CHAPTER - I

INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTER:
Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a
programmable computer. Considered the "father of the computer", he conceptualized and invented
the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century.
What is Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to
store, retrieve, and process data.
A computer is a machine or device that performs processes, calculations and operations
based on instructions provided by a software or hardware program. It has the ability to accept data
(input), process it, and then produce outputs.
Full Form of Computer?
"Common Operating Machine Purposely Used for Technological and Educational Research"
C Common
O Operating
M Machine
P Purposely
U Used for
T Technological
E Educational
R Research
Main Parts of Computer
1. CPU Machine - This is the main processing machine to which all devices are connected.
2. Monitor - With its help, the work being processed on the screen can be seen.
3. Keyboard – It is a typing device, with the help of which anything can be typed in the computer.
4. Mouse - This is a pointing device, it is used to operate the computer and make designs.
Characteristics of Computer: Computer devices have many features, some of which are
explained below.
1. Speed - Computer is a very fast digital data processing machine; it can process millions of
instructions in micro (106) or Nano seconds.
2. Accuracy – Computer processes all simple and complex calculations with 100% accuracy.
3. Diligence – The computer can perform multiple tasks or calculations with the same
consistency and accuracy. It does not feel tired or lack of concentration.
4. Intelligence – The computer can perform actions automatically without manual intervention.
5. Reliability – A computer is very reliable because it gives consistent results for the same set of
data.
6. Versatility – Computer can be used in almost every field, it can perform more than one task
simultaneously with complete accuracy.
7. Storage Capacity (Storage Capacity) - A large amount of data can be stored in computer
memory, and it can also be retrieved at any time.
*How to open Computer:-
– Switch on circuit board
– Press UPS power Button.
– Press CPU power Button.

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 – Wait while the computer boots. When the computer has finished booting, it will show a
dialogue box that will ask for a user name and password.
– Enter your user name and password, then click “OK”
– Your computer is now ready to use.
*How to Shutdown Computer:-
– To shut down your computer, click "Start" on the main menu.
– Then click power button.
– Highlight and click on "Shut Down."
– Please wait while your computer shuts down.
History of Computer:
The first counting device was used by the primitive people. They used sticks, stones and
bones as counting tools. As human mind and technology improved with time more computing devices
were developed. Some of the popular computing devices starting with the first to recent ones are
described below;
(i) Tally Sticks:
A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or
even messages.
(ii) Abacus:
 An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical
calculations.
 The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
 The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in around 500 B.C.
 It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.
(iii) Napier’s Bones
 Invented by John Napier in 1614.
 Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the
rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards.
(iv) Slide Rule:
 Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.
 Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms.
 Used primarily for multiplication, division, roots, logarithms, Trigonometry.
 Not normally used for addition or subtraction.
(v) Pascaline:
 Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
 It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
 It is too expensive.
(vi) Stepped Reckoner:
 Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1671.
 The machines that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.
(vii) Jacquard Loom :
 The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881.
 It an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.
(viii) Arithmometer:
 A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820,
 The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine.
 The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions.
 The first mass-produced calculating machine.
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(ix) Scheutzian Calculation Engine :
 Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.
 Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.
 The first printing calculator.
(x) Tabulating Machine:
 Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.
 To assist in summarizing information and accounting.
(xi) Havard Mark 1
 Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC).
 Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
 The first electro-mechanical computer.
(xii) Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
 It was the first electronic digital computing device.
 Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State
University between 1939 and 1942.
(xiii) ENIAC
 ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.
 It was the first electronic general-purpose computer.
 Completed in 1946.
 Developed by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchl.
(xiv) UNIVAC 1:
 The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial computer.
 Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
(xv) EDVAC:
 EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
 The First Stored Program Computer
 Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
 It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data.
(xvi) The First Portable Computer
 Osborne 1 – the first portable computer.
 Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation.
Generations of Computers:
Let us now discuss the development in Computer Technology over the different generations.
(i) First generation.
(ii) Second generation.
(iii) Third generation.
(iv) Fourth generation.
(v) Fifth generation.
(i) First Generation:
 The time period of first generation computer is 1946 to 1959.
 The first generation computers were developed by using vacuum tube.
 The first generation computers worked on binary-coded concept (i.e., language of 0-1).
 Examples: ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC, IBM-701, IBM-650 etc.
(ii) Second Generation:
 The time period of second generation of computer 1959 to 1965.
 The second generation computers were developed by using “Transistor” technology.
 In comparison to the first generation, the size of second generation was smaller.

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  In comparison to computers of the first generation, the computing time taken by the computers
of the second generation was lesser.
 Examples: IBM 1401, IBM 1920, etc.
(iii) Third Generation:
• The time period of third generation of computer is 1965 to 1971.
• The third generation computers were developed by using the “Integrated Circuit” (ICs)
technology.
• In comparison to the computers of the second generation, the size of the computers of the
third generation was smaller.
• The third generation computer consumed less power and also generated less heat.
• The maintenance cost of the computers in the third generation was also low.
• Examples: IBM-360 series, Honeywell-6000 series, PDP (Personal Data Processor), and IBM-
370/168.
(iv) Fourth Generation:
• The time period of fourth generation of computer is 1971 to 1980.
• The fourth generation computers were developed by using “Microprocessor” technology.
• By coming to fourth generation, computer became very small in size, it became portable.
• The machine of fourth generation started generating very low amount of heat.
• It is much faster and accuracy became more reliable.
• Example: IBM 4341, DEC 10, STAR 1000 and PUP 11.
(v) Fifth Generation:
• The period of fifth generation computer is 1980 to till date.
• The fifth generation computers were developed by using “Ultra Large Scale Integration”
technology.
• By the time, the computer generation was being categorized on the basis of hardware only, but
the fifth generation technology also included software.
• The computers of the fifth generation had high capability and large memory capacity.
• Some of the popular advanced technologies of the fifth generation include Artificial intelligence,
Quantum computation, Nanotechnology, Parallel processing, etc.
• Example: PARAM 100, Intel P4, IBM Laptop, Notebook and PC.
Application of Computer:
 Home: Computer are present in almost all homes nowadays and are used for different
purposes like entertainment (playing game, listening to music, watching a movie.)
 Shop/Offices: Computer are commonly found in almost all shops and offices in different towns
and cities. People used computer to maintain the stock of the goods they want to sell, to create
bills and invoices, for taxation purpose, etc.
 Railway station & Airport: Computer are used in Railway and Airports so that railway/air
ticket can reserved, printed and issued to the users.
 Hotels: Computer are used by the hotel managers to book the rooms.
 Schools/Colleges: Computer are used in school and colleges by teachers students records
like attendance and mark, to develop assignment.
 Banks : Computer are used in banks to maintain accounts of the users like keeping records of
the deposit and withdrawals done by the users, for payment transfers etc.
 Hospitals: Computer are used in hospital to maintain patient record and ticket.
Types of Computer:
Computer is a very important device; it is used to process digital data. Here digital data means
that it can be seen on the screen and it can be text, number, picture, video etc. There are many types
of computers based on different data processing. About whom are mentioned below.
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 The classification of computers on the basis of processing is as follows.

MICRO
COMPUTER
ANALOG
MINI
COMPUTER
COMPUTER DIGITAL
MAIN FRAME
COMPUTER
HYBRID
SUPER
COMPUTER

(A) Analog Computer: Analog computers are a special type of computer. They work on the
basis of physical values like temperature, pressure, speed or electric current. They require
different data for each task. Examples of analog computers are speedometer, analog watch and
thermometer etc.
(B) Digital Computer: A digital computer represents all data in numbers. These computers
perform all operations using the digits 0 and 1, this is also their language which is called binary.
These computers have input-output units, with the help of which data is input and output. There
are four types of digital computers.
(I) Micro Computer – All those computers which use microprocessor as the main component
are called micro computers. Ex - Personal desktop computers, laptops, notebooks, tablets,
smart phones are all examples of microcomputers.
(II) Mini Computer – Mini computers are costlier than micro computers and their processing
speed is more than micro computers. These computers are often used in time sharing and
distributed data processing. The types of minicomputer are- tablet PC, Desktop
minicomputers, cell phones, notebooks, high-end mP3 players, etc.
(III) Mainframe Computer – The processing speed of a mainframe computer is many times
more than that of a mini computer. They are made for multi-processing and multi-user
environment, so they are used as servers in computer networks. Their storage capacity and
processing speed are very high.
(IV) Super Computer – The processing speed of super computer is the highest as compared to
other computers. These are used to innovate and solve highly complex calculations. They
have very fast multi-processing speed, so they are the most powerful computers. They are
specially used for special tasks in the areas of missile launching, weather forecasting and
satellite launch, scientific research, space stations etc. Indian PARAM and IBM's Blue
Gene are examples of supercomputers.
(C) Hybrid Computer: Hybrid computers combine properties of both analog and digital computers.
For example, petrol pump machines, ATM machines and airplane computers etc. are all examples
of hybrid computers.
Computer Operations:
A computer processes digital data such as alphanumeric data, sound and graphics. It is capable of
solving highly complex problems quickly and accurately. A computer as shown in the picture basically
performs five major functions, which are as follows
 Accepts data and information through input units.
 Stores data in the memory unit.
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  Processes the data according to the user through the processing unit.
 Controls all instructions and devices through the control unit.
 Outputs the processed data through the
output unit.

