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UNIT 9. PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT

I. Find the word which has a different stress pattern from the others.
1. A. improve B. toxic C. planet D. effort
2. A. plastic B. protect C. value D. landfill
3. A. dioxide B. organic C. utensil D. recommend
4. A. emission B. energy C. implement D. oxygen
5. A. eventually B. disposable C. category D. community
II. Fill in each blank with a suitable word or phrase from the box.
temperature 1. The panda’s natural ____________ is the bamboo forest.
habitat 2. An oil spill could be devastating for ____________ .
global 3. In hot weather, the ____________ gets very high.
wildlife 4. The probable result of ____________ warming will be a rise in sea levels.
consequences 5. Building a new factory there would be environmentally ____________ .
respiratory 6. Both air pollution and smoking contribute to ____________ diseases.
disastrous 7. ____________ is the diversity of genes, species and eco-systems that occupy the
climate earth.
ecosystem 8. Pollution can have disastrous effects on the delicately balanced
biodiversity 9. Most scientists accept that ____________ change is linked to carbon emissions.
10. They haven’t thought about the practical ____________ of the new regulations.
III. Choose the correct option.
1. She asked who I (am/was) talking to. 7. Jennifer asked him what he (wants/had wanted) to
2. She (told/said) Harry to do the homework. do.
3. He asked me why I (didn’t/don’t) speak Japanese. 8. Ethan said, ‘They (had/have) left the cafeteria when I
4. Johnny asked me where (did she live/she lived). came.’
5. He said, “I (have/had) studied here for a long time”. 9. Ms. Hellen told the boys (not to/to not) waste their
6. Kimberly says that her brother (liked/likes) roast money.
beef. 10. He said that he had visited Singapore (the month
before/a month ago).
IV. Complete the sentences in reported speech.
1. Jimmy said, ‘Anna is beautiful.’ 2. Lucas said, ‘I have your phone number.’

3. Jenny asked me, ‘What is his name?’ 4. William said, ‘We should bring some food and
drinks.’

5. They said, “We’ve bought a new apartment.’ 6. Joe said to me, ‘You won’t fail the Math exam.’

7. I asked them, ‘Did you all enjoy the volunteer 8. I asked the receptionist, ‘What time is he
program?’ coming?’

9. She asked her son, ‘Where did you put your car 10. She said, ‘The students aren’t listening to the
toys?’ teacher at the moment.’

