UNIT IV

SUSTAINABILITY AND MANAGEMENT

Development, GDP, Sustainability - concept, needs and

challenges - economic, social and aspects of sustainability -
from unsustainability to sustainability - millennium
development goals, and protocols - Sustainable
Development Goals-targets, indicators and intervention
areas. Climate change - Global, Regional and local
environmental issues and possible solutions-case studies.
Concept of Carbon Credit, Carbon Footprint.
Environmental management in industry - A case study.
 Economic development

Economic development refers to the process by which a

country improves the standard of living of its citizens
through sustained economic growth, job creation, and
poverty reduction. Economic development involves
increasing the production of goods and services, improving the
quality of life, and promoting sustainable economic growth.

The key indicators of economic development include Gross

Domestic Product (GDP), which measures the total
value of goods and services produced in a country over
a specific period.
 Traditional Sustainable
Aspect
Development Development
Balance of economic growth,
Focus Primarily economic growth environmental protection,
and social equity

Emphasizes effective and

Resource May involve over-
efficient utilization of
Utilization exploitation of resources
resources

May lead to benefits for a

Aims to ensure equitable
Social Equity small portion of the
distribution of benefits
population
 Traditional Sustainable
Aspect
Development Development

Time Horizon Short-term solutions Long-term sustainability

Measured by indicators like

Typically measured by
Measurement Sustainable Development
GDP
Goals
Promotes renewable energy
Often relies on non-
Energy Sources sources like solar, wind, and
renewable sources
hydropower

Waste Less emphasis on waste Promotes waste reduction

Management reduction and efficient resource use
 GDP calculation methods

There are three main methods to calculate GDP (Gross

Domestic Product), which are as follows:

Expenditure method: This method measures GDP by

adding up all the expenditures made by households,
businesses, and the government. The formula for calculating
GDP using the expenditure method is:

GDP = C + I + G + (X - M)

where C is consumption, I is investment, G is government

spending, X is exports, and M is imports.
 GDP calculation methods

Income method: This method measures GDP by adding up

all the income earned by households and businesses in an
economy. The formula for calculating GDP using the income
method is:

GDP = Compensation of Employees + Rent + Interest +

Proprietors' Income + Corporate Profits + Taxes on Production
and Imports - Subsidies.
 GDP calculation methods

Output method: This method measures GDP by adding up

the total value of goods and services produced in an economy.
The formula for calculating GDP using the output method is:

GDP = Gross Value of Output - Intermediate Consumption

 GDP Per Capita
Rank & Country GDP (USD billion)
(USD thousand)
#1 United States Of America (U.S.A) 28,783 85.37

#2 China 18,536 13.14

#3 Germany 4,730 56.29

#4 Japan 4,112 34.14

#5 India 3,942 2.73

#6 United Kingdom (U.K.) 3,502 51.07

#7 France 3,132 47.36

#8 Brazil 2,333 11.35

#9 Italy 2,332 39.58

#10 Canada 2,242 54.87

 Limitations of GDP analysis
 It does not account for non-monetary activities
 It does not distinguish between income earned by different
sections of society. This means that an increase in GDP does
not necessarily translate into an improvement in the standard
of living for everyone.
 It does not account for the depletion of natural resources
 It does not account for the quality of life
 it does not capture economic activity that takes place in the
underground economy, such as illicit trade or black-market
transactions.
 it does not account for the externalities associated with
economic activity, such as pollution, congestion, or the social
costs of inequality.
 Sustainable development

Development that meets the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs is called Sustainable development.

Sustainable development involves balancing economic growth,

social development, and environmental protection. It
requires addressing poverty, inequality, and environmental
degradation while promoting inclusive and equitable development

Social, economic and ecological equality is the necessary

condition for achieving sustainable development. Equality is the
central ethical principle behind sustainable development..
SOCIAL EQUALITY

 Social equality refers to the condition where all individuals in a society

have equal rights, opportunities, and privileges, regardless of
their background, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, or any
other personal characteristics.

