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The document is about 'Materials Science and Engineering Volume II: Physiochemical Concepts, Properties, and Treatments' edited by Gennady E. Zaikov, A. K. Haghi, and Ewa Kłodzińska. It discusses advancements in non-classical materials and includes theoretical and experimental results, methodologies, and analyses of composite problems. The book aims to provide valuable insights into the properties and applications of materials at both macro and nanoscale levels.

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Materials Science and Engineering

Kłodzińska
Volume 2: Physiochemical Concepts, Properties, and Treatments
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Gennady DSc, and
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Hardbound ISBN: ISBN:
Hardbound 978-1-77188-000-8
978-1-77188-000-8

ISBN: 978-1-77188-009-1
90000

www.appleacademicpress.com 9 781771 880091


MATERIALS SCIENCE
AND ENGINEERING
Physiochemical Concepts,
Properties, and Treatments

Volume 2
MATERIALS SCIENCE
AND ENGINEERING
Physiochemical Concepts,
Properties, and Treatments

Volume 2

Edited by
Gennady E. Zaikov, DSc, A. K. Haghi, PhD,
and Ewa Kłodzińska, PhD

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ABOUT THE EDITORS

Gennady E. Zaikov, DSc


Gennady E. Zaikov, DSc, is Head of the Polymer Division at the N. M.
Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia, and Professor at Moscow State Academy of Fine Chemi-
cal Technology, Russia, as well as Professor at Kazan National Research
Technological University, Kazan, Russia. He is also a prolific author, re-
searcher, and lecturer. He has received several awards for his work, includ-
ing the Russian Federation Scholarship for Outstanding Scientists. He has
been a member of many professional organizations and is on the editorial
boards of many international science journals.

A. K. Haghi, PhD
A. K. Haghi, PhD, holds a BSc in urban and environmental engineering
from University of North Carolina (USA); a MSc in mechanical engineer-
ing from North Carolina A&T State University (USA); a DEA in applied
mechanics, acoustics and materials from Université de Technologie de
Compiègne (France); and a PhD in engineering sciences from Université
de Franche-Comté (France). He is the author and editor of 65 books as
well as 1000 published papers in various journals and conference proceed-
ings. Dr. Haghi has received several grants, consulted for a number of
major corporations, and is a frequent speaker to national and international
audiences. Since 1983, he served as a professor at several universities. He
is currently Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Chemoin-
formatics and Chemical Engineering and Polymers Research Journal and
on the editorial boards of many international journals. He is also a member
of the Canadian Research and Development Center of Sciences and Cul-
tures (CRDCSC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
vi About the Editors

Ewa Kłodzińska, PhD


Ewa Kłodzińska, PhD, holds a PhD from Nicolaus Copernicus University,
Faculty of Chemistry in Torun, Poland. For ten years, she has been doing
research on determination and identification of microorganisms using the
electromigration techniques for the purposes of medical diagnosis. Cur-
rently she is working at the Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials
and Dyes and investigates surface characteristics of biodegradable poly-
mer material on the basis of zeta potential measurements. She has written
several original articles, monographs, and chapters in books for graduate
students and scientists. She has made valuable contributions to the theo-
ry and practice of electromigration techniques, chromatography, sample
preparation, and application of separation science in pharmaceutical and
medical analysis. Dr. Ewa Kłodzińska is a member of editorial boards of
ISRN Analytical Chemistry and the International Journal of Chemoinfor-
matics and Chemical Engineering (IJCCE).
CONTENTS

List of Contributors..................................................................................... ix
List of Abbreviations................................................................................. xiii
List of Symbols............................................................................................xv
Preface...................................................................................................... xix

1. Theoretical and an Experimental Research of Efficiency of Gas


Purification in Rotoklon with Internal Circulation of a Liquid.............. 1
R. R. Usmanova and G. E. Zaikov

2. Lecture Note on Quantum-Chemical Mechanism and Synthesis of


Selected Compounds.................................................................................. 25
V. A. Babkin, V. U. Dmitriev, G. A. Savin, E. S. Titova, and G. E. Zaikov

3. Transport Properties of Films of Сhitosan—Amikacin......................... 39


A. S. Shurshina, E. I. Kulish, and S. V. Kolesov

4. Research and Calculation of Operating Conditions of Clearing


of Gas in a Rotoklon.................................................................................. 55
R. R. Usmanova and G. E. Zaikov

5. The Effect of the Modification of Silica-Gelatin Hybrid Systems


on The Properties of Some Paper Products............................................. 77
Przemysław Pietras, Zenon Foltynowicz, Hieronim Maciejewski, and Ryszard Fiedorow

6. An Influence of a Size and of the Size Distribution of Silver


Nanoparticles on Their Surface Plasmon Resonance............................. 93
A. R. Kytsya, O. V. Reshetnyak, L. І. Bazylyak, and Yu. M. Hrynda

7. An Influence of the Kinetic Parameters of the Reaction on a Size


of Obtained Nanoparticles at the Reduction of Silver Ions
by Hydrazine............................................................................................ 105
A. R. Kytsya, Yu. M. Hrynda, L. I. Bazylyak, and G. E. Zaikov

8. Kinetics and Mechanism of Interaction between Ozone and Rubbers.... 115


V. V. Podmasteryev, S. D. Razumovsky, and G. E. Zaikov
viii Contents

9. The Intercommunication of Fractal Analysis and Polymeric Cluster


Medium Model......................................................................................... 131
G. V. Kozlov, I. V. Dolbin, Jozef Richert, O. V. Stoyanov, and G. E. Zaikov

10. Polymers as Natural Composites: Structure and Properties............... 147


G. V. Kozlov, I. V. Dolbin, Jozef Richert, O. V. Stoyanov, and G. E. Zaikov

11. A Lecture Note on Cluster Model of Polymers Amorphous


State Structure......................................................................................... 203
G. V. Kozlov, I. V. Dolbin, Jozef Richert, O. V. Stoyanov, and G. E. Zaikov

12. Lecture Notes on Quantum Chemical Calculation............................... 257


V. A. Babkin, G. E. Zaikov, D. S. Andreev, Yu. Kalashnikova, Yu. S. Artemova,
and D. V. Sivovolov

13. Research Methodologies on Physicochemical Properties and


Structure of Graphitic Carbons............................................................. 289
Heinrich Badenhorst

14. The Effect of Antioxidant Compounds on Oxidative Stress in


Unicellular Aquatic Organisms.............................................................. 323
O. V. Karpukhina, K. Z. Gumargalieva, and A. N. Inozemtsev

15. A Lecture Note on Determination of Acid Force of Components


of Synthesis of 1-[2-(О-Acetylmethyl)-3-О-Acetyl-2-Ethyl]-
Methyldichlorinephosphite..................................................................... 331
V. A. Babkin, V. U. Dmitriev, G. A. Savin, E. S. Titova, and G. E. Zaikov

16. Research Methodology on Design and Synthesis of Hydrogel-Based


Supports.................................................................................................... 339
D. Horák and H. Hlídková

Index.......................................................................................................... 361
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

D. S. Andreev
Volgograd State Architect-build University, Sebrykov Department Michurin Street 21, Michailovka,
Volgograd region, Russia
Yu. S. Artemova
Volgograd State Architect-build University, Sebrykov Department Michurin Street 21, Michailovka,
Volgograd region, Russia

V. A. Babki
Volgograd State Architect-Build University Sebrykov Department, 403300 Michurin Street 21, Mi-
chailovka, Volgograd region, Russia, E-mail: [email protected]

Heinrich Badenhorst
SARChI Chair in Carbon Materials and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University
of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Pretoria, Gauteng, 0002, South Africa, P.O. Box 66464, Highveld Ext.
7, Centurion, Gauteng, 0169, South Africa, Tel.: +27 12 420 4173; Fax: +27 12 420 2516; E-mail:
[email protected]

L. I. Bazylyak
Physical Chemistry of Combustible Minerals DepartmentInstitute of Physical−Organic Chemistry &
Coal Chemistry named after L. M. LytvynenkoNational Academy of Sciences of Ukraine3а Naukova
Str., Lviv–53, 79053, UKRAINEe–mail: [email protected]

V. U. Dmitriev
Volgograd State Architect-Build University Sebrykov Departament, 403300 Michurin Street 21, Mi-
chailovka, Volgograd region, Russia, E-mail: [email protected]
I. V. Dolbin
Kabardino-Balkarian State University, Nal’chik – 360004, Chernyshevsky st., 173, Russian Federa-
tion, E-mail: [email protected]

K. Z. Gumargalieva
N.N.Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, RAS, 4 Kosygin Street

H. Hlídková
Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Heyrovský
Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
D. Horák
Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Heyrovský
Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic, E-mail: [email protected]

Yu. M. Hrynda
Physical Chemistry of Combustible Minerals Department, Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry
and Coal Chemistry, NAS of Ukraine, 3a Naukova Str.Lviv, 79053, E-mail: Ukraineandriy_kytsya@
yahoo.com
x List of Contributors

A. N. Inozemtsev
M. V. Lomonosov MSU, Biological Faculty, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia, E-mail: olga-
[email protected]

Yu. Kalashnikova
Volgograd State Architect-build University, Sebrykov Department Michurin Street 21, Michailovka,
Volgograd region, Russia

O. V. Karpukhina
N. N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, RAS, 4 Kosygin Street

S. V. Kolesov
The Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Ufa Scientific Centre the Russian Academy of Science,
October Prospect 71, 450054 Ufa, Russia

G. V. Kozlov
Kabardino-Balkarian State University, Nal’chik – 360004, Chernyshevsky st., 173, Russian Federa-
tion

E. I. Kulish
Bashkir State UniversityRussia, Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa, 450074, ul. Zaki Validi, 32Tel.: +7
(347) 229 96 14, E-mail: [email protected]
A. R. Kytsya
Physical Chemistry of Combustible Minerals Department, Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry
and Coal Chemistry, NAS of Ukraine, 3a Naukova Str.Lviv, 79053, E-mail: Ukraineandriy_kytsya@
yahoo.com

Hieronim Maciejewski
Poznań Science and Technology Park of Adam Mickiewicz University Foundation, Rubież 46, 61-612
Poznań, Poland
Przemysław Pietras
Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland Zenon
Foltynowicz
Faculty of Commodity Science, Poznan University of Economics, Al. Niepodległości 10, 61-875
Poznań, Poland

V. V. Podmasteryev
N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosigin str. Mos-
cow 119334, Russia

S. D. Razumovsky
N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosigin str. Mos-
cow 119334, Russia

O. V. Reshetnyak
Department of chemistry, Army Academy named after Hetman Petro Sahaydachnyi, 32 Hvardiys-
ka Str., Lviv, 79012, Ukraine, Physical Chemistry of Combustible Minerals Department, Institute
of Physical Organic Chemistry and Coal Chemistry, NAS of Ukraine, 3a Naukova Str.Lviv, 79053,
[email protected]
Jozef Richert
Institut Inzynierii Materialow Polimerowych I Barwnikow, 55 M. Sklodowskiej-Curie str., 87-100
Torun, Poland, E-mail: [email protected]
List of Contributors xi

G. A. Savin
Volgograd State Pedagogical University, 40013, Lenin Street, 27, Volgograd, Russia, E-mail: gas-
[email protected]

A. S. Shurshina
Bashkir State University, Russia, Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa, 450074, ul. Zaki Validi, 32; Tel.: +7
(347) 229 96 14, E-mail: [email protected]

D. V. Sivovolov
Volgograd State Architect-build University, Sebrykov DepartamentVolgograd State Architect-build
University, Sebrykov Departament
O. V. Stoyanov
Kazan National Research Technological University, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia, E-mail: OV_Stoyanov@
mail.ru
E. S. Titova
Volgograd State Technical University, 40013, Lenin Street, 28, Volgograd, Russia

R. R. Usmanova
Ufa State technical university of aviation, Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia, E-mail: [email protected];

G. E. Zaikov
Institute of Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences; 117977 Kosigin Street 4, Moscow,
Russia, E-mail: [email protected]
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Ag–NPs silver nanoparticles


AKDs alkyl ketene dimmers
AM antibiotic amikacin
AMS salts – sulfate
ASA active surface area
ASAs alkenyl succinic anhydrides
ChT chitosan
ChTA chitosan acetate
EDMA ethylene dimethacrylate
GPTSM glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane
HEMA hydroxyethyl methacrylate
HVSEM high-vacuum scanning electron microscopy
LVSEM low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy
MS medicinal substance
NM non-modified
NNG natural source
NSG synthetically produced material
Par polyarylate
PB International Paper POL, Poland
PC polycarbonate
PHEMA superporous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate
PIR piracetam drug form
PMMA poly(methyl methacrylate
PP Hoomark, Ltd., Jędrzychowice, Poland
PPD phenylenediamines
RFL third graphite
SEM scanning electron microscopy
SPR surface plasmon resonances
TEOS tetraethoxysilane
TGA thermogravimetric analyzer
xiv List of Abbreviations

TM Blue Dolphin Tapes, Poland


TZ Kreska, Bydgoszcz, Poland
U740 ethyl silicate
VOF volume of fluid
СSС stretched chains
LIST OF SYMBOLS

Qir charge of a liquid on irrigating


ρl fluid density
s cf fracture stress of composite
d fcl nanocluster structure
sfn nominal (engineering) fracture stress
sfm polymer matrix
~
ε0 proper strain of the loosely-packed matrix.
d fcl real solids maximum dimension
Qcir the charge recirculation a liquid;
[SO2]gas rate of release of volatile products
[X]τ current concentration of isocyanate
b Burgers vector
b-a channel width
c empirical coefficient of order
C∞ characteristic ratio
d dimension of Euclidean space
Dp nanofiller particles diameter in nm
dsurf nanocluster surface
du accessible for contact
El.m loosely-packed matrix elasticity modulus
En elasticity moduli of nanocomposites
G shear modulus
Gc shear moduli of composite
Gl.m shear moduli of polymer
Gp strain hardening modulus
h depth
hg fluid level
hK channel altitude
hl fluid level
Ks stress concentration coefficient
xvi List of Symbols

KT bulk modulus
L filler particle size
l length of a crack
l0 main chain skeletal length
lk specific spatial scale of structural changes
lst statistical segment length
M repeated link molar mass,
m∞ relative amount of water
m0 initial mass of ChT in a film
Mcl molecular weight of the chain part between cluster
Me molecular weight of chain
n the number of cracks
NA Avogadro number
p solid-state component
pc percolation threshold
pKa universal index of acidity
q parameter
q ρmax the greatest and the smallest density values
r the radius of a particle
R universal gas constant
Rcl distance between nanoclusters
S macromolecule cross
Sg cross-section of the contact channel
Sг cross-section of the contact channel
T testing temperature
Tg testing, glass transition
Tm melting temperatures
Wc optimum speed of gases
Wmax rate of the nucleus growth
Wr relative speed of gases in the channel
α the solubility coefficient
αm parameter
βp critical exponents
∆m weight the absorbed film of water
ε1 real part of the value of dielectric transmissivity
ε2 imaginary part of the value of dielectric transmissivity
List of Symbols xvii

