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Volume 8, Issue 5, 2018, 3575 - 3582 ISSN 2069-5837
Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for primary health care in Shergarh, District Mardan, Pakistan
Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry
www.BiointerfaceResearch.com

Original Research Article Open Access Journal

Received: 16.08.2018 / Revised: 27.09.2018 / Accepted: 03.10.2018 / Published on-line: 15.10.2018

Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for primary health care in Shergarh, District
Mardan, Pakistan

Nazim Hassan 1, Hazrat Wali 2, Faiz-Ul-Hassan 3, Muhammad Shuaib 4, *, Mohammad Nisar 2, Mohy Ud
Din 5, Syed Fazal Wadood6, Syed Sadaqat Shah1, Murad Ali7 , Muzammil Shah8, Ikramullah Khan9, Fida
Hussain10
1
Institute of Grassland Science and Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
2
Department of Botany University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir (L) Pakistan
3
Veterinary Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Balogram, Swat Pakistan
4
School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, NO.2 North Cuihu road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, PR. China
5
Department of Cardiology, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, Pakistan
6
State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sunyatsen University, Guangzhou China
7
Institute of Barley Gene resources Crop Science, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences Beijing China
8
Department of Biological Science, King Abdulaziz University, jaddah, Saudi Arabia
9
Department of Botany, Abdulwali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
10
Department of Botany, Qurtaba University, Peshawar, Pakistan
*corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
The aim of this research work was to file medicinal uses of local medicinal plant species and to develop an ethnobotanical inventory of
medicinal plants used by the inhabitants of Shergarh, Mardan district, Pakistan. Semi-structured interviews were conducted from 54
inhabitants of different ages (25 to 70 years). Analyzed the data using Informant consensus factor (ICF), Direct matrix ranking (DMR),
Percentage and Fidelity level (FL) indices. Total of 61 plant species belonging to 35 families was interviewed. Family Asteraceae was
the most leading family with 8 species (13%). The informant consensus factor (0.93) was noted high for antidiarrheal and lowest (0.63)
for anthelmintic. Fidelity level was noted high (94.11%) for Cannabis sativa and lowest (56.52%) for Fumaria indica. High Direct
matrix ranking was noted (22) for Dalbergia sissoo and lowest (7) for Lepidium sativum. Herbs (78.68%) were prominent for the
preparation of ethnomedicines. Part used (54.10%) was observed as the whole plant. Crushing (52.46%) was the most prominent method
for preparation of ethnomedicine with oral intake (91.80%). The dose of ethnomedicines (50.82%) was found high twice a day. The
study highlighted that these medicinal plant species are under practice for children, mother, adult and aged people for primary health
care. Medicinal plant species with high Informant consensus factor and fidelity level need further chemically and pharmacologically
exploration for further drug discovery. Further in this study could be useful in biodiversity conservation.
Keywords: Ethnomedicinal Survey, Traditional Knowledge, informant consensus factor, Shergarh Pakistan.

1. INTRODUCTION
History of medicinal plants remained an essential part of different studies 442000 flowering plants have been
the earliest civilizations because of the unavailability of doctors, acknowledged, out of these 50000 are used as herbal medicines
therefore people used plants to cure different health disorders [1]. whereas 5000 plants have been subjected to phytochemistry. Due
Ethnobotany is the interdisciplinary field of science which shields to the high price of English medicines poor people use herbal
all kind of relations between people and plants including future medicines for the treatment of different health disorders
planning [2]. Interactions between plants and people are different throughout the globe [7,8].
from region to region due to its relative importance regarding In Pakistan, about six thousand (6000) plant species have been
traditional understanding [3]. The accumulation of traditional reported in which 500 plant species are in practice for the
knowledge of medicinal plant species has added many important preparation of herbal medicines [9]. Apart from that three hundred
drugs for the welfare of mankind [4]. Presently twenty-five and fifty (350) plants species are traded at a national and
percent of herbal medicines in modern pharmacopeia are plant- international level for vast income (billions of dollars) [10].
derived while numerous synthetic drugs are made by means of Whereas in mountainous areas eighty-four percent (84%)
substances quarantined from plant species. It has already been population depends on ethnomedicines for primary health care
observed that about 80% of the populations in emerging countries [11]. Due to rich plant diversity, ethnobotany is considered as a
take traditional medicines for primary health care [5]. Even subject of interest in Pakistan. Many localities have already been
currently knowledgeable and aged people use plant-based surveyed for data collection and many of them are still under
medicines due to easy accessibility, fear side effects and they have practice. Medicinal flora in different localities of Pakistan has
noticed that medicinal company depend on elements taken from been studied in Mansehra by [12] , Dir lower by [13] Kotli flora
plants for manufacturing of English medicines [2,6]. According to
Page | 3575
 Nazim Hassan, Hazrat Wali, Faiz-Ul-Hassan, Muhammad Shuaib, Mohammad Nisar, Mohy Ud Din, Syed Fazal Wadood, Syed
Sadaqat Shah, Murad Ali, Muzammil Shah, Ikramullah Khan, Fida Hussain
by [14], Kurram by [15], Chitral by [16], Chail valley by [17] and knowledge which needs proper documentation. The aim of the
Swat by [18]. study was 1. To identify and document the important medicinal
Ethnobotanical surveys play a key role to save record flora of Shergarh District Mardan, Pakistan; 2.To know traditional
regarding traditional herbal remedies and predict future planning cures against different ailments, with preparation method, plant
for improvement. Due to advanced educational and technological part usage, and application.
systems, traditional knowledge has been exchanged with modern