 It implies that everyone has access to the same resources and benefits,
and that they are treated fairly and with respect.

ECONOMIC EQUALITY

 Economic equality refers to the condition where all individuals or groups

in a society have equal access to economic opportunities and
benefits, regardless of their background or personal characteristics.
ECOLOGICAL EQUALITY

 This refers to ensuring that all individuals and communities have access
to clean and healthy environments and that they are not
disproportionately impacted by environmental degradation, pollution, or
climate change. Achieving environmental equality requires addressing
environmental injustice, promoting sustainable development practices,
and ensuring that everyone has access to clean water, air, and other
natural resources.
 Need for Sustainable Development

1. Environmental degradation: Focus on mere economical

development increases the environmental degradation such as
deforestation, desertification, soil erosion and water pollution
2. Resource depletion: Unsustainable use of natural resources, such
as fossil fuels and minerals, could lead to their depletion, resulting in
higher prices and increased scarcity.
3. Climate change: Failure to address the causes and impacts of
climate change could result in rising temperatures, more frequent
extreme weather events, and sea-level rise, which could cause
significant damage to ecosystems, infrastructure, and human
populations.
4. Social and economic inequality: Unsustainable development can
perpetuate social and economic inequality.
5. Increased conflict: Competition for resources and environmental
degradation can lead to increased conflict, both within and between
nations.
Challenges in Achieving Sustainable Development

1. Climate change: Climate change is one of the most pressing

environmental challenges facing the world today. It poses a threat
to human well-being, ecosystems, and economic development.
2. Poverty and inequality: Poverty and inequality are major
obstacles to sustainable development. Addressing poverty and
inequality requires promoting inclusive economic growth, social
protection, and access to basic services.
3. Unsustainable consumption and production:
Unsustainable consumption and production patterns are a major
contributor to environmental degradation and climate change.
Changing these patterns requires promoting sustainable lifestyles
and production processes.
 Challenges in Achieving Sustainable Development

4. Conflicting interests and priorities: Different stakeholders have

different interests and priorities, which can create conflicts and hinder
progress towards sustainable development.
5. Limited resources: Limited resources, such as financial resources
and natural resources, can hinder efforts to achieve sustainable
development.
6. Lack of political will: Achieving sustainable development requires
political will and commitment from governments and other
stakeholders.
7. Limited public awareness and engagement: Public awareness
and engagement are crucial for achieving sustainable development.
Lack of public awareness and engagement can hinder progress
towards sustainable development.
 Unsustainability to sustainability
Some strategies that can help take the world towards sustainability
are
 Promote sustainable development practices: Sustainable
development practices, such as renewable energy, sustainable
agriculture, green building, and sustainable transportation, can
help reduce carbon emissions, promote resource efficiency, and
enhance environmental protection.
 Address poverty and inequality: Poverty and inequality are
root causes of unsustainability. Addressing poverty and inequality
through policies that promote inclusive growth, education, health,
and social protection can help create more resilient and
sustainable societies.
 Unsustainability to sustainability
 Protect and restore ecosystems: Protecting and restoring
ecosystems, such as forests, oceans, and wetlands, can help
promote biodiversity, prevent land degradation, and mitigate
climate change.
 Encourage sustainable consumption and production:
Encouraging sustainable consumption and production patterns,
such as reducing waste, recycling, and using sustainable products,
can help reduce the environmental impact of human activities.
 Promote international cooperation: Sustainable development
requires global cooperation and collaboration. Promoting
international cooperation, such as through climate agreements, can
help address common environmental challenges and promote
sustainable development globally.
 Unsustainability to sustainability
 Invest in research and innovation: Investing in research and
innovation can help develop new technologies and solutions that
promote sustainable development and address environmental
challenges.