Central Processing Unit (C.P.U.):

The Central Processing Unit is the main part of the computer. In a computer system the C.P.U.
Connected to a circuit board in the form of a chip, it is also called a microprocessor. CPU is the brain
of the computer; all the processing related tasks in the computer are processed by the CPU. It has
the following three units which are as follows-
 Control Unit – All the activities that take place in the computer such as input, processing and
output are controlled by the control unit only.
 ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) – Processing of mathematical data like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, logic and comparison data etc. A.L.U. processed by the unit.

 Memory Unit – The function of the memory unit is to store data and instructions until the
processing is done.
Input / Output Devices:
Devices are parts of the computer, which increase the working capacity of the computer.
Different types of devices are used in the computer; they are mainly of two types.
a. Input Device
b. Output Device
(a) Input Device: The devices which are used to input data and instructions to the computer
are called input devices. Many types of input devices are used in the computer to input
different types of data, some of them are as follows-
Keyboard:
Keyboard is the most commonly used and very popular input device which helps to input data
by typing. There are two types of keyboards: Normal keyboard (keys 101 to 107) and Multimedia
keyboard (keys 107 to 137). Normal keyboard is used for general tasks while multimedia keyboard is
used for both general and multimedia tasks.
Keyboard Keys
 Function Keys – Function keys from F1 to F12 are present in the top row of the keyboard;
these keys are used for a specific purpose. Like – Refresh, Save, Help, Search etc.
 Numeric Keys - These keys range from 0-9. There are also some special characters like – !,
@, #, $, %, ^, + etc. These are created by holding down the shift key.
 Alphabetic keys – These keys are from A to Z.
 Control Keys – These keys provide operation control along with arrow keys (right, left, up,
down). Control keys include Delete, Home, End, Insert, Page Up, Page Down, Page Break etc.
 Special Keys – These special keys in the keyboard are – Enter, Shift, Control, Alt, Caps Lock,
Num Lock, Window, Tab, Print Screen etc.
 Num Keys – These keys are 0 to 9 and / – *. + is present with the arithmetic operator.
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Keyboards Types Based on Connectivity
 USB – It has a USB port to connect to the CPU.
 Ps/2 – It has a round port of 6 pins, which is older than USB.
 Wireless – There is no wire present in it, it connects through Bluetooth.
Mouse:
It is the most popular pointing device for moving actions and objects around the screen by
means of a cursor (also called a pointer). It helps to draw an object, and also helps to access the
system faster.
Mouse Buttons: There are mainly three buttons in the mouse.
 Right Button – To open the option.
 Left Button – To select an option.
 Scroll Button - To scroll up/down the page.
Mouse Types Based on Connectivity
Both mouse and keyboard can be connected using the same technology.
Scanner: A scanner is an input device that scans documents such as photographs and pages of
text. When a document is scanned, it is converted into a digital format. This creates an electronic
version of the document that can be viewed and edited on a computer. There are many types of
scanners which are as follows –
 MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition)
 OCR (Optical Character Recognition/Reader)
 BCR (Bar Code Reader)
 OMR (Optical Mark Reader)
 Digitizer
 Microphone
 Web Camera
Joystick
A joystick is an input device commonly used to control video games and draw art. A joystick
consists of a base and a stick attached to the base that can be rotated 360 degrees.
(b) Output Device: The device which is used to output the data processed by the computer is
called output device. Different types of devices are used to output different types of data, some
of the main devices are as follows-
Monitor:
The monitor, commonly referred to as the Visual Display Unit (VDU), is the main output
device of a computer. It creates images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular
shape. The sharpness of an image depends on the number of pixels. There are mainly 2 types of
monitors.

(a) CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)

(b) FPD (Flat Panel Display)
Printer
Printer is an output device used to print information on paper. The quality of a printer's print
quality is measured in DPI (dots per inch).

Speaker
Speaker is an output device used to hear sound or voice from a computer.

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Projector
A projector is an output device connected to a computer in order to project a project file onto a wall or
any other flat surface with a large display. For example, you can use a projector to show a
presentation on a large screen so that a group of people in the hall or room can watch it.

System Unit:
A box shaped part of your computer is called as system unit. The system unit itself is the main
computer. It houses motherboard, all the circuit boards, hard disk, CD/DVD drive, ON/Off and reset
switches and sockets at the back for co
connecting monitor, printer mouse,, mode, and other peripheral
to your computer.

(System Unit Cabinet) (Inside of a system Unit)

(a) Motherboard: A mother board is one of the most parts of a computer system. It holds together
many of the crucial component of a computer, including the central processing unit (CPU) memory
and connectors for input and output device. Motherboard contains a number of sockets and connect
the other components.
(b) Processor : It is also known as microprocessor or the central processing unit(CPU) ,It is the main
chip In a computer which is used to process instruction, perform calculation and manage the flow of
information through a computer system. The CPU communicates with the input, output and storage
devices to perform specific tasks. The micro
microprocessor
processor fits onto the motherboard. Intel and AMD are
the two prominent companies that develops that develop processors for PCs.

Name Year of Release Speed

Intel 8086 1978 4.77 MHz – 10 MHz
Intel i486 1989 25 MHz – 100 MHz
Intel Pentium 1993 60MHz – 233 MHz
Intel Pentium 2 1997 233MHz -450
450 MHz
AMD Athlon 1999 500MHz – 1.4 GHz
Intel Pentium 4 2000 1.4 GHz – 3.8 GHz
Intel Pentium Dual – core 2008 1.4 GHz -2.8
2.8 GHz
Intel core I7 2009 onwards 2GHz -4
4 GHz (approx)

Sockets and Connectors:

The back side of a system unit is littered with various types of sockets/ports
ports and we are required
to insert appropriate connection in these sockets/Ports.
 Power in and power out socket : Power cable
 Keyboard and Mouse port : USB and PS2
 Video/Monitor port
 Ethernet Port
 Audio cable port

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Computer Hardware & Software:
Computers have two main components, hardware and software; together these two make the
computer run able. Both of these complement each other. Software cannot be used without
hardware, and similarly hardware cannot be used without software.
(a) Hardware
Hardware is the physical parts or components of the computer, such as computer body,
monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, etc. Apart from this, all the parts inside the computer such as hard
disk, motherboard, RAM, CPU, video card, cable etc. are all called hardware parts. Computer
hardware is that; which can be touched, and can also be repaired. The devices used in the computer
are also called hardware devices.
(b) Software
Software is a set of programs and instructions designed to control hardware and perform
human tasks. Software is also called computer program. Basically two types of software are used in
the computer.
(I) System software.
(II) Application Software.
i. System software:
System software is the set of programs and instructions that controls and manages the hardware
parts of the computer. It also helps to run application programs. System software provides various
functionalities to the computer such as device management, memory management, application
management, file management, etc.
Examples of system software include operating systems (OS) (like macOS, Linux, Android and
Microsoft Windows), computational science software, game engines, search engines, industrial
automation, and software as a service application.
ii. Application Software
Application software are programs that are installed separately on a computer, and some are
preloaded with the operating system. These are used by the user for specific tasks. It also provides
additional functionality to the computer.
 Microsoft products such as Office, PowerPoint, Word, Excel, Outlook, etc.
 Music Application Software’s like Pandora and Spotify.
 Real-time online communication like Skype, Google Meet, and Zoom.
 Team collaboration software like Slack.
 Internet browsers like Chrome, Safari, and Firefox.
 Multimedia Software like MX Player and VLC Media Player.
Computer Memory and its Type:
Memory is an important part of computer. It is used to store data and information in the
computer. There are mainly two types of memory in a computer.
1. Primary Memory
2. Secondary Memory
1. Primary memory: Primary memory is also called the internal memory of the computer. It is mainly
used for booting and processing of computer. It is two types.
(a) RAM
(b) ROM
(a) RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM memory is known as the main memory of the computer system. This is volatile memory,
because information is stored in RAM only as long as the computer is on. All information in RAM is
automatically deleted when the computer is turned off or restarted. There are two types of RAM used
in computers.

