WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
PART A 1. Give some of the services available in wireless communication. 2. How to reuse the frequency in regulated spectrum? 3. What is hand off? 4. Define QPSK? 5. Define adaptive equalization? 6. Define cell splitting. 7. Define diversity concept? 8. Mention some merits of MSK. 9. Write the advantages of MSK over QPSK. 10. Write advantages 2G over 1G. PART B 11. a) i) what are the noise that disturbs the signal? ii) Explain about Interference-Limited Systems. (or) b) The carrier frequency is 950 MHz and the RX sensitivity is (according to GSM specifications)102 dBm. The output power of the TX amplifier is 30 W. The antenna gain of the TX antenna is 10dB and the aggregate attenuation of connectors, combiners, etc. is 5 dB. The fading margin is 12 dB and the breakpoint dbreak is at a distance of 100 m. What distance can be covered if n=3.5? (16 Marks) Marks [16 * 5 =80] (8 Marks) (8 Marks) Marks [10 * 2 =20]
12. a)Explain in detail the different techniques used to improve coverage &capacity of cellular system . (or) b) Explain in detail about channel and Narrow band models. (8 Marks) (16 Marks)
13. a) Explain in detail the generation & detection of MSK technique? (16 Marks) (or) b) Explain in detail the structure of wireless communication link (16 Marks)
14. a) Explain in detail about Linear and Decision feedback equailsers. (16 Marks) (or) b) Explain in detail about Diversity, Macrodiversity and Microdiversity. (16 Marks)
15. a) Explain in detail the CDMA technique and give some advantages & comparison with other techniques (or) b) Explain in detail the 1G,2G,3G generation systems & their standards . (16 marks) (16 Marks)
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
PART A
Marks[10 * 2 =20]
Answer Key
1. Give some of the services available in wireless communication. Body Area Networks Personal Area Networks WANs Cellular systems Fixed wireless access services Satellite systems 2. How to reuse the frequency in regulated spectrum? Since spectrum is limited, the same spectrum has to be used for different wireless connections in different locations. To simplify, let us consider in the following a cellular system where different connections (different users) are distinguished by the frequency channel (band around a certain carrier frequency) that they employ. If an area is served by a single BS, then the available spectrum can be divided into N frequency channels that can serve N users simultaneously. If more than N users are to be served, multiple BSs are required, and frequency channels have to be reused in different locations. 3. What is hand off? When a mobile moves into a different cell while conversation in progress, the MSC automatically transfers the call from one cell to other cell without any interference. This is called as hand off. 4. Define QPSK? QPSK is a multilevel modulation in which four phase shifts are used for representing four different symbols. 5. Define adaptive equalization? To combine Inter Symbol Interference, the equalizer coefficients should change according to the channel status so as to break channel variations. Such an equalizer is called an adaptive equalizer since it adapts to the channel variations.
6. Define cell splitting. Cell splitting is the process of subdividing congested cells into smaller cells each with its own base stations and a corresponding reduction in antenna height and transmitter power. It increases the capacity of cellular system.
7. Define diversity concept? If one radio path undergoes a deep fade, another independent path may have a strong signal. By having more than one path to select from, both the instantaneous and average SNRs at the receiver may be improved often by as much as 20dB to 30dB. 8. Mention some merits of MSK. Constant envelope Spectral efficiency Good BER performance Self-synchronizing capability MSK is a spectrally efficient modulation scheme and is particularly attractive for use in mobile radio communication systems. 9. Write the advantages of MSK over QPSK. 1. In QPSKthe phase changes by 90degree or 180 degree .This creates abrupt amplitude variations in the waveform, Therefore bandwidth requirement of QPSK is more filters of other methods overcome these problems , but they have other side effects. 2.MSK overcomes those problems. In MSK the output waveform is continuous in phase hence there are no abrupt changes in amplitude. 10. Write advantages 2G over 1G. i)Natural integration with the evolving digital wireless network ii)Higher data rate iii) Flexibility for capacity expansion
PART B 11. (a) i..what are the noise that disturbs the signal?(8 marks) 1.Thermal noise:N0 = kB Te(2) 2.Man-made noise: (3) (a) Spurious emissions: (b) Other intentional emission sources: 3.Receiver noise: (3) ii. Explain about Interference-Limited Systems. (8 marks) Simple Base station explanations with diagram. (4) Explanation.(4)
Marks [16 * 5 =80]
11. (b). The carrier frequency is 950 MHz and the RX sensitivity is (according to GSM specifications) 102 dBm. The output power of the TX amplifier is 30 W. The antenna gain of the TX antenna is 10 dB and the aggregate attenuation of connectors, combiners, etc. is 5 dB. The fading margin is 12 dB and the breakpoint dbreak is at a distance of 100 m. What distance can be covered if n=3.5? TX side: TX power Antenna gain Losses (combiner, connector, etc.) PTX GTX Lf 30 W 10 45 dBm 10 dB 5 dB (4 Marks) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EIRP (Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power) RX side: RX sensitivity Fading margin Minimum RX power (mean) Pmin 102 dBm 12 dB 90 dBm (4 Marks) 50 dBm
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --Admissible path loss (difference EIRP and min. RX power) Path loss at dbreak = 100 m Path loss beyond breakpoint [/(4d)]2 d ^n 140 dB 72 dB 68 dB (4 Marks) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Depending on the path loss exponent, n = 1.5 . . . 2.5 (line-of-sight)3 n = 3.5 . . . 4.5 (non-line-of-sight) we obtain the coverage distance, dcov = 100 1068 /(10n) m If, n = 3.5, then the coverage distance is 8.8 km. (4 Marks)
12.a)Explain in detail the different techniques used to improve coverage &capacity of cellular system .(16 Marks) Explanation of cell splitting (5) Explanation of sectoring (5) Explanation of micro zone coverage (6) 12.b.Explain in detail about channel and Narrow band models. Stored channel impulse responses explanation (3) Deterministic channel models explanation (2) Stochastic channel models explanation(2) Narrowband Models(3) Modeling of Small-Scale and Large-Scale Fading Explanation (2) Path Loss Models explanation (2) The MotleyKeenan Model explanation (2)
13.a) Explain in detail the generation & detection of MSK technique? (16 Marks) Principle of MSK (4) MSK transmitter block diagram &explanation (6)
MSK receiver block diagram &explanation (6) 13.b) Explain in detail the structure of wireless communication link Principle (4) Block diagram of a transmitter and receiver (6) Explanation (6) 14.a) Explain in detail about Linear and Decision feedback equailsers . Structure of Linear and decision feedback equalizer. (8) Explanation. (8) 14.b Explain in detail about Diversity, Macrodiversity and Microdiversity. Principle of Diversity (2) Definition of the Correlation Coefficient (1) Explanation(1) Microdiversity (6) Spatial diversity Temporal diversity Frequency diversity Angular diversity Polarization diversity Macrodiversity (6) Explanation 15.a) Explain in detail the CDMA multiple access technique and give some advantages & comparison with other techniques (16 Marks) CDMA working principle (8) Advantages & comparison with other techniques. (8)
15.b.Explain in detail the 1G,2G,3G generation systems & their standards . marks) Explanation of generation models of 1G,2G,3G (8)
(16
Explanation of their standards (8)