 Foster public awareness and engagement: Public awareness

and engagement are crucial for achieving sustainability. Raising
public awareness and promoting citizen participation in
sustainability initiatives can help create a culture of sustainability
and promote collective action.
 UNITED NATIONS MILLENNIUM
DEVELOPMENT GOALS

 The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were

eight goals established in 2000 as a global development
framework to be achieved by 2015.
The eight goals are as follows:
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development.
 ATTAINMENTS OF
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger: The number of people living

in extreme poverty decreased from 1.9 billion in 1990 to
836 million in 2015. The proportion of undernourished people
also decreased from 23.3% in 1990 to 12.9% in 2015.
 Achieve universal primary education: The number of children out
of school declined by half, and the number of girls attending
primary school increased significantly. However, many children
still do not have access to quality education.
 Promote gender equality and empower women: Progress has
been made in reducing gender disparities in education
and political representation, but gender-based violence and
discrimination continue to be significant challenges.
 ATTAINMENTS OF
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

 Reduce child mortality: The global under-five mortality rate

has declined by more than half, and progress has been made in
reducing deaths from malaria and other diseases.
 Improve maternal health: Maternal mortality has declined by
almost 50%, and more women have access to skilled birth
attendants and maternal healthcare.
 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases: The spread of
HIV/AIDS has slowed, and new infections have decreased. The
number of deaths from malaria has also decreased significantly.
 Ensure environmental sustainability: Access to improved water
sources has increased, and the ozone layer is recovering.
 ATTAINMENTS OF
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

 Develop a global partnership for development: International

development assistance increased, and debt relief was provided to
many developing countries. However, progress on trade
liberalization has been slow.
 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
AND ITS TARGETS

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 goals

adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015 as a new
framework for sustainable development to be achieved by 2030. The
SDGs aim to address the social, economic, and environmental
dimensions of sustainable development, and are intended to build on
the progress made under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
AND ITS TARGETS

1. No Poverty: End poverty in all its forms everywhere.

2. Zero Hunger: End hunger, achieve food security and
improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.
3. Good Health and Well-being: Ensure healthy lives and
promote well-being for all at all ages.
4. Quality Education: Ensure inclusive and equitable
quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all.
5. Gender Equality: Achieve gender equality and empower
all women and girls.
6. Clean Water and Sanitation: Ensure availability and
sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
7. Affordable and Clean Energy: Ensure access to
affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
AND ITS TARGETS
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth: Promote
sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full
and productive employment and decent work for all.
9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure: Build
resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and foster innovation.
10.Reduced Inequalities: Reduce inequality within and
among countries.
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities: Make cities and
human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.
12.Responsible Consumption and Production: Ensure
sustainable consumption and production patterns.
13.Climate Action: Take urgent action to combat climate
change and its impacts..
 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
AND ITS TARGETS
14.Life Below Water: Conserve and sustainably use the
oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
development.
15.Life On Land: Protect, restore and promote sustainable
use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests,
combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss.
16.Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions: Promote
peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable
development, provide access to justice for all and build
effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.
17. Partnerships for the Goals: Strengthen the means of
implementation and revitalize the global partnership for
sustainable development.
16 Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death
rates everywhere
 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence
against and torture of children
 Promote the rule of law at the national and international
levels and ensure equal access to justice for all

17 Partnerships for the Goals

 Partnership and cooperation among governments, civil society
organizations, the private sector, and other stakeholders to achieve
sustainable development goals.
 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through
international support to developing countries, to improve domestic
capacity for tax and other revenue collection
 Key differences between the MDGs and SDGs

Scope and Coverage:

MDGs: Adopted in 2000, the MDGs primarily focused on reducing

poverty and improving social indicators such as education, health, and
gender equality. They consisted of eight goals with 21 targets.

SDGs: Adopted in 2015, the SDGs are broader and more

comprehensive, addressing a wider range of issues including poverty,
inequality, climate change, sustainable development, peace, and justice.
There are 17 SDGs with 169 targets, reflecting a more holistic approach.
 Key differences between the MDGs and SDGs

Inclusivity and Universality:

MDGs: Initially, the MDGs were mainly targeted at developing

countries, with less emphasis on the role of developed countries in
achieving the goals.