V. Reorder the words and phrases to make sentences.

1. The program / to / preserve / set up / endangered species / from / was / extinction
________________________________________________________________________________
2. I’ve / some / research / find out / of / there / done / travelling / to / the / cheapest way
________________________________________________________________________________
3. animals / that / humane conditions / being / the / are not / kept / in / claim / Campaigners
________________________________________________________________________________
4. has / a / in / pollution / was / since / sharp decrease / the / been / law / introduced / There
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5. pollution / The / of / has / the / forest / affected / seriously / plant life / and wildlife
________________________________________________________________________________
6. Last year, / rate / of / deforestation / the / Amazon / in / the / declined / by / 30 percent / almost
________________________________________________________________________________
7. are all / We / beginning / to / global warming / due / to / the / experience / enhanced greenhouse effect
________________________________________________________________________________
8. for / Northern Ireland / is / its natural beauty / hospitality / of / its people / and the / famous
________________________________________________________________________________
VI. Read the passage and choose the best option A, B, C or D.
How Will Climate Change Affect Wildlife? 1. A. that B. When
Climate change is already affecting wildlife all over the world, but C. whose D. which
certain species are suffering more than others. Polar animals - (1) 2. A. in B. Under
________ icy natural habitat is melting in the warmer temperatures - are C. on D. at
particularly (2) _______ risk. In fact, experts believe that the Arctic sea ice 3. A. flowing B. Melting
is (3) _______ at a shocking rate - 9% per decade! Polar bears need sea ice C. merging D. fading
to be able to hunt, raise their young and as places to rest after long 4. A. raise B. Rise
periods of swimming. Certain seal species, like ringed seals make caves C. grow D. Praise
in the snow and ice to (4) ________ their pups, feed and mate. 5. A. threat B. Threaten
It’s not just polar animals who are in trouble. Apes like orangutans, C. threatened D. threatening
which live in the rainforests of Indonesia, are under (5) ________ as their 6. A. bear B. Lay
habitat is cut down, and more droughts cause more bushfires. C. produce D. generate
Sea turtles rely on nesting beaches to (6) _______ their eggs, many of 7. A. though B. Unless
which are threatened by rising sea levels. Did you know that the C. whether D. if
temperature of nests determines (7) ______ the eggs are male or female? 8. A. density B. environment
Unfortunately, with temperatures on the rise, this could mean that many C. habitats D. populations
more females are born than males, threatening future turtle (8) _____ .
VII. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.
1. A. effect B. emit C. woman D. white
C. establish D. export 4. A. species B. dresses
2. A. use B. unit C. beaches D. pages
C. ugly D. union 5. A. finished B. isolated
3. A. watch B. write C. developed D. guessed
VIII. Choose the answer which is CLOSEST in IX. Choose the answer which is OPPOSITE in
meaning to the underlined words. meaning to the underlined words.
1. Some of the waste material can be reworked for 1. Polluted water sources are a hazard to wildlife.
reuse. A. redone B. recalled A. security B. danger
C. renewed D. preserved C. harmlessness D. safety
2. The need to recycle water and other materials is 2. The case for better public transport is unanswerable.
obvious. A. doubtful B. hidden A. reliable B. believable
C. apparent D. ambiguous C. answerable D. questionable
3. Unless the oil spill is contained, irreparable damage 3. People should keep away from the radioactive waste.
will be done to the sea. A. get along with B. keep in touch with
A. rechargeable B. curable C. put up with D. stay close to
C. unfixable D. repairable 4. Several outbreaks of infection have been traced to
4. Helping to alleviate poverty also helps to reduce contaminated food.
environmental destruction. A. clean B. dirty
A. enlarge B. enrich C. polluted D. poisonous
C. strengthen D. lessen 5. Eat as many fresh products as possible rather than
5. Increased consumption of water has led to rapid relying on tinned and packed foods.
depletion of groundwater reserves. A. leaning B. counting
A. make up B. caused C. liberating D. depending
C. produce D. begin
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TEST 2
I. Complete the sentences in reported speech.
1. Andy said, ‘I don’t want to go now.’ John said that
Andy said that
7. My new classmate asked me, ‘Where do you
2. I asked him, ‘Did you catch the train?’ live?’
I asked him My new classmate asked me

3. She said, ‘I would love to take this dance 8. She said to her dad, ‘I’ve lost the key of this
course.’ drawer.’
She said that She said to her dad that

4. Johnathan said to his friends, ‘I can ride a horse.’ 9. Susan said, ‘I’m looking for my English
Johnathan said to his friends that student’s book.’
Susan said that
5. Mrs. Larry said to her son: ‘Go home right after
school time.’ 10. Ms. Paula said, “I will close all these social
Mrs. Larry media accounts”.
Ms. Paula said that
6. John said, ‘I will make a phone call to the
operator.’
II. Find the word which has a different stress pattern from the others.
1. A. carbon B. footprint C. hygiene D. resource
2. A. prevent B. harmful C. healthy D. local
3. A. natural B. recycle C. vehicle D. chemical
4. A. consider B. consumer C. devastate D. disposal
5. A. environment B. behavior C. electronic D. sustainable
III. Choose the underlined words that need correction.
1. I asked her whether she would prefer to eat out or cooking a meal at home.
A B C D
2. We are going to buy anything to eat because Tommy says he is hungry.
A B C D
3. Jane said to her mother that she was studying physics tomorrow morning.
A B C D
4. Mr. Jackson said, ‘I had played for my school’s basketball team when I was a student.’
A B C D
5. I wondered if we should take an umbrella as the forecast said that it is going to rain.
A B C D
IV. Complete the second sentence so that it means similarly to the first one.
1. Nobody has ever solved this problem. 5. The examiner refused to let me leave the room early.
This problem I wasn’t allowed

