Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.

Lecture 10: Non-Hohmann Transfers

Dr. Jordan D. Larson

Reading: Curtis - Sections 6.6 & 6.7

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Orbital Mechanics Roadmap

• Dynamics of Point-Masses
• Two-Body Problem
• Orbital Position as Function of Time
• Orbital Maneuvers
• Hohmann Transfers
• Non-Hohmann Transfers
• Interplanetary Trajectories
• Launch & Re-entry

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Curtis 6.6: Non-Hohmann Transfer w/ Common Apse Line

• Transfer trajectory eccentricity:

rA − rB
e= (1)
rA cos θA − rB cos θB
• Transfer trajectory specific angular
momentum:

s
√ cos θA − cos θB
h= µrA rB (2)
rA cos θA − rB cos θB

• Change in specific mechanical energy:

1
∆ϵ = v1 ∆v cos ∆γ + ∆v 2 (3)
2
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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Curtis 6.6: Non-Hohmann Transfer w/ Common Apse Line

• Transfer trajectory delta-v:

∆v = ∥∆ #«
q
v∥= v12 + v22 − 2v1 v2 cos ∆γ (4)

• Transfer trajectory delta-v with same v :

p
∆v = v 2(1 − cos ∆γ) (5)
• Transfer trajectory angle from local horizon to
∆ #«
v:

∆vr
ϕ = tan−1 (6)
∆v⊥
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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Curtis 6.7: Apse Line Rotation

• Rotation of apse line

η = θ1 − θ 2 (7)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Curtis 6.7: Apse Line Rotation

• Rotation of apse line

η = θ1 − θ 2 (7)
• Case 1:
• Given: η, e1 , h1 , e2 , h2
• Determine:
h12 − h22
 
θ1 = ϕ ± cos−1 cos ϕ (8)
2
e1 h2 − e2 h12 cos η

−e2 h12 sin η

ϕ = tan−1 (9)
e1 h22 − e2 h12 cos η

θ2 = θ1 − η (10)
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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Curtis 6.7: Apse Line Rotation (continued)

• Case 2:
• Given: θ1 , e1 , h1 , ∆vr , ∆v⊥
• Determine:
h1 (h1 + r ∆v⊥ )(µe1 sin θ1 + h1 ∆vr )
θ2 = tan−1 (11)
µ (h1 + r ∆v⊥ )2 e1 cos θ1 + (2h1 + r ∆v⊥ )r ∆v⊥
• OR
(v⊥,1 + ∆v⊥ )(vr ,1 + δvr )
θ2 = tan−1 (12)
(v⊥,1 + ∆v⊥ )2 e1 cos θ1 + (2v⊥,1 + ∆v⊥ )∆v⊥ (µ/r )

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Curtis 6.7: Apse Line Rotation (continued)

• Case 2:
• Given: θ1 , e1 , h1 , ∆vr , ∆v⊥
• Determine:
h1 (h1 + r ∆v⊥ )(µe1 sin θ1 + h1 ∆vr )
θ2 = tan−1 (11)
µ (h1 + r ∆v⊥ )2 e1 cos θ1 + (2h1 + r ∆v⊥ )r ∆v⊥
• OR
(v⊥,1 + ∆v⊥ )(vr ,1 + δvr )
θ2 = tan−1 (12)
(v⊥,1 + ∆v⊥ )2 e1 cos θ1 + (2v⊥,1 + ∆v⊥ )∆v⊥ (µ/r )

• Note: if maneuver occurs at orbit 1’s periapsis

rv⊥,1
tan η = ∆vr radial impulse at periapsis (13)
µe1
• vr > 0: apse line rotates clockwise
• vr < 0: apse line rotates counterclockwise
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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Statement

• Given: geocentric satellite executes

delta-v maneuver at A placing it on orbit
2 for re-entry at D
• rB = 20000 km
• rC = 10000 km
• rD = 6378 km

• Determine:
• ∆v at A and direction relative to local
horizon

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution
• Orbit 1 eccentricity:
rB − rC 20000 − 10000
e1 = = (14)
rB + rC 20000 + 10000

1
e1 = (15)
3

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution
• Orbit 1 eccentricity:
rB − rC 20000 − 10000
e1 = = (14)
rB + rC 20000 + 10000

