NEXUS Relations & Functions

Questions
1. Let A and B be two sets such that n(A) = 4 and n(B) = 2. If a, b, c, d are distinct and (a, 2), (b, 3),
(c, 2), (d, 3) are in A × B. Find A and B.

2. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. R is relation on A defined as xRy  y = 2x – 1. Write down its domain
and range.

3. If A = 1, 2,3 , B = 1, 4, 6,9 and R is a relation from A to B defined by ‘x is greater than y’. The
range of R is
(a) 1, 4, 6,9 (b) 4,6,9 (c) 1 (d) None of these

4. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6}, which of the following are relations from A to B?
(I) {(1, 6), (3, 4), (5, 2)} (II) {(1, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 6)}
(a) Only (I) (b) Only (II) (c) Both (I) and (II) (d) None of these

5. If a relation R on the set A = 1, 2, 3 is defined as R = ( x, y ) : x − y  1, x, y  A , then _____

(a) R = (1, 2 ) , ( 2, 3) , ( 3, 1) (b) R = (1, 2 ) , ( 2, 1) , (1, 3) , ( 3, 1) , ( 2, 3) , (3, 2 )
(c) R = (1, 1) , ( 2, 2 ) , ( 3, 3) (d) none of these

6. If R3 = {(x, |x|); x is a real number} is a relation. Then domain and range of R3 is

(a) Domain = R, range = [-1,1] (b) Domain = R-, range = [0,∞)
(c) Domain = R, range = [0,∞) (d) None of these

7. The domain and range of the relation R defined by R = {(x, x3): x is a prime number less than 10} is –
(a) domain = {2, 3, 5, 7}, range = {8, 27, 25, 49}
(b) domain = {2, 4, 6, 7}, range = {8, 64, 216, 49}
(c) domain = {2, 3, 5, 7}, range = {8, 27, 125, 343}
(d) domain = {2, 3, 5, 7}, range = {8, 27, 125, 349}

8. Find the domain and range of inverse relation R-1 if R = {(x, y) : x, y  N , x + 2y = 8}.
9. Let A = {1, 2, 3}. The total number of distinct relations that can be defined over A is-
(a) 29 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) None of these

10. Let n(A) = m, and n(B) = n. Then the total number of non-empty relations that can be defined
from A to B is-
(a) mn (b) nm-1 (c) mn – 1 (d) 2mn-1

11. Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. Let R be the relation on A defined by

{(x, y) : x  A , y  A and x divides y}.
Find (i) R (ii) domain of R (iii) range of R (iv) R–1.
State whether or not R is reflexive, symmetric, or transitive.

12. Let R be the relation in the set 1, 2, 3, 4 given by

R = (1, 2 ) , ( 2, 2 ) , (1, 1) , ( 4, 4 ) , (1, 3) , (3, 3) , (3, 2 ) . Then R is _______
(a) Reflexive only (b) Reflexive and Transitive only
(c) Reflexive and symmetric only (d) Equivalence
NEXUS Relations & Functions

13. For real numbers x and y , define xRy if and only if x − y + 2 is an irrational number. Then
the relation R is
(a) Reflexive only (b) Symmetric only
(c) Transitive only (d) None of these
14. Consider the non-empty set consisting of children in a family and a relation R defined as aRb if
a is brother of b . Then is R reflexive, Symmetric or transitive?
15. Check whether the relation R defined on the set of real numbers as R = {(a, b) : b = a + 1} is
reflexive, symmetric or transitive.
16. Let A be the set of human beings living in a town at a particular time and R be the relation on A
defined by R = {(a, b) : a is exactly 7 cm taller than b}. Check whether the relation R is reflexive,
symmetric or transitive on A.
17. Let T be the set of all triangles in a plane with R a relation in T given by
R = {(T1, T2) : T1 is congruent to T2}. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
18. Let R be relation defined as R = {(x, y) : x + y = 10, x, y ∈ N }. Determine whether the relation is
reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

19. Let W denote the words in the English dictionary. Define the relation R by :
R ={(x, y)  W×W, such that the words x and y have at least one letter in common}. Then R is
(a) Not reflexive, symmetric and transitive (b) Reflexive, symmetric and not transitive
(c) Reflexive, symmetric and transitive (d) Reflexive, not symmetric and transitive

20. Let L be the set of all lines in a plane and R be the relation on L defined as
R = {(l, m) : l is perpendicular to m}. Check whether R is reflexive, symmetric or transitive.

