International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS)

Vol. 16, No. 2, June 2025, pp. 1160~1173

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i2.pp1160-1173  1160

An experimental design of 3 kW variable speed wind turbine

with doubly-fed induction generator for standalone applications

Sugiarto Kadiman1, Ratna Kartikasari2, Oni Yuliani1

1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Planning, Institut Teknologi Nasional Yogyakarta,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Planning, Institut Teknologi Nasional Yogyakarta,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Variable speed wind turbines are suitable for isolated populations, island
communities or usages in which the charge of electric lines beats the
Received Sep 24, 2024 connection and upkeep charge of wind turbine. This research builds wind
Revised Jan 9, 2025 turbine which working over variable velocity of wind. The proposed
Accepted Mar 1, 2025 construct incorporates three-bladed aerofoil rotor, gear box with ratio 1:8,
three-phase doubly-fed induction generator, automatic voltage regulator and
tower. Results verify efficacy of this installed structure at wind speed of 7.0-
Keywords: 8.2 m/s. The proposed design generates power output at 3 kW, voltage per
phase between 220 V, and frequency of 50 Hz; and exhibits noise just
Doubly-fed induction generator around 60-70 dB which is below the permissible noise threshold of 85 dB.
Small scale electric generator
Speed regulation
Three bladed aero foil rotors
Variable speed This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Sugiarto Kadiman
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Planning
Institut Teknologi Nasional Yogyakarta
Babarsari St., Caturtunggal, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The significant increase of responsiveness to the growth of ecologically clean power sources,
namely wind, solar, biomass, and hydroelectric, as a replacement for fossil fuel energy has come from an
escalating attention regarding global climate change, environmental contamination, and security of energy
supply [1]. Destructive emissions, such as 𝐶𝑂2 , 𝑆𝑂2 , and further toxic litter as in out-of-date coal-fuel power
plants could be eliminated through using wind power plants [2]. As the mainly to ensure renewable energy
sources, wind power is decidedly projected to lay hold of a greater number in electric power generation in the
years to come.
Small scale wind power turbines propose a fascinating clean energy resource for isolated areas or
island communities. At low wind speeds, power can be harvested by wind turbines and had better be visually
well-suited by the milieu and ought to perform including small noise. Enclosed by defining installed sites of
wind power turbines applied around populated areas, atmospheric instability perhaps reduced to give
consideration toward surrounding structures. Installation difficulties must be carried away to take electric
power from wind farms to populated locations, where it is taken to come across demand [3]. Notwithstanding
the aforesaid challenges, on the spot continues growing interest as to rooftop wind turbines [4], [5].
Many studies came to be conveyed upon modest scale wind turbines. For instance, Chaudhary et al. [6]
studied the design of a small-sized horizontal-axis wind turbine. The aerofoil SG6043 was exposed; through