2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
Study Area. The study area “Shergarh” is situated in Mardan from “0” to “1”, where high values specify a high degree of
District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Its geographical informant consensus of a plant species [24].
coordinates are 34° 23' 27" North, 71° 53' 36" East (Fig. 1). The Fidelity level (FL). Fidelity level can be applied to choose best fit
main crop is grown in Shergarh (District Mardan) is tobacco medicinal plant species to treat a particular disease [25, 26]. High
which is one of the income sources of farmers. The people are FL value indicates a high occurrence of plant usages against a
very hardworking and Pashto speakers. June and July are the particular disease where the as low value indicates fewer usages
hottest while January and February are the coldest months of the against a particular disease. Fidelity level (FL)can be calculated by
year. The climate of the area is semi-arid with 22.20C average the formula
temperature. The Annual averages precipitation is 559 mm. The Ip
FL  x100
driest month is October with 12 mm average rainfall, whereas Iu
August is the wettest month, with 122 mm an average Where “Ip” is the number of informants stated the usage of a plant
precipitation. species for a specific disease group whereas “Iu” is the number of
Ethnobotanical data collection, Identification and informants mentioned usage for any other disease group [27,46].
Preservation. Collection trips, group discussions, semi-structured Direct Matrix Ranking (DMR). Direct Matrix Ranking (DMR) was
interviews were carried out to collect data on ethnomedicinal uses carried to rank and compare medicinal plant species based on data
of plant species from 54 informants including male 36 (66.66%) obtained from respondents. [28, 29].A total of 15experienced and
and female 18 (33.33%) respondents of different age classes. In practiced informants were selected for DMR data collection.
order to get comprehensive information data was collected in their Experienced informants were allowed for ranking like (0= Not
own language (Pashto). Ethnobotanical data like local name, part used, 1 = Least used, 2 = Less used, 3 = Good, 4 = Very good, 5 =
use, preparation and application of ethnomedicine, route of Best) to each plant species [30].
administration and dosage per day was collected [8,13]. The
collected plant species were confirmed through plant name index
(http://www.ipni.org) and the plant list (www.theplantlist.org),
[19]. The collected plants were classified into herbs, shrubs, and
trees. Plants were identified through flora of Pakistan [20] and
Herbarium Department of Botany at the University of Malakand
Pakistan. The collected plant specimens were dried, poisoned and
mounted over herbarium sheet and submitted to Herbarium
Department of Botany University of Malakand Pakistan, for future
reference [21].
Data Analysis. Data were installed into MS Excel spreadsheet
2007 for data analysis. Both percentage and descriptive statistics
were applied.
Informant consensus factor (ICF). Informant consensus factor is
widely used in quantitative ethnomedicinal studies. It is very
useful to file consensus on- usages of medicinal plant species for a
particular disease [22,23]. The Informant consensus factor can be
calculated by the following formula.
nur  nt
ICF 
nur  1
Where “nur” is the number of use reports for each disease class Figure 1. Map of the study area.
while “nt” is the number of species used in that class. It ranges