SDGs: The SDGs apply universally to all countries, recognizing that

sustainable development is a shared responsibility and that all
countries, regardless of their development status, have a role to play in
achieving the goals.
 Key differences between the MDGs and SDGs
Partnerships and Participation:

SDGs: The process of developing the SDGs involved a more inclusive

and participatory approach, with consultations involving governments,
civil society, academia, and the private sector. The SDGs emphasize the
importance of multi-stakeholder partnerships and collaboration in
achieving the goals.

Integration:

MDGs: Goals were relatively independent of each other. SDGs:

Recognize the interconnectedness of the goals and the need for
integrated approaches to address complex challenges like climate
change, poverty, and inequality.
 Challenges and opportunities for India

India faces significant challenges in achieving the Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs), including poverty and inequality, limited
access to quality healthcare and education, environmental degradation,
climate change, and rapid urbanization.

However, opportunities such as the demographic dividend, digital

innovation, renewable energy potential, policy reforms, and social
entrepreneurship can help India overcome these challenges and
achieve sustainable development. By investing in education, healthcare,
infrastructure, and sustainable practices, India can create a more
equitable, prosperous, and sustainable future for all its citizens.
 CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change refers to a long-term shift in global weather patterns,

including temperature, precipitation, and wind. It is caused by the
increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, primarily carbon
dioxide, that trap heat from the sun and cause the Earth's temperature
to rise.
 Paris Agreement on climate change

 The Paris Agreement is an international treaty adopted in 2015

under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC).
 Its goal is to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius
above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit the
temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
 The agreement sets out a framework for countries to contribute
to climate action through Nationally Determined Contributions
(NDCs), which are individual country pledges to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.
 The agreement also calls for countries to regularly report on
their emissions and progress towards meeting their NDCs.
 The Paris Agreement includes provisions for financial support
and technology transfer from developed countries to developing
countries to help them transition to low-carbon economies and
adapt to the impacts of climate change.
 Paris Agreement on climate change

 The agreement aims to strengthen the ability of countries to deal

with the impacts of climate change through adaptation measures.
 It also encourages international cooperation to address climate
change, including through technology development and transfer,
capacity building, and public awareness-raising.
 The Paris Agreement has been ratified by 191 countries as of May
2023, representing over 90% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
 Global, Regional and local environmental issues

Global-Level Environmental Issues

Climate Change: The increase in greenhouse gas emissions,
primarily carbon dioxide, has resulted in a rise in global temperatures,
causing climate change.
Biodiversity Loss: Habitat destruction, overfishing, pollution, and
climate change are contributing to the loss of biodiversity worldwide.
Air Pollution: Poor air quality affects millions of people worldwide,
causing respiratory and other health problems.
Water Pollution: Industrial and agricultural activities, as well as
inadequate wastewater treatment, are polluting rivers, lakes, and
oceans globally.
Waste Management: Improper waste disposal and plastic waste are
major environmental issues worldwide, contributing to land and water
pollution.
National Level or Regional level Environmental Issues
Air Pollution: India has some of the most polluted cities in the world,
with vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and the burning of solid
fuels for cooking and heating contributing to poor air quality.
Water Pollution: Most of the rivers in our country are heavily
polluted due to industrial effluents, untreated sewage, and agricultural
runoff.
Waste Management: Many cities in our country lack proper waste
management infrastructure, resulting in inadequate waste disposal and
pollution.
Deforestation: Deforestation is a significant issue in India due to
agricultural expansion, timber harvesting, and urbanization.
Soil Degradation: Overuse of chemicals in agriculture, poor land
management practices, and erosion are leading to soil degradation and
loss of fertility.
Local level Environmental Issues