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1161

the distributions of blade twist and chord, the performance improving was achieved. The highest power
quantity of 0.4 is made by blades at tip speed ratio (TSR) 6 conforming toward a pitch angle of 0 o. At another
time, Suresh and Rajakumar in [7] create a 2-kW horizontal axis wind turbine through rotor diameter of
3.6 m and of TSR 6 to perform at small wind velocity for country operations. Streamlined examination stayed
on 10 aerofoil to evaluate lift constant and lift to drag the ratio concerning dissimilar angles of attack. The
result notes that SD7080 is an appropriate air foil for generating great power in a small velocity valuation.
Then, Abo-Serie and Oran in [8] propose a scheme of a tiny wind turbine. A structure is based over
permanent magnets impeded toward a cloak which clutches rotor-blades. The scheme is based on direct
coupling for electric generation. Outcomes exhibited that power could be took out of turbine assuming the
size of blade chord growth on layer site and declines on the hub for small TSR at the range around 1.5-3.
Among essential factors about wind turbine is blade. The working of turbine blade principally relies
on the streamlined shape and the blades angle together with substances [9]. Turbine blades were covered
towards various operational conditions, namely dirt and gleaming milieu, hard shower, extreme gust speeds
in rough landscape, radical fluctuations in the term of heat, humidity, and electromagnetic contamination.
Then, turbine blades are exposed to extreme weakness. This develops in fracture construction and spreading.
Centrifugal forces in turbines are major cause. Moreover, a turbine blades brings up extra weakness cycles by
way of a revolving speediness purpose. Physical blade had greater strength and toughness, great strength to
mass proportion, hostility to weakness loss and ecological burden, and less cost.
An extensive over substances is obtainable aimed at blades of turbine blade. Here assortment
comprises wood, alloys, and composites matter such as glass fibre strengthened polymers, carbon fibre
strengthened polymers, and natural fibre strengthened polymers. Every substance owns this encouraged and
repellent features [10]. In strength experimental design of the blades, it is significant to regard the explicit
forte and detailed toughness of ingredients. Wood becomes an ordinary compound fabricated of fibre and
cellulose. Wood is special damping materials. This has great toughness to mass proportion. Conversely,
wood usage in blade fabricating could be restricted due to this minor confrontation to ecological deprivation
and extreme effect on the ecosystem. In contrast to a ligneous substance, traditional irons possess high
stiffness to weight ratio and better resistance to environmental degradation. Galvanized steel is used instead
of wood. Later aluminum and its derivatives such as galvalume is castoff for fabricating turbine blades as a
result of lesser denseness which considerably reduces blade weight. Lastly, a compound matter is mixture of
many synthetically different elements. This improves required features of the castoff elements. It remunerates
drawback of earliest ingredients. These materials which contains lengthy fibres giving extensive strong
degree and rigorousness, and resin medium expands crack durability and delamination toughness.
Variable speed operation as to small scale and single wind turbine have been succeeded with a
doubly-fed Induction or with permanent magnet synchronous generators. Nevertheless, recently doubly-fed
induction generator becomes more broadly utilized since owns more benefits including slighter dimensions,
minor charge, and negligible maintenance [11], [12]. Furthermore, a doubly-fed induction generator is
offered since this can manage both frequency and voltage accordingly of variable gust velocity. Similarly,
this adaptable-speed capacity owns bigger energy efficiency, enhanced power excellence, and act similar step
out related many notices, with the aim of convertor has not been categorized to topped up grading [13].
Variable speed control systems aim to improve the energy grabbing after gust; nevertheless, output
voltage concerning doubly-fed induction generator varies with its angular speed [14]. For an ac supply, the
voltage and frequency have to be held unchanged. The add-on of electronic converters regarding conversion
of frequency and voltage can control both real and reactive power concerning a good compromise among
performances concerning wind turbines and those of the electrical generator, namely boost the energy
losses [15], [16].
The weight of the doubly-fed induction generator is quite heavy then if its placement is parallel to
turbine blades, it will require a very large and strong tower. On the other hand, it also has to pay attention to
the height and strength of the tower which has to provide an appropriate flounced area of the turbine and
could withstand weight of blades. One solution to decrease the magnitude and heaviness regarding tower is to
place the induction generator separately from blades. The blades can be placed at head of the tower while
generator is positioned at tower groundwork. Therefore, the blades and generator are connected utilizing a
gearbox system that uses a vertical shaft.
Net loads on the tower derived as of tower head assembly. Those weight stand conveyed to
groundwork through tower. Essential load covering rotor creates foremost load on tower. Vigorous loading is
produced through gust turbulence of blade-tower collaboration. Additional innervation frequency is occurred
because of obvious mass inequity in the revolving portions. The elementary strategy viewpoint is
circumventing reverberating singularities and refers to turbine mounting [17].
Turbine blades are in general attached to the turbine rotor or hub by means of numerous methods,
namely welding, bolting, or by the way of specialized blade root designs that fit into slots on the rotor.
Welding is not possible as blade and rotor are of different materials. The type of root fixed by bolting is
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secured by lock nuts. These attachment methods are guaranteed secure fixation while allowing the blades to
withstand the high rotational forces and heats experienced during working [18]. Rotating in high speeds, the
centrifugal force on the blade is so high a loose fix can dart it out similar to a bullet from the rotor.
This paper describes establishment of an endurable wind energy transformation scheme have been
utilized by means of electric generator toward urban and single applications. The design incorporates three
bladed rotor, gear box, doubly-fed induction generator, and tower. Blades angle can be adjusted so pitch
arrangement can control how many energies are able to be taking out. The design was operative forerunner of
the hub and rotor representing the efficacy of the power taking-out structure. The turbine construct was
graded by way of output power of 3 kW and used for 220 V per phase loading circuit. The paper is organized
as follows: first, the variable speed wind turbine with doubly-fed induction generator models is developed.
Then, the complete designs are tested based on real parameters. Next section elucidates result and analysis.
Conclusions of research are defined.

2. VARIABLE SPEED WIND TURBINES SYSTEM

The wind velocity at the site of a planned setting-up is amongst the foremost influential aspects as to
that kind of wind turbine is going to be planned, such as horizontal center-line, blade configuration, blade
type, gearbox type, and generator type. Wind velocity diverges through altitude and could be rationally
approached.

𝑢 = 𝑉 𝑙𝑛((𝑧 − 𝑑)⁄𝑧𝑜 ) (1)

Where u, z, 𝑧0 , d, and V denote horizontal velocity, height, roughness length, a zero-plane height, and
characteristic velocity, respectively. Within the zone at which wind velocity is small, bladed rotor may be
implemented because of the blade’s well running at a lesser tip velocity proportion. Velocity varies with
height.
Seeing adapted size for a turbine rotor, the number of forces performing on the flowing is as (2).

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = ∫𝐶𝑆 𝑢𝜌𝑢̅ ̅̅̅̅

𝑑𝐴 = 𝑚̇(𝑢2 − 𝑢0 ) (2)

Where 𝜌, 𝑢2 , and 𝑢0 denote fluid density, downstream velocity, and upstream velocity, correspondingly. The
energy exhibited by a blade is the total dynamic power given as (3).