3. RESULTS SECTION
Demographic Data. In current research survey, 54 local of the total 36 (66.66%) comprising male and 18 (33.33%) female.
informants were questioned for ethnobotanical data collection. Out All the Informants were categorized into three main groups age-

Page | 3576
 Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for primary health care in Shergarh, District Mardan, Pakistan
wise, 50-60 years (50%), 60-70 (29.62%) and 25-50 (20.37%). Part used, preparation and application.
Mostly (57.40%) were illiterately followed by primary education For ethno preparation, the inhabitants used whole plant
(25.92%) and secondary education (16.66%). At professional level (54.10%), leaf (11.48%), seed (9.84%), fruit (8.20%), aerial part
farmers (38.88%) were high followed by housewives (33.33%), (4.92%), root (3.28%) and tuber (1.64%) (Fig 3). Our findings are
teachers (14.81%), and shopkeeper (9.25%), Hakim (3.70%). in close agreement with [34], where the local people use the whole
Illiterates were noted highly knowledgeable as compared to plant (53.84%) for the preparation of herbal medicines. The use of
educated ones. Hakeem had a very good knowledge of traditional the whole plant for ethnomedicines preparation might be due to
medicines (Table 1). The same method was also used by [13] for save time and to get more and more chemicals constituents for
demographic data scoring and observed Male (72.54%), Female good outcomes. For the preparation of ethnomedicines, the people
(27.45%), Hakeem and Nomads (5.26%), Illiterate (45.09%), of the study area use plant materials in crushed form (52.46%)
Teachers (14.03%), Housewives (11.76%) and Farmers (33.33%). followed by decoction, paste (11.48%), powder (9.84%) and oil
Table 1. Demographic data of informants in Shergarh District, Pakistan (1.64%) (Fig. 4). Our study is in agreement with [35] who also
Gender Density % Contribution observed the local people prepare ethnomedicines in crushed form.
Male 36 66.66
Female 18 33.33
Age classes
25-50 11 20.37
50-60 27 50.00
60-70 16 29.62
Literacy level
Illiterate 31 57.40
Primary 14 25.92
Secondary 9 16.66
Professional level
Housewives 18 33.33
Teacher 8 14.81
Shopkeepers 5 9.25
Farmers 21 38.88 Figure 2. Plant habit of medicinal plant species.
Hakeem 2 3.70
Taxonomic classification and Plant Habit.
In a survey, a total of 61 plant species belonging to 35
families were documented. Family Asteraceae was the most
leading family with 8 species (13%) followed by Solanaceae,
Lamiaceae 5 species each (8%), Mimosaceae 4 species (7%),
Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Brassicaceae 3 species (5%),
Euphorbiaceae, Zygophylaceae 2 species (3%),whereas remaining
families comprised only one plant species (Table 2,6). The huge
number of plants from family Asteraceae is in agreement with
[31,32] and from family Lamiaceae with (Hassan et al. 2017) Figure 3. Part used of medicinal plant species.
where the local inhabitants use medicinal plant species from
Table 4. Highly utilized plant species along with Fidelity level and major
family Asteraceae and Lamiaceae for the preparation of
disorders.
ethnomedicines. The high number of medicinal plant species from Plant Disease LP LU FL
family Asteraceae might be a duty to easy availability, high Ajuga bracteosa W. Febrifuge 11 15 73.33
medicinal value, and wide distribution. Habit wise herbs (78.68%) Cannabis sativa L. Painkiller 16 17 94.11
were prominent for the preparation of ethnomedicines followed by Cichorium intybus Asthmatic 9 19 47.36
L.
trees (14.75%) and shrubs (6.55) (Fig. 2). The study is in Fumaria indica P. Anthelmintic 13 23 56.52
agreement with [33]who observed in Tormik valley, Karakorum Lepidium sativum L. Stimulant 17 19 89.47
range, Pakistan where herbs (88 %) were broadly used for the Ricinus communis Purgative 7 15 46.66
preparation of herbal medicines followed by trees (8 %) and L.
Solanum nigrum L. laxative 10 13 76.92
shrubs (4 %). Albizia lebbeck B. Tonic 8 11 72.72
Table 3. Informant consensus factor (ICF) of important medicinal plant Mentha longifolia L. Antidiarrhoeal 19 21 90.47
species against various disorders. Acacia modesta W. Stomachic 15 24 62.6
Disease NT NUR FIC
Febrifuge 3 19 0.88
Pain killer 5 23 0.81 People of the study area take ethnomedicines mostly in a
Asthmatic 4 36 0.91
Anthelmintic 6 18 0.63
crushed form which might be due to make it more effective, get
Stimulant 8 33 0.78 rid of the bad taste and to consume it easily. Ethno-medicines
Purgative 3 11 0.8 mostly have a very bitter and unpleasant taste therefore additive
Laxative 5 14 0.69 like sugar, salt, milk, water, honey etc. are mixed with
Tonic 6 41 0.87
ethnomedicines for good taste. The route of administration for
Antidiarrhoeal 4 47 0.93
Stomachic 10 49 0.75 ethnomedicines was generally oral intake (90.16%) followed by