εf strain at fracture
εm dielectric constant of the surrounding medium
εM dielectric transmissivity of the solvent
εY yield strain
η exponent
qIP angle between the normal to IP
λ length of a wave of the electromagnetic irradiation
λb the smallest length of acoustic irradiation sequence
λk length of irradiation sequence
ν Poisson’s ratio
νp correlation length
ρ polymer density
ρ polymer density
ρcl nanocluster density
ρd density if linear
τ0Y theoretical value of the shear stress at yielding
τin initial internal stress
ϕf polymer matrix
ϕif interfacial regions relative fraction
φn nanofiller volume contents
χ relative fraction of elastically
Wn nanofiller mass contents
PREFACE

This volume has an important role in materials science and engineering


on the macro and nanoscale. The book provides original, theoretical, and
important experimental results. Some research uses non-routine method-
ologies often unfamiliar to some readers. Furthermore papers on novel
applications of more familiar experimental techniques and analyses of
composite problems are included.
This book brings together research contributions from eminent experts
on subjects that have gained prominence in material and chemical engineer-
ing and science. It presents the last developments along with case studies,
explanatory notes, and schematics for clarity and enhanced understanding.
Investigation on the influence of a strong electric field on the electrical,
transport and diffusion properties of carbon nanostructures is discussed in
chapter 1.
The purpose of chapter 2 is to study, by using DSC, the oxidation stabil-
ity of PUE samples derived from butadiene and isoprene copolymer, and
comparative assessment of OIT performance in the presence of different
brands of pentaerythritol tetrakis[3-(3’,5’-di-tert-butyl-4’-hydroxyphenyl)
propionate] stabilizer.
The data on aromatic polyesters based on phthalic and n-oxybenzoic
acid derivatives have been presented in chapter 3 along with various meth-
ods of synthesis of such polyesters developed by scientists from different
countries for last 50 years
Polymerization of butadiene and isoprene under action of microhetero-
geneous titanium based catalyst with ultrasonic irradiation of the reaction
mixture at the initial time is studied in chapter 4.
In chapter 5, a case study is presented about electric conductivity of
polymer composites.
Chapter 6 presents the results of low-temperature, oxygen plasma ac-
tivation of silica, kaolin and wollastonite. Fillers were modified in a tum-
bler reactor, enabling rotation of powders in order to modify their entire
volume effectively.
xx Preface

Radiation crosslinking of elastomers has been receiving increasing at-


tention. The reactions induced by high energy ionizing radiation are very
complicated and the mechanisms still remain not entirely comprehended.
Ionizing radiation crosslinking of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, filled
with 40 phr of silica, with incorporated sulphur crosslinking system was
the object of study. To investigate the influence of components such as
sulphur and crosslinking accelerator-dibenzothiazole disulphide (DM) on
the process, a set of rubber samples with various sulphur to crosslinking
accelerator ratio was prepared and irradiated with 50, 122 and 198 kGy.
Crosslink density and crosslink structure were analyzed and mechanical
properties of the rubber samples were determined chapter 7.
In chapter 8, a case study investigates the sorption properties of biode-
gradable polymer materials.
Chapter 9 concerns questions of division of multicomponent solutions
by means of polyamide membranes in the course of ultrafiltration. The
question of influence of low-frequency fluctuations on a polyamide mem-
brane for the purpose of increase of its productivity is also considered in
this chapter.
Thermo-mechano-chemical changes of natural rubber SVR 3L under
treatment internal mixer at selfheating have been studied in chapter 10.
Effect of molecular mass and content of gel-fraction of natural rubber is
shown as well. Properties of rubber compounds and vulcanized rubber are
presented in this chapter.
Membrane filtration is an important technology for ensuring the purity,
safety and/or efficiency of the treatment of water or effluents. In this study,
various types of membranes are reviewed first. After that, the states of the
computational methods are applied to membranes processes. Many stud-
ies have focused on the best ways of using a particular membrane process.
But the design of new membrane systems requires a considerable amount
of process development as well as robust methods. Monte Carlo and mo-
lecular dynamics methods can especially provide a lot of interesting in-
formation for the development of polymer/carbon nanotube membrane
processes. A detailed review on polymer/carbon nanotube membrane fil-
tration presented in the last chapter.
— Gennady E. Zaikov, DSc, A. K. Haghi, PhD,
and Ewa Kłodzińska, PhD
CHAPTER 1

THEORETICAL AND AN
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF
EFFICIENCY OF GAS PURIFICATION
IN ROTOKLON WITH INTERNAL
CIRCULATION OF A LIQUID
R. R. USMANOVA and G. E. ZAIKOV

CONTENTS

1.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 2
1.2 Survey of Known Constructions of Scrubbers with
Inner Circulation of the Fluid........................................................... 2
1.3 Architecture of Hydrodynamic Interacting of Phases....................... 6
1.4 Purpose and Research Problems......................................................11
1.5 Experimental Researches................................................................ 12
1.6 Conclusions..................................................................................... 22
Keywords................................................................................................. 23
References................................................................................................ 23
2 Materials Science and Engineering Vol 2

1.1 INTRODUCTION

For the machining of great volumes of an irrigating liquid and slurry sal-
vaging the facility of bulky, capital-intensive, and difficult systems of wa-
ter recycling are introduced. This process of clearing of gas considerably
do a rise to its commensurable with clearing cost at application of the most
difficult and cost intensive systems of dry clearing of gases (electrostatic
precipitators and bag hoses) is required.
In this connection necessity for creation of such wet-type collectors
which would work with the low charge of an irrigating liquid now has
matured and combined the basic virtues of modern means of clearing of
gases: simplicity and compactness, a high performance, a capability of
control of processes of a dust separation and optimization of regimes.
To the greatest degree modern demands to the device and activity of
apparatuses of clearing of industrial gases there match wet-type collectors
with inner circulation the fluids gaining now more and more a wide circu-
lation in systems of gas cleaning in Russia and abroad.

1.2 SURVEY OF KNOWN CONSTRUCTIONS OF SCRUBBERS


WITH INNER CIRCULATION OF THE FLUID

An easy way to comply with the journal paper formatting requirements is to


use this document as a template and simply type your text into it. The device
and maintenance of systems of wet clearing of air are considerably facilitated,
if water admission to contact zones implements as a result of its circulation in
the apparatus. Slurry accumulating in it thus can continuously be retracted or
periodically or by means of mechanical carriers, in this case necessity for wa-
ter recycling system disappears, or a hydraulic path—a drain of a part of water.
In the latter case, the device of system of water recycling can appear expedi-
ent, but load on it is much less, than at circulation of all volume of water [1, 2].
Dust traps of such aspect are characterized by presence of the capacity
filled with water. Cleared air contacts to this water, and contact conditions
are determined by interacting of currents of air and waters. The same inter-
acting calls a water circulation through a zone of a contact at the expense
of energy of the most cleared air.
Theoretical and an Experimental Research of Efficiency 3

The water discharge is determined by its losses on transpiration and


with deleted slurry. At slurry removal by mechanical scraper carriers or
manually the water discharge minimum also makes only 2–5 g on 1 м3
air. At periodic drain of the condensed slurry the water discharge is de-
termined by consistency of slurry and averages to 10 g on 1 м3 air, and at
fixed drain the charge does not exceed 100–200 g on 1 м3 air. Filling of
dust traps with water should be controlled automatically. Maintenance of
a fixed level of water has primary value as its oscillations involve essential
change as efficiency, and productivity of system.
The basic most known constructions of these apparatuses are intro-
duced on Fig. 1.1 [3].

FIGURE 1.1 Constructions of scrubbers with inner circulation of a fluid: (a) rotoklon
N (USA); (b) PVM CNII (Russia); (c) a scrubber a VNIIMT (Russia); (d) a dust trap to
me (Czechoslovakia); (e) dust trap WNA (Germany); (f) dust trap “Аsco” (Germany); (g)
dust trap LGP (Russia); (i) dust trap “Кlayrator” (USA); (k) dust trap VDN (Austria); (l)
rotoklon RPA a NIIOGAS (Russia).

Mechanically each of such apparatuses consists of contact channel


fractionally entrained in a fluid and the drip pan merged in one body. The
principle of act of apparatuses is grounded on a way of intensive wash
down of gases in contact channels of a various configuration with the sub-
sequent separation of a water gas flow in the drip pan. The fluid which
has thus reacted and separated from gas is not deleted at once from the
apparatus, and circulates in it and is multiply used in dust removal process.
4 Materials Science and Engineering Vol 2

Circulation of a fluid in the wet-type collector is supplied at the ex-


pense of a kinetic energy of a gas flow. Each apparatus is supplied by the
device for maintenance of a fixed level of a fluid, and also the device for
removal of slurry from the scrubber-collecting hopper.
Distinctive features of apparatuses are:
1. Irrigating of gas by a fluid without use of injectors that allows us-
ing for irrigating a fluid with the high contents of suspended mat-
ters (to 250 mg/m3);
2. Landlocked circulation of a fluid in apparatuses which allows to
reuse a fluid in contact devices of scrubbers and by that to device
out its charge on clearing of gas to 0.5 kg/m3, that is, in 10 and
more times in comparison with other types of wet-type collectors;
3. Removal of a collected dust from apparatuses in the form of dense
with low humidity that allows to simplify dust salvaging to dimin-
ish load by water treating systems, and in certain cases in general
to refuse their facility;
4. Layout of the drip pan in a body of the apparatus, which allows
diminishing sizes of dust traps to supply their compactness.
The indicated features and advantages of such scrubbers have led to wide
popularity of these apparatuses, active working out of various constructions,
research and a heading of wet-type collectors, as in Russia, and abroad.
The scrubbers introduced on Fig. 1.1, concern to apparatuses with non-
controllable operating conditions as in them there are no gears of regulat-
ing. In scrubbers of this type, the stable conditions of activity of a high
performance are difficultly supplied, especially at varying parameters of
cleared gas (pressure, temperature, a volume and dust content. In this con-
nection wet scrubbers with controlled variables are safer and perspective.
Regulating of operating conditions allows changing a hydraulic resistance
from which magnitude, according to the power theory of a wet dust sepa-
ration, efficiency of trapping of a dust depends. Regulating of parameters
allows operating dust traps in an optimum regime at which optimum con-
ditions of interacting of phases are supplied and peak efficiency of trap-
ping of a dust with the least power expenditures is attained. Dust traps
acquire the great value with adjustable resistance also for stabilization of
processes of gas cleaning at varying parameters of cleared gas. A row of
such scrubbers is introduced in Fig. 1.2.
Theoretical and an Experimental Research of Efficiency 5

FIGURE 1.2 Apparatuses with controlled variables. (a) under the patent №1546651
(Germany), (b) the ACE №556824 (USSR), (c) the ACE № 598625 (USSR), (d) the ACE
№573175 (USSR), (e) under the patent № 1903985 (Germany), (f) the ACE № 13686450
(France), (g) the ACE № 332845 (USSR), (i) the ACE № 318402 (USSR), (k) the ACE №
385598 (USSR), (l) type RPA a NIIOGAS (USSR).

The interesting principle of regulating is applied in the dust traps fig-


ured on Fig. 1.1, and 1.2. In these apparatuses, contact devices are had on
a wall of the floating chamber entrained in a fluid and hardened in a body
by means of joints. Such construction of dust traps allows supporting au-
tomatically to constants an apparatus hydraulic resistance at varying gas
load.
From literary, data follows that known constructions of scrubbers with
inner circulation of a fluid work in a narrow range of change of speed of
gas in contact channels and are used in industrial production in the core
for clearing of gases of a size dispersivity dust in systems of an aspiration
of auxiliaries [3–5]. Known apparatuses are rather sensitive to change of
gas load on the contact channel and to fluid level, negligible aberrations
of these parameters from best values lead to a swing of levels of a fluid at
contact channels, to unstable operational mode and dust clearing efficien-
cy lowering. Because of low speeds of gas in contact channels known ap-
paratuses have large gabarits. These deficiencies, and also a weak level of
scrutiny of processes proceeding in apparatuses, absence of safe methods
of their calculation hamper working out of new rational constructions of
wet-type collectors of the given type and their wide heading in manufac-
ture. In this connection necessity of more detailed theoretical and experi-
mental study of scrubbers with inner circulation of a fluid for the purpose
6 Materials Science and Engineering Vol 2

of the prompt use of the most effective and cost-effective constructions in


systems of clearing of industrial gases has matured.

1.3 ARCHITECTURE OF HYDRODYNAMIC INTERACTING OF


PHASES

In scrubbers with inner circulation of a fluid process of interacting of gas,


liquid and hard phases in which result the hard phase (dust), finely divided
in gas, passes in fluid implements. Because density of a hard phase in gas
has rather low magnitudes (to 50 g/m3), it does not render essential agen-
cy on hydrodynamics of flows. Thus, hydrodynamics study in a scrubber
with inner circulation of a fluid is reduced to consideration of interacting
of gas and liquid phases.
Process of hydrodynamic interacting of phases it is possible to disjoint
sequentially proceeding stages on the following:
• fluid acquisition by a gas flow on an entry in the contact device;
• fluid subdivision by a fast-track gas flow in the contact channel;
• integration of drops of a fluid on an exit from the contact device;
• branch of drops of a fluid from gas in the drip pan.