21. Show that the relation R in N × N defined by (a, b) R (c, d) iff a + d = b + c is an equivalence relation.
22. Let R1 and R2 be two relations defined on R by aR1b  ab  0 and aR 2 b  a  b . Then
(a) R1 is an equivalence relation but not R2 (b) R2 is an equivalence relation but not R1
(c) Both R1 and R2 are equivalence relation (d) Neither R1 and R2 are equivalence relation
23. Prove that the relation R on the set Z of all integers defined by ( x, y)  R  x − y is divisible by n,
is an equivalence relation on Z.
24. On the set N of all natural numbers define the relation R by aRb if and only if the G.C.D. of a and b
is 2, then R is:
(a) Reflexive but not symmetric (b) Symmetric only
(c) Reflexive and transitive (d) Reflexive, symmetric and transitive
25. For any two real numbers a and b, we define aRb if and only if sin2a + cos2b = 1. The relation R is
(a) Reflexive but not symmetric (b) Symmetric but not transitive
(c) Transitive but not reflexive (d) An equivalence relation
26. Let R be the set of real numbers
Statement-1 : A = {(x, y)  R×R : y - x is an integer} is an equivalence relation on R.
Statement-2 : B = {(x, y)  R×R : x = y for some rational number } is an equivalence relation on R.
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(b) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(d) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
NEXUS Relations & Functions

27. The relation R given by {(x, y) : x2 - 3xy + 2y2 = 0, ∀ x, y ∈ R} is

(a) Reflexive but not symmetric (b) Symmetric but not transitive
(c) Symmetric and transitive (d) An equivalence relation
z1 − z2
28. A relation R on the set of complex numbers is defined by z1 R z2  is real. Show that
z1 + z2
R is an equivalence relation.
29. Which of the following is NOT CORRECT for relation R on the set of Real numbers ?
(a) (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ 0 < |x| - |y| ≤ 1 is neither transitive nor symmetric
(b) (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ 0 < |x -y| ≤ 1 is symmetric and transitive
(c) (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ |x| -|y| ≤ 1 is reflexive but not symmetric
(d) (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ |x -y| ≤ 1 is reflexive and symmetric

30. Given the relation R = ( x, y ) , ( y, z ) on the set A =  x, y, z . Find the minimum number of ordered
pairs which when added to R make it an equivalence relation.
31. The minimum number of elements that must be added to the relation R = {(a, b), (b, c), (b, d)} on the
set {a, b, c, d} so that it is an equivalence relation, is __________.
32. Let A = {-4, -3, -2, 0, 1, 3, 4} and R = {(a, b) ∈ A x A : b = |a| or b2 = a + 1} be a relation on A. Then
the minimum number of elements, that must be added to the relation R so that it becomes reflexive
and symmetric, is _______
33. A set P = {x : x is an even natural number and 1 < x < 9}. The number of reflexive relations on P is
(a) 216 (b) 212 (c) 210 (d) 26
34. A set is given by X = {x : x = log2n, n  {1,2,4} }. Total number of symmetric relations on the
set X is
(a) 28 (b) 210 (c) 26 (d) 212

35. Find the number of equivalence relations on the set {a, b, c}.
36. Find the number of relations which are reflexive but not symmetric on a set with 3 elements.
37. Let A = {1, 2, 3}. Find the number of equivalence relations containing (1, 2).

38. Let R be an equivalence relation on a finite set A having n elements. Then, the number of
ordered pairs in R is
(a) Less than n (b) Greater than or equal to n
(c) Less than or equal to n (d) None of these

39. Let R be a relation from the set {1, 2, 3, . . ., 60} to itself such that R = {(a, b) : b = pq} where
p, q ≥ 3 are prime numbers. Then the number of elements in R is ____.

40. Let A = {a, b, c}, then find the number of relations on A which are both reflexive and symmetric.

41. Which of the following relations defined on the set  p, q, r , s is not a function on the same set?
(a) ( p, p ) , ( q, q ) , ( r, r ) , ( s, s ) (b) ( p, q ) , ( q, p ) , ( r, s ) , ( s, r )
(c) ( p, q ) , ( q, r ) , ( r , s ) , ( s, p ) (d) none of these
NEXUS Relations & Functions

x2
42. The range of the function y = 2 is
x +1
(a) y   0,  ) (b) y   0, 1) (c) y  ( 0,  ) (d) y  ( 0, 1)

43. Find the range of the function y = x 2 + 7 .

3
44. Find the range of the function y = .
5 − 4cos x
45. Find range of : y = 9 − x 2 .