Page | 3577
 Nazim Hassan, Hazrat Wali, Faiz-Ul-Hassan, Muhammad Shuaib, Mohammad Nisar, Mohy Ud Din, Syed Fazal Wadood, Syed
Sadaqat Shah, Murad Ali, Muzammil Shah, Ikramullah Khan, Fida Hussain
(9.84%) dermal (Fig. 5). Doze taken of ethnomedicines was found percentage of informants appealing the consumption of definite
high as twice a day (50.82%) followed by one (45.90%) and thrice plant species for the similar main purpose [8,40]. Fidelity level of
(3.28%) (Fig 7). Our results are in close agreement with [36, 37] different plant species has previously been detected for numerous
who also found in their studies that people took ethnomedicines ailments i.e. antimalarial by [41], purgative by [42], diabetic
orally with twice a day as compared to other routes. disorders by [43] and pain-killer by [44]. Fidelity level (FL) was
observed for medicinal plant species from 94.11 to 56.52. Fidelity
level was noted high (94.11) for Cannabis sativa as a painkiller
and lowest (56.52) for Fumaria indica as anthelmintic (Table 4).
Our results are in connection with [2] where local inhabitants in
Miandam valley, Swat district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan use
Cannabis sativa as painkiller with fidelity level (FL) (69.23%), as
narcotic (91.6%) in Hangu district , Pakistan by [30, 45, 46, 47],
as febrifuge (24%) in District Forward Khahuta Azad Kashmir,
Pakistan [45], and painkiller by [42] in Swat district, Pakistan.
Direct Matrix Ranking (DMR) was carried to rank and compare
Figure 4. Method of preparation of Ethno medicines. medicinal plant species based on data obtained from respondents.
[28, 29, 48, 49]. A total of 15 experienced and practiced
informants were selected for DMR data collection. Experienced
informants were allowed for ranking like (0 = Not used, 1 = Least
used, 2 = Less used, 3 = Good, 4 = Very good, 5 = Best) to each
plant species [30]. On the basis of DMR Dalbergia sissoo got a
first rank (22) and lowest (7) by Lepidium sativum (Table 5).

Figure 5. The route of administration of Ethno medicines.

Informant consensus factor (ICF) and Fidelity level (FL) and

Data Matrix ranking (DMR).
For a selection of best fit medicinal plant species,
informant consensus factor was applied. Informant consensus
factor is a very good tool to choose best fit medicinal plant species
for further phytochemical and pharmacological activity [29, 38].
Figure 6. Plant Family Percentage.
For calculation of Informant consensus factor (ICF), ailments were
categorized into different ailment groups like febrifuge, painkiller,
asthmatic, anthelmintic, stimulant, purgative, laxative, tonic,
antidiarrheal and stomachic. Informant consensus factor (0.93)
was noted high for antidiarrheal whereas lowest (0.63) for
anthelmintic (Table 3). In the present survey, mostly plant species
were used as antidiarrheal, which might be due to bad hygiene and
unpurified drinking water. Our study is in line with [13] who also
found high Informant consensus factor, ICF (0.93) for
antidiarrheal ailments in Dir district, Pakistan where
ethnomedicines are taken as antidiarrheal and with [39, 50, 51]
who observed (0.89) informant consensus factor as antidiarrheal in
(Lakki Marwat , Dera Ismail Khan, Karak, Bannu, and Kohat) of
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Fidelity level displays the Figure 7. Doze taken of Ethno medicines.
Table 5. DMR Score of most frequently used medicinal plants species.
Plant Agriculture tools Construction Fodder Fuel Medicinal Value Rank
Dalbergia sissoo R. 5 4 4 5 4 22
Zizyphus mauritiana L. 4 4 3 5 4 20
Acacia modesta W. 5 4 3 5 3 19
Ficus palmata L. 2 2 3 5 4 16
Tamarix aphyla L. 0 0 3 5 5 13
Ricinus communies L. 0 0 3 5 4 12
Dodonaea viscosa L. 0 0 3 5 4 11
Canabis sativa L. 0 0 2 4 4 10
Menth longifolia L. 0 0 4 0 5 9
Lepidium sativum L. 0 0 3 0 4 7

