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Discovering Diverse Content Through
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13. L. Caeciliō Metellō: see note on Metellus, Ch. 16.

Ch. 24.

17. Scordiscīs: a people of Pannonia. They were sometimes classed

with the Illyrians, but they were remains of an ancient and
powerful Celtic tribe.

Ch. 25.

19. C. Caeciliō Metellō: he was the son of Quintus Caecilius

Metellus, mentioned in Ch. 16. He was consul in 113 b.c., and
carried on war in Macedonia against the Thracians, whom he
subdued. He obtained a triumph, in consequence, in the same
year and on the same day with his brother.
20. alterum ex Sardiniā: this was Marcus Caecilius Metellus, a
brother of Gaius Caecilius mentioned above. He was consul in
115 b.c. In 114 he was sent to Sardinia as proconsul, and while
there he suppressed a revolt in the province. For this he was
granted a triumph, which he celebrated at the same time with his
brother.
22. Cimbrōs: see Bk. V, 1, 2.

Ch. 26.

23. P. Scīpiōne Nāsīcā: i.e. ‘Scipio with the pointed nose.’ This
name, which was given in derision to one member of his family,
clung to all his descendants.
24. Iugurthae … inlātum est: Jugurtha is an interesting character
in Roman history. He was the illegitimate nephew of Micipsa, the
king of Numidia. He served under Scipio in Spain, and there
made the acquaintance of the dissolute patricians who were
serving in the army. On the death of his uncle, he put Hiempsal
to death and seized the kingdom. He besieged Adherbal in the
 town of Cirta, and, having taken the town, he put him to death
with savage torture. In the capture of Cirta several Roman
citizens were slain. This compelled the senate to make an
investigation; but many of its members had been bribed by
Jugurtha, and it resulted in nothing. Finally war was declared
against him. The army, however, was poorly equipped and badly
organized. Nothing but defeat resulted. Metellus, on taking
command in 109 b.c., reformed the army, won several victories,
and seemed on the point of bringing the war to an end when he
was succeeded by Gaius Marius, his lieutenant. Marius speedily
brought the war to a close. Jugurtha, however, was surrendered
to Sulla, Marius’ lieutenant, by the Moors, with whom he had
taken refuge. After gracing the triumphal procession of Marius,
he was strangled in the Mamertine prison. He is said to have
exclaimed as he touched the water at the bottom of the prison,
‘How cold are thy baths, O Hercules’!
25. frātrēs suōs: Eutropius is incorrect. They were his cousins, not
brothers.

Page 45.

2. quae … improbāta est: probably the senate would have

approved of it, but such an outcry was raised by the people that
they were forced to reject the peace and order the war to be
continued.

Ch. 27.

6. Q. Caecilius Metellus: he was the son of Lucius Caecilius,

mentioned in Chs. 21, 23. He received the name of Numidicus for
his campaign against Jugurtha. In an age of growing corruption
his integrity remained unsullied, and he was distinguished for his
abilities in war and peace. Creighton, p. 61.
12. successum est eī: lit. ‘it was succeeded to him’ ＝ ‘he was
succeeded.’
C. Mariō: see Bk. V, 1. Marius, who had accompanied Metellus,
gained his consulship by appealing to the credulity of the people
and by misleading them with the most unfair misrepresentations
of the conduct of Metellus.
Bocchum: king of Mauretania, father-in-law of Jugurtha.
16. Cornēlium Sullam: see Bk. V, 4. The fact that Sulla was an
aristocrat was very annoying to Marius.

Book V
Page 46.

Ch. 1.