46. Let f :  2,  → be the function defined by f ( x ) = x 2 − 4 x + 5 , then the range of f is

(a) R (b) 1,  ) (c)  4,  ) (d) 5,  )
x−2
47. Find the range of the function f ( x ) = , where x represents the absolute value function.
2x − 4
 1 1  1 1  1 1
(a)  − ,  (b)  − ,  (c)  − , (d) none of these
 2 2  2 2  2 2 

x2 − x + 1
48. The range of the function f ( x ) = is
x2 + x + 1
 1  1 
(a)  − ,1 (b)  ,1 (c) ( 0,1) (d) ( −1, 0 )
 3  3 
x2 − 2
49. Find the range of : y = .
x2 + 2
50. Which of the following functions is an odd function?
(a) f ( x ) = sin x 2 (b) f ( x ) = cos x3
(c) f ( x ) = sin x3 (d) none of these

51. Which of the following functions is NOT an even function?

(
(a) f ( x ) = cos x + x 2 ) (b) f ( x ) = sin x
e x + e− x
(c) f ( x ) = (d) f ( x ) = ln x
2
52. Check whether the following functions are even, odd or neither even nor odd:
1
(i) f ( x ) = x 2e x (ii) f ( x ) = x + (iii) f ( x ) = ln x + ln x + 1
x
 ax −1 
53. Determine the nature of the following functions for even and odd : f ( x ) = x  x .
 a +1

( ) ( )
54. Let f ( x ) =  a  − 5 a  + 4 x3 − 6a − 5a + 1 x − ( tan x )  sgn x be an even function for all
2 2

x  R , then the sum of all possible values of ‘a’ is (where[.] and {.}denote GIF and fractional
part functions, respectively)
17 53 31 35
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 6 3 3
NEXUS Relations & Functions

55. What is the period of the function y = sin 3x ?

  
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3
6 3 2
3x 3x
56. What is the period of the function f ( x ) = sin 4 + cos 4 ?
4 4
2 3 4 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 3 4
57. Find the period of the following functions:
x x
(i) f ( x ) = cos − sin (ii) f ( x ) = 7sin 4 x
3 2

58. Find the period of the following functions:

x
(i) f ( x ) = tan 3 x + sin  
3
(ii) f ( x ) = sin 2 x + cos2 x

(iii) f ( x ) = sin x +  x , {.} represents fractional part of x

(iv) y = sin 3x + cos3x

6 6
 x  x
(v) y =  sec  +  cosec 
 2  2

59. If f ( x) = esin( x −[ x ]) cos  x , where [x] denotes the GIF, then f (x) is
(a) Non periodic (b) Periodic with no fundamental period
(c) periodic with period 2 (d) Periodic with period 

8 8 4 4
60. If f ( x) = + and g ( x) = + , then g(x) is periodic with period
1− x 1+ x f (sin x) f (cos x)
 3
(a) (b)  (c) (d) 2
2 2
NEXUS Relations & Functions

ANSWER KEY
1. A = {a, b, c, d}, B = {2, 3} 2. Domain = {1, 2, 3} ; Range = {1, 3, 5} 3. (c)
4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (c)

8. Domain of R −1 = {1, 2,3} & Range of R −1 = {2, 4, 6} 9. (a) 10. (d)

12. (b) 13. (a) 14. Transitive only

15. Not reflexive, not symmetric, not transitive
16. Not reflexive, not symmetric, not transitive 18. Symmetric only 19. (b)
20. Symmetric only
22. (d) 24. (b) 25. 26. (a)
27. (a) 29. (b) 30. 7 31. 13
32. 7 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. 5
36. 56 37. 2 38. (b) 39. 660

40. 8 41. (d) 42. (b) 43.  7,  )

1 
44. y   , 1 45.  0,3 46. (b) 47. (a)
9 
48. (b) 49. [-1, 1) 50. (c) 51. (d)
52. (i) Neither (ii) odd (iii) Neither 53. even 54. (d)

55. (b) 56. (a) 57. (i) 12 (ii)
2

58. (i) 6 (ii) Non-periodic (iii) Non-periodic (iv) (v)  59. (c)
6
60. (a)
NEXUS Relations & Functions