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 (1) SRAM
(2) DRAM
(1) SRAM (Static RAM):
SRAM is a type of semi-conductor memory; it is used as L1, L2, L3, cache memory for
processor (CPU). SRAM size is in KB or MB, it cannot be changed or increased.
1. Cache Memory - Cache memory is volatile memory, which is closest to the CPU, hence it
is also called CPU memory. All the most recent instructions to be processed are stored in
the cache memory only. The speed of this memory is the fastest as compared to other
memory. Its size is in MB.

2. Register Memory – CPU processes the data with high speed. A special type of memory
called register memory is used to transfer data between different units of the computer. Its
size is in KB.
(2) DRAM (Dynamic RAM):
DRAM is widely used in digital electronics, where low cost and high capacity memory is
required. DRAM stores each bit of data in a small capacitor within the memory cell. There are many
types of DRAM like- SD-RAM, RD-RAM, EDO-RAM, DDR1, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4 etc. DRAM is used
for program loading and processing. In computers, DRAM is fitted separately on the motherboard. Its
size can also be customized as per the need. Its size is in GB.
(b) ROM (Read Only Memory):
This type of memory can only be read; we cannot store or delete data in this memory. ROM is
used to store such instructions, which are necessary to start the computer, such as the BIOS
Firmware program is the main example. ROM is a chip based non-volatile memory; it is programmed
during the manufacturing process itself.
MROM (Mask ROM) – This is the cheapest and first ROM which is hard-wired to the device. It can be
read only, contains data or instructions pre-programmed.

PROM (Programmable ROM) – PROM is a read-only memory chip, in which data can be written only
once by the user. The difference between it and MROM is that PROM is manufactured as a blank
memory, while MROM is programmed during the manufacturing process.

EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM) – EPROM is a special type of read-only memory chip that
has the opportunity to erase programmed data using special software and hardware.

EEP-ROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable ROM) – EEPROM is also a type of read-only

memory whose principle of operation is similar to that of EPROM, but the method of programming
and erasing data is done by exposing it to an electrical charge.

Flash ROM – This is a modern variant of EEPROM. Flash memory is also called pen-drive. It can be
deleted and rewritten more than 10,00,000 times faster than normal EEPROM.

2. Secondary memory: Secondary memory is an external memory of the computer; it is fitted

separately according to the need in the computer. It is also called permanent memory. This memory
is non-volatile, due to which there is no effect on its data when the computer is turned off. It is used to
store large amounts of data; the following are the types of secondary memory –
(A) Floppy disk - A floppy disk is a type of optical storage media, also known as a floppy diskette,
used to store files and data in a computer. The common size of floppy disk is 3.5 inches, in

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 which up to 1.44 MB of data can be stored. Floppy disks are read and written by inserting them
into a floppy disk drive (FDD) connected to a computer.
(B) HDD (Hard Disk Drive) - A hard disk drive, also known as a Winchester disk, is a magnetic
storage device for a computer. Typically, a hard disk has a large storage capacity, can install
the operating system and programs for the computer, as well as store documents, media, etc.;
Hard drive capacity is usually in GB or TB.
(C) SSD (Solid State Drive) - It is a type of storage device, which is faster than a hard drive. An
SSD reads and writes data much faster than a hard drive. SSDs don't have any mechanical
parts like HDDs, so even the worst SSDs perform faster than PD (Pen Drive)
(D) Pen drive: Pen drive is a portable and removable flash memory drive, which is connected to a
USB port. It is a plug and play device. Pen drives are used to store files and data and to transfer
data from one computer to another. Pen drives come in different sizes like – 4GB, 8GB, 16GB,
32GB, 64GB, 128GB etc. up. The data of CD is read-written with the help of CD drive. Up to 700
MB of data can be stored in a CD and it is of two types.
(E) DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) - DVDs have the same texture and size as CDs, but the storage
capacity of DVDs is many times greater than that of CDs. Normally a DVD has 4.7 GB of storage
capacity. Some special DVDs can store data on both sides. Double sided DVDs can store up to 17
GB of video, audio or other information. A Blue-ray DVD can store 128 GB of data. DVDs also
come in DVD-R and DVD-RW formats like CDs.
Computer Memory Units:

1 UNIT EQUAL
1 Bit 0 or 1
1 Nibble 4 Bit
1 Byte 8 Bit
1 Kilo Byte[KB] 1024 Byte
1 Mega Byte[MB] 1024 [KB]
1 Giga Byte [GB] 1024 [MB]
1 Tera Byte [TB] 1024[GB]
1 Peta Byte [PB] 1024[TB]
1 Exa Byte[EB] 1024 [PB]

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 CHAPTER - II
Microsoft Windows Operating System:
Windows Operating System is developed by Microsoft Corporation. Windows is a (GUI)
Graphical User Interface Operating System, and Pointing Devices provides portability, so that users
can operate the computer very easily and fast. The first version of Windows Operating System was
Windows 95, and others are Windows NT, 2000, ME, XP, Vista, Windows 7, 8, 10, 11 etc. Following
are the features of Windows Operating System.
Components of Windows Operating System
Windows Operating System provides a very simple graphical interface to perform any task on
the computer, so even a person who does not have much knowledge about computers can easily
operate the computer. Following are the main components of Windows Operating System.

Desktop: The desktop is the area of the monitor screen where the icons, wallpaper, and taskbar are
displayed after you turn on the computer and login to Windows. When you open a program or folder,
they appear on the desktop.

Icons: Icons are small graphical images of a program, with the help of which a program or function is
executed. There are many types of icons in the Windows Operating System.

System Icons - There are default icons called system icons, such as My Documents, My Computer,
Network Place, Recycle Bin, Internet Explorer etc.
 Documents – The default Documents folder is the location to store files created in any
application. User can browse files from here.
 My Computer – User can browse the data and file/folder in the hard drive using this icon. By
right clicking on this icon, the computer can also be controlled and managed through the
Manage or Property option.
 Network Place – It is used for computer network, if the computer is connected to the network
then the location of the computer in the network can be detected with the help of this icon.
 Recycle Bin – This icon is used to save deleted files. User can retrieve deleted files from
Recycle Bin.
 Internet Explorer - This is a web browser application, which is used for surfing / browsing the
Internet.
Application Icon -Typing Master, Chrome, Tally Prime, Photoshop, Skype etc. are all application
icons.
File Icons – Different types of files created by the user using different applications are called
application icons.
Folder Icons - Folder icons are used to store files.
Drive Icons - Local Disk (C), Local Disk (D) etc. are called Drive Icons.
Start Menu
The Start Menu is displayed on the left side of the taskbar. This is a very useful place to do any
work in the computer, because all the programs and options are available to run the computer in the
start menu. The following are the options displayed in the Start Menu.
• Search - It is used to search for files or data or programs in the computer.
• All Programs – It is used to access the applications installed on the computer including
Windows Tools and Utilities.
• User – It displays the currently logged in user.
• Document – Displays the files of the current user.
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 • Computer - Used to access the disk drive and manage the computer.
• Control Panel – It is used to manage the overall settings of the computer.
• Devices & Printers – Connected devices and printers etc. can be managed with its help.
• Help & Support – If the user faces any problem in operating windows, the user can find the
related result in help and support from here.
• Run – It is used to open any program or application using the keyword.
• Log Off – It is used to log out the user, so that another user can login.
• Switch User – It is used to login another user without logging out the user.
• Shut Down - This option is used to shut down the computer.
• Restart – If the computer or any program is not responding, this option restarts the computer.
Task Area
This is the central area of the taskbar where information about all open files, folders, programs,
and applications is displayed.
Notification Area
The Notification Area is displayed in the right corner of the taskbar, where information such as date,
time, volume, network status, messages, Bluetooth, battery status, etc. is displayed.
Windows
A window is used as a page to display various information in a computer; it also has many options
for viewing and managing data and information. There are different parts of the window which are as
follows.
• Title Bar – The title bar is the top area of the window that displays the name of the current
file/folder.
• Caption Buttons – Caption buttons are displayed on the right side of the title bar, they are
used to close the window, hide it on the taskbar and zoom in and out.
• Tool Bar – Tool bar is displayed below the title bar, various options are available to work in it.
Like – Copy, Paste, Cut, Print, View, New folder etc.
• Address Bar - The location of the current folder is known from the address bar. The address
of any file folder can be copied from here.
• Page Area – This area displays data and information, files and folders.
• Scroll Bar - Scroll bars are displayed on the right and bottom side of the window, this window
is used to scroll the page up, down and right left.
• Navigation Buttons – These buttons are displayed on the left side below the toolbar, they are
used to navigate the page.
• Explorer Bar – It is displayed on the left side of the page area, with the help of which all the
disk drives and their files/folders can be accessed.
• Status Bar – The status bar is displayed at the bottom, it displays the information of the
selected folder or files, such as – File Size, File Date, File Type, Number of Files etc.
Control Panel:
The Control Panel in Microsoft Windows enables a user to change various computer hardware
and software features. Settings for the mouse, display, sound, network, and keyboard represent a few
examples of what may be modified in the Control Panel. Below are examples of how the Control
Panel appeared in Windows.
Sections of the Windows Control Panel
There are eight main areas on the Control Panel, containing different tools designed to
optimize your computer.