𝑃 = 12 𝑚(𝑉12 − 𝑉22 ) (3)

With P, m, 𝑉1 , and 𝑉2 denote kinetic energy generated by a wind turbine, a mass flow rate on gust, an initial
air velocity, and an air velocity of the turbine, respectively. The rate of wind mass flow bent on the blend
about density, turbine rotor sweeping range, and velocity regarding to act toward air is as (4).

𝑚 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉𝑎 (4)

With 𝜌, 𝐴, and 𝑉𝑎 are air density, an area that sweeps turbine rotor, and speed approached by air, respectively.
By put on turbine rotor stands the typical velocity among inlet and outlet where 𝑉𝑎 = 12(𝑉1 + 𝑉2 ) then given
as (5).

𝑃 = 41 𝜌𝐴[1 − ( 𝑉2 ⁄𝑉1 )3 − (𝑉2 ⁄𝑉1 )2 + (𝑉2 ⁄𝑉1 )] (5)

The all-out energy taken out over rotor is 𝑑𝑃 ⁄𝑑𝑉2 = 0. Over mathematical manipulation, it will be found
as (6).

𝑃 = (0.5925) 12 𝜌𝐴𝑉13 (6)

Where the fraction of 0.5925 is coefficient of Beth or 𝐶𝑣 .

Each configuration of rotor remains the mainly numerical portion of turbine construct. Rotors utilize
streamlined elevate offering rotating gravity and therefore intake torque toward the gearbox. At that point
exist numerous homogeneous airfoil shapes different in fragmentary side view that are able to be categorized
identifiably through their camber, width, and chord dimension, as seen in Figure 1. The design of the
proposed blades in this study will be depend on the Betz and blade section concept which be sure of two

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essential postulations, namely in view are no aeromechanical relations among distinct blade components and
pressure on blade parts are merely created in elevate and drag quantities. Furthermore, blade form can be
determined through its outline, its quantity, aerofoils outline, and tip velocity proportion.
This aerofoil profiles shown in Figure 2 are nearly all usual aerofoil fragmentary which is used on
wind turbines. National advisory committee for aeronautics (NACA) constructs aerofoils for airplane wings,
numerous which get usage by way of suitable turbine rotor fragmentary. The NACA four-digit enumeration
scheme is procedure on categorizing an aerofoil outline in regard to its camber, chord and width. NACA
4412 takes highest camber of 4% at a span of 40% of the chord distance from leading edge by highest width
of 12% of the chord. The geometry of NACA 4412 is seen at Table 1.

Figure 1. Aerofoil nomenclature [19] Figure 2. Ordinary aerofoil cross sections [20]

Table 1. Determination of NACA 4412 blade geometry [21]

Blade’s shape 𝐶𝐿 ⁄𝐶𝐷 𝛼 𝐶𝐿 TSR Number of blades
Taper 133.6 6 1.14 7 3

Horizontal wind turbines have a propeller-like perception, everyplace the rotor revolves touching
straight center-line and is practically aligned to gust stream [22]. Horizontal wind turbine has many benefits,
namely quite great power quantity grade, rotor velocity and output energy are able to be regulated in
governing pitch angle on the blades. Moreover, blades shape can be streamlined improved and the most
efficiency condition can be reached after streamline lift going to its highest value.
A proposed structure of an adjustable velocity wind turbine is described at Figure 3. Wind turbines
can be received maximum power transfer value through wide area of wind velocity. The turbines are able to
unchangingly adapt its revolving velocity transferring into a wind velocity. That system is built on doubly-
fed induction generator concerning the blades, drivetrain, and tower. Constructed for conversion of voltage
and frequency, generator output is AC voltage by means of the amplitude gain and frequency of the
networks.

2.1. Blade design

Aerofoils which are fragmental framework of blades are foundation of turbine blade structure,
shown in Figure 4. The blade design is relatively complex, with several different components. The perfect
structure of blade is aerofoils kind since the profile can captivate dynamic energy. It has also undertaken a
collection of existences with difference of materials, measurements, aerofoil forms, and the quantity of
blades.
Tip velocity proportion could be identified as association both rotor blades and relative wind speeds;
and becomes greatest important factor within entirely additional optimal dimensions of rotor are evaluated.

λ = (Ω 𝑟)⁄ 𝑉 (7)

Where Ω, r, and V denote rotational speed of blade, length of rotor blade, and, wind speed respectively.
Straight center-line of wind turbine containing three of blades takes the all-out energy constant value and tip
velocity proportion in comparison with other forms [23].
Referring to the Betz method, the shape structure and blades quantities devotes elementary shape of
the modern turbine blades [24]. Then as given in (8).