1.3.1 FLUID ACQUISITION BY A GAS FLOW ON AN ENTRY


IN THE CONTACT DEVICE

Before an entry in the contact device of the apparatus there is a contrac-


tion of a gas flow to increase in its speed, acquisition of high layers of a
fluid and its hobby in the contact channel. Functionability of all dust trap
depends on efficiency of acquisition of a fluid a gas flow, without fluid
acquisition will not be supplied effective interacting of phases in the con-
tact channel and, hence, qualitative clearing of gas of a dust will not be
attained. Thus, fluid acquisition by a gas flow on an entry in the contact
device is one of defined stages of hydrodynamic process in a scrubber
with inner circulation of a fluid. Fluid acquisition by a gas flow can be
explained presence of interphase turbulence, which is advanced on an in-
terface of gas and liquid phases. Conditions for origination of interphase
Theoretical and an Experimental Research of Efficiency 7

turbulence is presence of a gradient of speeds of phases on boundaries,


difference of viscosity of flows, and an interphase surface tension. At gas
driving over a surface of a fluid the last will break gas boundary layers
therefore in them there are the turbulent shearing stresses promoting cross-
section transfer of energy. Originating cross-section turbulent oscillations
lead to penetration of turbulent gas curls into boundary layers of a fluid
with the subsequent illuviation of these stratums in curls. Mutual penetra-
tion of curls of boundary layers leads as though to the clutch of gas with a
fluid on a phase boundary and to hobby of high layers of a fluid for moving
gas over its surface. Intensity of such hobby depends on a kinetic energy of
a gas flow, from its speed over a fluid at an entry in the contact device. At
gradual increase in speed of gas there is a change of a surface of a fluid at
first from smooth to undular, then ripples are organized and, at last, there
is a fluid dispersion in gas. Mutual penetration of curls of boundary layers
leads as though to the clutch of gas with a fluid on a phase boundary and
to hobby of high layers of a fluid for moving gas over its surface. Intensity
of such hobby depends on a kinetic energy of a gas flow, from its speed
over a fluid at an entry in the contact device. The quantitative assessment
of efficiency of acquisition in wet-type collectors with inner circulation of
a fluid is expedient for conducting by means of a parameter m=Vz/Vg m3/
m3 equal to a ratio of volumes of liquid and gas phases in contact channels
and characterizing the specific charge of a fluid on gas irrigating in chan-
nels. Obviously that magnitude m will be determined, first of all, by speed
of a gas flow on an entry in the contact channel. Other diagnostic variable
is fluid level on an entry in the contact channel, which can change cross-
section of the channel and influence speed of gas:

vr Vr vr
= − (1)
sr bhk − bhg b( hk − hg )

where, Sг is the cross-section of the contact channel; b is the channel width;


hK is the channel altitude; hg is the fluid level.
Thus, for the exposition of acquisition of a fluid a gas flow in contact
channels it is enough to gain experimental relation of following type:

(2)
8 Materials Science and Engineering Vol 2

1.3.2 FLUID SUBDIVISION BY A FAST-TRACK GAS FLOW


IN THE CONTACT CHANNEL

As shown further, efficiency of trapping of corpuscles of a dust in many


respects depends on a size of drops of a fluid: with decrease of a size of
drops the dust clearing efficiency raises. Thus, the given stage of hydrody-
namic interacting of phases is rather important.
Process of subdivision of a fluid by a gas flow in the contact channel
of a dust trap occurs at the expense of high relative speeds between a fluid
and a gas flow. For calculation of average diameter of the drops gained in
contact channels, it is expedient to use the empirical formula of the Japa-
nese engineers Nukiymas and Tanasavas, which allows considering agen-
cy of operating conditions along with physical performances of phases.

0,2
585 ⋅ 103 s  m  Ll
l
Do = + 49,7   (3)
Wr  ρl s  Vr
l

where, Wr is the relative speed of gases in the channel, m/s; σl is the factor
of a surface tension of a fluid, N/m; ρ l is the fluid density, kg/m3; µl is the
viscosity of a fluid, the Pas/with; Ll is the volume-flow of a fluid, m3; Vr is
the volume-flow of gas, m3.
In Fig. 1.3, computational curves of average diameter of drops of water
in contact channels depending on speed of a gas flow are resulted. Calcula-
tion is conducted by Eq. (3) at following values of parameters: σ = 720 ×
103 N/m; ρ l = 1000 kg/m3; µ = 1.01 × 10–2 P/s.

FIGURE 1.3 Relation of an average size of drops of water in blade impellers from speed
of gas.
Theoretical and an Experimental Research of Efficiency 9

The gained relations testify that the major operating conditions on


which the average size of drops in contact channels depends on the speed
of gas flow Wr and the specific charge of a fluid on gas irrigating m. These
parameters determine hydrodynamic structure of an organized water gas
flow.
With growth of speed of gas process of subdivision of a fluid by a gas
flow gains in strength, and drops of smaller diameter are organized. The
most intensive agency on a size of drops renders change of speed of gas
in the range from 7 to 20 m/s, at the further increase in speed of gas (>20
m/s) intensity of subdivision of drops is reduced. It is necessary to note
that in the most widespread constructions of shock-inertial apparatuses
(rotoklons N), which work at speed of gas in contact devices of 15 m/s,
the size of drops in the channel is significant and makes 325–425 microns.
At these operating conditions and sizes of drops qualitative clearing of gas
of a mesh dispersivity dust is not attained. For decrease of a size of drops
and raise of an overall performance of these apparatuses the increase in
speed of gas to 30, 40, 50 m/s and more depending on type of a trapped
dust is necessary.
The increase in the specific charge of a fluid at gas irrigating leads to
the growth of diameter of organized drops. So, at increase m with 0.1 ×
10–3 to 3 × 10 m3/m3 the average size of drops is increased approximately
at 150 microns. For security of minimum diameter of drops in contact
channels of shock-inertial apparatuses the specific charge of a fluid on gas
irrigating should be optimized over the range (0.1–1.5 × 10 m3/m3). It is
necessary to note that in the given range of specific charges with a high
performance the majority of fast-track wet-type collectors works.

1.3.3 INTEGRATION OF DROPS OF A FLUID ON AN EXIT


FROM THE CONTACT DEVICE

On an exit from the contact device, there is an expansion of a water gas


stream and integration of drops of a fluid at the expense of their concre-
tion. The maximum size of the drops weighed in a gas flow, is determined
by stability conditions: the size of drops will be that more than less speed
of a gas flow. Thus, on an exit from the contact device together with fall of
10 Materials Science and Engineering Vol 2

speed of a gas flow the increase in a size of drops will be observed. Tur-
bulence in an extending part of a flow more than in the channel with fixed
cross-section, and it grows with increase in an angle of jet divergence,
and it means that speed of turbulent concretion will grow in an extending
part of a flow also with increase in an angle of jet divergence. The more
full there will be a concretion of corpuscles of a fluid, the drop on an exit
from the contact device will be larger and the more effectively they will be
trapped in the drip pan.
Practice shows that the size a coagulation of drops on an exit makes of
the contact device, as a rule, more than 150 microns. Corpuscles of such
size are easily trapped in the elementary devices (the inertia, gravitational,
centrifugal, etc.).

1.3.4 BRANCH OF DROPS OF A FLUID FROM A GAS


FLOW

The inertia and centrifugal drip pans are applied to branch of drops of a
fluid from gas in shock-inertial apparatuses in the core. In the inertia drip
pans the branch implements at the expense of veering of a water gas flow.
Liquid drops, moving in a gas flow, possess definitely a kinetic energy
thanks to which at veering of a gas stream they by inertia move rectilin-
early and are inferred from a flow. If to accept that the drop is in the form
of a sphere and speed of its driving is equal in a gas flow to speed of this
flow the kinetic energy of a drop, moving in a flow, can be determined by:

p D03 W 2r
Eκ = ρl
6 2 (4)

With the above formula, decrease of diameter of a drop and speed of a gas
flow the drop kinetic energy is sharply diminished. At gas-flow deflection
the inertial force forces to move a drop in a former direction. The more the
drop kinetic energy, the is more and an inertial force.

p D03 dWr
Eκ = ρl (5)
6 dτ
Theoretical and an Experimental Research of Efficiency 11

Thus, with flow velocity decrease in the inertia drip pan and diam-
eter of a drop the drop kinetic energy is diminished, and efficiency drop
spreads is reduced. However the increase in speed of a gas flow cannot be
boundless as in a certain velocity band of gases there is a sharp lowering
of efficiency drop spreads owing to origination of secondary ablation the
fluids trapped drops. For calculation of a breakdown speed of gases in the
inertia drip pans it is possible to use the formula, m/s:

ρl - ρκ
Wc = K (6)
ρr

where, Wc is the optimum speed of gases in free cross-section of the drip


pan, m/s; K is the the factor defined experimentally for each aspect of the
drip pan.
Values of factor normally fluctuate over the range 0.1–0.3. Optimum
speed makes from 3 to 5 m/s.

1.4 PURPOSE AND RESEARCH PROBLEMS

The following was the primal problems, which were put by working out
of a new construction of the wet-type collector with inner circulation of a
fluid:
• creation of a dust trap with a broad band of change of operating
conditions and a wide area of application, including for clearing of
gases of the basic industrial assemblies of a mesh dispersivity dust;
• creation of the apparatus with the operated hydrodynamics, allowing
to optimize process of clearing of gases taking into account perfor-
mances of trapped ingredients;
• to make the analysis of hydraulic losses in blade impellers and to
state a comparative estimation of various constructions of contact
channels of an impeller by efficiency of security by them of hydro-
dynamic interacting of phases;
• to determine relation of efficiency of trapping of corpuscles of a dust
in a rotoklon from performance of a trapped dust and operating con-
ditions major of which is speed of a gas flow in blade impellers.
To develop a method of calculation of a dust clearing efficiency in
scrubbers with inner circulation of a fluid.
12 Materials Science and Engineering Vol 2

1.5 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES

1.5.1 THE EXPOSITION OF EXPERIMENTAL INSTALLATION


AND THE TECHNIQUE OF REALIZATION OF EXPERIMENT

The rotoklon represents the basin with water on which surface on a con-
necting pipe of feeding into of dusty gas the dust-laden gas mix arrives.
Over water surface gas deploys, and a dust contained in gas by inertia pen-
etrate into a fluid. Turn of blades of an impeller is made manually, rather
each other on a threaded connection by means of handwheels. The slope
of blades was installed in the interval 25°– 45° to an axis.
In a rotoklon three pairs lobes sinusoidal a profile, the regulations of
their rule executed with a capability are installed. Depending on cleanliness
level of an airborne dust flow the lower lobes by means of handwheels are
installed on an angle defined by operational mode of the device. The rot-
oklon is characterized by presence of three slotted channels, a formation
the overhead and lower lobes, and in everyone the subsequent on a course
of gas the channel the lower lobe is installed above the previous. Such ar-
rangement promotes a gradual entry of a water gas flow in slotted channels
and reduces thereby a device hydraulic resistance. The arrangement of an
input part of lobes on an axis with a capability of their turn allows creating
a diffusion reacting region. Sequentially had slotted channels create in a
diffusion zone organized by a turn angle of lobes, a hydrodynamic zone
of intensive wetting of corpuscles of a dust. In process of flow moving
through the fluid-flow curtain, the capability of multiple stay of corpuscles
of a dust in hydrodynamically reacting region is supplied that considerably
raises a dust clearing efficiency and ensures functioning of the device in
broad bands of cleanliness level of a gas flow.
The construction of a rotoklon with adjustable sinusoidal lobes is de-
veloped and protected by the patent of the Russian Federation, capable to
solve a problem of effective separation of a dust from a gas flow [6]. Thus
water admission to contact zones implements as a result of its circulation
in the apparatus.
The rotoklon with the adjustable sinusoidal lobes, introduced in Fig. 1.4
contains a body (3) with connecting pipes for an entry (7) and an exit (5) gases
Theoretical and an Experimental Research of Efficiency 13

in which steams of lobes sinusoidal a profile are installed. Moving of the over-
head lobes (2) implements by means of screw jacks (6), the lower lobes (1) are
fixed on an axis (8) with a capability of their turn. The turn angle of the lower
lobes is chosen from a condition of a persistence of speeds of an airborne dust
flow. For regulating of a turn angle output parts of the lower lobes (1) are en-
visioned handwheels. Quantity of pairs lobes is determined by productivity of
the device and cleanliness level of an airborne dust flow that is a regime of a
stable running of the device. In the lower part of a body there is a connecting
pipe for a drain of slime water (9). Before a connecting pipe for a gas make
(5) the labyrinth drip pan (4) is installed. The rotoklon works as follows. De-
pending on cleanliness level of an airborne dust flow the overhead lobes (5)
by means of screw jacks (6), and the lower lobes (1) by means of handwheels
are installed on an angle defined by operational mode of the device. Dusty
gas arrives in the upstream end (7) in a top of a body (3) apparatuses. Hitting
about a fluid surface, it changes the direction and passes in the slotted channel
organized overhead (2) and lower (1) lobes. Thanks to the driving high speed,
cleared gas captures a high layer of a fluid and atomizes it in the smallest
drops and foam with an advanced surface. After consecutive transiting of all
slotted channels gas passes through the labyrinth drip pan (4) and through the
discharge connection (5) is deleted in an aerosphere. The collected dust settles
out in the loading pocket of a rotoklon and through a connecting pipe for a
drain of slime water (9), together with a fluid, is periodically inferred from the
apparatus.

FIGURE 1.4 A rotoklon general view.


14 Materials Science and Engineering Vol 2

Lower (1) and the overhead (2) lobes; a body (3); the labyrinth drip pan
(4); connecting pipes for an entry (7) and an exit (5) gases; screw jacks (6);
an axis (8); a connecting pipe for a drain of slurry (9).
Noted structural features do not allow using correctly available solu-
tions on hydrodynamics of dust-laden gas flows for a designed construc-
tion. In this connection, for the well-founded exposition of the processes
occurring in the apparatus, there was a necessity of realization of experi-
mental researches.
Experiments were conducted on the laboratory-scale plant “rotoklon”
introduced in Fig. 1.5.
The examined rotoklon had three slotted channels speed of gas in which
made to 15 km/s. At this speed the rotoklon had a hydraulic resistance 800
passes. Working in such regime, it supplied efficiency of trapping of a dust
with input density 0.5 g/nm3 and density 1200 kg/m3 at level of 96.3% [7].

FIGURE 1.5 Experimental installation “rotoklon.”

In the capacity of modeling system air and a dust of talc with a size of
corpuscles d = 2 ÷ 30 a micron, white black and a chalk have been used.
The apparatus body was filled with water on level hg = 0.175 m.
Cleanliness level of an airborne dust mix was determined by a direct
method [8]. On direct sections of the pipeline before and after the appara-
tus the mechanical sampling of an airborne dust mix was made. After de-
termination of matching operational mode of the apparatus, gas test were
taken by means of in-taking handsets. Mechanical sampling isokinetics on
Theoretical and an Experimental Research of Efficiency 15

in-taking handsets were applied to observance replaceable tips of various


diameters. Full trapping of the dust contained in taken test of an airborne
dust mix, was made by an external filtering draws through mixes with the
help calibrates electro-aspirator EA-55 through special analytical filters
AFA-10 which were put in into filtrating cartridges. The selection time
was fixed on a stopwatch, and speed—the rotameter of electro-aspirator
EA-55.
Dust gas mix gained by dust injection in the flue by means of the me-
tering screw conveyer batcher introduced on Fig. 1.6. Application of the
batcher with varying productivity has given the chance to gain the set dust
load on an entry in the apparatus.

FIGURE 1.6 The metering screws conveyer batcher of a dust.