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  System and Security - A section to check your computer's status, backup and restore, and
others.
 Network and Internet - View network status.
 Hardware and Sound - View which devices are on your computer and add devices.
 Programs - Uninstall programs.
 User Accounts - Change user accessibility.
 Appearance and Personalization - Change desktop options, like fonts and screen readers.
 Clock and Region - Change date and time.
 Ease of access - Optimize your display settings.

Drive Partition:
A partition, or disk partition, is a logical division on a hard disk drive (HDD) that enables a PC
to have different drives.
Create and format a hard disk partition:
 Open Computer Management by selecting the Start button. The select Control Panel > System
and Security > Administrative Tools, and then double-click Computer Management.

 In the left pane, under Storage, select Disk Management.

 Right-click an unallocated region on your hard disk, and then select New Simple Volume.

 In the New Simple Volume Wizard, select Next.

 Enter the size of the volume you want to create in megabytes (MB) or accept the maximum
default size, and then select Next.

 Accept the default drive letter or choose a different drive letter to identify the partition, and then
select Next.

 In the Format Partition dialog box, do one of the following:

 If you don't want to format the volume right now, select Do not format this volume, and then
select Next.

 To format the volume with the default settings, select Next.

 Review your choices, and then select Finish.

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Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS
(MS-DOS):
MS-DOS is a non-graphical
graphical operating system that provides a command line interface (CLI
mode). MS-DOS DOS was originally written by "Tim Patterson" and introduced by "Microsoft" in August
1981. Its first version was PC-DOS
DOS 1.0 and the last version was MS
MS-DOS
DOS 6.22, which was introduced
in 1994. MS-DOSDOS is a Single User and Singl
Single
e Tasking operating system, due to which one user and
only one task is done at a time. MSMS-DOS
DOS is operated with the help of commands without a mouse.
MS-DOS
DOS is used in such devices, which can be operated very fast and where graphical work is not
required.

MS-DOS Commands:
There are mainly two types of commands in MSMS-DOS.
Internal Commands – These commands are loaded into the memory when the computer is booted.
Internal commands are not stored in any file so they cannot be viewed, deleted or edited. Examples –
Time, Date, Copy, MD, CD, Copy Con, Type etc.
External Command - These commands a are
re stored in the form of files in the computer. These
commands can also be viewed, deleted or edited. Examples – XCopy, Sys, Edit, Format, Tree, Sort,
Print, Prompt etc.
List of MS-DOS Commands:
1. Time - This command is used to view the time of the system, as well as update the time.

Syntax- C:\>time

2. Date - This command is used to see the date of the system, as well as update the date.

Syntax- C:\>date

3. Version - Through this command, you can see the version of the operating system loaded in the
system.
Syntax- C:\>ver

4. Volume - Through this command, you can see the label and serial number of the hard disk drive.

Syntax- C:\>vol

5. Clear Screen - By this command the data of the screen can be cleared.

Syntax - C:\>cls

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6. Copy Con - This command is used to create a new file.

Syntax- C:\>copy with filename

*Note – After writing the matter of the file, press F6 or Ctrl + Z to save the file.

7. Type - This command is used to view the file.

Syntax- C:\>type filename

8. More – This command is used when the matter of the file is more than one page.

Syntax- C:\> type filename|more

9. Sort - This command is used to see the matter of the file in ascending / descending order. Their
commands are as follows.
Syntax- C:\> Type file_name|sort (for Ascending Order)
Syntax- C:\> Type file_name|sort/r (for Descending Order)

10. Rename - This command is used to rename the file.

Syntax- C:\>ren old_filename new_filename

11. Delete - This command is used to delete the file.

Syntax- C:\> del filename

12. Copy - This command is used to copy the matter of the file to a new file.

Syntax- C:\>copy old_filename new_filename

13. Multi Copy - This command is used to copy multiple files into a new file.

Syntax: C:\>copy file1+file2+file3… new_filename

14. Batch - This command is used to create batch file. Batch file is an executable file, the commands
written in it are automatically run.

Syntax- C:\>copy con filename.bat

15. Directory - This command is used to view the sub-directories and files of the current directory.

Syntax- C:\>dir
You can also see the files and directories by customizing them as follows by the dir command. Their
commands are as follows.
1. dir /w (displays directories and files in wide form)
2. dir /s (view subdirectories and their files)
3. dir /p (can see the directory and files by pavas if the screen gets full)
4. dir /ah (views hide files)
5. dir/ad (can only see directories)
6. dir / as (views system files)
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 7. dir/ar (can see read only files)
8. dir/on (can view directory and files in A to Z order)
9. dir /o -n (can view directory and files in Z to A order)
10. dir / os (can see directories and files in increasing size)
11. dir /o -s (can see directories and files in decreasing size)

16. Make Directory - This command is used to create a new directory.

Syntax- C:\>md dir_name

17. Change Directory - This command is used to change the directory. Their commands are as
follows.

Syntax- C:\>cd dir_name (to enter the directory)

Syntax- C:\>cd.. (to exit current directory)
Syntax- C:\>cd\ (to exit all directories)

18. Remove Directory - This command is used to delete the directory. The directory to be deleted
must be empty.

Syntax- C:\>rd dir_name

19. Attrib - This command is used to make directory and files hide/unhide and read/write. Their
command is as follows.
1. Syntax- C:\>attrib filename + h (for hide)
2. Syntax- C:\>attrib file_name – h (for show)
3.Syntax- C:\>attrib file_name + r (for read)
4.Syntax- C:\>attrib filename – r (for write)

20. Edit - This command is used to edit the file.

Syntax- C:\>edit filename

21. Format - Use this command to format the drive.

Syntax- C:\>format volume: (normal format)

Syntax- C:\>format volume/q: (quick format)
Example- C:\>format e:/q

22. Prompt - This command is used to change the name of the prompt.
Syntax- C:\>prompt name (for change name)
Syntax- C:\>prompt (default prompt)

23. Echo - This command is used to Hide/Show the prompt.

Syntax- C:\>echo off (for hide)

Syntax- C:\>echo on (for show)
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24. Title - Use this command to change the name of the title bar.
Syntax- C:\>title name

25. Mode - This command is used to change the size of the DOS window.
Syntax- C:\>mode 40

26. CHKDSK - This command is used to verify the disk memory.

Syntax - C:\>chkdsk

27. Tree - This command is used to view directory and files in Hierarchy mode.

Syntax- C:\>tree

28. Color - This command is used to change the background and foreground color of the DOS
screen. Color values are given in hexadecimal (0-9 and A-F). The first value is for the background
and the second value is for the foreground.

Syntax- C:\>color 1B

29.. Systeminfo – Use this command to view system information.

Syntax- C:\>systeminfo

30. Start - This command is used to open a new DOS window.

Syntax: C:\>start

31. Help - This command is used to open the command list.

Syntax: C:\>help/?

32. Exit - This command is used to shut down DOS.

Syntax: C:\>exit.

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 CHAPTER - III
NOTE PAD
Definition:
Notepad is a simple text editor for Microsoft Windows and a basic text
text-editing
editing program which
enables computer users to create documents. File extension (.txt).
How to open Notepad
 Click Start.
 In the Start menu, click Programs or All Programs, then click the Accessories folder.
 Click the Notepad icon.

1. File menu:
The file menu contains 7 sub--menus.

I. New (Ctrl +N):

This will open a new notepad screen.
II. Open (Ctrl +O):
This will open an existing document.
III. Save (Ctrl +S):
This function is use when you make a new document and you want to save the
document with a name (give a name to your document
document).
IV. Save As:
This function is use when you make changes to an existing document and you want to resave
the document with the changes.
V. Page Setup:
This is where you can select the paper size and source, portrait or landscape, margins
and add header and footer before printing your document.
VI. Print:
This function will print your document
VII. Exit:
It is used for exit or closes the document.