2. All of your demands can’t be satisfied. 6. That house is too expensive for them to buy.
It is impossible They can’t afford
3. This is the last time I lend you my pen. 7. You can come with me or stay at home as you like.
I will Whether___________________________ matter.
8. Do you mind looking after the kids for a bit while I
4. She prepared for dinner for half an hour. go out?
It took I wonder if
V. Supply the correct form of the word in the brackets.
1. Many species of animals are in danger of 3. ___________ , the museum was not damaged by
___________ out. (die) the earthquake. (Luck)
2. Mosquitoes are ___________ abundant in this 4. The more things a man is ashamed of, the more
dark wet place. (extreme) ___________ he is. (respect)
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5. The ___________ of the plant was the major 8. They reported the ___________ of the bears to
blow to the local economy. (lose) the missing animal bureau. (appear)
6. Noise has become one of the main ___________ 9. Environmental ___________ has increased
of modern city life. (pollute) dramatically over the past decades. (aware)
7. Different parts of the world have very different 10. The threat of _________ warming will force the
___________ conditions. (climate) world to cut down energy consumption. (globe)
VI. Read the passage and choose the best answer A, B, C or D to each question.
Over the past 150 years, industrialized countries have been burning large amounts of fossil fuels such as
oil and gas. The gases released into the atmosphere during this process act like an invisible ‘blanket’,
trapping heat from the Sun and warming the Earth. This is known as the “Greenhouse Effect”.
Believe it or not, cows’ eating habits contribute towards climate change. Just like us, when cows eat,
methane - a type of greenhouse gas - builds up in their digestive system and is released in the form of... a
burp! This might sound funny, but when you imagine that there are almost 1.5 billion cows releasing all that
gas into the atmosphere, it sure adds up!
Forests absorb huge amounts of carbon dioxide - another greenhouse gas - from the air, and release
oxygen back into it. The Amazon rainforest is so large and efficient at doing this that it acts like our planet’s
air conditioner - limiting climate change. Sadly, many rainforests are being cut down to make wood, palm oil
and to clear the way for farmland, roads, oil mines, and dams.
Climate change won’t just affect animals, it’s already having an impact on people, too. Most affected are
some of the people who grow the food we eat every day. Farming communities, especially in developing
countries, are facing higher temperatures, increased rain, floods and droughts.
We Brits love tea, but we probably take for granted just how much work goes into growing our tea.
Environments’ conditions can affect the flavor and quality plus it needs a very specific rainfall to grow. In
Kenya, climate change is making rainfall patterns less and less predictable. Often there will be droughts
followed by huge amounts of rain, which makes it very difficult to grow tea. Farmers might then resort to
using cheap chemicals to improve their crop to earn more money, even when long-term use of these
chemicals can destroy their soil.
1. Greenhouse effect means that __________. 4. Why are many rainforests being cut down?
A. the temperature of the Earth is higher A. Because they can’t absorb all types of greenhouse
B. the temperature of the Earth is lower gases
C. more heat is released to the outer space B. Because rainforests are so large and no one cares
D. more fossil fuels such as oil and gas will be about limiting climate change
consumed C. Because humans need wood, palm oil, and farmland
2. Cows’ eating habits contribute towards climate D. all of the above
change because __________. 5. The phrase “cut down” in the third paragraph is
A. cows also have a digestive system like humans do closest in meaning to __________.
B. cows release a type of greenhouse gas into the A. decreased B. shortened
atmosphere C. reduced D. felled
C. cows breathe in methane, a type of greenhouse gas 6. We learn from the last paragraph that tea __________.
D. 1.5 billion cows can do anything to the atmosphere A. does not grow well with huge amounts of rain
3. Which of the following gases is not considered a type B. is not a favorite drink in Britain
of greenhouse gas? C. is only grown in Kenya
A. methane B. carbon dioxide D. is hardly affected by environmental conditions
C. oxygen D. all of the above
VII. Choose the correct option.
1. He said that he (was/is) going to resign then. 7. He thinks that he (had/has) made the wrong decision.
2. He agreed that it (will/would) be better to wait. 8. She complained that the beds (are/were)
3. Mr. John said, ‘(To be/Be) nice to the elderly.’ uncomfortable.
4. Scientists claim that they (hadn’t/haven’t) found a 9. I suggested going to a charity (tomorrow/the
cure yet. following day).
5. She said that she (had/has) studied there for a long 10. Joe asked (if/whether) she would invite him to her
time. wedding or not.
6. He asked why (did he do/he did) the household
chores that day.
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IV. Choose the best option A, B, C or D.