The water discharge is determined by its losses on transpiration and


with deleted slurry. The water drain is made in the small portions from the
loading pocket supplied with a pressure lock. Gate closing implements
sweeping recompression of air in the gate chamber, opening—a depres-
surization. Small level recession is sweepingly compensated by a top up
through a connecting pipe of feeding into of a fluid. At periodic drain of
the condensed slurry the water discharge is determined by consistency of
slurry and averages to 10 g on 1 м3 air, and at fixed drain the charge does
not exceed 100–200 g on 1 м3 air. Filling of a rotoklon with water was
controlled by means of the level detector. Maintenance of a fixed level of
water has essential value as its oscillations involve appreciable change as
efficiency, and productivity of the device.
16 Materials Science and Engineering Vol 2

1.5.2 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS OF EXPERIMENT

In a rotoklon process of interacting of gas, liquid and hard phases in which


result the hard phase (dust), finely divided in gas, passes in a fluid is real-
ized. Process of hydrodynamic interacting of phases in the apparatus it is
possible to disjoint sequentially proceeding stages on the following:
• fluid acquisition by a gas flow on an entry in the contact device;
• fluid subdivision by a fast-track gas flow in the contact channel;
• concretion of dispersion particles by liquid drops; and
• branch of drops of a fluid from gas in the labyrinth drip pan.
At observation through an observation port the impression is made
that all channel is filled by foam and water splashes. Actually this effect
caused by a retardation of a flow at an end wall, is characteristic only for a
stratum, which directly is bordering on to glass. Slow-motion shot consid-
eration allows installing a true flow pattern. It is visible that the air jet as
though itself chooses the path, being aimed to be punched in the shortest
way through water. Blades standing sequentially under existing conditions
restrict air jet extending, forcing it to make sharper turn that, undoubtedly,
favors to separation. Functionability of all dust trap depends on efficiency
of acquisition of a fluid a gas flow—without fluid acquisition will not be
supplied effective interacting of phases in contact channels and, hence,
qualitative clearing of gas of a dust will not be attained. Thus, fluid acqui-
sition by a gas flow at consecutive transiting of blades of an impeller is one
of defined stages of hydrodynamic process in a rotoklon.
Fluid acquisition by a gas flow can be explained presence of interphase
turbulence, which is advanced on an interface of gas and liquid phases.
Conditions for origination of interphase turbulence is presence of a gradi-
ent of speeds of phases on boundaries, difference of viscosity of flows, and
an interphase surface tension.

1.5.3 THE ESTIMATION OF EFFICIENCY OF GAS CLEANING

The quantitative assessment of efficiency of acquisition in apparatuses of


shock-inertial type with inner circulation of a fluid is expedient for con-
ducting by means of a parameter n = Lz/Lg, m3/m3 equal to a ratio of vol-
Theoretical and an Experimental Research of Efficiency 17

umes of liquid and gas phases in contact channels and characterizing the
specific charge of a fluid on gas irrigating in channels. Obviously that
magnitude n will be determined, first of all, by speed of a gas flow on an
entry in the contact channel. The following important parameter is fluid
level on an entry in the contact channel, which can change cross-section of
the channel and influence speed of gas.

ϑg ϑg ϑg
= − (7)
Sg bhk − bhl b( hk − hl )

where, Sg is the cross-section of the contact channel; b is the channel width;


hK is the channel altitude; hl is the fluid level.
Thus, for the exposition of acquisition of a fluid a gas flow in contact
channels of a rotoklon it is enough to gain the following relation experi-
mentally:

n = f ( ϑ g ⋅ hl ) (8)

As it has been installed experimentally, efficiency of trapping of corpus-


cles of a dust in many respects depends on a size of drops of a fluid,
with decrease of a size of drops the dust clearing efficiency raises. Thus,
the given stage of hydrodynamic interacting of phases is rather important.
For calculation of average diameter of the drops organized at transiting of
blades of an impeller, the empirical relation is gained.

0,68
467 ⋅ 103 s  m  Ll
d= + 17,869 ⋅  l  (9)
ϑo  ρl s  Lr

where ϑî is the relative speed of gases in the channel, m/s; s is the factor
of a surface tension of a fluid, N/m; ρ l is the fluid density, kg/m3; m l is
the viscosity of a fluid,; Ll is the volume-flow of a fluid,; Lg is the volume-
flow of gas,.
The offered formula allows considering also together with physical
performances of phases and agency of operating conditions.
In Fig. 1.7, the design values of average diameter of the drops orga-
nized at transiting of blades of an impeller, from speed of gas in contact
channels and a gas specific irrigation are introduced. At calculation values
18 Materials Science and Engineering Vol 2

of physical properties of water were accepted at temperature 20°С: ρ l =


998 kg/m3; m l= 1.002 × 10–3 N × С/m2, ς =72.86 × 10–3 N/m.

FIGURE 1.7 Computational relation of a size of drops to flow velocity and a specific
irrigation.

The gained relations testify that the major operating conditions on


which the average size of drops in contact channels of a rotoklon depends,
speed of gas flow ϑî and the specific charge of a fluid on gas irrigating n
are. These parameters determine hydrodynamic structure of an organized
water gas flow.
Separation efficiency of gas bursts in apparatuses of shock-inertial act
can be discovered only on the basis of empirical data on particular con-
structions of apparatuses. Methods of the calculations, found application
in projection practice, are grounded on an assumption about a capability of
linear approximation of relation of separation efficiency from diameter of
corpuscles in is likelihood-logarithmic axes. Calculations on a likelihood
method are executed under the same circuit design, as for apparatuses of
dry clearing of gases [9].
Shock-inertial sedimentation of corpuscles of a dust occurs at flow of
drops of a fluid by a dusty flow therefore the corpuscles possessing inertia,
continue to move across the curved stream-lines of gases, the surface of
drops attain and are precipitated on them.
Efficiency of shock-inertial sedimentation ηи is function of following
dimensionless criterion:
Theoretical and an Experimental Research of Efficiency 19

 mp ϑ p 
hè = f  ⋅ (10)
 ξ c d 0 

where, тp is the mass of a precipitated corpuscle; ϑ p is the speed of a


corpuscle; ξ is the factor of resistance of driving of a corpuscle; d0 is the
diameter a midelev of cross-section of a drop.
For the spherical corpuscles which driving obeys the law the Stokes,
this criterion looks like the following:

2
mpϑ p 1 d r ϑ p ρ p Cc
= ⋅
ξc d0 18 m g d0 (11)

2
( )
Complex d p ϑ p ρ p Cc / 18m g d 0 is parameter (number) of the Stokes.

 d 2p ϑ p ρ p Cc 
hè = f ( Stk ) = f   (12)
 18m g d 0 

Thus, efficiency of trapping of corpuscles of a dust in a rotoklon on the in-


ertia model depends primarily on performance of a trapped dust (a size and
density of trapped corpuscles) and operating conditions major of which
is speed of a gas flow at transiting through blades of impellers (Fig. 1.8).

FIGURE 1.8 Relation of efficiency of clearing of gas to criterion StK.

On the basis of the observed inertia of model the method of calculation


of a dust clearing efficiency in scrubbers with inner circulation of a fluid
is developed.
20 Materials Science and Engineering Vol 2

The basis for calculation on this model is the Eq. (12). For calculation
realization it is necessary to know disperse composition of a dust, density
of corpuscles of a dust, viscosity of gas, speed of gas in the contact chan-
nel and the specific charge of a fluid on gas irrigating.
Calculation is conducted in the following sequence:
• by Eq. (9) determine an average size of drops D0 in the contact chan-
nel at various operating conditions;
• by Eq. (10) count the inertia parameter of the Stokes for each frac-
tion of a dust;
• by Eq. (11) fractional values of efficiency η for each fraction of a
dust;
• general efficiency of a dust separation determine by Eq. (12), %.
The observed inertia model full enough characterizes physics of the
process proceeding in contact channels of a rotoklon.

1.5.4 COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND


COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS

Analyzing the gained results of researches of general efficiency of a dust


separation, it is necessary to underscore that in a starting phase of activ-
ity of a dust trap for all used in researches a dust separation high perfor-
mances, components from 93.2% for carbon black to 99.8% for a talc dust
are gained. Difference of general efficiency of trapping of various types of
a dust originates because of their various particle size distributions on an
entry in the apparatus, and also because of the various form of corpuscles,
their dynamic wettability and density. The gained high values of general
efficiency of a dust separation testify to correct selection of constructional
and operation parameters of the studied apparatus and indicate its suitabil-
ity for use in engineering of a wet dust separation.
As appears from introduced in Figs. 1.9 and 1.10 graphs, the relation
of general efficiency of a dust separation to speed of a mixed gas and fluid
level in the apparatus will well be agreed to design data that confirms an
acceptability of the accepted assumptions.
Theoretical and an Experimental Research of Efficiency 21

FIGURE 1.9 Relation of efficiency of clearing of gas to irrigating liquid level.

FIGURE 1.10 Dependence of efficiency of clearing of gas on a size of corpuscles and


speed of gas

In Fig. 1.11, the results of researches on trapping various a dust in a rot-


oklon with adjustable sinusoidal are shown. The given researches testify
to a high performance of trapping of corpuscles of thin a dust with their
various moistening ability. From these drawings by fractional efficiency of
trapping it is obviously visible, what even for corpuscles a size less than
1 microns (which are most difficultly trapped in any types of dust traps)
Installations considerably above 90%. Even for the unwettable sewed type
of white black general efficiency of trapping more than 96%. Naturally, as
for the given dust trap lowering of fractional efficiency of trapping at de-
crease of sizes of corpuscles less than 5 microns, however not such sharp,
as or other types of dust traps is characteristic.
22 Materials Science and Engineering Vol 2

FIGURE 1.11 Fractional efficiency of clearing of corpuscles of a various dust.

1.6 CONCLUSIONS

1. The new construction of the rotoklon is developed, allowing to


solve a problem of effective separation of a dust from a gas flow. In
the introduced apparatus water admission to contact zones imple-
ments as a result of its circulation in the device.
2. Experimentally it is shown that fluid acquisition by a gas flow at
consecutive transiting of blades of an impeller is one of defined
stages of hydrodynamic process in a rotoklon.
3. Are theoretically gained and confirmed by data of immediate mea-
surements of value of efficiency of shock-inertial sedimentation of
dispersion particles in a rotoklon. The gained computational rela-
tionships, allow to size up the contribution as performances of a
trapped dust (a size and density of trapped corpuscles), and operat-
ing conditions major of which is speed of a gas flow at transiting
through blades of impellers.
4. Good convergence of results of scaling’s on the gained relation-
ships with the data, which are available in the technical literature
and own experiments confirms an acceptability of the accepted as-
sumptions.
The formulated leading-outs are actual for intensive operation wet-type
collectors in which the basic gear of selection of corpuscles is the
gear of the inertia dust separation.
Theoretical and an Experimental Research of Efficiency 23

KEYWORDS

•• circulation of a liquid
•• experimental
•• gas purification
•• hydrodynamic interacting of phases
•• rotoklon
•• scrubbers with inner circulation

REFERENCES

1. Uzhov, N. V., Valdberg, J. A., Myagkov, I. B., Clearing of industrial gases of a dust,
Moscow: Chemistry, 1981.
2. Pirumov, I. A., Air Dust removal, Moscow: Engineering industry, 1974.
3. Shvydky, S. V., Ladygichev, G. M., Clearing of gases. The directory, Moscow: Heat
power engineering, 2002.
4. V. Straus. Industrial clearing of gases Moscow: Chemistry, 1981.
5. Kouzov, A. P., Malgin, D. A., Skryabin, M. G., Clearing of gases and air of a dust in
the chemical industry. St.-Petersburg: Chemistry, 1993.
6. Patent 2317845 RF, IPC, cl. B01 D47/06 Rotoklon a controlled sinusoidal blades, Us-
manova, R. R., Zhernakov, V. S., Panov, A. K.-Publ. 27.02.2008. Bull. № 6.
7. Usmanova, R. R., Zaikov, E. G., Stoyanov, V. O., E. Klodziuska, Research of the mech-
anism of shock-inertial deposition of dispersed particles from gas flow the bulletin of
the Kazan technological university №9, 203–207, 2013.
8. Kouzov, A. P., Bases of the analysis of disperse composition industrial a dust. Lenin-
grad: Chemistry, 1987, 183–195.
9. Vatin, I. N., Strelets, I. K., Air purification by means of apparatuses of type the cyclone
separator. St.-Petersburg, 2003.
CHAPTER 2

LECTURE NOTE ON QUANTUM-


CHEMICAL MECHANISM AND
SYNTHESIS OF SELECTED
COMPOUNDS
V. A. BABKIN, V. U. DMITRIEV, G. A. SAVIN, E. S. TITOVA,
and G. E. ZAIKOV

CONTENTS

2.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 26
2.2 Experimental................................................................................... 26
2.3 Results of Calculations................................................................... 27
Keywords................................................................................................. 37
References................................................................................................ 37
26 Materials Science and Engineering Vol 2

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Quantum-chemical research of the mechanism of synthesis of


1-[2-(о-acetylmethyl)-3-о-acetyl-2-ethyl]-methyldichlorinephosphite for
the first time is executed by classical method MNDO. This compound is
received by reaction of bimolecular nucleophylic substitution SN2, pro-
ceeding between acetyl chloride and 5-acetyloxymethyl-2-chlorine-5-eth-
yl-1,2,3-dioxaphosphorynan. Reaction is endothermic and has barrier
character. The size of a power barrier makes 176 kDg/mol.
The mechanism of reaction acylation of bicyclophosphites by chlorine
anhydride of carboxylic acids consists of three stages. The mechanism of
the first stage is studied in Ref. [1]. Results of research of the second stage
of this reaction are presented in the yielded work. The second stage rep-
resents interaction of acetyl chloride and 5-acetyloxymethyl-2-chlorine-
5-ethyl-1,2,3-dioxaphosphorynan in a gas phase.

Now at an electronic level the mechanism of reaction of synthesis of


1-[2-(о-acetylmethyl)-3-о-acetyl-2-ethyl]-methyldichlorinephosphite is
not studied. In this connection the aim of this chapter is the quantum-
chemical research of the mechanism of synthesis of this compound by
quantum-chemical method MNDO.