2. Cimbrīs et Teutonibus: the Cimbri and Teutones were

Germanic tribes who had migrated from their homes and had
come into Gaul. They defeated the Romans in several
engagements. In the battle of Arausio, 105 b.c., three Roman
armies were cut to pieces. Then they turned their course towards
Spain and gave the Romans a respite of two years. In 102 b.c.
they returned from Spain and prepared to invade Italy. Before
their entrance they divided. The Cimbri and the Tigurini crossed
the Rhone, intending to enter Italy by the eastern Alps. The
Teutones and the Ambrones tried to come in by the Maritime
Alps, intending to join their countrymen in the valley of the Po.
Marius met them at Aquae Sextiae, modern Aix, 102 b.c., and the
mighty host of the barbarians was annihilated. The next year the
united armies of Marius and Catulus met the Cimbri near
Vercellae in Cisalpine Gaul and utterly defeated them. Those who
survived the battle were either killed or sold in the slave market
at Rome. “The human avalanche which for thirteen years had
 alarmed the nations from the Danube to the Ebro, from the Seine
to the Po, rested beneath the sod, or toiled under the yoke of
slavery.” Mommsen, History of Rome, Vol. III, p. 203. Creighton,
p. 63; The Story of the Romans, p. 155.
7. quantus … tempore: ‘barely was it as great in the time of
Hannibal.’
8. Marius: Gaius Marius was born near Arpinum 157 b.c. of an
obscure family. By his valor and his energy he worked his way up
in the army, winning distinction in the siege of Numantia in
Spain. In 119 b.c. he was elected tribune of the plebs. He now
became a marked man. He acquired influence and importance by
marrying into the family of the Caesars. In 109 b.c. he went to
Africa as lieutenant of Metellus. In 107 b.c. he was elected consul
and brought the war with Jugurtha to an end, Bk. IV, 27. After his
return from Africa he was elected consul the second time in 104
b.c. and took command of the war against the Cimbri and
Teutones. Again in 103, 102, and 101 b.c. he was elected to the
consulship, and crushed the barbarians in the two famous battles
of Aquae Sextiae and Vercellae, 102, 101 b.c., Chs. 1, 2. In 100
b.c. he was elected consul for the sixth time. The Social war
again called him into active service. He defeated the Marsi in two
successive engagements, Ch. 3. That he might gratify his
ambition and be sent to the war with Mithradates, he procured
the passage of a law removing Sulla from the command of the
army and conferring it upon himself. Sulla refused to give up his
command, marched upon Rome, and forced Marius to flee. After
having arranged matters at Rome to his satisfaction Sulla left for
the East, Ch. 4. While he was away, Marius returned to Italy,
besieged Rome, and entered the city as a conqueror. “The most
frightful scenes followed. The guards of Marius stabbed every
one whom he did not salute, and the streets ran with the blood
of the noblest of the Roman aristocracy.” Ch. 7. Without the
formality of an election he became consul for the seventh time,
86 b.c. But he did not long enjoy his honor. On the eighteenth
day of his consulship he died.
15. absēns: this was unusual. The law provided that a man must be
present to stand for the consulship, and that at least ten years
must elapse before he could be re-elected.

Ch. 2.

18. dīmicātum est: this battle was fought in the Campi Raudii,
near Vercellae. Before the battle, the Cimbri demanded that lands
should be given them for themselves and the Teutones. ‘The
Teutones,’ replied Marius, ‘have all the land they need on the
other side of the Alps.’
ā Catulī parte: ‘on the part of Catulus.’

Page 47.

Ch. 3.

7. gravissimum bellum: this is known as the Social or Italian war.

It was waged by the Italian allies of the Romans. For nearly thirty
years the hope of obtaining Roman citizenship had been held out
to them, but no measure had been carried to better their
condition. The burdens that Rome had imposed upon them had
been steadily increased. Finally, in despair of securing any
reforms, they appealed to arms. At first they were successful, but
in the end the Romans conquered. However, they were
compelled to grant nearly all the Italians had demanded.
Creighton, p. 64.
12. alius: for alter.
15. ā Rōmānīs: ‘on the side of the Romans’; cf. ā Catulī parte, Ch.
2.

Ch. 4.
24. bellum cīvīle: the First Civil war, called also the Civil war of
Marius and Sulla. See Chs. 7-9. The Story of the Romans, pp.
160-164; Creighton, p. 66.

Page 48.

1. Mithradāticum: sc. bellum commōtum est.

bellō cīvīlī: in classical Latin probably a Genitive would have
been used.
2. cum Sulla: Lucius Cornelius Sulla was born of a patrician family
in 138 b.c. After having secured a good education, he passed his
early life in the pursuit of pleasure, squandering the small fortune
left him by his father. He served under Marius in Africa (Bk. IV,
8), and received the surrender of Jugurtha. During the war with
the Cimbri and Teutones, he served under Marius and Catulus
with distinction. When the Social war broke out he again entered
the service and won fresh laurels (Ch. 3). In 88 b.c. he was
elected consul and received the command of the war against
Mithradates (Chs. 5-7). When he had concluded peace with
Mithradates, he returned to Italy in 83 b.c., and prepared for the
campaign against the leaders of the Marian party. His efforts
were crowned with success. In 82 b.c. he brought the conflict to
a close with the decisive battle of the Colline gate (Ch. 8). Sulla
was now master of Italy. He resolved to take the most ample
vengeance upon his enemies, and utterly to crush the popular
party. He inaugurated a proscription, in which as many as 47,000
are said to have perished. He was chosen dictator by the senate,
and made various reforms in the constitution of the state, all
tending to strengthen the power of the aristocracy and to
weaken that of the commons. In 79 b.c. he resigned his office
and retired to his estate at Puteoli, where he died in 78 b.c.
“None of his friends ever did him a kindness, and none of his
enemies a wrong, without being fully repaid.”
3. gestūrus: the Future Participle is not used by prose writers of the
classical period to denote purpose.
9. prīmus … armātus: a general with his army could not enter the
city, except when celebrating a triumph, without losing his
command.
11. in futūrum annum: ‘for the next year.’
Cn. Octāviō et L. Cornēliō Cinnā: in apposition with
cōnsulibus.