SOLUTION
1.
Since a, b, c, d are distinct and (a, 2), (b,3), (c, 2), (d ,3) are elements of A  B
Therefore a, b, c, d  A
As n(A) = 4
 A={a, b, c, d }
Again n( B) = 2 and (a, 2), (b,3)  A  B
 B = {2,3}

2.
Given, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
R = (1,1) , ( 2,3) , ( 3,5)
Domain of R = {1, 2, 3}
Range of R = {1, 3, 5}

3.
Here R is a relation A to B defined by ' x is greater than y '
 R = ( 2,1) , ( 3,1)
Therefore, Range (R) = {1}

4.
A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6}
Then, A × B = {1, 2, 3} × {4, 5, 6} = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}
(i) {(1, 6), (3, 4), (5, 2)}
No, it is not a relation from A to B. The given set is not a subset of A × B as (5, 2) is not a part
of the relation from A to B.
(ii) {(1, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 6)}
Yes, it is a relation from A to B, since the given set is a subset of A × B.

5.
Given a relation R defined on the set A = 1, 2, 3 defined as
R = ( x, y ) : x − y  1, x, y  A .
Thus, R = (1, 3) , ( 3, 1) .

6.
We have, R3 = {(x, |x|) ; x is a real number}
Clearly, domain of R3 = R
Now, x  R and |x|  0
Therefore, Range of R3 is [0, )
7.
Given, R = {(x, x3): x is a prime number less than 10}
Prime numbers less than 10 are 2, 3, 5 and 7
∴ R = {(2, 23), (3, 33), (5, 53), (7, 73)}
R = {(2, 8), (3, 27), (5, 125), (7, 343)}
So, Domain of relation R = {2, 3, 5, 7}
Range of relation R = {8, 27, 125, 343}
NEXUS Relations & Functions

8.
R= {(x, y): x, y ∈ N; x + 2y = 8}
Here, x + 2y = 8
x = 8 – 2y
As y  , Put the values of y = 1, 2, 3,…… till x 
When, y = 1, x = 8 – 2(1) = 8 – 2 = 6
When, y = 2, x = 8 – 2(2) = 8 – 4 = 4
When, y = 3, x = 8 – 2(3) = 8 – 6 = 2
When, y = 4, x = 8 – 2(4) = 8 – 8 = 0
Now, y cannot hold value 4 because x = 0 for y = 4 which is not a natural number.
∴ R = {(2, 3), (4, 2), (6, 1)}
R-1 = {(3, 2), (2, 4), (1, 6)}
Domain of R-1 = {1, 2, 3} and Range of R-1 = {2, 4, 6}

9.
n( A  A) = n( A).n( A) = 32 = 9
So, the total number of subsets of A×A is 29 and subset of A×A is a relation over the set A.
10.
We have, n(A) = m and n(B) = n
n(A×B) = n(A) . n(B) = mn
Total number of relations from A to B = Number of subsets of A×B = 2mn
So, total number of non-empty relations = 2mn - 1.
11.
(i) R = {(2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (2, 8), (3, 3), (3, 6), (3, 9), (4, 4), (4, 8), (5, 5), (6, 6), (7, 7), (8, 8), (9, 9)}
(ii) Domain of R = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} = A
(iii) Range of R = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} = A
(iv) R–1 = {(y, x) : ( x, y )  R }
= {(2, 2),(4, 2),(6, 2),(8, 2),(3, 3),(6, 3),(9, 3),(4, 4),(8, 4),(5, 5),(6, 6),(7, 7),(8, 8),(9, 9)}
R is reflexive,
R is not symmetric
R is transitive.
As (4, 8) ∈ R, but (8, 4) not.
Thus, R is not symmetric.
But R is reflexive and transitive.
12.
R = (1, 2 ) , ( 2, 2 ) , (1, 1) , ( 4, 4 ) , (1, 3) , ( 3, 3) , ( 3, 2 )
It is seen that ( a , a )  R for every a  1, 2, 3, 4.
 R is reflexive.
It is seen that (1, 2 )  but ( 2, 1)  R.
 R is not symmetric.
Also, it is observed that ( a , b ) , ( b , c )  R  ( a , c )  R
for all a , b , c  1, 2, 3, 4.
 R is transitive.
NEXUS Relations & Functions

13.
For every value of x belongs to real numbers.
x − x + 2 i.e. 2 is an irrational number.
Therefore, R is reflexive.
Now, let’s say x = 2 and y = 2
then x − y + 2 = 2 2 − 2 which is an irrational number.
But when y = 2 and x = 2
then x − y + 2 = 2 which is not an irrational number.
Therefore, R is not symmetric.