2.2 EXPERIMENTAL

The quantum-chemical semiempirical method MNDO with optimization


of geometry on all parameters by the standard gradient method, which
has been built in PC GAMESS [2] has been chosen for research of the
mechanism of synthesis of 1-[2-(о-acetylmethyl)-3-о-acetyl-2-ethyl]-
Lecture Note on Quantum-Chemical Mechanism 27

methyldichlorinephosphite. This method well enough reproduces power


characteristics and stability of chemical compounds, including the sub-
stances containing multiple bonds [3]. Calculations were carried out in
approach to the isolated molecule to a gas phase. The Program MacMolPlt
was used for visual representation initial, intermediate and final models
[4].
The mechanism of synthesis of studied compound was investigated
by method MNDO. Initial models of components of synthesis—5-acety-
loxymethyl-2-chlorine-5-ethyl-1,2,3-dioxaphosphorynan and acetyl
chloride—settled down on distance 2.8–3.0Å from each other. Any inter-
actions between compounds practically are absent on such distance. Dis-
tance RO9C29 has been chosen as coordinate of reaction (Fig. 2.1). This co-
ordinate is most energetically a favorable direction of interaction of initial
components. Further, optimization on all parameters of initial components
at RO9C29 = 2.8Å was carried out. After optimization of value of lengths of
bonds and valent corners, values Е0 (the general energy of system) and
qH-charges on atoms along coordinate of reaction RO9C29 were fixed and
brought in Tables 2.1–2.3. The coordinate of reaction changed from 2.8Å
up to 1.3Å at each step of optimization. The step on coordinate of reaction
RO9C29 has made 0.2Å[5].

2.3 RESULTS OF CALCULATIONS

The optimized geometrical and electronic structure of initial models (a


stage of coordination), an intermediate condition of system (during the
moment of separation atom Cl32) and a final condition of molecule of
1-[2-(о-acetylmethyl)-3-о-acetyl-2-ethyl]-methyldichlorinephosphite, are
presented on Figs. 2.1–2.3. Changes of lengths of bonds, valent corners, on
atoms along coordinate of reaction RO9C29 with step 0.2Å are shown to the
general energy of all molecular system and charges in Tables 2.1–2.3 and
on schedules (Figs. 2.4–2.8). Essential changes to system of initial compo-
nents at steps 1–6 (RO9C29 changes from 2.8Å up to 1.8Å) does not occur.
Their mutual orientation from each other goes at this stage. We define this
stage as a stage of coordination. Simultaneous break of bond C29–Cl32 and
almost full break of bond P10–O9 occurs at II stage of interaction (6–7 steps,
28 Materials Science and Engineering Vol 2

RO9C29 change from 1.8Å up to 1.4Å). Lengths of these bonds change from
1.88Å up to 4.14Å and from 1.64Å up to 1.93 Å accordingly (Table 2.2).
We define this stage, as a stage of break of bonds. Atom P10 of 5-acety-
loxymethyl-2-chlorine-5-ethyl-1,2,3-dioxaphosphorynan is attacked by
atom Cl32 of acetyl chloride at a stage III. Covalent bonds P10-Сl32 (2.00
Å) and O9-C29 (RO9C29 = 1.4Å) are formed. This stage is final. Formation
of 1-[2-(о-acetylmethyl)-3-о-acetyl-2-ethyl]-methyldichlorinephosphite
occurs.
Change of charges on atoms directly participating in reaction P10, C29
and Cl32, and also change E0 along coordinate of reaction RO9C29 is pre-
sented on Figs. 2.4–2.8 and in Table 2.1. Reaction has barrier character
(Fig. 2.4). The size of a barrier makes 176 kDg/mol. Charges on atoms
P10 and C29 change according to change Е0 (Figs. 2.5 and 2.7). Charges
reach the maximal values during the moment of break of bonds C29–Cl32
and P10–O9. The Negative charge on atom Cl32 is inversely to change Е0. It
reaches the maximal value (on the module) during the moment of break
of the same bonds. We analyze behavior of atoms directly participating
in reaction of synthesis of 1-[2-(о-acetylmethyl)-3-о-acetyl-2-ethyl]-
methyldichlorinephosphite P10, O9, C29 and Cl32, change of charges on these
atoms and power of reaction. We do a conclusion, that the mechanism
of studied synthesis represents the coordinated process with simultaneous
break of bonds P10-O9 and C29-Cl32 and formation of new bonds P10-Cl32 and
C29–O9. It is a process of nucleophylic substitution SN2. It is similar to the
mechanism of synthesis of the first stage of acidation of bicyclophosphites
by chlorine anhydrides of carboxylic acids, to the mechanism of synthesis
of 5-acetyloxymethyl-2-chlorine-5-ethyl-1,2,3-dioxaphosphorynan.
Thus, the mechanism of synthesis of the second stage of acidation
of bicyclophosphites for the first time is studied by quantum-chemical
semiempirical method MNDO. It is shown, that synthesis of this com-
pound—result of the coordinated interactions of acetyl chloride and
5-acetyloxymethyl-2-chlorine-5-ethyl-1,2,3-dioxaphosphorynan on the
mechanism of nucleophylic substitution SN2. It is positioned, that this
reaction is endothermic and has barrier character. It will qualitatively be
coordinated with experiment. The size of an energy barrier of studied reac-
tion is equal 176 kDg/mol.
Lecture Note on Quantum-Chemical Mechanism 29

FIGURE 2.1 Initial model of interaction of 5-acetyloxymethyl-2-chlorine-5-ethyl-1,2,3-


dioxaphosphorynan and acetyl chloride. RO9C29 = 2.8Å.

FIGURE 2.2 The Model of a stage of break of bonds (a transition state). RO9C29 = 1.6Å.
Another Random Document on
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sconvolti pensava ad impedire che non fosse defraudato dei tributi
l'erario imperiale, e che essi tributi con regola e proporzione si
pagassero. Essendo mancato di vita in Napoli Quod vult Deus
vescovo di Cartagine, esiliato da Genserico re de' Vandali, tanto si
adoperò Valentiniano Augusto presso quel re barbaro, che si
contentò che fosse ordinato vescovo in essa città di Cartagine
Deogratias, uomo di mirabil carità, ed insigne per altre virtù, siccome
attesta Vittore Vitense [Victor Vitensis, de persecut. Vandal.].
Cristo CDLIII. Indizione VI.
Leone papa 14.
Anno di
Valentiniano III imper. 29.
Marciano imperadore 4.

Consoli
Vincomalo ed Opilione.

Tornato che fu Attila nella Pannonia, inviò tosto suoi ambasciatori


a Marciano Augusto, facendogli sapere, che se non gli mandava i
tributi, ossia i regali annui promessi da Teodosio II suo
predecessore, si aspettasse pure il guasto alle sue Provincie, ed ogni
altro più rigido trattamento. Lo abbiamo da Prisco istorico [Priscus,
tom. 1 Histor. Byz., pag. 40.] di que' tempi, e lo riferisce ancora Giordano
[Jordan., de Reb. Getic., cap. 43.], con aggiugnere egli solo una
particolarità di gran riguardo, la quale, se è vera, molto è da
maravigliarsi, come non sia almeno accennata da san Prospero, da
Idacio o da sant'Isidoro: cioè che Attila minacciava bensì lo imperio
d'Oriente, ma le sue mire di nuovo erano contro dell'Occidente. Gli
stava fitta nel cuore la rabbia, perchè i Visigoti della Gallia gli
avessero data una sì disgustosa lezione nella battaglia che
narrammo di sopra, e ne voleva vendetta. Pensò dunque di assalire e
soggiogar quegli Alani che abitavano nella Gallia di là dal fiume
Ligeri, appellato oggidì la Loire. E mossosi dalla Dacia e Pannonia,
dove allora gli Unni con diverse nazioni sue suddite dimoravano,
passò nel cuore della Germania a quella volta. Allora Torismondo,
novello re de' Visigoti, presentito il disegno del Barbaro, non fu pigro
ad accorrere con tutte le sue forze in aiuto degli Alani, e a prevenire
l'arrivo d'Attila. Giunti colà gli Unni, si venne ad un fatto d'armi, che
riuscì quasi simile al precedente, in guisa che l'altero Attila scornato
fu costretto a ritornarsene senza trionfo e senza gloria alle sue
contrade. Ma, come dissi, niun altro storico fra gli antichi dice una
menoma parola di questo fatto. Nulladimeno, avendo Giordano avuta
sotto gli occhi la storia perduta di Prisco, non se gli dee facilmente
negar credenza in questo. E tanto più verrebbe ad essere credibile il
di lui racconto, se la morte del feroce Attila fosse succeduta nell'anno
susseguente, come vuol Marcellino conte [Marcell. Comes, in Chron.],
perchè non avrebbe il re barbaro lasciate in ozio le sue armi
nell'anno presente. Aggiungasi che Fredegario [Oper. Gregorii Turonens.
Ruinart, Fragment., pag. 707.] racconta due battaglie succedute fra Attila
e i Goti; e benchè vi sia della confusione in quel racconto, sì pel
tempo, come pel luogo, pure si scorge ch'egli mette il secondo
conflitto fatto da Torismondo, essendo già morto suo padre. Ma san
Prospero [Prosper, in Chron.], Prospero Tirone [Prosper Tito, in Chronic.],
Idacio [Idacius, in Chron.], sant'Isidoro [Isidorus, in Chronico Gothor.],
Cassiodoro [Cassiodor., in Chron.] e l'autore della Miscella [Histor. Miscell.,
lib. 15.], senza narrar punto alcun ritorno d'Attila nella Gallia, dicono
sotto il presente anno ch'egli, appena tornato al suo paese, finì di
vivere e d'inquietare il mondo. La maniera della sua morte fu da
bestia. Marcellino scrive che fu scannato da una donna, se pure i
nostri storici italiani non han qui per odio alterata la verità. Merita
maggior fede Giordano [Jordan., de Reb. Getic, cap. 49.], che cita ancor
qui la storia di Prisco autore contemporaneo, allorchè narra che
avendo voluto il crudele e libidinoso re menare una nuova moglie,
per nome Ildicone, fanciulla, quantunque, secondo il rito della sua
gente, innumerabili altre ne avesse, s'imboracchiò talmente nel
convito nuziale, che, pien di vino fino alla gola e oppresso dal sonno,
fu posto in letto; e quivi dal sangue che gli soleva uscir dal naso,
rimase la notte soffocato. Essendo passata buona parte del mattino
senza ch'egli chiamasse, o che rispondesse a chi il chiamava, i suoi
dubitando di quel ch'era, ruppero la porta, e il trovarono morto.
Racconta il medesimo autore, su la fede di Prisco, che in quella
stessa notte a Marciano imperadore fu mostrato in sogno l'arco di
Attila rotto: il che tenuto fu per presagio, giacchè gli Unni
specialmente metteano la lor bravura nel saettare. Fu sontuoso ed
insieme barbarico il funerale d'Attila. Gli uffiziali e i soldati suoi,
secondo l'uso della nazione, si tagliarono parte de' capelli, e coi
coltelli si fecero dei buoni tagli nel volto, acciocchè la memoria di
quell'invitto combattente fosse pianta, non con lamenti e lagrime
femminili, ma con sangue virile. Deposto il cadavero sotto padiglioni
di seta, gli fecero una specie di torneamento a cavallo intorno.
Cantarono le di lui prodezze con questi sentimenti: Il gran re degli
Unni, Attila, figliuolo di Mundzucco, signore di fortissimi popoli, che
solo con una potenza inudita per l'addietro ha posseduto i regni della
Scitia e della Germania, ed ha messo il terrore in amendue gli imperii
romani, con tante città prese; e che potendo devastare il rimanente,
placato per le preghiere, si contentò di ricevere un annuo tributo. E
dopo aver tutto ciò operato con felicità mirabile, non per ferita
ricevuta da nemici, non per frode dei suoi, ma con restare illesa la
sua gente, fra le allegrie e senza provar dolore alcuno, è morto. Ma
chi può dir questa una morte, quando niuno sa d'averla a vendicare?
Fin qui la funebre cantilena. Dopo tali lamenti sopra la di lui cassa
sepolcrale fecero un gran convito, unendo insieme il lutto e l'allegria;
e poi seppellirono di notte il cadavero, serrando la tomba prima con
legami di oro, poi d'argento, e finalmente di ferro, e chiudendo seco
armi tolte ai nemici e varii ornamenti con gemme e lavori preziosi.
Ed affinchè non si sapesse il luogo, ai miseri schiavi, che aveano
cavata la fossa, e dopo la sepoltura spianato il terreno, levarono
crudelmente la vita.
Colla morte di costui si sfasciò la macchina dell'imperio degli
Unni, cioè dei Tartari; perciocchè, siccome narra Giordano, insorsero
liti tra i figliuoli d'Attila per la divisione de' regni: Arderico re dei
Gepidi, prima sudditi d'Attila, non potendo sofferire che si trattasse di
partire i popoli, come si fa dei vili schiavi, fu il primo a prendere
l'armi contra dei figliuoli di Attila. Ad esempio suo, fecero lo stesso
altre nazioni, cioè i Goti, gli Alani, gli Svevi e gli Eruli. Si venne ad
una battaglia, in cui restò ucciso Ellac, il primogenito d'Attila, e a lui
più caro degli altri. Gli Unni furono i vinti, e vincitori i Gepidi. Però gli
altri figliuoli di Attila si ritirarono dove è oggidì la picciola Tartaria al
mar Nero; e i Gepidi, rimasti padroni della Dacia, fecero pace e lega
coll'imperadore d'Oriente, che si obbligò di mandar loro dei presenti.
I Goti ebbero dipoi la Pannonia per concessione degli Augusti; ed
altre nazioni, ricuperata la libertà, impetrarono altri siti per loro
abitazione, in questo medesimo anno Torismondo re dei Visigoti in
Tolosa, dopo aver goduto poco più d'un anno il suo principato
[Prosper, in Chron. Isidorus, in Chron. Gothorum; Idacius, in Chron.], perchè
troppo alteramente ed insolentemente governava, trucidato fu da
Teoderico e Federico suoi fratelli, il primo de' quali fu riconosciuto
per re di quella nazione. Similmente diede fine ai suoi giorni in
Costantinopoli a dì 18 di febbraio Pulcheria Augusta, sorella del già
defunto imperador Teodosio II, e moglie del regnante Marciano
Augusto, principessa memorabile per la sua rara pietà e saviezza. Fu
sempre zelante protettrice della fede cattolica [Chron. Alexand. Marcell.
Comes, in Chron.]; anche nel matrimonio volle intatta la sua verginità
consecrata a Dio; e fabbricò varii templi sacri, e varii spedali per
gl'infermi e pellegrini con regale magnificenza. Pria di morire istituì
eredi di tutto il suo avere i poverelli; ed il piissimo imperador
Marciano, per attestato di Teofane [Theoph., in Chronogr.], benchè
fossero immensi i di lei beni, pure puntualmente volle eseguita
l'ultima di lei volontà. Perciò degna ben fu questa insigne principessa
d'essere registrata fra i santi non men presso i Greci che presso i
Latini.
Cristo CDLIV. Indizione VII.
Leone papa 15.
Anno di
Valentiniano III imper. 30.
Marciano imperadore 5.

Consoli
Aezio e Studio.