Ch. 5.

13. Mithradātēs: Mithradates V was king of Pontus, a state of Asia

Minor. He is one of the most striking characters of Roman history.
Possessed of a large and powerful frame, he was endowed also
with a mind of great strength and alertness, indomitable courage,
and consuming ambition. It was the desire to extend his realm
that brought him into collision with the Romans. In 88 b.c. he
overran Bithynia, Cappadocia, and the greater part of the Roman
province of Asia. In 84 b.c. peace was concluded with Sulla. In 83
b.c. he again began war. This was brought to an end two years
later (Chs. 6, 8). For the third time he began to wage war in 74
b.c. This was the last and most important war, and, owing to
mismanagement on the part of the Romans, was not concluded
until 63 b.c., when he was driven from his kingdom and forced to
take his own life (Bk. VI, 14). Creighton, pp. 66, 71.
16. eī: the antecedent is Nīcomēdēs.
18. faceret: Subjunctive in Indirect Discourse representing the
Future Indicative in Direct.
quod … patērētur: this use of quod with the Subjunctive after
a verb of speaking, instead of the Infinitive with subject
Accusative, is late. For the usual construction, cf. Bk. III, 11.
et ipse: ‘he too.’
23. Ephesum: Ephesus at the mouth of the Caÿster in Lydia, was
the chief city in Asia Minor. It was especially famous for its
temple of Diana.
24. ūnō diē occiderentur: on that day over 80,000 Italians were
put to death.

Page 49.

Ch. 6.

1. Aristōne: he was a celebrated philosopher.

3. Archelāum: Archelaus was a distinguished general of
Mithradates. At first he met with some success, but was twice
defeated by Sulla in the battles of Chaeronea and Orchomenos in
Boeotia.
11. commīsit: sc. proelium.
15. iussit … agī: lit. ‘ordered it to be treated concerning peace’ ＝
‘ordered a truce to be made.’

Ch. 7.

18. partim: contrasted with aliōs.

22. pāx … ōrdināta est: by the terms of the peace arranged
Mithradates abandoned all his conquests in Asia Minor, confined
himself to the dominion he had held before the war, paid an
indemnity of 3000 talents, and surrendered 80 ships of war fully
equipped.

Page 50.

2. prōscrīpsērunt: ‘outlawed.’ This was the first proscription in

Roman history. It was so called from the list of the names of the
persons who were outlawed. They might be killed by any one
 with impunity, even by slaves. Their property was confiscated to
the state and was sold at public auction. Their children and
grandchildren lost their votes in the Comitia and were excluded
from all public offices.
6. Norbānum et Scīpiōnem: Lucius Norbanus and Gaius Scipio
were elected consuls for the year 83 b.c.
7. contrā Norbānum: the battle was fought at Mt. Tifata in
Campania. After the battle Norbanus shut himself up in Capua.
10. tōtum … accēpit: by means of Sulla’s emissaries the whole
army deserted Scipio, who was forced to retire from the war.

Ch. 8.

12. Marius: Gaius Marius the younger was elected consul with
Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, though he had not yet attained the legal
age for the office.
14. dīmicāvit: at Sacriportus, between Signia and Praeneste. Marius
was driven to Praeneste, and when the town was captured was
slain.
19. portam Collīnam: one of the gates of Rome on the Quirinal
Hill. The battle raged so fiercely and the result was so long in
doubt, that Sulla is said to have invoked the aid of Pythian
Apollo. With this battle the resistance of the Marian party in Italy
was at an end.

Page 51.

Ch. 9.

4. nūllī Rōmānōrum: this was the first time that any one who had
not held the office of consul was permitted to celebrate a
triumph.
9. XXIV: sc. mīlia with all these numbers, except the last.
 Book VI
Ch. 1.

14. Sertōrius: Quintus Sertorius, a Sabine by birth, served under

Marius in the war against the Teutones. Before the battle of
Aquae Sextiae he entered the camp of the enemy in disguise. In
83 b.c. he went to Spain and became the leader of the
Lusitanians. For several years he waged war successfully against
the Romans. Finally he was assassinated by one of his officers
who was jealous of his power. The Story of the Romans, p. 165;
Creighton, p. 69.