Now, let x − y + 2 is an irrational number

and y − z + 2 is an irrational number
In the above case,
Let x = 0, y = 2 2 and z = 2
Then x − z + 2 is not an irrational number.
Therefore, R is not transitive.
14.
Given aRb  a is brother of b
aRa  a is brother of a
which is not possible.
So, R is not reflexive.
aRb  a is brother of b
This does not mean b is also a brother of a as b can be a sister of a .
Hence, R is not symmetric.
aRb  a is brother of b
and bRc  b is brother of c .
So, a is brother of c .
Hence, R is transitive.

15.
Here, ( a, a )  R, as a  a + 1
( a , b )  R, then a = b + 1
But b  a + 1
Thus ( b, a )  R
If we take, a = 1 and b = 1 + 1 = 2
And, if b = 2 then a = 2 + 1 = 3
⸫ (1, 2 )  R, ( 2,3)  R
But (1,3)  R
Thus, R is not transitive
Thus, R is neither reflexive nor symmetric, nor transitive.
16.
In this if ‘a’ is a person, then ‘a’ can’t be 7 cm taller than ‘a’.
Thus ( a, a )  R
So, R is not reflexive
NEXUS Relations & Functions

Also, if ( a, b )  R, then ( b, a )  R
So. R is not symmetric
Now, if ( a, b )  R and ( b, c )  R
This means a is 7 cm taller than b
And b is 7 cm taller than c
Then a is 14 cm taller than c
Thus ( a, c )  R
Thus, R is not transitive
17.
R is reflexive as (T1, T1) ∈ R
If (T1, T2) ∈ R then (T2, T1) ∈ R
As both are congruent
Thus, R is symmetric also.
Now, If T1 is congruent to T2 and T2 is congruent to T3 then T1 is congruent to T3
Thus, If (T1, T2) ∈ R, (T2, T3) ∈ R
Then, (T1, T3) also ∈ R
So, R is transitive also.

18.
R = {(x, y); x + y = 10, x, y ∈ N}
R = {(1, 9), (2, 8), (3, 7), (4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4), (7, 3), (8, 2), (9, 1)}
It’s clear (1, 1) ∉ R
So, R is not reflexive.
Since, (x, y) ∈ R ⇒ (y, x) ∈ R
Therefore, R is symmetric.
Now (1, 9) ∈ R, (9, 1) ∈ R but (1, 1) ∉ R
Therefore, R is not transitive.
19.
Clearly (x, x)  R  x W . So, R is reflexive.
Let (x, y)  R, then (y, x)  R as x and y have at least one letter in common.
So, R is symmetric.
But R is not transitive
for example : Let x = DELHI, y = DWARKA and z = PARK
then (x, y)  R and (y, z)  R but (x, z)  R.

20.
Here, (l, l) will be parallel or coincident lines.
Thus not reflexive.
It is symmetric as if l is perpendicular to m, then m to l.
If l is perpendicular to m
And m is perpendicular to n
Then l and n are parallel lines
Thus ( l , m )  R, ( m, n )  R
But ( l , n )  R
Thus R is not transitive.
NEXUS Relations & Functions

21.
Reflexive: As a + b = a + b
⸫ (a, b) R (a, b)
⸫ R is reflexive
Symmetric: Let (a, b) R (c, d)
a+d =b+c
 c+b = d +a
 ( c, d ) R ( a , b )
⸫ R is symmetric
Transitive:
Let (a, b) R (c, d) & (c, d) R (e, f)
 a+d =b+c & c+ f = d +e
On Adding, we get
 a+d +c+ f =b+c+d +e
 a+ f =b+e
 ( a, b ) R ( e, f )
⸫ R is transitive

22.
aR1b  ab  0
So, definitely (a, a)  R1 as a 2  0
If (a, b)  R1  (b, a )  R1
But if ( a, b)  R1 , (b, c)  R1
Then (a, c) may or may not belong to R 1
For example, Consider a = −5, b = 0, c = 5
So, (a, b) and (b, c) belong to R 1 but ac  0
So, R 1 is not equaivalence relation
aR2b  a  b
Then (a, a)  R 2
 Reflexive relation
If (a, b)  R2 then (b, a ) may or may not belong to R 2
So, R 2 is not Symmetric.
Hence, it is not equivalence