Page | 3578
 Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for primary health care in Shergarh, District Mardan, Pakistan
Table 2. Ethnomedicinal plant species of Shergarh District, Mardan, Pakistan.
Botanical name Family Common Habit Part use Medicinal Uses Herbal Mode Dosage V. Number
Name Formulation
Acacia modesta W. Mimosaceae Kekar Tree Bark Painkiller, stomach problems, healing of wounds, tonic Crushed Oral Once H.UOM.BG.601
Acacia nilotica L. Mimosaceae Palusa Tree Bark Wound healing, anti diabetic,anti-diarrheal, Pain killer Crushed Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.602
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Polypodiaceae Sanra Herb Whole plant Febrifuge,expectorant,emollient Paste Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.603
Ajuga bracteosa W. Lamiaceae Boti Herb Whole plant Hepatitis,tonic,diuretic,febrifuge,cardiac stimulant Powder Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.604
Albizia lebbeck B. Mimosaaceae Sreekh Tree Whole plant Curing piles, Blood clotting, tonic, seed are used as a Crushed Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.605
diuretic
Amranthus caudatus L. Amaranthaceae Chalwai Herb Whole plant Blood purification, diuretic, abortifacient Decoction Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.606
Asparagus gracilis O. Asparagaceae Tendoney Herb Young shoot Diuretic and aphrodisiac Crushed Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.607
Avena sativa L. Poaceae Jawder Herb Whole plant Nerve tonic, stimulant, laxative, antiseptic Crushed Oral Once H.UOM.BG.608
Barasica cumpestris L. Brassicaceae Sharsham Herb leaves Hairs restorer, muscle relaxment, improve digestive Paste Dermal Once H.UOM.BG.609
disorders
Calendula arvensis L. Asteraceae Ziar guley Herb Flower Facilitates healing of the wound, cure Hepatitis, antiseptic Crushed Dermal Twice H.UOM.BG.610
Calotropis procera A. Asclepiadaceae Spalmay Herb Whole plant Cold cough, asthma, dysentery, Diaphoretic and Powder Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.611
expectorant
Canabis sativa L. Cannabaceae Bhang Herb Leaves Anti malaria, blood poisoning, anthrax, and dysentery, Raw Dermal Twice H.UOM.BG.612
painkiller
Capparis decidua F. Capparidaceae Khierla Shrub Whole plant Laxative, diaphoretic, anthelmintic, fever and rheumatism Powder Oral Once H.UOM.BG.613
Carthamus lanatus L. Asteraceae Poli Herb whole plant Anthelmintic, diaphoretic, febrifuge Crushed Oral Once H.UOM.BG.614
Carthamus oxycantha L. Asteraceae Kareza Herb Seeds Dressing ulcers and against itch, Powder Dermal Twice H.UOM.BG.615
Chenopodium album L. Chenopodiaceae Sarmey Herb Whole plant Laxative, anthelmintic, diuretic, anti-Hepatic, blood Decoction Oral Once H.UOM.BG.616
cleaner.
Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Chenopodiaceae Kekarwanda Herb Whole plant Cough, as a vermifuge, used in hepatitis and for piles. Decoction Oral Once H.UOM.BG.617
Chrozophoran tinctoria L. Euphorbiaceae Rangaty Herb Whole plant Emetic, cathartic Crushed Oral Once H.UOM.BG.618
Cichorium intybus L. Asteraceae Khasni Herb Whole plant Promote digestion, tonic, asthma and spleen enlargement. Decoction Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.619
Cirsiun arvense L. Chenopodiaceae Ghana Herb Seeds Increase sperms, ulcer and leukemia Crushed Oral Once H.UOM.BG.620
Crocus sativus L. Iridaceae Zafran Herb Aerial parts Stomachic,carminative,stimulant,asthma Crushed Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.621
Cnicus benedictus L. Asteraceae Kindyari Herb Whole plant Promote lactation, digestive complaints, astringent, Bitter Crushed Oral Once H.UOM.BG.622
Cucurbita maxima D. Cucurbitaceae Kado Herb Fruit diuretic,tonic,anthelmintic Paste Oral Once H.UOM.BG.623
Cymbopogon citratus D. Poaceae Shinchay Herb Leaves Herbal tea,relaxant,digestive disorders,weight loss Raw Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.624
Dalbergia sissoo R. Fabaceae Shawa Tree Root Stimulant, decoction as used in gonorrhea, blood purifier Crushed Oral Once H.UOM.BG.625
Datura innoxia M. Solanaceae Bathora Herb seed Toothache, headache, and epilepsy, swollen limbs Crushed Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.626
Desmostachya bipinnata L. Poaceae Dela Herb tuber Tuber oil is obtain used for hair fall, tonic, asthma Oil Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.627
Dodonaea viscosa L. Sapindaceae Ghwaraskey shrub Leaves Heal creak skin, wound, burns, and swelling, Crushed Dermal Twice H.UOM.BG.628
Ehretia obtusifolia H. Boraginaceae Zwan mewa Shrub Root Sore throat, pain killer, anti-inflammatory Crushed Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.629
Equisetum arvensis L. Equistaceae Bandaky Herb Whole plant Hair, bone and nail tonic and antilice, washing utensils Powder Dermal Twice H.UOM.BG.630
