandt. i. p. 37.

821.
‘Legatos Cæsaris admittere suam in urbem noluerunt.’—Revii,
Deventria illustrata, p. 250. Gerdesius. Ann. iii. 80.

822.
‘Ad Montana Rotfeldii.’—Histoire des Martyrs, fol. 686.

823.
‘Jubilis dicuntur replevisse viam supplicii.’—Gerdesius, Ann. iii.
p. 80.

824.
Gerdesius. Brandt, i. p. 40.

825.
Brandt, i. p. 40.

826.
Brandt i. p. 41.

827. Röhrich, Ref. in Elsass, i. p. 338. Ranke, iii p. 367.

828.
‘In Transisalania arma bellica apud sectarios quosdam
inveniri.’—Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 82.

829.
‘Non papismum solum, sed Lutheri quoque et Zwinglii
doctrinam vehementer reprehendebat.’—Ibid. p. 83. Emmius,
Hist. rer. Frisic. lib. lv. p. 860.

830.
‘Se Enochum esse affirmavit.’—Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 87.
831.
‘Lutherum et pontificem Romanum esse falsos prophetas,
Lutherum tamen altero deteriorem.’—Opus restitutionis.
Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 83.

832.
‘Ululantem potius quam clamantem.’—Emmius, Hist. rerum
Frisicarum, lib. lvii. fol. 884. Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 91.

833.
Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 92.

834.
See Mr. Motley’s great work on the Foundation of the United
Provinces, part ii. ch. i. It contains an account of the early days
of the Reformation in the Netherlands. The Christianity which
was propagated in the times of which we are speaking became
the principal cause of the great and tragic revolution described
by this historian.

835.
‘Confessioni Augustanæ paucissimi adherent, sed Calvinismus
omnium pæne corda occupavit’—Viglius van Zuichem to
Hopper.

836.
‘Sibi pretio oblato ea explicari curarint quæ dicta erant.’—
Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 126. Schoock, De Canon. Ultraj. p. 461.

837. ‘Frequenter noctis aliquam partem huic curæ decidens.’—

Erasmus, Epist. lib. xxviii. 23.

838.
Gerdesius, Ann. iii. p. 123.
839.
Memoirs of Enzinas, i. p. 10. The Latin text of the memoirs of
this Spanish Christian, and the French translation of the 16th
century, were published by M. Campan, of the Belgian
Historical Society, at Brussels in 1862. ‘Pietatis ardore flagrabat
... quæ virtutis ac pietatis velut exemplar semper fuisset
habita.’—Ibid. i. pp. 104, 106.

840.
‘Antonia de præcipua pene familia urbis, cujus hospitio
aliquando usus est D. Johannes a Lasco.’—Ibid. p. 102.

841.
Memoirs of Enzinas, translation of 1558, p. 105.

842.
‘Filiam perelegantem, forma liberali atque ætate integra.’—Ibid.
p. 112.

843.
Memoirs of Enzinas, translation of 1558, p. 611.

844.
Ibid. p. 463.

845.
This passage and others are taken from the pièces
justificatives of the trial of the townsmen of Louvain. See
Memoirs of Enzinas, i. pp. 466, 467, &c.

846.
Memoirs of Enzinas, p. 466.

847. Campan. Ibid. p. 469.

848.
Ibid. pp. 539, 541.
849.
Memoirs of Enzinas, pp. 37, 619.

850.
Memoirs of Enzinas, pièces justificatives, i. pp. 324, 325, 331,
409, 419, &c.

851.
Memoirs of Enzinas, pièces justificatives, i. p. 361.

852.
Ibid. pp. 379, 381.

853.
Memoirs of Enzinas, i. p. 487.

854.
Ibid. ii. p. 249.

855.
Memoirs of Enzinas, i. pp. 319, 323, 391.

856.
Memoirs of Enzinas, i. p. 14. The author of these Memoirs
arrived at Louvain the day after this occurrence.

857. Crespin, Actes des Martyrs, iii. p. 125. Memoirs of Enzinas, i. p.

15.