23.
NEXUS Relations & Functions

24.
G.C.D. of a and b is 2 and G.C.D. of b and a is also 2.
So, it is a symmetric only
25.

26.
Since x – x = 0  Z, (x, x)  A
 A is reflexive.
(x, y)  A
x–yZ y–xZ
 (y, x)  A
So, A is symmetric.
Now, (x, y)  A, (y, z)  A
 x – y  Z, y – z  Z
 x – z  Z  (x, z)  A
 A is transitive relation.
 A is an equivalence relation.
(0, 1)  B
0 = (0) (1), 0  Q
But (1, 0)  B
 B is not symmetric.
 B is not equivalence.
NEXUS Relations & Functions

27.
x 2 − 3xy + 2 y 2 = 0
 x 2 − xy − 2 xy + 2 y 2 = 0
 ( x − 2 y )( x − y ) = 0
 x = y or x = 2 y
Now, Since in R, all ordered pairs ( x, x ) are present
 It is reflexive
Now, ( 4, 2 )  R as 4 = 2 ( 2 ) but ( 2, 4 )  R as 2  2 ( 4 )
 It is not symmetric
Also ( 4, 2 ) & ( 2,1)  R but ( 4,1)  R
 It is not transitive
28.

z −z  z −z 
  1 2 − 1 2  = 0
 z1 + z2   z1 + z2 
z −z  z −z 
  1 2 − 1 2  = 0
 z1 + z2   z1 + z2 
 z1 z1 + z1 z2 − z2 z1 − z2 z2 − z1 z1 + z1 z2 − z2 z1 + z2 z2 = 0
 2( z1 z2 − z2 z1 ) = 0
z z
 1 = 2 ....(i )
z1 z2
z z
Similarly, 2 = 3 ....(ii)
z2 z3

z1 z3
 =
z1 z3
NEXUS Relations & Functions

29.

30.
R is reflexive if it contains ( x, x ) , ( y, y ) , ( z, z )
( x, y )  R , ( y , z )  R
 R is symmetric if ( y, x ) , ( z. y )  R.
Now, R = ( x, x ) , ( y, y )( z, z ) , ( y, x ) , ( z, y ) , ( y, z ) , ( x, y )
R will be transitive if ( z, x ) ; ( x, z )  R.
Thus, R becomes an equivalence relation by adding
( x, x ) , ( y, y ) , ( z, z ) , ( y, x ) , ( z, y ) , ( x, z ) , ( z, x ) .
Hence, the total number of ordered pairs is 7.

31.
R = {(a, b), (b, c), (b, d)}
S = {a, b, c, d}
Adding (a, a) , (b, b), (c, c) (d, d) make R reflexive.
Adding (b, a) , (c, b), (d, b) make R symmetric.
And adding (a, d) , (a, c) make R transitive
Further (d, a) and (c, a) are needed to make it symmetric again.
Also, (c, d) and (d, c) are to be added.
So, total 13 elements are to be added to make it equivalence.

32.
R = [(-4, 4), (-3, 3), (3, -2), (0, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (4, 4), (3, 3)}
For reflexive, add (-2, -2), (-4, -4), (-3, -3)
For symmetric, add (4, -4), (3, -3), (-2, 3), (1, 0)

33.
P = {x : x is an even natural number and 1 < x < 9} = {2, 4, 6, 8}
So, the set P has 4 elements
Hence, the number of reflexive relations on set P = 24 − 4 = 212
2

34.
X = {x : x = log 2 n, n {1, 2, 4}}
log 2 1 = 0 ; log 2 2 = 1 ; log 2 4 = 2
 X = {1, 2,3}
32 + 3
So, the number of symmetric relations on X = 2 2
= 26
NEXUS Relations & Functions

35.
Let the Given set be A = {a, b, c}
A has 3 elements
So, using bell triangle
1
1 2
2 3 5
5 7 10 15
15 20 27 37 52
the number of equivalence relations on A = 5
Alternate solution:
Given that, A= {1, 2, 3}. Now, the possible equivalence relations are as follows:
R1 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)}
R2= {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1)}
R3 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3), (3, 1)}
R4= ((1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (2, 3), (3, 2)}
R5 = {(1,1), (2,2) , (3,3) , (1,2), (1,3),(2,1),(2,3) (3,1),(3,2)}
Maximum number of equivalence relation is '5'.