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2. Edit menu:
The edit menus have 11 sub-menus

a. Undo (Ctrl +Z):

This function is used to go to the previous changes done to your document
It go to the one older state of your document.
b. Cut (Ctrl + X):
This option is used for remove the selected or highlighted text from your document.
c. Copy (Ctrl + C):
Copy is a duplicate of selected text or program.
d. Paste :( Ctrl +V)
This option is used to paste both cut and copied text and paragraph wherever you choose.
e. Delete:
This option is used to delete the selected text.
f. Find (Ctrl +F):
This option is used to find a specific text quickly in your document.
g. Find Next (F3):
This option is used to find directly the specific word or character.
h. Replace(Ctrl +H):
This option allows you for both find text and replace with another text in your document.
i. Go To( Ctrl +G):
This option is used for go to the specific line in your document .
j. Select All(Ctrl + A):
This option is used to select all section / text of a document.
k. Time/Date(F5):
When you select “Date / Time” it will automatically type the systems current date / time .
3. Format Menu:
The format menus have 2 sub-menus

a. Word Wrap:
When word wrap enabled, and you start typing in Notepad. It comes to the right side of
the page; the words will wrap and start on the next line without having to press the Enter key.
This does not affect printing. If there is a several line paragraph in which Enter key was never
pressed then the paragraph will take up the entire width of the printed paper's margins. To turn
word wrap ON click on Format menu option and then Word Wrap. A checkmark will appear
next to Word Wrap.
b. Font :
The font menu is used for change font face, font style, and font size
4. View Menu:
The view menus have 1 sub-menu

a. Status Bar :
It will show the particular line and column of current text.
The status bar at the bottom right corner of notepad window.
5. Help:
The format menus have 2 sub-menus

a. View Help :
Click on the “View Help” option to view a mini tutorial about the notepad.
b. About Notepad :
Clicking on “About Notepad” will show you the version of notepad that you use .

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 PAINT

Definition:
It is a graphics application program used to create drawing, or images. In paint you can
create or edit bitmap graphics (.bmp) . (the extension of paint file is .bmp) In Bitmap graphics screen
divided into pixels . If installed program (such as ms-office have correct graphics features) paint can
read:
 The paint window have many components, some are common to all paint windows: title bar,
menu bar, drawing area.

How to open Paint:

 Click Start.
 In the Run box, type Paint and press Enter.

Or

 Click Start.
 In the Start menu, click Programs or All Programs, and then click the Accessories folder.
 Click the Paint icon.
a. New:
This will give you a new paint screen
b. Open:
This will open your a exiting image file
c. Save:
This function is used for save the file.
d. Save As:
You must use this option to give your document a name and tell the computer what format you
want to save your document into.
e. Print:
This option allows you to print a document in 3 different ways:
f. Send in an E-Mail:
Enable you to send to your document as an e-mail attachment
g. Set as Desktop Background:
- This option will set the current picture as your desktop background.
- This option have 3 different settings:
a. File:
Fill the entire screen with picture.
b. Tile:
Set the picture so it repeat and fill entire screen.
c. Center:
Set the picture in the center of the screen.
h. About Paint:
Statistical data about your version of your ms-paint.
i. Properties:
It will show you a dialog box in which you can change units, color, width and height .
j. Exit:
Allows you to exit paint window and close down the paint window screen.
Home Tab:
The home tabs have 5 groups.
i. Clipboard ii. Image iii. Tools iv. Shapes v. Colors

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1. Clipboard Group: In clipboard group there are 3 options are available.
i. Cut ii. Copy iii. Paste
a. Cut: (Ctrl +X)
It will remove the selected part from a image and save on clipboard

b. Copy: (Ctrl +C)

It will leave the selected part of image where it is, but copy it so you can place it elsewhere on
your drawing.

c. Paste: (Ctrl +V)

It is a command mostly used to paste graphics after cut or copy from one place to another.
Click on the down arrow beside the paste for more options: “paste” and “paste from”.

2. Image Group: In image group there are 4 options

i. Select ii. Crop iii. Resize iv. Rotate
a. Select:
Use the select option to select the part of the picture that you want to cut, copy, crop, resize, or
rotate. The select option have more sub-menus : click on the down arrow to show more
options. Do one of the following depending on what you want to select :
* To select square or rectangle part :
i. Draw a picture
ii. Click on the down arrow beside “Select” option
iii. Click on “Rectangular Selection”
iv. Then drag the point out to select the part of the picture you want
* To select any irregular shape:
i. Draw a picture
ii. Click on the down arrow beside “Select” option
iii. Click on “Free-Form Selection”
iv. Then drag the point out to select the part of the picture you want
* To select all part :
i. Click on the down arrow beside “Select” option
ii. Click on “Select All”
* To select inverse of the selection:
i. Draw a picture
ii. Click on the down arrow beside “Select” option
iii. Click on “Free-Form Selection”
iv. Then drag the point out to select the part of the picture you want

* To select transparent :
a. To include the background color:
To include the background color with your selection;

b. To make the transparent:

To make the selection without background color ;

b. Crop:
Use the crop tool to crop the selected part of a picture.
c. Resize:
Use this option to resize the part of a picture or the whole picture.
a. Resize whole picture:
b. Resize part of a picture:

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d. Rotate:
Use the “Rotate” tool to rotate the whole picture or part of a picture.
a. To rotate the whole picture :
b. To rotate the part of a picture :
3. Tool group:
To tool group have 7 options.
i. Pencil:
ii. Fill with color:
iii. Text:
iv. Eraser:
v. Color picker:
vi. Magnifier:
vii. Brushes:
a. Pencil:
Use the pencil tool to draw thin free form lines or curves.
To draw a line or curves follow the steps :
b. Fill with color:
Using the “Fill With Color” to fill the entire drawing area or enclosed area.
To fill the entire or enclosed area follow the steps :
i. On the “Home” tab , on the “Tool” group, click on “Fill With Color” tool
ii. In the “Color” group click on “color1” box
iii. Then select a color from color box
iv. In the drawing area, Click it.
v. Now the entire drawing area will be fill with selected color
vi. Draw some shapes or drawing that should be enclosed
vii. On the “Home” tab , on the “Tool” group, click on “Fill With Color” tool
viii. In the “Color” group, click on “color1” (foreground color) box
ix. Then select a color from color box
x. Inside the enclosed area click it. Now only the enclosed area will be fill with color.
xi. To remove the color and replace it with the color instate : follow the steps
a. In the “Color” group ,click on “Color2” (background color) box
b. Select a color from color box
c. Then right click inside the enclosed area to fill it.
c. Text:
Use the “Text” tool to enter text in your picture.
i. On the “Home” tab ,in the “Tool” group, click on “Text” tool.
ii. Drag the pointer in the drawing area where you want to add text
iii. Under the “Text” tool, the new tab will be shown in “Menu bar”
iv. Click on the “Font Face”, “Font Size” drop-down menu to select a font face and size of text.
v. Click on font style to change style of text (bold, italic, underline etc.)
vi. In the “Color” group, click “Color 1” and select a color for your text
vii. If you want to fill background area of text, then
a. On the “Text” tab, in the “background” group click “Opaque”
b. In the “Color” group, click “Color2”
c. Then select a color for background of text
viii. If you want the background of text will be transparent, then
On the “Text” tab, in the “background” group click “Transparent”
d. Eraser:
The eraser is used for erase part of a picture.
To erase a part follow the steps :
i. On the “Home” tab , on the “Tool” group, click on “Eraser” tool
ii. In the “Size” tool, click on any size to decrease or increase the eraser size
iii. Then drag the eraser over the area of the picture that you want to erase
24 | P a g e
 iv. When you erase any area will reveal the background color .
v. In the “Color” group , click on “color1” box
vi. Then select a color from color box
vii. Go to ” Size” and select a width of lines or curves
viii. Short cut key for increase eraser size (Ctrl + +) and reduce is (Ctrl + -)
ix. Now in drawing area ,with “Pencil” tool draw some images.
e. Color picker:
Use the “Color picker” tool to set the current the foreground or background color by picking a
color from the a picture .
i. If you want the picked color is for foreground color, then;
a. Click on “Color Picker” tool to pick the color for “Color1”
b. Then, click on the color that you want to pick
ii. If you want the picked color is for background color, then;
a. Click on “Color Picker” tool to pick the color for “Color2”
b. Then, right-click on the color that you want to pick
f. Magnifier:
Use this tool to zoom in or zoom out a part of your picture.
i. On the “Home” tab, in the “Tool” group ,click on “Magnifier”
ii. Move the magnifier and then click on lens, zoom in a part of the image will shown in
Rectangular shape.
iii. Use the scroll bar to move and see around the picture.
iv. To reduce the zoom level, right-click on the “magnifier” again
g. Brushes:
Use the brushes tool to draw lines that have different appearance and texture.
It’s like using artistic brushes.
By using brushes, you can draw free-form and curving lines that have different effects.
i. On the “Home” tab, in the “Tool” group, click on brushes.
ii. Clicking on the down arrow will show you different artistic brushes.
iii. Select the artistic brush that you want to use.
iv. If you want to change line size, go to “Size” and select a line size.
v. In the “Color” group, click on “Color1” box and select a color, then click and drag the pointer
to draw the lines.
vi. In the “Color” group, click on “Color2” box and select a color, then right-click and drag the
pointer to draw the lines.
4. Shapes group:
The shapes group allows you to draw readymade shapes.
On the “Home” tab , On the “Shapes” group, click on a Readymade shape
i. To draw a shape with equal sides;
Press and hold the “Shift” key and drag the mouse pointer.
The shape still selected, you can do one or more of the following to change its appearance.
i. To change the line style:
a. In the “Shapes” group, click on “Outline”
b. Now the different lines style names will be shown
c. Select one of the line style
d. If you don’t want your shapes to have an outline, click on “Outline”
e. Then select “No Outline”
ii. To change the shapes outline size :
a. Click on “Size”
b. Then, select a line size.
c. If you want to increase the width of line, then press “Ctrl + +”
d. If you want to decrease the width of line, then press “Ctrl + -”
iii. In the “Color” group, click “Color1” ,then select a color for outline of the shape ,and drag the
mouse pointer to draw.
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 iv. In the “Color” group, click “Color2”, then select a color for fill inside of the shape ,and drag
the mouse pointer to draw.
v. To change the fill style :
a. In the “Shapes” group, click on “Fill”
b. Now the different fill style name will be shown
c. Select one of the fill style
d. If you don’t want your shapes to fill, click on “Fill”
e. Then select “No Fill”
5. Colors Group:
The color box indicates the current color color1(foreground color) and color2(background
color).
i. To change the selected foreground color :
In the “Color” group, click on “Color1” box, then select a color for foreground.
ii. To change the selected background color :
In the “Color” group, click on “Color2” box, then select a color for background.
iii. To paint with the selected foreground color :
To paint with the foreground color ,left click while you drag the mouse pointer.
iv. To paint with the selected background color :
To paint with the background color ,right click while you drag the mouse pointer.
v. Edit colors:
Select a color from color pallet.
6. View Tab:
The view tab has 3 groups
I. Zoom
II. Show Or Hide
III. Display
a. Zoom :
This allow you to zoom in, zoom out, and set 100%
b. Show or Hide :
I. Tick the “Ruler” checkbox to show the ruler
II. Untick the “Ruler” checkbox to hide the ruler
III. Tick the “Gridlines” checkbox to show the ruler
IV. Untick the “Gridlines” checkbox to hide the ruler
V. Tick the “Status bar” checkbox to show the Status bar
VI. Untick the “Status Bar” checkbox to hide the Status bar
c. Display :
i. Full Screen :
Use the full screen to view your picture in full screen.
To view the picture in entire screen :
i. On the “View” tab, in “Display” group, click on “Full Screen”.
ii. Short cut key is “F11”
iii. To exit full screen, press “Esc” key from keyboard
ii. Thumb Nail :
Use the thumbnail to show or hind the thumbnail windows
To view the thumbnail window:

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 WORDPAD
Definition:
 WordPad is a basic word processor available in every version of Microsoft's operating system.
 WordPad is well preferred for taking quick notes and text-based writing.
 RTF extension is used by both WordPad.
How to open WordPad:
 Click Start.
 In the Run box, type WordPad and press Enter.
Or
 Click Start.
 In the Start menu, click Programs or All Programs, and then click the Accessories folder.
 Click the WordPad icon.
Home Tab:
The home tabs have 5 groups.
i. Clipboard ii. Font iii. Paragraph iv. Insert v. Editing

1. Clipboard Group: In clipboard group there are 3 options are available.

i. Cut ii. Copy iii. Paste

i. Cut: (Ctrl +X)

This option is used to copy the text.
ii. Copy: (Ctrl +C)
It will leave the selected part of image where it is, but copy it so you can place it elsewhere on your
drawing.
iii. Paste: (Ctrl +V)
It is a command mostly used to paste graphics after cut or copy from one place to another. Click on
the
down arrow beside the paste for more options: “paste” and “paste from”.
2. Font Group:
i. Font Style: This option is used to change font style.
ii. Font Size: This option is used to change font size.
iii. Growth Font: This option is used to growth the font size.
iv. Shrink Font: This option is use to decrease the size of selected font.
v. Bold (ctrl+b) – This option is use to makes the selected font bold.
vi. Italic (ctrl+i) – This option use to make the selected font italic.
vii. Underline (ctrl+u) – This option is use to draw a line under the selected text.
viii. Strikethrough – This option is use to draw a middle line for the selected text.
ix. Subscript (ctrl+=) – This option is use to make the selected text subscript form. Ex- X2
x. Superscript (ctrl+shift++) – This option is use to make the selected text superscript form. Ex- X 2
xi. Font Color – This option is use to change the color of selected font.
xii. Text Highlight Color – This option is use to make the text highlighted with a color, look like as
marked with a highlight pen.

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3. Paragraph Group:
i. Decrease Indent – This option is use to move the paragraph or line left, closer to the left margin.
ii. Increase Indent – This option is use to move the paragraph or line right, far from the left margin.
iii. Starting list: This option is use to create a list of data using bullet. To create a list of data using
roman number, decimal number, alphabetic abc etc.
iv. Line Spacing – This option is use to adjust the gap between lines and paragraphs.
v. Align Left (ctrl+l) – This option moves the text left of the page.
vi. Align Center (ctrl+e) – This option moves the text center of the page.
vii. Align Right (ctrl+r) – This option moves the text right of the page.
viii. Justify (ctrl+j) – This option is use to adjust the text equal from the right and left margin.
ix. Paragraph Mark – This option is use to show or hide the paragraph marks or other formatting
symbols.
4. Insert Group:
i. Picture – This option is use to insert the picture in the current document from the computer memory
or internet.
ii. Paint Drawing: This option is use to open Paint software.
iii. Date and Time – This option is use to inserting the current date and time.
iv. Object – This option use to insert the embedded object of any program or application.

5. Editing Group:
i. Find (ctrl+f)– This option is use to find any information in document.

ii. Go To (ctrl+g) – This option is use to go any page or line directly by given page or line number.
User can also jump to the sections, bookmarks, footnotes, comments etc.

iii. Select – This option is use to select all (ctrl+a) the data in the document, also select any object
etc.

View Tab:
The view tabs have 3 groups.
i. Zoom ii. Show/Hide iii. Settings
i. Zoom – This option is use to set the zoom level according to the preset size or custom size.
100% Zoom – This option return 100% zoom level.
ii. Show/Hide:
Ruler – This option is use to show or hide the ruler.
Status Bar: This option is use to show or hide the Status Bar.
iii. Setting:
Word wrap: This option is use to wrap the word.
Measurement Unit: This option is use to change the unit.

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 CHAPTER - IV

MICROSOFT WORD
Ms word contains such as: Home tab, Insert tab, Page Layout tab, Reference tab, Mailings tab,
Reviews tab, View tab.

HOME TAB:
Home Tab in Microsoft Word is the default tab for editing and formatting the document in MS
Word. The ribbon of Home Tab in Microsoft Word is divided into multiple sections with the name
Clipboard, Font, Paragraph, Styles & Editing. The detailed explanation about Home Tab in Microsoft
Word is given below.

(1) Clipboard
Undo (ctrl+z) – This option is use to go back for one step.

Redo (ctrl+y) – This option is use to go forward for one step.

Cut (ctrl+x) – This option is use to cut the selected data.

Copy (ctrl+c) – This option is use to copy the selected data.

Paste (ctrl+v) – This option is use to paste the cut or copied data.

Paste Special – This option creates a link between copied and pasted data. By pasting data with link,
if source data (copied data) change or delete then target data (pasted data) will also change.

Format Painter – This option is use to copy and paste text formatting.