858.
Memoirs of Enzinas, iii. pp. 17, 18, 26. A general inquiry into
the administration of Peter du Fief was afterwards instituted,
and in the year following the inquiry he was no longer in office.

859.
Crespin, Actes des Martyrs, book iii. p. 125. Gerdesius, Ann. iii.
p. 144. Memoirs of Enzinas, i. pp. 23-33.
860.
‘Eorum fraudes et scelerata consilia præ ceteris propalare
poterat.’—Memoirs of Enzinas, i. p. 38.

861.
‘Tanquam insatiabiles Harpyiæ.’—Ibid.

862.
‘Homo perpusillus, barba prominenti, exsanguis, macilentus,
dolore atque inedia pæne consumptus.’—Memoirs of Enzinas, i.
p. 40.

863.
‘Riderent ac tantum non exsibilarent.’—Ibid. i. p. 46.

864.
‘Lupos occidere ac trucidare debemus.’—Ibid. i. p. 58.

865.
‘Vidi et audivi multos in eo loco. . . qui deposuissent.’—Memoirs
of Enzinas, i. p. 68.

866.
‘Clamores tristissimi eorum qui in carcere cruciabantur,
universam urbem personabant, ut nemo quantumvis barbarum
aut efferatum natura finxisset, sine ingenti animi dolore,
miserandos illos gemitus et clamores audire potuisset.’—
Memoirs of Enzinas, i. p. 74.

867. ‘Et si vos dimitterem, non essem amicus Cæsaris.’—Ibid. i. p.

82.

868.
Memoirs of Enzinas, pièces justificatives. Interrogatoires, i. pp.
337-383.
869.
Ibid. i. p. 93.

870.
‘Plures fuerant qui horrendis imprecationibus sanguinariam
belluam diabolis devoverunt.’—Ibid. p. 94.

871.
Crespin, Actes des Martyrs, book iii. p. 126.

872.
‘Spectatrix materni sacrificii.’—Ibid. p. 112.

873.
The old French translation is not accurate in the whole of this
passage. The Latin Memoirs say, ‘In aliquo fortassis angulo, aut
certe in domo proxima.’—Ibid.

874.
‘Ita maternam fortunam in anima filiæ fixam insedisse.’—Ibid.

875.
‘Deum immortalem! quibus lamentationibus, quibus ejulatibus
aera complebat.’—Actes des Martyrs, book iii. p. 126.

876.
‘Ferebatur velut insana per urbem; magna vis lacrymarum ex
oculis tanquam ex fonte promanabat; capillos ac faciem
dilaniabat.’—Ibid.

877. Memoirs of Enzinas, ii. p. 23.

878.
‘Suarum facultatum Ægidium dominum faciebant.’—Memoirs of
Enzinas, ii. p. 26.
879.
Memoirs of Enzinas, ii. p. 31.

880.
‘Unum lectum quem sibi tantum domi reliquum fecerat, ad
fœminam parturientem misit, et ipse deinceps in stramine
jacuit.’—Memoirs of Enzinas, ii p. 32.

881.
‘Una misericordia Dei (quæ fide in Christum apprehenditur)
servari nos oportere.’—Ibid.

882.
‘Ex arcana sua sede.’—Ibid.

883.
Memoirs of Enzinas, ii. pp. 35, 37.

884.
Memoirs of Enzinas, ii. pp. 252-255.

885.
Memoirs of Enzinas, ii. pp. 256, 264.

886.
Crespin, Actes des Martyrs, p. 121. Memoirs of Enzinas, ii. pp.
261, 273.

887. Memoirs of Enzinas, ii. pp. 280, 281, 285.

888.
‘Nec in tota domo quisquam fuit qui a lacrimis potuerit
temperare.’—Memoirs of Enzinas, ii. p. 296.

889.
Memoirs of Enzinas, ii. pp. 330-353. Ibid. pièces justificatives.
Letter to Queen Mary, p. 517.
Transcriber’s Notes:
Missing or obscured punctuation was silently
corrected.
Typographical errors were silently corrected.
Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made
consistent only when a predominant form was
found in this book.
Footnotes have been collected at the end of the
text, and are linked for ease of reference.
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