36.
n2 − n
2
Total number of relation both symmetric and reflexive = 2
n2 + n
2
Total number of symmetric relation = 2
Then number of symmetric relation which are not reflexive
n2 − n n2 + n
=2 2
−2 2

= 2 − 23 = 56
6

37.
It is given that A={1, 2, 3}
An equivalence relation is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
The smallest equivalence relation containing (1, 2) is given by,
R1 ={(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1)}
Now, we are left with only four pairs i.e., (2, 3), (3, 2), (1, 3), and (3, 1).
If we add any one pair [say (2, 3)] to R1, then for symmetry we must add (3, 2).
Also, for transitivity we are required to add (1, 3) and (3, 1).
Hence, the only equivalence relation (bigger than R1) is the universal relation.
This shows that the total number of equivalence relations containing (1, 2) is two.

38.
As R is an equivalence relation on set A,
So, ( a, a )  R for all a  A.
Hence, R has least n ordered pairs.
NEXUS Relations & Functions

39.

40.
A = {a, b, c}, n = 3
n2 − n 9 −3
Therefore, number of relations which are both reflexive and symmetric = 2 2
=2 2 = 23 = 8
41.
In all the relations ( p, p ) , ( q, q ) , ( r, r ) , ( s, s ) , ( p, q ) , ( q, p ) , ( r, s ) , ( s, r ) and
( p, q ) , ( q, r ) , ( r, s ) , ( s, p ) , every pre-image has a unique image.
So, they are all functions on the set  p, q, r , s .
42.
x2
y=
x2 + 1
 yx 2 + y = x 2
y
 x2 =
1− y
y
 x=
1− y
y
For range, 0
1− y
y
 0
y −1
 y   0, 1)

43.
We know that x 2 + 7   7,  ) .
Thus, x 2 + 7   7,  . )
44.
We know that − 1  cos x  1
 4  −4 cos x  −4
 5 − 4  5 − 4 cos x  5 + 4
 1  5 − 4 cos x  9
1 1
 1 
5 − 4 cos x 9
1 3
  1
9 5 − 4 cos x
1 
 y   , 1
9 
NEXUS Relations & Functions

45.
Given, y = 9 − x 2
as 9 − x 2   0,9

 y = 9 − x 2   0,3

46.
We have
f ( x ) = x2 − 4x + 5
= ( x2 − 4 x + 4) + 1 = ( x − 2) + 1
2

( x − 2 )  0, x  2,  )
2

 ( x − 2) + 1  1
2

 f ( x)  1
Hence, range is 1,  ) .

47.
x−2 1 x−2 
Given function is f ( x ) = =   .
2 x − 4 2  x − 2 
 1
 − 2 x2
Thus, f ( x ) =  .
 1 x2
 2
 1 1
Thus, range of f ( x ) is  − , 
 2 2
48.
x2 − x + 1
Let y = 2
x + x +1
 yx + yx + y = x 2 − x + 1
2

 (1 − y ) x 2 − (1 + y ) x + 1 − y = 0
Now x is real,then D( = b 2 − 4ac)  0
 (1 + y ) − 4 (1 − y )  0
2 2

 (1 + y − 2 + 2 y )(1 + y + 2 − 2 y )  0
 1
 3  y −  ( y − 3)  0
 3
1
  y3
3
49.
x2 − 2
Given, y = 2
x +2
x −2
2
y= 2 ;xR
x +2
yx 2 + 2 y = x 2 − 2
NEXUS Relations & Functions

2 + 2y
x2 =
1− y
2 + 2y
x=
1− y
2 + 2y
Now, x is defined if 0
1− y
y   −1,1)

50.
For f ( x ) = sin x 2 ,
f ( − x ) = sin ( − x ) = sin x 2 = f ( x )
2

So, f ( x ) = sin x 2 is even.

For f ( x ) = cos x3 ,
f ( − x ) = cos ( − x ) = cos ( − x 3 ) = cos x 3 = f ( x )
3

So, f ( x ) = cos x3 is even.

For f ( x ) = sin x 3 ,
f ( − x ) = sin ( − x ) = sin ( − x 3 ) = − sin x 3 = − f ( x )
3

So, f ( x ) = sin x 3 is odd.