𝐶 = ( 2𝜋𝑟8𝑈𝑤𝑑 )⁄( 𝑛9𝐶𝑙 𝜆 𝑉𝑟 ) (8)

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Where r, 𝑈𝑤𝑑 , 𝐶𝑙 denote radius of the blade, speed of wind design and coefficient of the elevator, respectively.
Then, 𝑉𝑟 is the total wind speed 𝑉𝑟 = √𝑈 2 − 𝑉 2 . The perfect shape of propeller is the aerofoil structure which
can convert dynamic energy of wind trust within highest revolving energy. Each aerofoil comprises average
camber line, leading edge, trailing edge, chord line, camber, thickness and angle of attack [25].
All-out energy removal happens at the best tip velocity proportion of the bar is 59% or also called
the Betz coefficient. Uncaptured wind power consists of rubbing shortfalls, limited wing dimensions, and
turbine structure drop, adding by means of the circumstance that turbine cannot work at ideal tip velocity
proportion across its operating range of wind speed. By allowing the primary efficiency of blades and all of
energy components are previously recognized, proficiency of the wind turbine is able to be evaluated
through (9).

𝐾 = 𝜂𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝜂𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝜂𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝜂𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡 (9)

Where K is the system efficiency, 𝜂𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 , 𝜂𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 , 𝜂𝑔𝑒𝑛 , and 𝜂𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡 are the efficiency of blade, transmission,
generator, and controller, respectively. If both efficiency and energy production have been obtained as (10).
3
𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃𝑒 ⁄𝐾 = 1⁄2 𝜂 𝐴 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 (10)

Where 𝑃𝑎 , 𝑃𝑒 , 𝜂, A, 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 denote wind power capacity, electric power capacity, air density, area of sweeping,
and maximum wind speed, respectively. The radius of the blade can be found as 𝑅 = √𝐴⁄3.14 .
Another geometric parameter of the blades which needs to be determined is value of the partial
radius.

𝑟 = 𝑟0 + [(𝑅 − 𝑟0 )⁄𝑛] × elements (11)

Where r, 𝑟0 , R, and n are partial radius, partial radius of the initial blade confirmation, radius of the blade,
and the quantity of parts, respectively. Within development of aerofoil blades, as is required facing settle on
the twist (𝛽) in clarifying flow angle (φ) and angle on attack (α) of the blade. The flow angle can be
calculated using (12).

𝜙 = 23 tan−1 (1⁄𝜆𝑟 ) (12)

Where 𝜆𝑟 is the value of partial speed ratio tip at each element. The 𝜆𝑟 and 𝛽 values are able to evaluate 𝜆𝑟 =
(𝑟⁄𝑅 )𝜆 and 𝛽 = −𝛼. The width of the blades can be specified on every element is as (13).

𝐶𝑟 = (16 𝜋 𝑅 (𝑅 ⁄𝑟))⁄(9 𝜆2 𝐵𝐶𝑙 ) (13)

Where 𝐶𝑙 and λ are lift coefficient and tip speed ratio.

Figure 3. Variable speed wind turbine Figure 4. The blade of wind turbine

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Among focusing the assignment is to construct turbine blade that is relatively easy to shape and
corrosive resistant. Zinc galvalume sheet became a substantial that were moderately often utilized inside
blade assembly. Various zinc galvalume kinds become trialed in blade usage and confirmed positive
outcomes. Over proposed outline, blade form is tailored own equal effects just when the improved NACA
4412 aerofoil, shown in Figure 5. Since the arrange of aerofoil data, as is crucial detecting certain attack
angle regarding lift; drag may perhaps be maximized in order for having highest potential mining of force.

Figure 5. Top view of aerofoil’s profile of proposed blade

2.2. Gearbox design

The turbine gearbox transforms a great torque on primary shaft to lesser torque on the high-velocity
shaft encounter electro-mechanical needs of generator. Drivetrain malfunction became the main instigate of
many problems for the wind turbine. Even supposing wavering in turbine powertrains was known a
noteworthy consideration as of researchers, the vital disaster means is incomplete identified because of very
complex character. Drivetrain is a complex geometric structure acquiring highly complex loading conditions.
Operating torque is steered through rotor blades under wavering wind, and fluctuating charge exist in a whole
drivetrain. The debility of drivetrain is much concerned.
The bevel gearbox model shown in Figure 6, the ratio is 1:8 which increasing the speed of the
driven gears. Streamlined charge are mostly absorbed through primary shaft bearings, and could not impact
on the gear teeth excluding aimed at forcing torque. Input charge of the archetypal is restricted near rotational
force load only, and supposed to be used clearly toward gearboxes, which conveys the charge to generator
rotor. A bevel gearbox is applied to transmit force at steady velocity proportion among two shafts which the
axes cross at a quantified angle. Drivetrain are able to deliver great power and appropriate to less center
length of shafts because of both great effectiveness and compact layout. Bevel gears between distinctive
gears are used for delivering force through crossing shafts in similar position. Mating gear teeth functioning
against the whole lot generating rotating movements possibly equate relate toward cam and follower. In place
of two gears mesh, besides propensity for undesirable noise chosen produced. Xie [26] obtained which exact
tooth overlay and great outward condition are crucial achieving silent bevel powertrain drives.