1. Up to then, we ___________ reading the second chapter of the novel.
A. had finished B. have finished C. finish D. will finish
2. Mr. James said he ___________ his car when he ___________ money.
A. will sell - needed B. would sell - needs
C. would sell - needed D. will sell - needs
3. The guide warned us ___________ the water there because it ___________ safe.
A. not drink - wasn’t B. not to drink - wasn’t
C. to not drink - wasn’t D. not to drink - isn’t
4. He ___________ that he ___________ enough time to finish the job.
A. told - won’t have B. said - won’t have
C. told - wouldn’t have D. said - wouldn’t have
5. They said the criminal ___________ any questions without a lawyer present there.
A. refused to answer B. refused answering
C. denies to answer D. denies answering
6. The students said that they ___________ to the art gallery for a long time.
A. went B. hadn’t gone C. were going D. have gone
7. He ___________ about $20000 to pay off his gambling debts.
A. be accused of stealing B. is accused to steal
C. was accused stealing D. is accused of stealing
8. Jack said that he ___________ basketball for two years when he ___________ still a university student.
A. has been playing - was B. has played - is
C. had been playing - was D. was playing - was
9. She ___________ to meet him for lunch ___________, and they ___________ a time and a place.
A. agrees - the week after - agreed B. agreed - the next week - agree
C. agrees - next week - agreed D. agreed - the following week - agreed
10. At that moment the boss ___________ in and I just ___________ the ground to open up and swallow me.
A. was walking - want B. walked - wanted
C. walked - want D. walks - wanted
V. Complete the conversation with the sentences from the box.
A. No, I don’t.
B. Pick it up, Henry.
C. Just don’t do that next time.
D. I’ll pick up the bag right now.
E. But I don’t use it anymore.
F. Yes, several times.

Daisy: (1) _____________________________________________________________________

Henry: What? Pick up what?
Daisy: The plastic bag. You threw it over there
Henry: (2) _____________________________________________________________________
Daisy: Yes, I know. You must put it in a trash bin or a recycle bin.
Henry: Oh, I see. Sorry for that. You’re right.
(3) _____________________________________________________________________
Daisy: Do you often throw away garbage like that?
Henry: (4) _____________________________________________________________________
I didn’t intentionally throw the bag there, you know. I was thinking about something and I dropped it. Have
you ever experienced that moment?
Daisy: (5) _____________________________________________________________________
But I don’t wait for a remind from a friend to pick up a piece of trash.
Henry: Come on, Jodie. That’s my bad. I’m really sorry.
Daisy: Okay. (6) ________________________________________________________________
Henry: I promise.
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VI. Read the passage and write True or False next to the sentences.
Ozone is a gas made up of molecules that are formed by three oxygen atoms. Its molecule formula is 03.
Ozone is formed when the sunlight hits oxygen molecules (02) and breaks them up into individual atoms.
These individual atoms then join up with 02 molecules and make 03, or ozone.
Way up high in the Earth’s atmosphere, called the stratosphere, there is a fairly high concentration of ozone
molecules that are formed when the sun hits oxygen molecules. This part of the atmosphere is called the
ozone layer.
Ozone molecules in the atmosphere provide us with important protection from the rays of the sun.
Specifically, these molecules are good at absorbing certain ultraviolet rays that can cause sunburn and skin
cancer.
It turns out that certain types of molecules can cause a chemical reaction when they come in contact with
ozone molecules. This causes the ozone to break up and become unable to absorb ultraviolet light. The
main molecules that are destroying the ozone layer are called chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs.
1. Ozone is a gas made up of molecules that are formed by oxygen and carbon dioxide. ___________
2. Sunlight can break oxygen molecules into individual atoms. ___________
3. The Earth’s stratosphere is much higher than the atmosphere. ___________
4. There is a fairly high concentration of ozone molecules under the atmosphere where they are formed.
___________
5. Ozone molecules in the atmosphere protect us from the rays of the Sun. ___________
6. Ultraviolet rays from the sun can cause sunburn and skin cancer. ___________
7. Certain types of molecules can prevent the ozone from absorbing ultraviolet light. ___________
8. CFCs are not the main molecules that are destroying the ozone layer. ___________
VII. Complete the second sentence using the words in the brackets.
1. You can’t rely on informal care from relatives. (count)
You can’t ___________________________________________________________________________
2. She prefer spending to saving. (rather)
She ________________________________________________________________________________
3. The cows are producing a lot of milk. (by)
A lot of _____________________________________________________________________________
4. They went on a tour three days ago. (for)
They ________________________________________________________________________________
5. They run farther, they had to go back longer. (the longer)
The ________________________________________________________________________________
6. Several children are away from school because of illness. (because)
Several children _____________________________________________________________________

7. If you do not leave me, I will be by your side until the end. (unless)
I will________________________________________________________________________________

8. The forest fire was too large for a small team of firefighters to put it out. (so)
The forest fire _______________________________________________________________________