51.
For f ( x ) = cos ( x + x 2 ) ,
f ( − x ) = cos ( ( − x ) + ( − x ) ) = cos ( x + x ) = f ( x )
2 2

So, f ( x ) = cos ( x + x 2 ) is even.

For f ( x ) = sin x ,
f ( − x ) = sin − x = sin x = f ( x )
So, f ( x ) = sin x is even.
For f ( x ) = ln x,
f ( − x ) = ln ( − x )  f ( x )  − f ( x )
So, f ( x ) = ln x is neither even nor odd.
e x + e− x
For f ( x ) = ,
2
e( ) + e ( ) e − x + e x
−x − −x
f (−x) = = = f ( x)
2 2
e x + e− x
So, f ( x ) = is even.
2
52.
For f ( x ) = x 2 e x ,
f ( − x ) = ( − x ) e − x = x 2e − x  f ( x )  − f ( x )
2

So, f ( x ) = x 2 e x is neither even nor odd.

NEXUS Relations & Functions

1
For f ( x ) = x + ,
x
1 1  1
f (−x) = (−x) + = −x − = − x +  = − f ( x)
(−x) x  x
1
So, f ( x ) = x + is odd.
x
For f ( x ) = ln x + ln x + 1 ,
f ( − x ) = ln ( − x ) + ln ( − x ) + 1
= ln − x + ln − x + 1
= ln x + ln − x + 1  f ( x )  − f ( x )
So, f ( x ) = ln x + ln x + 1 is neither even nor odd.
53.
 ax −1 
Given, f ( x ) = x  x 
 a +1 
 a− x −1 
f (−x) = (−x)  −x 
 a +1 
 1− ax 
= −x  x 
 1+ a 
 a x −1 
= x x 
 a +1
= f ( x)
 f ( x ) is even.

54.
f ( x ) =  x3 −  x − ( tan x ) sgn x
f (−x) = f ( x)
 − x 3 +  x − ( − tan x )( − sgn x ) =  x 3 −  x − ( tan x )( sgn x )
 2 ( − x 2 −  ) x = 0x  R
  =  and  = 
 a  − 5  a  + 4 = 0 and 6 a − 5 a + 1 = 0
2 2

 ( a  − 1) ( a  − 4 ) and ( 3a − 1) ( 2 a − 1) = 0

1 1 1 1
 a = 1 + ,1 + , 4 + , 4 +
3 2 3 2
35
Sum of values of a =
3
55.
Given function is y = sin 3 x
2
Period of sin 3 x =
3
1 2 
 Period of sin 3 x =  =
2 3 3
NEXUS Relations & Functions

56.
3x 3x
f ( x ) = sin 4 + cos 4
4 4
3 x 4  3 x 4
Period of sin 4 = ; Period of cos 4 =
4 3 4 3
3 x 3 x 1   4 4 
 Period of = sin 4 + cos 4 =  LCM  , 
4 4 2  3 3 
1 4 2
=  =
2 3 3
57.
(i)
x x
Given function is f ( x ) = cos − sin
3 2
x
Period of cos = 3  2 = 6
3
x
Period of sin = 2  2 = 4
2
x x
 Period of cos − sin = LCM ( 6 , 4 ) = 12
3 2
(ii)
Given function is f ( x ) = 7 sin 4 x
2 
Period of sin 4 x = =
4 2

 Period of 7sin 4 x =
2
58.
(i)
x
Given, f ( x ) = tan 3 x + sin  
3
 2 
Period = L.C.M. of and = L.C.M of and 6 = 6
3 1/ 3 3
(ii)
Given, f ( x ) = sin 2 x + cos2 x
f ( x ) = sin 2 x + cos2 x
It is constant function
Thus, period not defined.
(iii)
Given, f ( x ) = sin x +  x , {.} represents fractional part of x
Solution: f ( x ) = sin x +  x
Period = L.C.M. of 2 and 1 not possible.
Thus, f(x) is non-periodic
(iv)
Given, y = sin 3x + cos3x
1   
Period = (L.C.M. of and ) =
2 3 3 6
NEXUS Relations & Functions

(v)
6 6
 x  x
Given, y =  sec  +  cosec 
 2  2
1   1
Period = (L.C.M. of and ) = ( 2 ) = 
2 1 1 2
2 2
59.

60.