Siccome osservò il padre Pagi [Pagius, in Crit. Baron.], questo Aezio


console non è il celebre Aezio patrizio, generale di Valentiniano
imperador di Occidente, ma sì bene un uffiziale delle corte cesarea di
Marciano Augusto. In quanto al suddetto Aezio valoroso generale
delle milizie nell'imperio d'Occidente, egli diede miseramente fine in
quest'anno alla vita non che alle imprese sue; perchè da Valentiniano
stesso imperadore, o almeno per ordine suo, restò ucciso. San
Prospero [Prosper, in Chronico.] lasciò scritto che erano seguite
promesse scambievoli, convalidate da giuramenti fra Valentiniano
Augusto ed esso Aezio, per la congiunzion de' figliuoli; e vuol dire
che l'una delle due figliuole dell'imperadore dovea essere stata
promessa in moglie ad uno de' figliuoli di Aezio, fra' quali sono a noi
noti Carpilione e Gaudenzio. In vece di nascere da ciò maggior lega
d'affetto, quindi ebbe principio la discordia e l'odio fra loro: mercè,
per quanto fu creduto, di Eraclio eunuco, il quale s'era talmente col
suo frodolento servigio renduto padrone dell'animo di Valentiniano,
che il girava dovunque volea: disgrazia riserbata a tutti i principi
deboli, condannati a lasciarsi menar pel naso da qualche favorito. Un
giorno adunque, mentre Aezio faceva calde istanze perchè si
eseguisse la promessa, e non senza commozion d'animo e con
risentite parole parlava per suo figliuolo all'imperador Valentiniano, o
fosse concerto fatto, o quella rissa ne facesse nascer l'occasione,
l'imperadore, sfoderata la spada, se gli avventò alla vita, e, per
quanto scrive Vittor Turonense [Victor Turonensis, apud Canisium.], datogli
il primo colpo, gli altri cortigiani che si trovarono presenti, misero
anche essi mano alle spade e lo stesero morto a terra. Erasi per sua
disavventura incontrato in sì brutta scena Boezio prefetto del
pretorio, senatore nobilissimo, perchè dell'insigne casa romana
Anicia, e probabilmente avolo del celebre Boezio, scrittore del secolo
susseguente. Perchè egli era sommamente amico di Aezio, e forse si
volle interporre per quetare il tumulto, restò anch'egli in quella
congiuntura ucciso. Idacio [Idacius, in Chronic.] aggiugne che altri
personaggi, chiamati ad uno ad uno in corte, vi lasciarono la vita.
Secondochè si ha dagli storici, furono messi in testa a Valentiniano
dei sospetti contro di Aezio, quasichè egli, superbo per le vittorie
riportate, per le sue ricchezze e pel credito che aveva nelle armate,
meditasse di usurpargli il trono. Forse ancora gli fu opposto, ch'egli,
vecchio amico degli Unni, avesse avuto dei segreti riguardi in favore
di Attila sì nella Gallia che nell'Italia. Ma qui Procopio [Procop., lib. 2,
cap. 4, de Vand.] ci fa sapere essere stato Massimo (poscia successor
nell'imperio) quegli che segretamente tramò la morte di Aezio per
vendicarsi di Valentiniano (siccome vedremo nell'anno seguente) e
per levar di mezzo ai suoi disegni questo potente ostacolo; e però,
guadagnati gli eunuchi del palazzo, operò che i medesimi colle arti
loro imprimessero in cuore dell'imperadore diffidenze e sospetti in
materia di Stato. Quel ch'è certo, siccome notò Marcellino conte
[Marcell., Comes, in Chronico.], in questo prode generale venne a
mancare il terrore de' Barbari e la salute dell'imperio occidentale, e
ne seguì poco dopo la rovina dello stesso imperadore e dell'imperio.
Però soggiugne Procopio, che avendo Valentiniano interrogato un
uomo savio, se era stato bene il togliere la vita ad Aezio, questi
rispose che non potea sapere se fosse bene o malfatto quel ch'era
succeduto; ma parergli d'intendere una sola cosa, cioè che
l'imperadore colla man sinistra aveva tagliato a sè stesso la destra.
In quest'anno l'imperador Marciano pubblicò un editto [L. 3, tit. 14, in
Append. Cod. Theod.] intorno ai matrimonii de' senatori, con dichiarare
quali fossero le basse ed abbiette persone, le quali era loro proibito
di prendere per mogli secondo una legge di Costantino, e con
decidere che fosse lecito lo sposar donne ancorchè povere, purchè di
nascita ingenue, e di professione e genitori non esercitanti arte
vergognosa. Così l'indefesso san Leone papa, valendosi dell'animo
rettissimo e piissimo di esso imperadore d'Oriente, calmò in questi
tempi varii torbidi insorti nella religione, e represse l'ambizione di
Anatolio patriarca di Costantinopoli, il quale contro l'autorità dei
canoni del concilio niceno s'era studiato di esaltar la sua Chiesa in
pregiudizio di quelle d'Alessandria e d'Antiochia. A persuasione sua
ancora il buon imperadore pubblicò nuovi editti contro gli eutichiani
ad altri eretici, che tuttavia infestavano colle lor false dottrine
l'Oriente; ed insieme confermò i privilegii antecedentemente
conceduti alle Chiese cattoliche.
Cristo CDLV. Indizione VIII.
Leone papa 16.
Anno di
Marciano imperadore 6.
Avito imperadore 1.

Consoli
Valentiniano Augusto per l'ottava volta ed Antemio.