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Lewis, Buckingham, and Tregold method is operated to shape the tooth shape, beveling aspect,
tooth shape aspect and static dilution [27]. Stationary dilution of bevel gear is attained through resolving
constraints namely speed factor, equal number of teeth, tooth shape aspect, bevel factor, and lateral tooth
charge, shown in Table 2. Meanwhile, v, 𝜎01 , and 𝜎02 denote speed of pinion or gear, acceptable stationary
strain of pinion wheel, acceptable standing stress of gear wheel; and 𝜃𝑝1 , 𝜃𝑝2 , 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 are pitch angle for
pinion wheel (o), pitch angle for gear wheel, quantity of teeth in pinion and wheel, respectively.
Wind turbines take large inertia. Yet, in wind turbine drivetrains, the shift ratio of the machinery
reduced the inertia faced at the generator. Restoring this inertia needs a direct joining of a large flywheel to
the rotor of the generator. Flywheel, weighty wheel tied to revolving shaft in the role of smoothing out delivery
of power from a wind turbine to a generator, displayed in Figure 7. This flywheel apathy competes with and
regulates oscillations in the velocity of the turbines and also keeps surplus energy aimed at sporadic operate.

Figure 6. Gearbox system, gear ratio of 1:8 Figure 7. Flywheel

Table 2. Parameter and its equation regarding the bevel gearbox

Parameter Equation
Velocity factor 𝐶𝑣 = 3⁄(3 + 𝑣)
Teeth equivalent number 𝑇𝐸1 = 𝑇1 sec 𝜃𝑝1(pinion) 𝑇𝐸2 = 𝑇2 sec 𝜃𝑝2 (gear)
Tooth form factor 𝑌1′ = 0.154 − 0.912⁄𝑇𝐸1 (pinion 1) 𝑌2′ = 0.154 − 0.912⁄𝑇𝐸2 (pinion 2)
Bevel factor 𝐵𝐹 = (𝐿 − 𝑏)⁄𝐿 𝑏 = 𝐿⁄3
Load of tangential tooth 𝑊𝑇1 = 𝜎01 𝐶𝑣 𝑏 𝑚𝑌1′ 𝐵𝐹 𝑊𝑇2 = 𝜎02 𝐶𝑣 𝑏 𝑚𝑌1′ 𝐵𝐹

2.3. Turbine tower design

Owing into fairly big dimensions of the turbine, the problem must stand placed in a special location,
namely tower. The objective of a tower is offering blades a headroom as of the floor location of turbine into
continuous flow subway, shown in Figure 8. Small scale and stand-alone wind turbines are generally
mounted on structural towers and are relatively low-priced.
The tower used in this particular design was selected to locate doubly-fed induction generator that
could be mounted into a foundation rather than on to head of the structure. The substance is selected by way of
glazed steel as a result of the ingredients obtainability and moderately bargain. its glazing makes is weather
resistant and possess mechanical properties to support turbine even under extreme charging conditions.
Another problem related to tower design is dynamic loading, the main cause of which is wind
turbulence blade-tower interaction. Another excitation frequency happens as a result of inevitable physique
inequity in revolving fragments. To avoid resonance phenomena, the turbine blades must be tightly attached
to the hub and the hub must also be firmly connected to the rotor, as seen in Figure 9. The proposed hub is
specifically designed so that the turbine blades are installed strongly but also the pitch angle of the blades are
able to be accustomed beforehand.

2.4. Doubly-fed induction generator design

Both DC and synchronous machines could be utilized by way of any generators or motors, exactly
alike induction motors became working as induction generator. For now, the energy catastrophe of the
1970’s, researchers were established using induction motors as generators, mostly in wind energy
transformer by means of an appropriate device for altering mechanical energy entering electrical energy. The
induction generators are as well denoted to as asynchronous generators do not work at synchronous velocity.

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Figure 8. Turbine tower Figure 9. Turbine blade mounting