Eucalyptus camaldulensis L. Myrtinaceae Lachi Tree Whole plant Astringent, antiseptic, condiment Crushed Oral Once H.UOM.BG.631
Euphorbia helioscopia L. Euphorbiaceae Mandano Herb Areal part Cause allergy of the skin, causes skin scrofula, Crushed Oral Once H.UOM.BG.632
constipation
Fagonia cretica L. Zygophylaceae Azghakey Herb Whole plant Purify blood, antipyretic, decrease the heat of blood Crushed Oral Once H.UOM.BG.633
Ficus palmata L. Moraceae Enzar Tree Fruit Laxative, asthama, sexual debility, Raw Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.634
Fumaria indica P. Fumariaceae papra Herb Whole plant Anthelmintic, diuretic, aperients, blood purification, Crushed Oral Once H.UOM.BG.635
constipation
Lactuca sativa L. Asteraceae Salad Herb Leaves Antidiabetic, digestive disorders, reduce blood sugar Raw Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.636
Lepidium sativum L. Brassicaceae Halam Herb Seeds Stimulant,aphrodisiac,diuretic, Raw Oral Once H.UOM.BG.637
Lathyrus aphaca L. Papilionaceae Kurkamanay Herb Seeds Narcotic, the source of protein, edible Raw Oral Once H.UOM.BG.638
Malva sylvestris L. Malvaceae Panerak Herb Whole plant Mild purgative, emollient, demulcent, antiseptic Decoction Oral Once H.UOM.BG.639
Menth longifolia L. Lamiaceae Enaly Herb Whole plant Carminative, diarrhea,antiseptic, colic,stimulant Crushed Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.640
Page | 3579
 Nazim Hassan, Hazrat Wali, Faiz-Ul-Hassan, Muhammad Shuaib, Mohammad Nisar, Mohy Ud Din, Syed Fazal Wadood, Syed Sadaqat Shah, Murad Ali, Muzammil Shah,
Ikramullah Khan, Fida Hussain
Mentha paperata L. Lamiaceae Podina Herb Whole plant Antispasmodic, laxative, carminative, stomachic, Crushed Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.641
stimulant
Mirabilis jalapa L. Mimosaceae Gula basi Herb leaves Purgative, cathartic, emetic, ulcer Crushed Oral Once H.UOM.BG.642
Nasturtium officinale C. Brassicaceae Tarmera Herb Whole plant Tonic, painkiller, antiscorbic, diuretic; an expectorant or Decoction Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.643
anemia
Ocimun bascilicum L. Lamiaceae Khasmaly Herb Whole plant Digestive, stimulant, carminative, diuretic, demulcent, Crushed Oral Once H.UOM.BG.644
dysentery
Oeanthe javanica D. Apiaceae Dopwot Herb Whole plant Depurative, febrifuge, styptic, condiment Crushed Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.645
Opentia dilleni H. Cactaceae Zuqam Herb Fruit Diabetes, painkiller, increases sperms acnr rippning. Raw Oral Once H.UOM.BG.646
Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae Threwaky Herb Whole plant Cure scurvy, anti-ascorbic refrigerant, cooling and Paste Oral Once H.UOM.BG.647
stomachic
Parthenium hysterophorus L. Asteraceae Ganda boty Herb leaves Skin inflammation, urinary tract infections, dysentery, Crushed Oral Once H.UOM.BG.648
malaria
Physalis minima L. Solanaceae Kakanj Herb Fruit Diuretic, tonic, aperients, otitis Crushed Oral Once H.UOM.BG.649
Punica granatum L. Punicaceae Anar Tree Fruit Antidiarrhoeal, cardiac, digestive disorders, anthelmintic Raw Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.650
Portulaca oleracea L. Portulaceae Kalpa sag Herb Whole plant Demulcent, astringent,diuretic,refregerant Paste Oral Once H.UOM.BG.651
Ranunculus muricatus L. Ranunculaceae Zair guly Herb whole plant Intermittent fevers, gout, and asthma Crushed Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.652
Ricinus communies L. Polygonaceae Arhanda Shurb Seed Purgative,counter irritant in scorpion sting, hair restorer Powder Oral Once H.UOM.BG.653
Salvia plebia R. Lamiaceae Gwamly Herb Shoot Antimicrobial activity, diuretic, astringent, vermifuge, Decoction Oral Once H.UOM.BG.654
Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Karhmacho Herb whole plant Sedative, diuretic,expectorent, and lexative, purify blood Paste Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.655
Solanum surattense B. Solanaceae Maraghoney Herb whole plant Diuretic, cough, asthma, painkiller, rheumatism and gout Paste Oral Thrice H.UOM.BG.656
Sonchus oleraceous L. Asteraceae Shawdapae Herb whole plant Febrifuge, cathartic, stimulant Crushed Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.657
Tamarix aphyla L. Tamaricaceae Ghaz Tree Bark Astringent, bitter, healing of wounds,toothache Crushed Oral Thrice H.UOM.BG.658
Tribulus terestris L. Zygophylaceae Markundae Herb Whole plant Urinary disorders, cough, heart diseases, Increase sperms Crushed Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.659
Withania somnifera L. Solanaceae Kotilal Herb Whole plant Diuretic, narcotic, aphrodisiac, rheumatism, dyspepsia Crushed Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.660
Zizyphus mauritiana L. Rhamnaceae Behra Tree Whole plant Diarrhea, mucilaginous, pectoral, blood purification and Crushed Oral Twice H.UOM.BG.661
digestion