Page 52.

Ch. 2.

5. levia proelia: ‘skirmishes.’

Rhodopam prōvinciam: a small division of Thrace.

Ch. 3.

10. P. Servīlius: Publius Servilius Vatia was consul in 79 b.c. The

next year he was sent to clear the sea of pirates. He waged war
successfully against them, conquered Cilicia and organized it as a
province. He took a leading part in the public affairs.
ex cōnsule ＝ prōcōnsule; a late expression; cf. our expression
‘ex-president.’

Ch. 5.

20. M. Aemilius Lepidus: Lepidus and Catullus were consuls in the

year after the death of Sulla. They quarreled over some trifling
matter. In 77 b.c. Lepidus marched to Rome with an army. He
 was met by Pompey near the Mulvian Bridge and defeated.
Shortly afterwards he died in Sardinia.
23. Metellī: Genitive, depending on triumphus supplied from
triumphī above.

Ch. 6.

25. annō urbis conditae: a variation for the usual expression ab

urbe conditā. The year is conceived of as belonging to the city.
Cf. annō ā conditā urbe, Bk. III, 10; annō … ab urbe conditā, Bk.
IV, 22.

Page 53.

1. Nīcomēdēs: Nicomedes III, surnamed Philopater, was the son

and successor of Nicomedes II mentioned in Bk. IV, Chs. 8, 20.
He had been aided by the Romans, and was encouraged by them
to encroach on the territories of Mithradates. Having no children,
he left his kingdom to the Romans.
2. Mithradātēs: see note on Bk. V, 5.
4. apud Chalcēdōna: the defeat was both by land and sea.
7. Lūcullus: Lucius Licinius Lucullus fought in the Civil war on the
side of Sulla, was praetor in 77 b.c., and consul in 74 b.c. For
eight years he carried on the war against Mithradates with
success; but on account of the mutinous spirit of his soldiers and
the jealousy of certain Romans, he was unable to bring the war
to a close. On his return to Rome he gave himself up to a life of
indolence and luxury. He died in 57 b.c.
10. Bȳzantium: the city of Byzantium was founded by the
Megarians in 658 b.c., and was a place of great importance.
Constantinople was founded on the same site by the Emperor
Constantine the Great in 330 a.d. It remained the capital of the
Roman Empire of the East until its capture by the Turks in 1453.
13. centum ferē mīlia: sc. hominum.

Ch. 7.

17. novum bellum: see The Story of the Romans, p. 167;

Creighton, p. 70.
18. Spartacō: Spartacus was a Thracian by birth, and had been
taken prisoner and sold to a trainer of gladiators. His character
has been maligned by the Roman writers. “Accident made
Spartacus a shepherd, a freebooter, and a gladiator; nature
formed him a hero.”
19. ludō: ‘the gladiatorial school.’ The gladiators were mostly slaves,
and were the property of the individuals who trained them and
leased them for the games. This school belonged to Lentulus.
20. paene nōn levius: ‘not much lighter.’
22. armātōrum: many slaves joined them.
23. victī sunt in Āpūliā: they were conquered on the river Silarus,
which flows between Lucania and Campania. Spartacus was slain
in the battle.

Ch. 8.

27. duo: nominative masculine, agreeing with Lūcullī.

Page 54.

7. Mithradātēs fugātus est: if the Roman soldiers had been able

to restrain their eagerness for plunder and had followed
Mithradates rapidly, he would have been captured.
10. Tigrāne: Tigranes, king of Armenia, was the son-in-law of
Mithradates. Although at first he refused to aid Mithradates, later
 the insolence of Lucullus’ envoys caused him to change his policy
and take a hand in the war.

Ch. 9.

13. hostem fugātum: ‘the enemy who had fled.’ Often it is best to
translate a participle by a clause.
14. Tigrānocertam: the capital of Tigranes.
16. clībanāriīs: this is the only place in Eutropius where this word is
found. It is post-classical, and is used by only two writers besides
Eutropius.
19. Nisibīn: he was directing his march to Artaxata, but the mutiny
of his soldiers caused him to turn aside to Nisibis, the capital of
Mesopotamia, and take up his winter quarters there.
20. hī: his lieutenants, Fannius and Triarius. They had been defeated
at Cabira and Zela.
22. neglegenter … agentēs: ‘conducting themselves carelessly
and greedily.’
24. bellum renovātum est: the Romans were now exactly where
they were at the breaking out of the war, Pontus and Cappadocia
were overrun by Mithradates, and the results of eight years’
warfare were lost.

Page 55.

Ch. 11.