Pollution: Air, water and soil pollution are also a major

environmental issue in all cities in Tamil Nadu.
Water Scarcity: As Tamil Nadu depends on monsoon rains, water
scarcity is a major problem during summer in many cities and villages
across our state.
Floods: Flooding caused by seasonal monsoon rains is a major
problem affecting the Cauvery delta region and Chennai city as well.
Heat waves: People living in Vellore and many parts of Tamil Nadu
suffer from severe heat waves during summer
Coastal erosion: The state's coastal areas are experiencing severe
erosion due to rising sea levels and anthropogenic activities like sand
mining and construction.
Solutions for environmental issues
 Transitioning to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and
hydropower
 Implementing energy efficiency measures in buildings and
transportation
 Reducing deforestation and promoting reforestation and
afforestation
 Implementing regulations and standards to limit emissions from
factories and vehicles
 Promoting the use of cleaner transportation options such as electric
vehicles and public transit
 Implementing regulations to limit the release of pollutants into
waterways and improving wastewater treatment and management
 Reducing plastic use and promoting proper disposal and recycling of
plastic waste
 Protecting and restoring habitats and ecosystems
Solutions for environmental issues
 Implementing sustainable forestry and agriculture practices
 Reducing the demand for products that contribute to deforestation
and biodiversity loss, such as palm oil and beef
 Implementing measures to reduce overfishing and bycatch
 Promoting composting and other forms of organic waste
management
 Encouraging the use of products that are biodegradable or can be
recycled
 Implementing rainwater harvesting techniques, promoting water
conservation practices, and improving water management practices
can help mitigate water scarcity issues.
 Promoting sustainable coastal zone management practices,
enforcing laws against sand mining and other destructive activities,
and implementing measures to mitigate the impact of rising sea
levels can help address coastal erosion.
 CONCEPT OF CARBON CREDIT

 Carbon credits, also known as carbon offsets, are permits

that allow the owner to emit a certain amount of
carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases.
 One credit permits the emission of one ton of carbon
dioxide or the equivalent in other greenhouse gases.
 The idea behind carbon credits is to provide an economic
incentive for reducing
greenhouse gas emissions.
 Companies or countries that produce more emissions
than they are allowed can purchase carbon credits from
those who have emitted less than their allocated quota.
 The purchase of carbon credits allows companies to
offset their own emissions by supporting these projects.
 CONCEPT OF CARBON CREDIT

 This means that even if a company cannot fully

eliminate its own emissions, it can still work towards
a net-zero carbon footprint by supporting emissions
reductions elsewhere.
 By creating a financial incentive for emissions
reductions, carbon credits can help to accelerate the
transition to a low-carbon economy and contribute to the
global effort to mitigate climate change.
 BENEFITS OF CARBON CREDIT CONCEPT
 Encouraging companies to reduce their carbon footprint.
 Creating a market for renewable energy and green
technologies.
 Providing financial incentives for companies to invest in
environmentally sustainable practices.
 Supporting projects that promote sustainable development
and reduce poverty.
 Helping companies meet their emissions reduction targets
under the Paris Agreement.
 Providing a way for companies to offset their emissions by
investing in carbon reduction projects.
 Encouraging the development of new technologies that can
reduce emissions.
 Promoting international cooperation on climate change
mitigation efforts.
 Carbon footprint

• Carbon footprint is the total amount of

greenhouse gases (including carbon dioxide and
methane) that are generated by our actions.

• A carbon footprint is often expressed as tons of

carbon dioxide or tons of carbon emitted, usually on
a yearly basis.
 The average carbon footprint for a person in the
United States is 16 tons, one of the highest rates in the
world.

 Globally, the average carbon footprint is closer to 4 tons.

 To have the best chance of avoiding a 2℃ rise in global

temperatures, the average global carbon footprint per year
needs to drop to under 2 tons by 2050.
CO2 emission per capita
Carbon footprint of 1 kg of rice is about 2.75
kilograms of carbon dioxide

The average footprint of meat, excluding methane,

is 36 kilograms of CO2eq per kilogram

Kilowatt-hour of electricity generated from coal

releases approximately 0.45 kilograms of CO2

Carbon footprint of a 60 W fan is about 0.084

kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) per
hour
 How to reduce your carbon footprint?