(2) Font
Font (ctrl+shift+f) – This font Box is use to select the different font styles for the selected paragraph
or text.
Font Size (ctrl+shift+p) – This option is use to change the size of the selected font.

Bold (ctrl+b) – This option is use to makes the selected font bold.

Italic (ctrl+i) – This option use to make the selected font italic.

Underline (ctrl+u) – This option is use to draw a line under the selected text.

Strikethrough – This option is use to draw a middle line for the selected text. Ex- word processor

Subscript (ctrl+=) – This option is use to make the selected text subscript form. Ex- X 2

Superscript (ctrl+shift++) – This option is use to make the selected text superscript form. Ex- X 2

Change Case – This option is use to change the font cases with UPPER, lower, Capitalize, Sentence
and tOGGLE.

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Grow Font (Ctrl+Shift+>) – This option is use to increase the size of selected font.

Shrink Font (Ctrl+Shift+<) – This option is use to decrease the size of selected font.

Clear Formatting – This option is use to clear all the formatting from the selected text and make the
text plain.

Text Highlight Color – This option is use to make the text highlighted with a color, look like as
marked with a highlight pen.

Font Color – This option is use to change the color of selected font.

(3) Paragraph:
Bullets – This option is use to create a list of data using bullet.

Numbering – This option is use to create a list of data using roman number, decimal number,
alphabetic abc etc.

Multilevel List – This option use to create the multilevel list using alphabetical, numerical, roman
number etc.

Align Left (ctrl+l) – This option moves the text left of the page.

Align Center (ctrl+e) – This option moves the text center of the page.

Align Right (ctrl+r) – This option moves the text right of the page.

Justify (ctrl+j) – This option is use to adjust the text equal from the right and left margin.

Line Spacing – This option is use to adjust the gap between lines and paragraphs.

Increase Indent – This option is use to move the paragraph or line right, far from the left margin.

Decrease Indent – This option is use to move the paragraph or line left, closer to the left margin.

Sort – This option is use to sort the selected alphabetical or numerical data in a table with ascending
or descending order.

Paragraph Mark – This option is use to show or hide the paragraph marks or other formatting
symbols.

Shading – This option is use to add the color in background for selected paragraph or text.

Border – This option is use to create the border for selected paragraph or text.

(4) Styles:
MS Word provides different readymade sets of font styles including colors, fonts and headings.
User can select anyone and apply on selected paragraph or text. User can also create new style by
clicking dropdown button.

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(5) Editing:
Find (ctrl+f)– This option is use to find any information in document.

Go To (ctrl+g) – This option is use to go any page or line directly by given page or line number. User
can also jump to the sections, bookmarks, footnotes, comments etc.

Replace (ctrl+h) – This option is use to replace the any text with another text. Replace all function is
use to replace multiple similar text at a time.

Select – This option is use to select all (ctrl+a) the data in the document, also select any object etc.

INSERT TAB

(1) Pages:
Cover page – This option is use to insert the fully formatted cover page template for document, or
any book, magazines, notes, or record file. User can specify the title, author, date and other
information on the cover page.

Blank Page –This option is use to insert the blank page in the document.

Page Break – Using this option user can break the page where mouse cursor is present and move
the remaining matter to the next page.

(2) Table:
Table – This option is use to insert a table by selection of blocks, user can also specify rows and
column number according to the need. There are many preformatted table option available in this
option.

(3) Illustrations:
Picture – This option is use to insert the picture in the current document from the computer memory
or internet.
Clip art – With this option user can insert the clip arts in the document, including drawings, movies,
sounds or stock photography to illustrate a specific concept.
Shapes – This option is use to insert the ready-made shapes, such as rectangular and circle, lines
and arrows, flow charts, symbols and callout etc.
Smart Art – With this option user can insert the graphical ready-made charts to present data in
graphical mode. There are many different types of charts available related to tree type charts,
organizations charts, hierarchy charts, cycle charts, pyramid charts etc.
Chart – With this option user can insert charts for illustrating and comparing data. User can add many
types of charts related to Pie, Bar, Line, Area and Surface etc.

(4) Links:
Hyperlink (ctrl+k) – This option is use to create links for selected information with web pages, files,
folders, Pictures or programs.

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Bookmark – This option is use to create bookmarks by assigning a name of selected information.
Later we can access them by using bookmarks option.
Cross-reference – This option is use to create cross-references to any information using table,
headings, figures or bookmarks. We can quickly jump on that location by pressing control and mouse
click.

(5) Header & Footer:

Header – This option is use to edit the header of the document, it is appear top of the each page.
User can specify the header with any short information as page number, date and time and any other
text or graphical information.
Footer – This option behaves same as header but footer located bottom of the page.
Page Number – This option is use to insert the pages numbers in the document. We can customize
area and select different types of page numbering styles.

(6) Text:
Text Box – This option is use to insert a text box to put some text. Text box can be rotate and place
anywhere in the document.
Quick Parts – This option is use to insert any preformatted snippets such as title, author or date &
time for the document property.
Word Art – This option is use to insert the decorative text as a object in the document.
Drop cap – This option is use to make the first letter large at the beginning of the paragraph.
Signature Line – This option is use to insert the signature line that specifies the individual person
who must sign.
Date and Time – This option is use to inserting the current date and time.
Object – This option use to insert the embedded object of any program or application.

(7) Symbols:
Equation – This option is use to insert the common mathematical equations or build up your own
equation using a library of mathematical symbols.

Symbols – This option is use to insert the special symbols that are not present in keyboard.

PAGE LAYOUT TAB:

(1) Themes:
Themes – With this option user can change overall design of the entire document including colors,
fonts and effects.

(2) Page Setup:

Margins – This option is use to select and change the preset margins size for the entire document.
User can also customize the margin as per need.
Orientation – With this option user can switch the page between landscape and portrait mode.
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Size-This option is use to choose the paper size to the current document for printing or give custom
size.
Columns – This option is use to divide the document information in to two or more columns.
Breaks – This option is use to add pages breaks, section or column breaks, wrap the text matter to
the document.
Line Numbers – With this option user can insert the line numbers to the each line.
Hyphenation – This option is use to break the word with a – to the next line if no more room to fit
word end of line. In books or magazines, it creates much uniform text in order to have more spacing
between words.

(3) Page Background:

Watermark – User can add a ghosted text behind the content of the text on the page. User can add
the custom water mark of any text or picture.
Page Color – This option is use to choose and apply the color for background of the document page.
Page Border – This option is use to add a border around the page. There are many different borders
available in this feature.

(4) Paragraph:

Indent Left – This option is use to move the line or paragraph right side from the left margin by given
a value.
Indent Right- This option is use to move the line or paragraph left side from the right margin by
giving a value.
Spacing Before – Using this option we can add a space above the selected paragraph.
Spacing After – Using this option we can add a space below the selected paragraph.

(5) Arrange:
Position – This option is use to set the object or image with text. There are multiple wrapping options
as left, right, center and middle position etc. It automatically wrap the text around the object.
Bring to Front –Using this option we can bring the selected object forward one level to the other
object or all objects.
Send to Back – Using this option we can send the selected object behind one level to the other
object or all objects.
Text wrapping – This option is use to set the object with text by multiple text wrapping options.
Align – This option is use to align the multiple selected object to the page or margin with top, bottom,
right, left, center or middle.
Group – This option is use to group the multiple objects together so that they can be treated like a
single object.
Rotate – This option is use to rotate or flip the selected object.

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REFERENCES TAB:
Reference Tab in Microsoft Word is use to create the table of contents, images caption, cross
–references, footnotes, citation & bibliography etc. The ribbon of Reference Tab in Microsoft Word is
divided into multiple sections with the name Table of Contents, Footnotes, Citations & Bibliography,
Captions, Index and Table of Authorities. The detailed explanation about Reference Tab in Microsoft
Word is given below.

(1) Table of Contents:

Table of Contents – This option is use to create the table of contents for any book or magazine.
DEFINATION: The table of contents is a snapshot of the headings and page numbers in your
document, and does not automatically update itself as you make changes. At any time, you can
update it by right-clicking on it and selecting Update field.
Add Text – This option is use to add the current paragraph or heading as an entry in the table of
contents.
Update Table – This option is use to update the table of contents, if document modified of update.

(2) Footnotes:
Definition of Footnote and Endnote: comment on, or provide references to something in a
document. Usually, footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, while endnotes come at the end of
the document or section.
Insert Footnote (alt + ctrl + f) – This option is use to add footnote to the current page of the
document to write current page details.
Insert Endnote (alt + ctrl +d) – This option is use to add endnote to the last page of the document to
write document details.
Next Footnote – This option is use to navigate the next footnote in the document, if two or more
footnote inserted.
Show Notes – By this option user can show all the notes inserted in the document.