L'anno è questo in cui l'imperio di Occidente, già lacerato in varie


parti dai Barbari, diede un gran crollo, e cominciò ad avvicinarsi alla
rovina. Il che avvenne per la morte di Valentiniano imperadore, non
naturale, ma violenta, a cui soggiacque egli o per la sua poca
prudenza, o pel merito delle sue poco lodevoli azioni. Ascoltiamo
prima Procopio [Procop., lib 1, cap. 4 de Bell. Vandal.], che narra l'origine
di questa tragedia. Petronio Massimo, uno de' senatori più illustri e
potenti di Roma, stato due volte console, avea per moglie una dama
che insieme sapeva congiungere una rara bellezza con una singolar
pudicizia. Se ne invaghì perdutamente Valentiniano, quantunque
avesse per moglie Eudossia, principessa di beltà non ordinaria; e
conoscendo che nè i doni nè le preghiere e lusinghe avrebbono
potuto espugnar quella rocca, si appigliò ad una risoluzione nefanda.
Fatto chiamare in corte Massimo, e vintagli certa quantità di danaro,
si fece dare in pegno il suo anello; dopo di che immediatamente
spedì alla di lui moglie un messo, con dirle che per ordine di
Massimo venisse tosto alla corte per salutar l'imperadrice. Ella,
prestata fede all'anello, si mise in lettiga, e fu a palazzo, dove
introdotta che fu dai ruffiani della corte in una camera, Valentiniano
l'assalì, e non ostante la di lei resistenza sfogò le brutali sue voglie
con essa. Tornata a casa piena di vergogna e dolore la donna si
diede ad un dirotto pianto; e capitato il marito, caricatolo di villanie e
d'imprecazioni, si sfogò seco, imputando a lui l'affronto ch'ella avea
patito. Diede nelle smanie Massimo; ma siccome persona accorta
trattenne e nascose il suo risentimento, cominciando da lì innanzi a
meditar la morte dell'imperadore. Prima nondimeno volle sbrigarsi di
Aezio patrizio, la cui morte, per quanto abbiam detto, fu sua occulta
manifattura. Poscia, guadagnati gli amici di Aezio, ed incitati alla
vendetta, per mezzo d'essi fece levar la vita a Valentiniano. Anche
Teofane [Theoph., in Chronograph.], sulla fede, cred'io, di Procopio,
descrive questo imperadore qual uomo pieno di vizii, e
massimamente d'adulterii, per giugnere ai quali non lasciava indietro
gl'incantesimi. Cedreno, Zonara e Niceforo, tutti autori greci,
copiandosi l'un l'altro, dicono altrettanto; ma io non so perchè mai
niuno degli storici latini abbia almeno accennato alcuna di tante
malvagità di Valentiniano, nè come Eudossia imperadrice amasse
tanto un marito quale a noi vien supposto, cioè macchiato di tanti
tradimenti alla fede maritale. Dal solo Apollinare Sidonio il veggo
chiamato semivir amens. Comunque sia, egli è fuor di dubbio,
secondo san Prospero [Prosper Tiro, in Chron.], che avendo Valentiniano
imprudentemente accettati fra le sue guardie alcuni de' soldati ed
amici di Aezio, già da lui ucciso, costoro aspettarono il tempo e
l'occasion di vendicare la di lui morte. Uscito egli di Roma nel dì 27 di
marzo, secondo la Cronica pubblicata dal Cuspiniano [Chronol. a
Cuspiniano edita.], mentre era intento al giuoco del portarsi l'un l'altro,
se gli scagliarono improvvisamente addosso costoro, e con varii colpi
il distesero morto al suolo. Era seco quel mal arnese d'Eraclio suo
eunuco, odiato da tutti, come promotore della rovina d'Aezio, e a lui
parimenti toccò una salva di colpi, per i quali cadde morto; nè alcuno
del numeroso regale corteggio si mosse alla difesa o vendetta del
sovrano. Cassiodoro [Cassiodorius, in Chron.] e Vittor Turonese [Victor
Turonensis, apud Canisium.] scrivono ch'egli fu ucciso nel campo Marzio.
Prospero Tirone [Prosper Tiro, in Chron., edition. Canis.] dell'edizion del
Canisio mette accaduta questa tragedia nel luogo appellato ai due
Lauri; e Marcellino conte [Marcell. Comes, in Chron.], coll'autore della
Miscella [Histor. Miscell., lib. 15.], nomina due di questi sicarii, cioè Ottila
e Traustila, amendue già sgherri d'Aezio e Barbari di nazione.
Dopo questa scena Petronio Massimo, autore della morte non
men d'Aezio che di Valentiniano III, non avendo più ostacolo, nel dì
seguente si fece proclamare imperadore de' Romani. Il Reinesio
[Reines., Inscript. Class. I, num. 39.] nell'albero della casa Anicia dimenticò
di porre costui, quantunque in una medaglia riferita dal Goltzio
[Goltzius, Numism.] e dal Mezzabarba [Mediobarb., Numism. Imperator.] egli
si vegga chiamato D. N. FL. ANICIUS MAXIMUS P. F. AVG. Ma se
fosse vero ciò che scrive Teofane [Theoph., in Chronogr.], cioè che
questo Massimo era nipote di quel Massimo che a' tempi di Teodosio
il grande strepitosamente usurpò l'imperio, non sarebbe egli da
attribuire alla famiglia Anicia, perchè con essa nulla avea che fare
Massimo il tiranno. Però o Petronio Massimo non fu Anicio, e quella
medaglia è falsa; o, come è più probabile, Teofane prese abbaglio,
ingannato dalla somiglianza del cognome. Non tardò Massimo,
dappoichè fu alzato al trono imperiale, ad indurre, prima colle
buone, poi colle brusche, Eudossia vedova a non piangere l'ucciso
imperadore, e a prendere lui per marito, giacchè gli era poco dianzi
mancata di vita la prima moglie. Eudossia, suo malgrado, vi
consentì, perchè non sapea che per trama di lui fosse stato tolto di
vita l'Augusto consorte. Procopio, Evagrio e Teofane coi lor copiatori,
cioè Cedreno, Zonara e Niceforo, scrivono che la violenza fatta ad
Eudossia fu maggiore di quel che ho detto: il che poi non s'accorda
con quel che soggiungono; cioè, che essendo essi coniugati in letto,
e ragionando degli affari loro, Massimo in confidenza le disse di aver
egli procurata la morte di Valentiniano pel grande amore che a lei
portava: stolto ch'ei fu a rivelare e mettere quel segreto in petto di
donna, che si mostrava tuttavia tanto appassionata pel primo
consorte. Internamente a questo avviso fremè di sdegno Eudossia, e
pensando alla maniera di farne vendetta [Theoph., in Chronogr.], ed
insieme di ricuperare la libertà, giacchè dopo la morte di Teodosio II
suo padre e della zia Pulcheria non sapeva sperar aiuto
dall'imperador d'Oriente, si appigliò ad una abbominevol risoluzione,
che tornò poscia in rovina di Roma e di lei medesima. Cioè spedì ella
segretamente in Africa lettere a Genserico re de' Vandali, pregandolo
di venir quanto prima a vendicar la morte di Valentiniano già suo
collegato, con offerirgli ogni assistenza dal canto suo. Marcellino
conte [Marcell. Comes, in Chron.], Procopio [Procop., lib. 1, cap. 4 de Bell.
Vand.] ed Evagrio [Evagr., Hist. Eccl., lib. 2.] attestano anch'essi che
Genserico fu sollecitato con lettere assai calde dalla furente
imperadrice a venir colle sue forze contra l'odiato suo consorte. A
braccia aperte Genserico accolse l'invito, non già per carità verso
d'Eudossia, ma per la speranza di un gran bottino; e messa in punto
una formidabil flotta, comparve con essa alle spiaggie romane.
Secondochè abbiamo da Idacio [Idacius, in Chron.], Massimo avea
dichiarato Cesare Palladio figliuolo suo e della prima moglie, e
congiunta seco in matrimonio una figliuola di Valentiniano, cioè, per
quanto si crede, Eudocia, chiamata da altri Eudossia, primogenita
d'esso imperadore. Per quanto scrive san Prospero [Prosper, in Chron.],
ossia Prospero Tirone, s'era già divulgato fra il popolo ch'egli era
stato autore della morte d'Aezio e di Valentiniano, al vedere ch'egli
non solamente non gastigò i loro uccisori, ma gli aveva anche presi
sotto la sua protezione. Perciò la speranza conceputa che questo
novello Augusto dovesse riuscire d'utilità alla repubblica si convertì in
odio quasi universale contra di lui. Uditosi poi l'avviso d'essere
approdata in vicinanza di Roma l'armata navale dei Vandali, molti
nobili e popolari cominciarono a fuggire; e lo stesso Massimo,
diffidandosi di poter fare resistenza a quei Barbari, dopo aver data a
tutti licenza di andarsene, pieno di spavento, prese anche egli lo
spediente di ritirarsi altrove. Ma nell'uscir di palazzo, svegliatosi un
tumulto fra il popolo, fu da esso, e massimamente dai soldati e
servitori di corte, tagliato a pezzi e gittato nel Tevere, senza che gli
restasse neppur l'onore della sepoltura. Non tenne l'imperio se non
due mesi e diciassette giorni, secondo san Prospero, e però cadde
nel dì 11 di giugno la morte sua. Dovette eziandio restar vittima del
furor popolare Palladio suo figliuolo, giacchè Eudocia sua moglie si
vede da lì a non molto maritata con Unneri cofigliuolo del re
Genserico. Per altro ha qualche aria d'inverisimile la chiamata dei
Barbari attribuita ad Eudossia Augusta, stante il breve spazio di due
mesi, in cui si suppone rivelato da Massimo il suo segreto, chiamato
dall'Africa Genserico, fatti da lui i convenevoli preparamenti, e giunta
la sua flotta ai lidi romani, per tacere altri riflessi. Oltredichè, dopo i
fatti, non si può dir quanto sia facile il popolo a sognare e spacciar
voci false.
Comunque sia, sbarcate le vandaliche milizie, tra le quali era
anche una gran quantità di Mori, tratti dall'avidità della preda, nel dì
12 di giugno, e non già nel dì 12 di luglio, come scrive Mariano Scoto
[Marian. Scotus, in Chron.] (errore a cui non fece mente il padre Pagi
[Pagius, Crit. Baron.]), trovò poca difficoltà il re Genserico ad entrare in
Roma, rimasta senza gente e presidio abile a far difesa, e lasciò
libero il campo ai suoi di saccheggiar l'infelice città. L'autore della
Miscella [Histor. Miscell., lib. 15.], secondo la mia edizione, scrive che il
santo pontefice Leone uscì fuori della città incontro al re barbaro, e
non men col suo venerabile aspetto che colla sua eloquenza ottenne
che non si ucciderebbono nè tormenterebbono i cittadini, e
resterebbono salve dal fuoco le case. Durò il saccheggio quattordici
dì, ne' quali fu fatta un'esatta ricerca di tutto il meglio che s'avessero
gli abitatori, e rimase spogliata la misera città di tutte le sue
ricchezze, che furono imbarcate ed inviate a Cartagine. Scrive
Procopio [Procop., de Bell. Vand., lib. 1, cap. 5.] che coloro asportarono
dall'imperial palazzo quanto v'era di buono, nè vi lasciarono pur un
vaso di rame. Diedero parimente il sacco al tempio di Giove
Capitolino, il quale è da stupire come tuttavia sussistesse, con
portarne via la metà del tetto, ch'era d'ottimo bronzo indorato, ed
una delle superbe e mirabili rarità di Roma. Corse fama che la nave
in cui erano condotti gl'idoli dei Romani perisse nel viaggio. Furono
inoltre menate in ischiavitù molte migliaia di cittadini romani, e fra
essi, per attestato d'Idacio [Idacius, in Chronico.], Gaudenzio figliuolo
d'Aezio. Provò allora anche la sconsigliata imperadrice Eudossia (se
pur fu vero l'invito fatto a Genserico) i frutti della sua pazzia, in
essersi fidata del re barbaro ed eretico; perciocchè anch'ella colle
sue due figliuole, Eudocia e Placidia, corse la medesima fortuna,
essendo state tutte e tre condotte prigioniere a Cartagine. Genserico
dopo alcuni anni, come diremo, diede per moglie Eudocia ad
Unnerico suo primogenito, a cui ella col tempo partorì un figliuolo
appellato Ilderico. Nella sola Cronica Alessandrina [Chron. Alexandr.]
questa principessa vien chiamata non già Eudocia, ma Onoria; e
perciò tanto il Du-Cange quanto il padre Pagi credettero ch'ella
avesse due nomi; e giunse il suddetto Pagi fino ad immaginare
ch'essa prendesse dal nome di Unnerico ossia Honorico suo consorte
quello d'Onoria. Ma nulla di ciò, a mio credere, sussiste. Si dee tener
per error de' copisti il nome di Onoria nella Cronica Alessandrina,
giacchè tutti gli altri scrittori la chiamano solamente Eudocia. E se il
padre Pagi soggiugne che anche Prisco, istorico [Priscus, tom. 1 Hist.
Byz.] di que' tempi, le dà il nome di Onoria alla facciata 42, egli prese
abbaglio, perchè si attenne alla versione latina, laddove il testo greco
ha chiaramente Εὐδωκία Eudocia, siccome ancora alla facciata 74.
Falla eziandio l'autore della Miscella [Hist. Miscella, tom. 1 Rer. Italicar.,
pag. 98.], secondo l'edizion mia, allorchè scrive che Eudocia fu
maritata con Trasamondo figliuolo di Genserico. Ma è ben degna
d'osservazione una particolarità ch'egli aggiunge, taciuta da tanti
altri autori. Cioè che, dopo avere abbandonata Roma, i Vandali e
Mori si sparsero per la Campania, saccheggiando, incendiando
quanto incontrarono. Presero Capoa, e la distrussero sino ai
fondamenti; altrettanto fecero a Nola città ricchissima. Non poterono
aver Napoli nè altri luoghi forti, ma diedero il sacco a tutto il
territorio, e condussero seco in ischiavitù chi era avanzato alle loro
spade. Appresso racconta che Paolino, piissimo vescovo di Nola,
dopo aver impiegato quanto avea pel riscatto de' poveri cristiani,
altro non restandogli in fine, per compassione ad una misera vedova,
andò egli stesso in Africa a liberare un di lei figliuolo, con rimaner
egli schiavo; ma, conosciuta dipoi la sua santità, fu lasciato andar da
que' Barbari con quanti Nolani si trovavano schiavi. Sembra, è vero,
a tutta prima che questo autore abbia confuso le crudeltà commesse
dai Goti sotto Alarico nell'anno 409, dopo la presa di Roma, con
quest'altra disavventura della medesima città. Ma può stare
benissimo che i Vandali portassero la loro fierezza anche nella
Campania. San Gregorio il Grande, che fiorì sul fine del secolo
susseguente, narra anch'egli il fatto suddetto di san Paolino [Gregor.
Magnus, lib. 3, cap. 2 Dialogor.]: quum saevientiun Vandalorum tempore
fuisset Italia in Campaniae partibus depopulata. E di qui si può
prender maniera per isciorre un nodo avvertito dagli eruditi, i quali
trattano come favola la schiavitù in Africa di san Paolino; perchè
altro san Paolino vescovo di Nola non riconoscono se non quello che
fiorì a' tempi dei santi Girolamo ed Agostino. Ma il padre Gianningo
della compagnia di Gesù giudiciosamente osservò [Acta Sanctorum, in
Append. ad Vit. sancti Paulini ad diem 22 jun.], aver Nola avuto più d'un
Paolino per suo vescovo, e che non sotto il primo, ma sotto uno de'
suoi successori potè succedere il fatto di quella vedova, il quale
incautamente nel Breviario e Martirologio romano vien attribuito al
primo san Paolino. Ora ecco dall'autore della Miscella autenticate le
conghietture del padre Gianningo, e doversi riferire a questi tempi la
distruzione di Capoa e di Nola, e un altro san Paolino vescovo
dell'ultima città. E così possiam credere, finchè dia l'animo ad alcuno
di mostrarci che in ciò si sieno ingannati san Gregorio Magno e
l'autore della Miscella.
Sappiamo bensì che si dilungò dal vero sant'Isidoro in iscrivendo
[Isidorus, in Chron. Vandal.] che Genserico solamente dopo la morte di
Maioriano Augusto prese e saccheggiò Roma: il che sarebbe
accaduto nell'anno di Cristo 462. È troppo patente un anacronismo
tale. Lasciò parimente Evagrio [Evagr., lib 2, cap. 7 Hist. Eccl.], che Roma
in tal congiuntura fu data alle fiamme; ma anch'egli s'ingannò.
Pretende il cardinal Baronio [Baron., Annal. Eccl.], coll'autorità di
Anastasio bibliotecario [Anastas., in Vita Leonis Magni.], che i Vandali
portassero rispetto alle tre primarie basiliche di Roma, e non ne
asportassero i sacri vasi: intorno a che è di dire che non è ben chiaro
quel passo. Certo è bensì che una gran quantità di sacre suppellettili
con gemme e vasi di oro e d'argento, tolta alle chiese, trasportata fu
in Africa da que' masnadieri. E Teofane [Theoph., in Chronogr.] aggiugne
che furono del pari menati via i vasi del tempio di Gerusalemme, che
Tito imperadore, dopo la presa di quella città, avea condotto a
Roma. Questi poi, allorchè Belisario riacquistò l'Africa al romano
imperio, per attestato di Procopio [Procop., de Bell. Vandal., lib. 2 cap. 9.],
furono trasferiti a Costantinopoli. Si raccoglie poi da san Leone papa
[Sermo LXXXI s. Leonis, in Octava Apostol.], che fu istituita una festa in
Roma in ringraziamento a Dio, perchè i Barbari avessero, con
andarsene, lasciata in libertà quella città. Del pari merita ben
d'essere qui rammentata l'incomparabil carità di Deogratias, vescovo
di Cartagine, di cui abbiam parlato di sopra, giacchè questa viene a
noi descritta da Vittore Vitense [Victor Vitensis, lib. 1 de Persecut. Vandal.].
Giunsero in Africa tante migliaia di schiavi cristiani, e ne fecero la
division fra loro i Vandali e i Mori, con restar separati, secondo l'uso
dei Barbari, le mogli dai mariti, i figliuoli dai genitori.
Immediatamente quell'uomo di Dio vendè tutti i vasi d'oro e
d'argento delle chiese per liberar quei che potè dalla schiavitù, ed
impetrare per gli altri che i mariti stessero colle loro consorti, e i
figliuoli coi lor padri. E perchè niun luogo bastava a capire tanta
moltitudine di miseri cristiani, deputò per essi le due più ampie
basiliche di Fausto e delle Nuove, con letti o stramazzi da poter quivi
riposare, e diede anche il cibo giornaliero a proporzione delle
persone. Non pochi parimente di quegl'infelici erano caduti infermi a
cagion de' disagi patiti per la navigazione, o per la crudeltà di que'
Barbari. Il santo vescovo, benchè vecchio, quasi ad ogni momento li
visitava insieme coi medici, e coi cibi, perchè, secondo l'ordine di essi
medici, a cadauno in sua presenza venisse somministrato il
bisognevole. E non restava neppur la notte di far questo esercizio il
pio prelato a guisa d'una amorevolissima balia, correndo a letto per
letto, e interrogando come si portava ciascuno di quei poveri malati.
Miravano con occhio livido i Vandali ariani la mirabile carità di questo
vescovo cattolico, e varie volte mancò poco che sotto varii pretesti
non l'uccidessero. Ma Iddio volle per sè da lì a qualche tempo
quest'insigne operaio della sua vigna, con tal dolore de' cattolici di
Cartagine, che allora maggiormente si credettero dati in mano ai
Barbari, quando egli passò al cielo. Tre anni soli durò il suo
vescovato, ma ne durerà presso i fedeli la memoria nel Martirologio
romano a dì 22 di marzo.
Fioriva in questi tempi con gran riputazione nelle Gallie Avito,
nominato più volte di sopra, di nobilissima casa della provincia
d'Auvergne, come scrisse Gregorio Turonense [Gregor. Turonensis, lib. 2,
cap 11.]. Dianzi era con lode intervenuto a varie battaglie; aveva
esercitata la carica di prefetto del pretorio delle Gallie, ed
ultimamente, mentre egli si godeva la sua quiete in villa, Massimo
Augusto, conoscente non meno del di lui merito che della probità e
valore, l'avea dichiarato generale dell'esercito romano in quelle parti.
E ben ve n'era bisogno, perchè i Visigoti, i Franchi ed altri popoli,
udita la morte di Valentiniano, cominciavano a far movimenti di
guerra. Nè solamente gli conferì Massimo questa dignità, ma gli
ordinò soprattutto di stabilir la pace con Teoderico II re de' Visigoti.
A tale effetto avendo Avito mandato avanti Messiano patrizio a
parlare col re, anche egli appresso passò a Tolosa, e quivi intavolò la
pace desiderata. Quando ecco giugnere nello stesso tempo la nuova
che Massimo imperadore era stato tagliato in brani dal popolo e da'
soldati, e che Genserico, entrato in Roma, avea quivi lasciata la
briglia alla sua crudeltà. Allora gli uffiziali romani, e il medesimo re
Teoderico, consigliarono a gara Avito di prendere le redini
dell'imperio, giacchè il trono imperiale era voto, nè si facea torto ad
alcuno; e in Roma allora altro non v'era che pianto e miseria. Gli
promise Teoderico, oltre alla pace, anche l'assistenza sua per liberare
l'afflitta città, e far vendetta di Genserico. Se crediamo ad Apollinare
Sidonio [Sidon., in Panegyr. Aviti.], marito d'una figliuola d'Avito stesso,
egli ripugnò non poco ad accettar questa splendidissima offerta, e
fecesi molto pregare; ma Gregorio Turonese [Gregor. Turonensis, lib. 2,
cap. 11.] pretende che egli stesso si procurasse un sì maestoso
impiego. In Tolosa dunque fu conchiusa la di lui assunzione al trono
cesareo; ed essendo egli poi venuto ad Arles, luogo di sua residenza,
in essa città col consentimento dell'esercito e de' popoli fu compiuta
la funzione, con esser egli proclamato imperadore Augusto, e col
prendere la porpora e il diadema. Credesi che ciò seguisse nel dì 10
di luglio. Da una iscrizione riferita dal padre Sirmondo [Sirmondus, in
Notis ad Panegyr. Aviti.] possiamo raccogliere che questo imperadore
portasse il nome di Eparchio Avito. In una sola medaglia riferita dal
Goltzio [Goltzius, Numism.] e dal Mezzabarba [Mediob., Numismat. Imp.],
esso viene intitolato D. N. FLAVIVS MAECILIVS AVITVS P. F. AVG; ma
non tutte le medaglie pubblicate dal Goltzio portarono l'autentica con
loro, e senz'altro pruove, la sua non è qui decisiva. Marciano Augusto
in quest'anno si mostrò favorevole al clero, ordinando [L. Generali I
Lege, Cod. Justinian. de episc. et cleric.] che fosse lecito alle vedove,
diaconesse e monache di lasciare nell'ultima volontà ciò che loro
piacesse, alle chiese, ai cherici e monaci: il che prima era vietato per
una legge di Valentiniano, Valente e Graziano, a cagion d'alcuni che
frequentavano troppo e con troppa avidità le case d'esse femmine
sotto pretesto di religione. Può anche appartenere al presente anno
ciò che vien raccontato da Prisco storico [Priscus, tom. 1 Histor. Byzant.,
pag. 73.] di questi tempi. Cioè, ch'esso imperador Marciano, da che
ebbe inteso il sacco di Roma, e che Genserico aveva condotta seco
in Africa l'Augusta Eudossia colle principesse figliuole, non potendo
rimediare al male già fatto, almeno spedì ambasciatori al re barbaro,
comandandogli di guardarsi dal più molestare l'Italia, e che
rimettesse in libertà la vedova imperadrice colle figliuole. Genserico
se ne rise, e rimandò i legati con buone parole, senza voler liberare
quelle principesse. Dimorava tuttavia in questi tempi nella città di
Gerusalemme Eudocia, ossia Atenaide, vedova di Teodosio II
imperadore, e madre della suddetta Eudossia Augusta. Racconta
Cirillo monaco, nella Vita di santo Eutimio abbate [Cotelerius, tom. 4
Monument. Eccl., p. 64.], che questa principessa seguitava l'eresia degli
eutichiani, e per quante lettere le andassero scrivendo Valerio suo
fratello (Valeriano è questi chiamato nella Cronica d'Alessandria) ed
Olibrio genero di sua figliuola, perchè abbandonasse quella setta,
mai non s'indusse a cangiar sentimenti. Si sa ancora che san Leone
papa [Leo Magnus, ep. LXXXVIII ad Julian.] scrisse alla medesima lettere
esortatorie per questo, ed altrettanto avea fatto Valentiniano III
Augusto suo genero, ma sempre indarno. Giunse finalmente a lei la
funesta nuova ch'esso Valentiniano era stato ucciso, e che la figliuola
colle nipoti era stata condotta prigioniera in Africa: allora Eudocia,
battuta da tanti flagelli, fatto ricorso ai santi Simeone Stilita ed
Eutimio, ritornò alla fede cattolica, con adoperarsi dipoi acciocchè
molti altri abiurassero gli errori d'Eutichete. Le parole di Cirillo
suddetto ci fan conoscere vero quanto si truova scritto da Procopio
[Procop., de Bell. Vandal. lib. 1, cap. 5.] e da Teofane [Theoph., in Chronogr.]:
cioè che Placidia, figliuola minore di Valentiniano III imperadore,
condotta colla madre Eudossia e colla sorella Eudocia in Africa da
Genserico, era già maritata con Olibrio nobilissimo senatore romano.
Evagrio [Evagr., lib. 2, cap. 7 Hist. Eccl.] all'incontro chiaramente scrive
che Placidia, dappoichè fu messa in libertà per ordin di Marciano
Augusto, prese per marito esso Olibrio, fuggito a Costantinopoli dopo
la entrata de' Vandali in Roma. Ma qui l'autorità di Evagrio, benchè
seguitata dal Du-Cange [Du-Cange, Famil. Byzant.], ha poco peso;
perciocchè Placidia solamente dopo la morte di Marciano imperadore
fu posta in libertà. Sembra eziandio che Prisco, istorico di que' tempi,
asserisca [Priscus, Hist. Byz., tom. 1, pag. 74.] seguito quel matrimonio
solamente dappoichè fu restituita alla primiera libertà questa
principessa, con dire ἥν ἐγεγαμἠκει Ὀλίβιρος, cioè, secondo la
versione latina del Cantoclaro, quam duxit Olibrius; ma si dovea più
giustamente traslatare quam duxerat Olibrius.
Cristo CDLVI. Indizione IX.
Leone papa 17.
Anno di
Marciano imperadore 7.
Avito imperadore 2.