Once a voltage is operated to stator coiling of motor, current devised of two apparatuses drifts
toward it, namely magnetizing and real power elements. Magnetizing element delays a used voltage by 90°
and charging aimed at generating magnetic field or revolving flux. The real section is in phase with working
voltage and delivers real power to induction motor. That element therefore induces revolution towards the
shaft of motor and accountable for machine-like output and inner losses. Provided active load is detached
from the structure, the motor remains bringing in similar induction current. Though active current grows into
tiny. On condition that machine-like power is combined towards the shaft producing supplementary
revolving and upsurge within velocity to a quantity where this revolving over synchronous velocity; on one
occasion induction motor became induction generator.
During transformation, the slip rate develops a negative quantity. Rotor electrodes are move about at
a velocity greater than that of the revolving flux; connotation that the movement on rotor conductors
respective near the flux set to switch in route. Therefore, the direction of the rotor current is going to modify
triggering a setback in the magnetlike flux exhibited in stator coiling. Such implies that electric power is
going now drift out of stator coiling similar to generator.
The machine ensures though endure to describe similar exciting current as of AC supply grid by
way of induction generator is no self-exciting and spinning flux needs uniform source. Once present inner
losses of induction motor are now provided through the prime mover which is the revolution given by means
of wind turbine. The frequency of produced stator voltage is relied on rotating velocity of magnetic flux and
thus will be of the similar frequency in place of operated exciting stator voltage [28].
An induction generator is fabricated of stator and rotor. Stator is a motionless sequences of coated
steel sheets installed on a structure that eventually develops the cage that is inside diameter of casing
fabrication. Laminations of the stator are fitted on the interior body as it were that they create slots similar to
a synchronous machine. Rotor could originate either in the wound-rotor kind or cage kind. A wound-rotor
type, also recognized as slip ring-rotor, is an induction generator kind where the rotor coiling is linked over
slip-rings to outer resistance. Correcting the resistance permits regulate on velocity and force features of
generator. Wound-rotor generator is able to be fired up with small inflow current, through implanting
excessive resistance into a rotor unit; as the generator increase speed, resistance is able to be reduced.
Doubly-fed induction generators is like to coiled-rotor generator, then has added structures that let
them to work at velocity somewhat upper or lesser its ordinary synchronous velocity as shown in Figure 10.
The basis of the doubly-fed is that stator own three-phase coiling is linked toward grid, then over AC-DC-AC
driven form voltage source bidirectional converter, rotor output is coupled. Upfront linking to grid is aimed at
stator flux designates permanently synchronous to system frequency. Rotor takes alike three phase coiling in
excess of stator rotations which are pinched over electromechanical tool named slip rings. Rotor-linked
scheme and converter receives variable frequency power built on wind velocity changing and alters to DC
form that is gained by way of linking voltage and reverses to AC form at an expected line phase. Gearbox is
employed taking a greater slip power [29].
Rotor proceeds power beginning at the line in sub-synchronous way and distributes power toward
the line during super-synchronous way [30], [31]. Motorized power took out as of accessible wind velocity in
turbine. The generator output is gained by the consequence of efficiency and the input mechanical power
from the wind turbine. Generator output is comparable to the sum of both stator power and rotor power. As
slip is adverse, power in rotor is positive. The powers of the stator can be regulated through the internal
transient electromotive force.

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By synchronous velocity in valuation on rotating random orientation frame, d-axis current is able to
control DC network voltage and q-axis current takes reactive power regulate capacity [32], [33]. All over
making for constant rotating velocity over synchronous velocity, motorized torque 𝑇𝑚 is positive. The
electro-magnetic torque is as (14).
3𝑃
𝑇𝑒 = [𝐼𝛼𝑠 (𝐿𝑚 𝐼𝛽𝑠 + 𝐿𝑟 𝐼𝛽𝑟 ) − 𝐼𝛽𝑟 (𝐿𝑚 𝐼𝛼𝑠 + 𝐿𝑟 𝐼𝛼𝑟 )] (14)
2

Notations of 𝑖𝛼𝑠 and 𝑖𝛽𝑠 are 𝛼 and 𝛽 axis stator currents; 𝑖𝛼𝑟 and 𝑖𝛽𝑟 are 𝛼 axis and 𝛽 axis rotor currents [34].

2.5. Automatic voltage regulator

Automatic voltage regulator is an equipment utilized within induction generator to exhibit
automatically regulating voltage, which denotes which can turn changeable voltage degrees through constant
voltage quantities. It works in steadying output voltage on induction generator at adjustable charges, yet can
split too the reactive charge among generators which was working in parallel and helps react to overloads.
Solving the problematic into output voltage fluctuation of induction generator, an appropriate quantity of
reactive power was required preserving steady terminal voltage. Static capacitor-thyristor controlled reactor
can be utilized controlling generator terminal voltage over fluctuating charging conditions. The reactor
comprises static capacitor linked in parallel by grouping of two antiparallel thyristors coupled within
sequence with reactor as seen in Figure 11. This feedback control is able to regulate firing angles of
antiparallel thyristor and windingly control reactive power inject facing network through regulating current
across apparatus.
The compensator of fixed VAR is controlling susceptance on every phase through adjusting firing
angles of thyristor-controlled reactor [35], [36] this compensator is frequently utilized over sinusoidal voltage
settings, signal of controlled current exhibit excessive harmonic substance [37]. Reactor is taken within
transmission by consecutive function on gate pulses into forward biased thyristor around every half-cycle.
That one will hinder instantly later AC current intersects zero, except gate signal is reutilized. Current around
reactor are able to be regulated since maximum toward zero through process of activating angle dictate.
Thyristor activation was delayed as highest of used voltage during every half-cycle, then interval of the
current conduction period was regulated. On the designed wind turbine, automatic voltage regulator is a tool
utilized in doubly-fed induction generator through the role of automatically regulating voltage, denoting that
the subject will turn changeable voltage degrees into constant voltage degrees. The type of AVR is static tap
switching. AVR is located in the alternators terminal box, seen in Figure 12.

Figure 10. Doubly-fed induction generator Figure 11. Schematic of induction generator with
automatic voltage regulator

Figure 12. AVR installed in the wind turbine design

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1169

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Construction about designed 3 kW variable speed wind power plant has several important parts.
Apart from electronic components, this system also has several parts that support optimizing the performance
of the instrument. Among them are blade, gearboxes, and tower. These four parts have important functions
because the functions of the four are very closely related, shown in Figure 13. The construction of the wind
power plant was taken to a location in Glagah Beach, Temon, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta on daytime assessing to
deal with pitch angle at certain wind velocity immediately for the purpose of reaching 150 rpm of shaft of blade.