12. bellum Crēticum: the war was in reality directed against the
pirates who made Crete their headquarters.

Ch. 12.
20. Cn. Pompēiō: by the Gabinian law Pompey was invested with
absolute authority, both by sea and by land, as far as fifty miles
into the interior, over the whole eastern Mediterranean for three
years.
quod … cōnfēcit: in the space of forty days he had swept the
whole western tract of the Mediterranean Sea, and had driven
the enemy into the opposite quarter. He drove the pirates from
the sea, and compelled them to take refuge in their strongholds
in the Cilician coast. These he speedily surrounded and captured.
He burnt over 1300 of their vessels, and destroyed all their
hostile magazines and arsenals. In ninety days he had terminated
the contest.
22. eī … Tigrānēn: by the Manilian law the authority he had
already wielded against the pirates was extended over all the
East.
24. nocturnō proeliō: Mithradates at first attempted to procure
peace, but Pompey would hear of nothing but unconditional
surrender. He started to retire slowly but was pursued by
Pompey, and was overtaken in a narrow pass on the Lycus,
where the city of Nicopolis was afterward built. Mithradates
escaped with a few horsemen and fled to Tigranes, who refused
to receive him.
quadrāgintā mīlia: cf. centum ferē mīlia, Ch. 6.
27. Pharnacis: Pompey had been active in fostering intrigues in the
family of Mithradates. He had caused Pharnaces to revolt and to
ally himself with the Romans, and had proclaimed him king at
Panticapaeum.

Page 56.

2. venēnum hausit: Pharnaces was about to hand him over to the

Romans. The story is that he was so inured to poisons that he
was compelled to end his life with a sword.
 Ch. 13.

7. ab Artaxatā: Pompey was following him, and was planning to

capture his capital city.
11. Syria, Phoenīcē: also Galatia, Cappadocia, and a part of Cilicia
which Lucullus had taken away from him, Pompey refused to
return.
12. Sophānēnē: Pompey made the son of Tigranes the king of
Sophanene.
14. commōvisset: Subjunctive, giving the reason of the Romans.

Ch. 14.

22. Syriam: Syria was disturbed by fierce internal dissensions. To

put an end to the anarchy that existed there, Pompey resolved to
annex it. He drove from the throne Antiochus Asiaticus, who had
been acknowledged by the senate and by Lucullus.

Page 57.

2. Iūdaeam: the Jews alone refused to obey his orders, and

sustained a siege of three months at Jerusalem. Although Rome
had no business to interfere with the affairs in this part of the
East, yet the government she gave to the provinces, formed from
the conquered territory, was stable and just in the main, and was
welcome after the state of anarchy that had prevailed.

Ch. 15.

7. L. Sergius Catilīna: Catiline was a member of a patrician family.

By his dissolute habits and his luxury he had squandered all his
property and had run into debt. The only relief was to secure the
consulship, that at the expiration of his term of office he might
be sent to govern some province, from the plunder of which he
 might acquire another fortune to be spent in riotous living. Failing
to secure the consulship, he determined to overthrow the state.
He formed a band of dissolute nobles, collected arms in various
places, stationed an armed force at Faesulae in Etruria, and
made all preparations for an outbreak as soon as the time was
ripe. Meanwhile Cicero had ascertained all Catiline’s plans by the
aid of the mistress of one of the conspirators. Desiring to drive
Catiline to some overt act, he assailed him in the senate on the
8th of November. The oration he delivered has been preserved.
Catiline hastened from the city to the armed force at Faesulae.
The conspirators who were left in the city were soon caught in a
treasonable act, and were arrested and strangled in prison by
order of the senate. Afterwards Cicero was accused of having put
Roman citizens to death without a trial, and was condemned to
exile for a time. Creighton, p. 73.
12. Catilīna ipse: it was not until March of the next year (62 b.c.)
that Catiline was surrounded, while attempting to escape into
Gaul, and slain.

Ch. 16.

16. nūlla … fuit: in this triumph was displayed a list of 800 vessels,
1000 fortresses, and 300 cities captured, 39 cities repeopled, and
20,000 talents of gold brought to the treasury. “The great
conqueror had now celebrated his third triumph. His first had
been for victories in Africa, his second for the overthrow of
Sertorius in Europe; he had now completed the illustrious cycle
by inscribing on the list the name of Asia. Each section of the
globe had succumbed to his prowess.”

Ch. 17.