Consoli in Oriente Varane e Giovanni.


Console in Occidente Eparchio Avito Augusto.

Non per anche dovea Marciano Augusto avere riconosciuto Avito


per imperadore, e però egli solo creò i consoli in Oriente. Ma
infallibilmente sappiamo che Avito, già dichiarato Augusto, ed
accettato per tale dal senato romano, anzi invitato da esso a Roma,
prese il consolato di quest'anno in Occidente. Abbiamo qualche
iscrizione in testimonianza di ciò, che si legge anche nella mia
Raccolta [Thes. novus Inscript.]. E soprattutto resta il panegirico recitato
in Roma per tale occasione in onore d'Avito da Apollinare Sidonio,
celebre scrittore di questi tempi [Sidon., in Panegyr. Aviti.]. Il Relando
[Reland., Fast. Cons.], che differisce all'anno susseguente il consolato
d'Avito, non ha ben fatto mente che in questo medesimo anno Avito
precipitò dal trono. Venuto egli dunque a Roma, spedì, per attestato
d'Idacio [Idacius, in Chron.], i suoi ambasciatori (fors'anche gli avea
spediti prima) a Marciano imperadore d'Oriente; e, secondochè
scrive il medesimo storico, fu approvata la sua elezione. Ma
perciocchè gli Svevi, che signoreggiavano nelle provincie occidentali
della Spagna, mostravano gran voglia di far dei movimenti, anzi
infestavano la provincia di Cartagena, Avito ad essi ancora inviò per
ambasciatore Frontone conte, e pregò Teoderico II re de' Visigoti
che anch'egli, siccome suo collegato, mandasse un'ambasceria a
que' Barbari per indurli a conservar la pace giurata colle provincie
che restavano in Ispagna all'imperio romano. Andarono gli
ambasciatori, ma non riportarono se non delle negative da quegli
alteri. E Rechiario re d'essi Svevi, che Riciario è appellato da
Giordano storico, per far ben conoscere qual rispetto egli professava
ai Romani e Goti, corse a far dei gran danni nella provincia
tarraconense. Questo fu il frutto delle premure dell'imperadore Avito
e di Teoderico re de' Visigoti. Oltre a ciò, racconta Prisco istorico
[Priscus, tom. 1 Histor. Byz., pag. 73.] che Avito imperadore mandò in
Africa altri ambasciatori ad intimare a Genserico re dei Vandali
l'osservanza dei patti stabiliti un pezzo fa coll'imperio romano;
perchè altrimenti gli muoverebbe guerra colle milizie romane e de'
suoi collegati. Marciano Augusto probabilmente in questo medesimo
anno, giacchè nulla avea fruttato la spedizione precedente, inviò di
nuovo ad esso re Bleda, vescovo ariano, cioè della setta degli stessi
Vandali, per dimandare la libertà delle principesse auguste e la
conservazione della pace. Bleda parlò alto, minacciò, ma nulla potè
ottenere. Anzi Genserico, più orgoglioso che mai, seguitò in Africa a
perseguitare i cattolici, come a lungo racconta Vittore Vitense.
Inoltre, per relazione del suddetto storico Prisco, con una numerosa
flotta d'armati andò a sbarcare di nuovo nella Sicilia e ne' vicini
luoghi d'Italia, con lasciar la desolazione dovunque arrivò. Procopio
anch'egli attesta che Genserico, dopo la morte di Valentiniano, non
lasciò passar anno che non infestasse la Sicilia e l'Italia con prede
incredibili, rovine delle città e prigionia de' popoli. Aggiugne Vittore
Vitense [Victor Vitensis, lib. 1, cap. 17 de persecut.] che questo re divenuto
corsaro coi Mori antichi corsari, afflisse in varii tempi la Spagna,
l'Italia, la Dalmazia, la Campania, la Calabria, la Puglia, la Sicilia, la
Sardegna, i Bruzii, la Venezia, la Lucania, il vecchio Epiro e la Grecia,
con perseguitare dappertutto i cattolici, e farvi de' martiri. La
menzione che questo scrittore fa della Campania dà credito al
racconto dell'autore della Miscella, riferito da me all'anno precedente
intorno all'eccidio di Capoa e Nola, e al passaggio in Africa di san
Paolino juniore vescovo di Nola. Vengono ancora confermate le
scorrerie di questo re crudele dal poco fa mentovato Idacio,
scrivendo egli che essendo capitate cinquantanove navi cariche di
Vandali da Cartagine nella Gallia, o pur nell'Italia, spedito per ordine
di Avito imperadore contra coloro Recimere conte suo generale, gli
riuscì di tagliarli a pezzi. Soggiugne che un'altra gran moltitudine di
que' Barbari nella Corsica era stata messa a filo di spada.
Vedendo intanto Teoderico II re dei Visigoti che gli Svevi
signoreggianti nella Gallicia niun conto aveano fatto degli
ambasciatori loro spediti, secondochè si ha da Idacio [Idacius, in
Chron.] e da Giordano storico [Jordan., de Reb. Get., cap. 44.], tornò ad
inviarne loro degli altri, nè questi ebbero miglior fortuna. Anzi poco
dopo Rechiario re d'essi Svevi con grosso esercito ritornò addosso
alla provincia tarraconense, e ne condusse via un immenso bottino
con gran numero di prigioni. Giordano aggiugne aver risposto l'altero
Rechiario a Teoderico, che se non la dismetteva di mormorare di lui,
sarebbe venuto fino a Tolosa, e si sarebbe veduto se i Goti avessero
forze da resistergli. Allora Teoderico perdè la pazienza, e, per ordine
dello stesso Avito Augusto, allestito un poderoso esercito di Goti,
dall'Aquitania passò in Ispagna, per fare un'ambasciata di maggior
vigore a que' Barbari. Seco andarono Giudiaco, ossia Chilperico re
de' Borgognoni, colle lor soldatesche. Dodici miglia lungi da Astorga,
oggidì città del regno di Leone, si trovò a fronte d'essi il re degli
Svevi Rechiario col nervo maggiore delle sue genti presso il fiume
Urbico nel quinto giorno di ottobre. Fecesi un sanguinoso fatto di
arme; furono totalmente sconfitti gli Svevi, il re loro ferito potè per
allora mettersi colla fuga in salvo. Giunto poscia il vittorioso
Teoderico alla città di Braga, nel dì 28 d'ottobre, la prese, la diede a
sacco, fece prigione gran quantità di Romani, non fu perdonato nè
alle chiese nè al clero; insomma tutto fu orrore e crudeltà.
Trovandosi poi esso re nel luogo Portucale, onde è venuto il nome di
Portogallo, gli fu condotto prigione il re suddetto Rechiario, il quale si
era messo in una nave fuggendo, ma da una tempesta di mare fu
menato in braccio ai Visigoti. Ancorchè fosse cognato di Teoderico,
da lì a qualche tempo restò privato di vita. Allora Teoderico diede per
capo agli Svevi, che s'erano sottomessi a lui, Aiulfo suo cliente, e
dipoi passò dalla Gallicia nella Lusitania. Ma questo Aiulfo non istette
molto che, sedotto dagli Svevi, alzò la testa contra del suo
benefattore; e male per lui, perchè venuto alle mani con Teoderico, e
rimasto in quella battaglia preso, lasciò la testa sopra d'un patibolo.
Ottennero dipoi gli sconfitti Svevi, per mezzo de' sacerdoti, il
perdono da Teoderico, ed ebbero licenza di eleggersi un capo, che fu
Remismondo. In tal maniera furono gastigati gli Svevi, ma colla
desolazion del paese, e senza profitto alcuno del romano imperio;
perciocchè quelle provincie vennero sotto il dominio dei Visigoti.
Tutto questo racconto l'abbiamo da Giordano e da Idacio; e l'ultimo
d'essi riferisce questi fatti in due diversi anni, ma probabilmente non
senza errore, perchè appresso narra la caduta di Avito imperadore,
la qual nondimeno accadde in questo medesimo anno. Il suddetto re
Teoderico II vien lodato assaissimo da Apollinare Sidonio [Sidon., lib. 1,
epist. 2.] per le sue belle doti.

Come poi cadesse Avito dal trono, se ne ha un solo barlume


dall'antica storia, cioè solamente è a noi noto che Avito standosene
in Roma, ed accortosi che quivi non era sicurezza per lui, mercè della
persecuzione mossa contra di lui da Ricimere, si ritirò come fuggitivo
a Piacenza. Dopo la morte d'Aezio, era stato conferito a questo
Ricimere il grado di generale delle armate cesaree. In una iscrizione
rapportata dall'Aringhi [Aringhius, Rom. Subterran., lib. 4, cap. 7.] egli è
chiamato Flavio Ricimere. Ennodio [Ennodius, in Vita s. Epiphanii.] ci
rappresenta costui di nazione Goto. Ma è più da credere ad
Apollinare Sidonio, autore contemporaneo ed amico d'esso Ricimere,
allorchè attesta che egli era nato di padre svevo e di madre gota, e
nipote di Vallia re d'essi Goti o, vogliam dire, Visigoti. Questi Barbari,
sollevati ai gradi più insigni dell'imperio romano, contribuirono non
poco alla rovina d'esso imperio. Se s'ha da prestar fede a Gregorio
Turonense [Gregor. Turon., lib. 2, cap. 11 Hist. Franc.], Avito, perchè
lussuriosamente vivea, fu abbattuto dai senatori. Quum romanum
ambisset imperium luxuriose agere volens, a senatoribus projectus.
Però da Fredegario, nel Compendio [Fredegar., Hist. Franc. Epitom., cap. 7
et 10.] del Turonese, Avito vien chiamato imperator luxuriosus. Inoltre
egli racconta, che avendo Avito, già divenuto imperadore, finto di
essere malato, e dato ordine che le senatrici il visitassero, usò
violenza alla moglie di un certo Lucio senatore, il quale, in vendetta
di questo affronto, fu cagione che i Franchi prendessero e
consegnassero alle fiamme la città di Treveri. Ma si può ben
sospettare che queste sieno fole e ciarle inventate da chi gli volea
male. In quei pochi mesi che Avito tenne l'imperio, dimorò in Arles,
da cui è ben lungi Treveri, e di là poscia passò a Roma. Il gran peso
ch'egli prese sulle spalle, gli dovea ben allora lasciar pensare ad altro
che a sforzar donne; e massimamente non essendo allora egli uno
sfrenato giovane, ma con molti anni addosso, giacchè sappiamo da
Sidonio che fin l'anno 421 egli fu dalla sua patria spedito
ambasciatore ad Onorio e Costanzo Augusti. Oltre di che, sembra
ben poco credibile l'ordine che si suppone dato da lui d'essere
visitato dalle senatoresse nella finta infermità. E quando sia vero che
Avito, dopo aver deposto l'imperio, fosse creato vescovo di Piacenza,
tanto più si intenderebbe che egli non dovea essere quale vien
dipinto dal Turonense e dal suo abbreviatore, perchè lo zelantissimo
papa san Leone non avrebbe permesso che fosse assunto a tal
grado chi fosse pubblicamente macchiato d'adulterii e di scandali.
Perciò parmi più meritevol di fede Vittore Turonense [Victor Turonensis,
in Chron.], che ci rappresenta Avito per un buon uomo, con iscrivere:
Avitus, vir totius simplicitatis, in Galliis imperium sumit. In somma
Avito, benchè venuto a Roma e accettato da' Romani, non tardò
molto ad esserne odiato, se pur tutta la sua disgrazia non fu il
trovarsi egli poco in grazia di Ricimere general delle armate, la cui
prepotenza cominciò allora a farsi sentire, e crebbe poi
maggiormente da lì innanzi, siccome vedremo. Avito adunque,
scorgendo vacillante il suo trono, perchè, siccome notò Idacio
[Idacius, in Chron.], s'era egli fidato dell'aiuto a lui promesso dai Goti
impegnati nelle conquiste in Ispagna, nol potevano punto assistere:
Avito, dissi, si ritirò da Roma, e giunto a Piacenza, quivi depose la
porpora e rinunziò all'imperio.
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