3.1. Testing of turbine blade

Wind generating station project result is then led an experimental to clarify the work of turbine
blade. The assessments were taken on September 12, 2024 located at Glagah Beach, in Figure 14. On
schedule the assessment happens, conditions in Glagah Beach location were clear by heat was around 31 °C.
Wind speeds and rotating speed of wind turbine shaft are shown in Table 3. Table 3 displays rotating velocity
of turbine shaft reaches 142-150 rpm at 7.8-8.2 m/s of wind speed; the torque generated during this rotation
will be able to rotate the generator at a rotor speed of 1,450-1,500 rpm.

Figure 13. The construction of 3 kW variable Figure 14. Testing of proposed

speed wind power plant wind turbine blade

Table 3. Wind and rotating speeds of turbine shaft

Wind speed (m/s) Shaft speed of turbine (rpm) Rotor speed of generator (rpm)
5.3 68 703
6.0 92 900
6.5 105 1,002
6.8 113 1,100
7.0 119 1,205
7.5 131 1,310
7.8 142 1,403
8.2 150 1,504

3.2. Testing of doubly-fed induction generator

In a wind turbine, generator is functioned as mechanical-electrical converter. Generator is attached
straight into shaft input or shaft output of drivetrain conditional on revolving velocity needed by generator for
producing that one valued power output. The 3 kW doubly-fed induction generator was sourced and assessed
to evaluate the conducting of induction generator at fluctuate revolving speeds.
In order to verify conversion system, the test is accomplished in seeing that doubly-fed induction
generator that owns main governor emulating the torque supplied through turbine machine-driven unit.
Figure 15 shows the test scheme. Doubly-fed induction generator is coupled with inductor motor through
V-belt. Results are seen in Tables 4 and 5. The subject is clear from Tables 4 and 5 that utilizing automatic
voltage regulator is going to alter instable rotor of levels into constant voltage degrees. Output voltage around
220 V and approximately 50 Hz are achieved on rotor speed of 1,350-1,500 rpm.

An experimental design of 3 kW variable speed wind turbine with doubly-fed … (Sugiarto Kadiman)
1170  ISSN: 2088-8694

3.3. Testing of complete system

The individual designs presented in section 2 are assembled as seen in Figure 16. Simulating the
fulfilled wind turbine system some remarks, need to be done. For instance, the different special treatments
are required in a wind turbine system, namely pitch, voltage unbalance and frequency. Results are displayed
in Tables 6 and 7. As seen on Table 6, generator speed of 1,200 to 1,500 rpm is created during wind velocity
in a variety of 7.0-8.2 m/sec. Under these conditions, the output voltage of the induction generator reaches
220 V per phase with a frequency of around 50 Hz. Whereas Table 7 displays the performance of wind
turbine that induction generator does not use automatic voltage regulator. It is seen that although the
generator output voltage reaches around 220 V, the frequency varies between 47 Hz and 51 Hz.

Figure 15. Doubly-fed induction generator connected to an induction motor

Figure 16. Complete system of 3 kW variable speed wind turbine

Table 4. Rotor speed and stator voltage of generator without automatic voltage regulator
Rotor speed (rpm) Output voltage of doubly-fed induction generator Unbalance 𝑈𝑢𝑛𝑏 (%) Frequency (Hz)
R phase (Volt) S phase (Volt) T phase (Volt)
1,515 227 227 227 1.7 – 1.9 50.0
1,453 188 188 190 12.9 -16.0 50.0
1,486 202 201 203 12.0 – 15.0 50.0
1,400 160 162 165 0.4 – 2.4 50.0
1,307 73 73 74 8.0 – 19.0 50.0
1,253 50 50 50 0.6 – 1.5 50.0
1,210 35.8 36.2 36.5 2.2 – 4.1 49.8

Table 5. Rotor speed and stator voltage of generator with automatic voltage regulator
Rotor speed (rpm) Output voltage of doubly-fed induction generator Unbalance 𝑈𝑢𝑛𝑏 (%) Frequency (Hz)
R phase (Volt) S phase (Volt) T phase (Volt)
1,588 221 219 226 1.4 – 2.0 49.9
1,458 219 218 223 16.0 -19.0 52.4
1,411 220.6 219 224 0.7 – 3.8 50.7
1,348 220 222 221 1.2 – 3.6 49.1
1,200 223 224 223 3.0 – 4.0 44.0
1,067 225 226 225 16.0 – 20.0 37.9

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1171

Table 6. Performance complete system with automatic voltage control

Wind speed Turbine speed Generator speed Output voltage (V) Frequency Excitation current Sound
(RPM) (RPM) (RPM) R S T (Hz) (A) (dB)
5.3 68 705 159 160 166 22 47
6.0 92 903 189 200 201 26 56
6.8 113 1,100 231 236 234 37 59
7.0 119 1,203 220 220 221 49 59 60-70
7.5 131 1,304 221 220 220 49 69
7.8 142 1,401 220 221 220 49 20
8.2 150 1,504 223 223 220 50 17