(3) Citation & Bibliography:

Insert Citation – This option is use to cite the document or a book by adding journal article or a piece
of information from other source and provide credit to main source.
Manage Source – This option is use to view the list of all cited source in the document.
Style – Use to choose the style of citation.
Bibliography – This option is use to add a bibliography, which lists the entire cited source in the
document.

(4) Captions:
Insert Caption – This option is use to add a caption for any object or image. A caption is a line that
appear bellow of an object to describe it.
Insert table of Figure – This option is use to insert table of figure for the images or objects. A table of
figure looks like a list with caption names.

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Update Table – This option is use to update the table of figure to include all of the new entries in the
document.
Cross-reference – It is the hyperlinked based option that refers to an items created with headings,
figures, bookmarks etc. By creating a cross-reference user can jump that location where information
is present.

(5) Index:
Mark Entry (alt + shift + x) – This option is use to mark the selected text to include marked entry in
the index of the document.

Insert index – An index is a list of keywords found in the document along with the page numbers.
This option inserts the index of marked entry in the document.

Update Index – This option is use to update the index, so that all the entries of index refers to the
correct pages.

(6) Table of Authorities:

Mark Citation (alt + shift + i) – This option is use to add the selected text as an entry in the table of
authorities.
Insert Table of Authorities – A table of authorities is lists of the cases, statutes and other authorities
cited in the document. This option is use to insert the table of authorities in the document.
Update Table – This option is use to update the table of authorities to include all the citations in the
document.

MAILINGS TAB:
Mailing Tab in Microsoft Word is use for creating envelopes, labels and Mail Merge. Mail
Merge is a feature for sending a letter to the multiple recipients at a time with separate details like
address and greetings lines. It is a most useful feature in offices or companies for sending any
information to multiple employees at a time. Alternatively we can use this feature to create multiple
pay slips or id cards at a time with separate details.
Mailing Tab in Microsoft Word is divided into multiple sections with the name Create, Start Mail
Merge, Write & Insert Fields, Preview Results and Finish. The detailed explanation about Mailing Tab
in Microsoft Word is given below.

(1) Create:
Envelopes – This option is use to create and print the envelopes for sending message and letters.

Labels – This option is use to create and print the labels.

(2) Start Mail Merge:

Start Mail Merge – This option contains many options to start mail merge. We can start with a Letter,
Email, Envelope or Step by Step mail merge wizard.

Select Recipient – This option is use to choose the list of peoples (Recipient) whom you want to
send the letter. User can also type a new list of recipients including details and email addresses.
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Edit Recipient list – This option is use to change or modify the list of recipients.

(3) Write & Insert Fields:

Highlight Merge Field – This option is use to highlight the fields that you have inserted in to the
document.

Address Block – This option is use to insert the address block for the recipient in the letter.

Greeting Line – This option is use to insert the greeting line for the recipient such as – Dear
Sir/Madam.

Insert Merge Field – This option is use to insert any field from the recipient list in the letter, such as-
Home Phone, Company Name etc.

Rules – This option use to specify rules to add decision-making ability to the mail merge.

Match Fields – Using this option we can match the recipient list fields, such as – First Name to Last
Name.

Update Labels – This option is use to update all the labels created in letters.
(4) Preview Result:
Preview Result – This option is use to preview the letter and replaces the merge fields with actual
data form the recipient list.

Previous/First record – This option is use to preview the first or previous record in the recipient list.

Next/Last Record – This option is use to preview the Next or Last record in the recipient list.

Find Recipient – This option is use to find and preview the specific record in the recipient list.

Auto Check Errors – This option is use to auto handle the errors that occurs when completing the
mail merge.

Finish & Merge – This option is use to prints or send the letters using email to all the selected
recipients.

Note : Before using Mail Merge, It is compulsory to have an active internet connection and MS
Outlook configured in the system.

REVIEW TAB:
Review Tab in Microsoft Word is use for checking spelling & grammatical mistakes in the
document, write comments, track changes if the document modified, comparing document with
another and document protection etc. The ribbon of Review Tab in Microsoft Word is divided into
multiple sections with the name Proofing, Comment, Tracking, Changes, Compare and Protect. The
detailed explanation about Review Tab in Microsoft Word is given below.

(1) Proofing:
Spelling & Grammar – This option is use to check the spelling & grammatical mistakes of the text
written in document.
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Research – This option is use to open the research pane for search the reference materials such as-
dictionaries, encyclopedias, and translation services etc.

Thesaurus – This option searches the suggested words with multiple similar meaning.

Translate – This option translates the selected text in to different language. To use this feature,
languages feature must be installed on computer.

Set Language – This option is use to set the different language to check the spelling & grammar of
the selected text.

Word Count – This option is use to check the number of words, lines, paragraph of the selected text
or document.

(2) Comments:
New Comment – This option is use to add a comment (info about the text) for section or selected
text.

Delete – This option is use to delete the selected comment or delete all the comments in the
documents.

Previous – This option is use to navigate the previous comment.

Next – This option is use to navigate the next comment.

(3) Tracking:
Track Changes – This option tracks all the changes made in the document, including insertion,
deletion, and formatting changes.

Balloons – By this option we can choose how to show revisions in the document.

Final Showing Markup – Final show markup allows the document with all proposed changes
included, and show the original document before any changes were made.

Show Markup – This option allows to choosing what kind of markup to show in the document, and
also using to show or hide comments.

Reviewing Pane – This option is use to open a separate pane window to show the reviewing.

(4) Changes:
Accept – This option is use for accept the changes one by one or all at once in the document.

Reject – This option is use for reject the changes one by one or all at once in the documents.

Previous – This option is use to navigate the previous revision in the document so that we can
accept or reject changes.

Next – This option is use to navigate the next revision in the document so that we can accept or
reject changes.

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(5) Compare:
Compare – This option is use to compare or combine the multiple versions of a document.

Show Source Document – This option is use to choose which source document to show. We can
show the original document, revised document or both.

(6) Protect:
Protect Document – This option is use to set the restrict permissions to the document, that how
people can access the document. Such as- password.

VIEW TAB:
View Tab in Microsoft Word is use for changing the layouts of the pages, show/hide elements
such as – ruler or grid-lines, adjusting pages with zoom option, working with multiple windows and
recording a macro etc. The ribbon of View Tab in Microsoft Word is divided into multiple sections with
the name Document Views, Show/Hide, Zoom, Window and Macros. The detailed explanation about
View Tab in Microsoft Word is given below.

(1) Document Views:

Print Layout – This option is use to show the document as it will appear on the printed page. This
view specially used for printing mode.

Full Screening Reading – This layout hides the contents of application and adjust pages with full
screen to read.

Web Layout – This Layout looks like as a web page. It has a single page for many much matter.
Certain elements such as header & footer, pages number will not be visible in this mode.

Outline – This Layout looks as an outline mode and show the outlining tools for generating heading
levels.

Draft – In this view the document looks as a draft to quickly edit the text. Certain elements such as
header & footer will not be visible in this mode.

(2) Show/Hide:
Ruler – This option is use to show or hide the ruler.

Gridlines – This option is use to show or hide the gridlines. Gridlines are use to align the object in
document.

Message Bar – This option is use to show or hide the message bar.

Document Map – This option is use to show or hide the document map, which allows the document
navigation through structural view.

Thumbnails – This option is use to show or hide thumbnails in the document. This allows the
document navigation through small picture of pages.

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(3) Zoom:
Zoom – This option is use to set the zoom level according to the preset size or custom size.

100% Zoom – This option return 100% zoom level.

One Page – This option fits the current page in window.

Two Pages – This option fits the two pages in window.

Page Width – This option fits the page according to the matching width of the window.

(4) Window:
New Window – This option is use to open a new window containing a view of the current document.

Arrange all – This option is use to arrange all the opened window side by side on the screen.

Split – This option is use to split the current window into two parts, so that user can view different
section of the document at the same time.

View Side by Side – This option is use to view the two document side by side, so that user can
compare their contents.

Synchronous Scrolling – This option synchronizes the scrolling of two documents, so that they
scroll together.

Reset Window Position – This option reset the window position of the document being compared
side by side, so that they share the screen equally.

Switch Window – This option switches the currently opened window.

(5) Macros:
Macros – This option is use to record a macro, view the list of recorded macros, run the recorded
macro, create or delete a macro. Macro is a program in MS Word that is use to record a work
including mouse

Short Key of ms – word

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