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 Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for primary health care in Shergarh, District Mardan, Pakistan

4. CONCLUSIONS
The study area found rich in ethnomedicinal and Harvesting of medicinal plant species was found common in the
commercially important plant species. The local inhabitants’ locality as the inhabitants were observed unaware regarding
specifically experienced and aged people taking ethnomedicines sustainable use, preservation, and conservation. The inhabitants
for the treatment of different health disorders although English were willing to transfer traditional knowledge to investigators. The
medicines are reachable. The inhabitants claimed that they are plant species with high fidelity level should be further analyzed
using ethnomedicines since childhood like; heated leaves of for phytochemical investigations for novel drug discovery. Further
Cannabis sativa are applied on crack bones to relieve pain, exploration, conservation, awareness, Joint collaboration and wise
Lepidium sativum as a stimulant and Mentha longifolia as colic. use of plant resources are recommended.

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6. Acknowledgments
The authors are very thankful to Herbarium Department of Botany University of Malakand for Plant identification and to the
people of the study area for sharing their traditional knowledge. This research work received no specific grant from any donor agency in
the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors, and these organizations have had no involvement in the analysis and interpretation of
data, in the writing of the draft, and in the decision to submit the article for publication.
Conflict of interest: All the authors have conflict of interest.

© 2018 by the authors. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative
Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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