Table 7. Performance complete system without automatic voltage control

Wind speed Turbine speed (RPM) Generator speed Output voltage (V) Frequency Excitation current Sound
(RPM) (RPM) R S T (Hz) (A) (dB)
7.0 119 1,201 56 55 54 41.0 5
7.5 131 1,311 86 85 84 44.8 7
7.8 142 1,409 160 158 159 47.7 13 60-70
8.2 150 1,501 210 207 209 51.2 17
8.3 154 1,519 222 219 220 51.5 17

4. CONCLUSION
The study describes experimental design about 3 kW variable speed wind turbine through doubly-
fed induction generator which is considered to be used at wind speed of 7.0–8.2 m/s. A 3 kW wind turbine
has been successfully implemented under 8.2 m/s wind speed condition which produce turbine speed of 150
RPM, generator speed of 1,500 RPM, and excitation current of 17 A. This wind turbine also generates
voltage per phase between 220-223 V and the frequency of 50 Hz. Last but not least, the proposed wind
turbine generates only around 60-70 dB which is still below the permissible noise threshold of 85 dB. Future
works should be investigating the implementation of wind turbine blade which is lighter but still strong so it
can drive the generator at wind speeds below 5 m/s. These future works could also make allowance for a
broader range of input variables, such as pitch angle and loading effect.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research would not have been possible without the support of the team at the Electrical
Installation laboratory and the team at Lembaga Penelitian Pengabdian Masyarkat dan Inovasi, Institut
Teknologi Nasional Yogyakarta.

FUNDING INFORMATION
The authors would like to expresses deep gratitude to Directorate of Research, Technology, and
Community Service, Director General of Higher Education, Research and Technology, Ministry of Education
and Culture, Research and Technology of Indonesian Republican Government who fully funded the research
of Design of Variable Speed PLTB Configured with DFIG 220/380 V 2.5 kW Based on Bond-graph Model
Bi-causality Control Rules under subsidy no. 107/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2024, and 0609.26/LL5-INT/AL.04/2024.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS STATEMENT

This journal uses the Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT) to recognize individual author
contributions, reduce authorship disputes, and facilitate collaboration.

Name of Author C M So Va Fo I R D O E Vi Su P Fu
Sugiarto Kadiman ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Ratna Kartikasari ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Oni Yuliani ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

C : Conceptualization I : Investigation Vi : Visualization

M : Methodology R : Resources Su : Supervision
So : Software D : Data Curation P : Project administration
Va : Validation O : Writing - Original Draft Fu : Funding acquisition
Fo : Formal analysis E : Writing - Review & Editing

An experimental design of 3 kW variable speed wind turbine with doubly-fed … (Sugiarto Kadiman)
1172  ISSN: 2088-8694

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

The authors whose names are listed directly below certify that they have no affiliations with or
involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest.

DATA AVAILABILITY
The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Sugiarto Kadiman received holds the Bachelor degree, Master degree, and
Doctor degree in Electrical Engineering from Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta,
Indonesia, in 1989, 2000, and 2014, respectively. Since 2014, he is working as Associate
Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Planning,
Institut Teknologi Nasional Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. His research interest is model
of power system analysis, modelling and simulation systems, and electronic controlled power
systems. He does research in the dynamic of synchronous generator under unbalanced steady
state operation and unbalanced transient condition, higher order model of synchronous
generator, and power system stabilizer and PID impacts on transient condition in synchronous
generator. The current project is model development and control design of variable speed
wind power plant with DFIG configuration. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Ratna Kartikasari received hold Bachelor degree in Metallurgy Engineering

from University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1992. She received Master degree and
Doctor degree in Mechanical Engineering from Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta,
Indonesia in 2000 and 2011, respectively. Since 2023, she is working as Professor Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Planning, Institut Teknologi Nasional
Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Her research interest comprises metallurgical kinetics,
corrosion in engineering, and machine construction materials. She does research in
Engineering of Ikm's Fe-Al-C Alloy as a Light Steel Candidate for Fuel Saving, Plasma
Nitriding of Fe-10Al-25Mn Alloy Ikm Products for Biomaterials, and Engineering of Fe-Al-
Mn Alloys Superior Materials for Grinding Ball and cryogenic applications. The current
project is Characterization of Plasma Nitriding Processed Fe-Cr-Mn Alloy Castings for Bone
Implants. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Oni Yuliani received the Bachelor's degree in Chemical Engineering from

Sriwijaya University, Palembang, Indonesia, in 1996. She received Master's degree in
Computer Science from Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia in 2006. Since 1994,
she is working as senior lecturer in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering and Planning, Institut Teknologi Nasional Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Her research interest includes material physic, computer algorithms and programs, and
probability and stochastic processes. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

An experimental design of 3 kW variable speed wind turbine with doubly-fed … (Sugiarto Kadiman)