23. C. Iūlius Caesar: Gaius Julius Caesar was born July 12, 100 b.c.
He was of a patrician family, but from the first sided with the
popular party. Many stories of his early youth are told. He
became pontifex maximus, military tribune, and quaestor in
succession. At this period he was noted chiefly as a dissolute
debtor and a demagogue. In 62 b.c. he was elected praetor, and
the next year went as propraetor to govern the province of
Further Spain. In 60 b.c. he returned to Rome and formed a
political coalition with Pompey and Crassus, known as the ‘First
Triumvirate.’ In 59 b.c. he was elected consul, and, after the
expiration of his year of office, entered on the governorship of
Gaul and Illyricum for the period of five years. This was
afterwards extended for another period of the same length.
While governor of the province he conquered the Helvetians and
a wandering band of the Germans who had come over into Gaul,
crushed a revolt of the Nervii, defeated the Veneti and the
Aquitani, and twice invaded Germany and Britain. It was Caesar’s
intention to stand for the consulship a second time as soon as his
term of office as governor of Gaul should expire. Pompey,
meanwhile, had become jealous of Caesar’s power and had gone
over to the senatorial party. A measure was passed by the senate
declaring Caesar to be an outlaw unless he should disband his
army and come to Rome a private citizen before a certain date.
On Caesar’s refusal to do this, he was declared a public enemy,
and preparations for war were made. Caesar advanced to Rome.
Pompey fled to Greece, where he was defeated the following
year at Pharsalus, and afterwards was murdered in Egypt. At the
battle of Thapsus in Africa, 46 b.c., Caesar defeated the
remaining leaders of the party, Cato and Scipio. This was the end
of the war. He returned to Rome and was made imperator and
perpetual dictator. He inaugurated several important reforms,
among them a reform in the calendar. He formed many other
plans which his death prevented him from executing. Finally,
when it was thought that he was aiming at the kingly power, a
conspiracy was formed, and he was assassinated on the fifteenth
day of March, 44 b.c.
“While other illustrious men have been reputed great for their
excellence in some one department of intellect, the concurrent
 voice of antiquity has declared that Caesar was great in all. ‘He
had genius,’ says Cicero, ‘understanding, memory, taste,
reflection, industry, and exactness.’” The Story of the Romans, p.
176; Creighton, p. 74; The Roman Triumvirates, Ch. 5.
imperāvit: ‘was emperor’; a late meaning.

Page 58.

1. dēcrēta est: for the number and gender see H. 395, 1 (439, 1);
M. 174, 2, 178, 2; A. & G. 187, a; G. 285-6; B. 235, A, 2, B, 2, b,
B.
2. Helvētiōs … Sequanī: Eutropius, following the custom of his
day, unites the Helvetians and Sequanians. In Caesar’s time they
were quite distinct. The Helvetians lived in what is now
Switzerland; the Sequanians were west of the Jura mountains
along the Rhone.
7. Britannīs: twice he invaded Britain. The first time it was a mere
reconnoissance. His conquest was only partial.
11. quadringentiēs: sc. centēna mīlia sestertium; about
$1,640,000.
Germānōs: twice Caesar crossed the Rhine, but only for the
purpose of impressing the Germans with the power of his forces.
He fought no battles there, but he inflicted terrible defeats on
two German bands that had come over into Gaul.

Ch. 18.

17. M. Licinius Crassus: there was no cause for war against the
Parthians, but Crassus was anxious to make himself popular by
winning military renown.
18. circā Carrās: the overthrow at Carrae was one of the gravest
disasters ever sustained by the Roman arms: 20,000 were slain
and 10,000 were carried into captivity. The Romans who were
 made prisoners were treated with indulgence by the Parthians
and were allowed to settle in the land of their conquerors.
Creighton, p. 77.

Page 59.

Ch. 19.

4. alterum cōnsulātum: this he demanded in accordance with the

agreement formed between Pompey, Crassus, and himself. He
was now eligible for a second consulship, as ten years had
passed since he was consul for the first time.
5. aliquā: cf. aliquā, Bk. I, 3.
contrādictum est: lit. ‘it was opposed’ ＝ ‘opposition was
made.’
8. iniūriam: “the ‘injury’ was in depriving him of his military
command, and leaving him without the security the consulship
would have afforded.” He was willing to disband his army and
return to Rome if he could be elected to the consulship in his
absence, or if Pompey would disband his army.
ab Arīminō: he had crossed the small stream known as the
Rubicon which separated his province from Italy. The story is told
that as he crossed the stream he said, ‘The die is cast, let us go
where the gods and the injustice of our enemies call us.’
mīlitēs congregātōs habēbat: ‘kept his troops collected.’

Ch. 20.