Some simple steps that you can take include:

 Reduce your energy consumption: Turn off lights

and appliances when they are not in use and use
energy- efficient products.
 Use public transportation, or walk, instead of
driving: This will help to reduce the amount of
carbon dioxide emissions from your vehicle.
 Eat a plant-based diet or reduce your meat
consumption: Livestock farming is a major source
of greenhouse gas emissions.
 How to reduce your carbon footprint?

 Reduce water consumption: Reduce your

water usage by taking shorter showers, fixing
leaks, and using water-efficient appliances.
 Reduce waste: Reduce waste by recycling,
composting, and reducing the amount of single-
use plastics you consume.
 Use renewable energy: Use renewable energy
sources such as solar, wind, or hydropower to
power your home or business.
 Support climate-friendly policies: Support
policies that promote sustainable practices, such
as carbon taxes, renewable energy subsidies, and
emissions regulations.
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
IN INDUSTRY

Environmental Management refers to the process of

managing and controlling the impact of industrial
activities on the environment.
It involves identifying and evaluating the
environmental risks and impacts associated with
industrial processes and products, and implementing
strategies and practices to minimize or eliminate
them.
 Case Study: Tata Steel's Environmental
Management Practices
Tata Steel, one of India's largest steel companies, has implemented
several environmental management practices to minimize its
impact on the environment and promote sustainable development.

One of the key initiatives undertaken by Tata Steel is the adoption

of best available technologies for its operations. The company
has invested in technologies such as coke dry quenching,
blast furnace top gas recovery turbine, and waste heat
recovery systems to reduce its energy consumption and
emissions. This has not only resulted in significant cost savings
for the company, but has also helped to reduce its carbon footprint
and improve air quality in the surrounding areas.
 Case Study: Tata Steel's Environmental
Management Practices
Tata Steel has also implemented a number of measures to
reduce its water consumption and manage its wastewater.
The company has set up effluent treatment plants to treat
wastewater from its operations, and has implemented a zero
liquid discharge system to ensure that all wastewater is recycled
or reused.

In addition, the company has implemented rainwater

harvesting systems to recharge groundwater resources and
reduce its dependence on freshwater sources.
 Case Study: Tata Steel's Environmental
Management Practices
To promote sustainable development, Tata Steel has undertaken
several initiatives to support the local community and
protect biodiversity. The company has set up a biodiversity park
to conserve local flora and fauna, and has implemented programs
to support sustainable agriculture and promote environmental
education in the surrounding communities.

Tata Steel has also received several awards and recognitions for its
environmental management practices, including the National
Award for Excellence in Water Management and the CII-ITC
Sustainability Award.
 Case Study: Coca-Cola's Water Stewardship
Program

Coca-Cola, the multinational beverage company, has

implemented a water stewardship program as part of its
industrial environmental management efforts. The program
aims to address the challenges associated with water scarcity and
quality in the communities where Coca-Cola operates.
 Case Study: Coca-Cola's Water Stewardship
Program
The program includes several components, including water
conservation, water recycling and reuse, and community
engagement.
Water conservation: Coca-Cola has implemented a number of
measures to reduce water consumption in its operations, such as
improving equipment efficiency, optimizing production processes,
and implementing water-saving technologies.
Through these efforts, the company has reduced its water usage per
liter of beverage produced by 27% since 2004.
 Case Study: Coca-Cola's Water Stewardship
Program
Water recycling and reuse: Coca-Cola has also implemented a
number of measures to recycle and reuse water in its operations.
For example, the company has installed water treatment systems at
its production facilities to treat wastewater for reuse in operations,
and has implemented rainwater harvesting systems to capture and
reuse rainwater.
Community engagement: In addition to its internal water
management efforts, Coca-Cola has engaged with local
communities to promote water conservation and improve water
quality.
 Case Study: Coca-Cola's Water Stewardship
Program
As a result of these efforts, Coca-Cola has made significant progress
in reducing its water footprint and improving water
management in the communities where it operates. The company
has set a goal to replenish all the water it uses in its
products and operations by 2030, which it aims to achieve
through a combination of internal water conservation and external
community water projects.