14. dictātōrem: with the exception of Sulla there had been no

dictator since the time of the Second Punic War.
15. exercitūs … superāvit: at first he met with serious reverses at
Ilerda, but he soon succeeded in compelling the Pompeians to
surrender, and enrolled most of them in his army.
18. prīmō proeliō: at Dyrrhacium in Illyria.
20. nec … superārī: Indirect Discourse depending on dīxit.
22. Palaeopharsālum: this battle is generally known as the battle
of Pharsalia.

Page 60.

Ch. 21.

4. numquam … neque … neque: “a general negative may be

subdivided by neque … neque, or aut … aut.”
7. pūgnātum tum est: Pompey would have refused battle, but was
urged on by his followers. The knights and senators who fought
in the Pompeian ranks soon broke and fled. At the first attack
Pompey fled to his camp, where he tried to rally his routed
forces, but he was unsuccessful. Leaping on his horse at the last
moment, he escaped through the rear gate of the camp, nor did
he draw rein until he reached Larissa. Thence he hastened to the
coast, where he took ship for Egypt.
9. ā rēge Aegyptī: he was only a nominal king. Egypt was made a
province by Augustus, Bk. VII, 7.
11. occīdit: he caused Pompey to be inveigled into a boat, where
he was murdered and his head severed from his body. His corpse
was flung into the surf, where it was picked up later and burned.
12. quō cōnspectō: ‘and when Caesar had seen it.’
14. generī quondam suī: Pompey had married Julia, the daughter
of Caesar, in 60 b.c. It was her death in 54 b.c. that tended to
loosen the bond existing between them.

Ch. 22.
17. victus: Caesar conquered the royal forces on the banks of the
Nile.
18. Alexandrīā: when Caesar set fire to the royal fleet, the flames
consumed the great library of Alexandria, containing 400,000
volumes. In this fire some of the greatest literary treasures of
antiquity perished.
Cleopatrae: the famous queen who proved to be the ruin of
Antony, Bk. VII, 6, 7.
20. Pompēiō in auxilium: Eutropius seldom uses the double
Dative; cf. Rōmānīs fuisset auxiliō, Bk. IV, 3.
22. vīcit aciē: it was after this battle that Caesar sent to the senate
the famous message vēnī, vīdī, vīcī, ‘I came, I saw, I conquered.’

Page 61.

Ch. 23.

2. eī … dictātōrī: ‘while he was dictator’; dictātōrī is in apposition

with eī.
6. hīc etiam: ‘he also’; as well as Caesar.
7. M. Porcius Catō: he was the great-grandson of the M. Porcius
Cato mentioned in Bk. IV, 23. He is known in history as Cato
Uticensis, from Utica, where he committed suicide. He was
famous for the austerity of his manners and for his studied
imitation of the customs of early days.
9. victor fuit: in the battle of Thapsus.

Ch. 24.

15. Cn. Pompēius: he had gone into Spain and had gathered
around him adventurers of all sorts. At first Caesar had sent
officers to subdue the revolt, but finding their efforts
 unsuccessful, he took command in person. After encountering
great personal danger, he gained a complete victory. Thirty
thousand of the vanquished perished. Gnaeus Pompey escaped
from the field, but was afterward overtaken and slain. Sextus,
the younger son of Pompey, was the only leader of the
republican party left.

Page 62.

Ch. 25.

1. honōrēs: ‘offices’; political honors.

3. rēgia ac paene tyrannica: ‘like a king and almost like a
usurper.’ Nepos defines a tyrannus as one ‘who is in perpetual
power in that state which enjoyed liberty.’
8. senātūs diē: ‘on the day of the senate’; on the day when the
senate met.
9. cūriam: Caesar was slain in the Curia in the Campus Martius.

Book VII
Ch. 1.

12. partium Caesaris: ‘of Caesar’s party.’ Antony at first pretended

to favor the tyrannicides; but after he had obtained possession of
the papers and treasure of Caesar, he changed sides and
endeavored to crush them.
16. Octāviānus: he was the son of Gaius Octavius and Atia, a
daughter of Julia, the sister of Caesar. After his adoption he took
the name of Octavianus.
19. Augustus: this was a title conferred upon him after the battle of
Actium, when he refused the title of dictator.
 rērum potītus: potior regularly takes the Genitive in this
phrase. Cf. Alexandrīā potītus, Bk. VI, 22.
quī … trēs ducēs: ‘these three leaders.’
20. vīcērunt eum: in the battle of Mutina, 43 b.c.

Page 63.

1. morerentur: they were wounded in battle, but Augustus was

accused of having murdered them.

Ch. 2.

3. Lepidum: Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Bk. VI, 1, 5, 23. He was in

Gaul at this time, being governor of Gaul and Spain. After he
received Antonius, they crossed the Alps at the head of a large
body of troops and met Augustus in the north of Italy.
6. pācem … fēcit: this was known as the ‘Second Triumvirate.’
Antony, Augustus, and Lepidus divided the Roman world among
them.
8. vīcēsimō annō: he was far below the legal age, 43.
9. senātum prōscrīpsit: 300 senators and 2000 knights were
included in the proscription. “Each marked his victims’ names
upon the fatal list, and each consented to give up adherents of
his own to the greed or hatred of his colleagues.”
11. Cicero orātōr occīsus est: Augustus tried to save him, but
Antony, whose hatred Cicero had incurred, demanded his death,
and Augustus was forced to yield.

Ch. 3.

17. Philippōs: the battle of Philippi was fought in November, 42 b.c.

Creighton, p. 82; The Roman Triumvirates, p. 210.
19. Cassius: Cassius was routed and committed suicide.
Brūtum: after his forces were routed, Brutus was compelled to
kill himself to prevent capture.
īnfīnītam nōbilitātem: ‘very many of the nobility.’
21. dīvīsa est rēs pūblica: Lepidus took the province of Africa,
Augustus the West, and Antony the East.
23. bellum cīvīle: after the capture of Perusia, Antony threatened
war, but he made a truce with Augustus, whose sister Octavia he
married.

Page 64.

Ch. 4.

1. Sex. Pompēiō: the son of Pompēius Māgnus, cf. Bk. VI, 24. He
had collected a band of pirates and had made himself master of
the Mediterranean.
5. pāx postrēmō convēnit: the agreement at Misenum. In
accordance with this, Pompey was to retain his command over
the sea and the islands of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica.

Ch. 5.

6. M. Agrippa: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa had been a fellow-student

with Augustus. He was a gallant soldier and a devoted friend. It
was largely by his aid that Augustus secured his power and
retained it.
7. Persās: i.e. the Parthians. Eutropius used Persae for the
Parthians who claimed descent from the old Persian kings.
10. Crassum occīderat: Bk. VI, 18.
11. triumphum Rōmae ēgit: several of the Roman standards lost
at Carrhae were restored by the Parthians, and were carried in
 the triumphal procession.

Ch. 6.

12. nāvālī proeliō: at the battle of Naulochus, 36 b.c. The Roman

Triumvirates, p. 219. Shortly afterward Lepidus set up the
standard of revolt. He was defeated by Augustus and his power
was taken from him, but his life was spared.
16. ipse pūgnāvit: he lacked the engines necessary for reducing
the strongly fortified cities of the enemy, and besides he was very
anxious to return to Alexandria.
17. famē … labōrāvit: his retreat has been compared to the flight
of Napoleon from Moscow.
18. prō victō: ‘for conquered’ ＝ ‘as if conquered.’

Ch. 7.

20. dum … optat ＝ optāns, ‘hoping.’ The world could not endure
two masters. It was natural that they should disagree, and that
the stronger should conquer.
22. apud Actium: September 2, 31 b.c. Antony had collected a
large naval and land force, but his ships were too large to be
handled easily, and many of his land forces deserted. In the
midst of the fight Cleopatra fled in her galley, and Antony basely
deserted his forces and followed her. Creighton, p. 82; The
Roman Triumvirates, p. 225.
23. ex quā: the antecedent of quā is pūgnā.
25. exstincta est: she was too proud to be carried to Rome to
adorn the triumphal procession of her conqueror.

Page 65.
 Ch. 8.

7. duodecim annīs ＝ per annōs above: the Ablative makes the

limits of the time more prominent than the duration.
8. prīncipātūs: ‘leadership’; afterwards the ‘sovereignty’ of the
emperors; cf. prīnceps, English ‘prince.’
10. morte commūnī: ‘a natural death’; cf. morbō dēcessit, Bk. I, 3.
There was a report that he was poisoned by Livia, his wife.
11. Ātellā: it is generally agreed that he died at Nola, near Naples.
sepultus est: the ruins of his mausoleum still exist.
12. ex māximā parte: ‘in very many respects.’
15. cīvīlissimē: ‘in a manner most becoming a citizen’; cf. cīvīlēs,
Bk. I, 9.
16. ut … suō: ‘that he placed them almost on a level with his own
dignity.’
17. aequāret: sc. eōs. Aequāre may also take cum with the
Ablative.

Page 66.

Ch. 9.

6. quod nūllī anteā: sc. dedērunt.

8. Crassō victō: ‘from Crassus when he was defeated.’

Ch. 10.

14. in honōrem ēius: the compliment was not in the founding, but
in the naming.
18. Dīvus appellātus: i.e. he was deified and became the object of
a national worship. In the provinces he was worshiped before his
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