1
e1 = (15)
3
• Orbit 1 specific angular momentum:
r r
p rB rC p 20000(10000)
h1 = 2µ = 2(398600) (16)
rB + rC 20000 + 10000

h1 = 72902 (17)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

• Radius at A from orbit equation:
h12 729022
rA = = (18)
µ(1 + e cos θA ) 398600(1 + 13 cos(150◦ ))

rA = 18744 (19)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

• Radius at A from orbit equation:
h12 729022
rA = = (18)
µ(1 + e cos θA ) 398600(1 + 13 cos(150◦ ))

rA = 18744 (19)

• Transverse component of velocity at A for orbit 1

h1 72902
v⊥,A,1 = = (20)
rA 18744

v⊥,A,1 = 3.8893 (21)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

• Radial component of velocity at A for orbit 1:
 
µ 398600 1
vr ,A,1 = e1 sin θA = sin 150◦ (22)
h1 72902 3

vr ,A,1 = 0.91127 (23)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

• Radial component of velocity at A for orbit 1:
 
µ 398600 1
vr ,A,1 = e1 sin θA = sin 150◦ (22)
h1 72902 3

vr ,A,1 = 0.91127 (23)

• Speed at A for orbit 1

vA,1 = ∥ #«
q q
v A,1 ∥ = 2
v⊥,A,1 + vr2,A,1 = (3.8893)2 + (0.91127)2 (24)

vA,1 = 3.9946 (25)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

• Flight-path angle at A for orbit 1:

vr ,A,1 0.91127
γ1 = tan−1 = tan−1 (26)
v⊥,A,1 3.8893

γ1 = 13.187◦ (27)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

• Flight-path angle at A for orbit 1:

vr ,A,1 0.91127
γ1 = tan−1 = tan−1 (26)
v⊥,A,1 3.8893

γ1 = 13.187◦ (27)

• Speed at A for orbit 1

= ∥ #«
q q
vA,1 v A,1 ∥ = 2 2
v⊥,A,1 + vr ,A,1 = (3.8893)2 + (0.91127)2 (28)

vA,1 = 3.9946 (29)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

• Orbit 2 eccentricity:

rD − rA 6378 − 18744
e2 = = (30)
rD cos θD − rA cos θA 6378 cos 0◦ − 18744 cos 150◦

e2 = 0.5469 (31)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

• Orbit 2 eccentricity:

rD − rA 6378 − 18744
e2 = = (30)
rD cos θD − rA cos θA 6378 cos 0◦ − 18744 cos 150◦

e2 = 0.5469 (31)

• Orbit 2 specific angular momentum:

s r
√ cos θD − cos θA p cos 0◦ − cos 150◦
h2 = µrA rD = 398600(18744)(6378)
rD cos θD − rA cos θA 6378 cos 0◦ − 18744 cos 150◦
(32)

h2 = 62711 (33)
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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

• Transverse component of velocity at A for orbit 2:

h2 62711
v⊥,A,2 = = (34)
rA 18744

v⊥,A,2 = 3.3456 (35)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

• Transverse component of velocity at A for orbit 2:

h2 62711
v⊥,A,2 = = (34)
rA 18744

v⊥,A,2 = 3.3456 (35)

• Radial component of velocity at A for orbit 2:

µ 398600
vr ,A,2 = e2 sin θA = (0.5469) sin 150◦ (36)
h2 62711

vr ,A,2 = 1.7381 (37)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

• Speed at A for orbit 2:

= ∥ #«
q q
vA,2 v A,2 ∥ = 2
v⊥,A,2 + vr2,A,2 = (3.3456)2 + (1.7381)2 (38)

vA,2 = 3.7702 (39)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

• Speed at A for orbit 2:

= ∥ #«
q q
vA,2 v A,2 ∥ = 2
v⊥,A,2 + vr2,A,2 = (3.3456)2 + (1.7381)2 (38)

vA,2 = 3.7702 (39)

• Flight-path angle at A for orbit 2:

vr ,A,2 1.7381
γ2 = tan−1 = tan−1 (40)
v⊥,A,2 3.3456

γ2 = 27.453◦ (41)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

(a) Change in flight-path angle:
∆γ = γ2 − γ1 = 27.452◦ − 13.187◦ (42)

∆γ = 14.266◦ (43)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

(a) Change in flight-path angle:
∆γ = γ2 − γ1 = 27.452◦ − 13.187◦ (42)

∆γ = 14.266◦ (43)

• Delta-v, magnitude of change in velocity vector:

∆vA = ∥∆ #«
q
v A∥ = 2 + v 2 − 2v
vA,1 A,2 A,1 vA,2 cos ∆γ
q (44)
= 3.99462 + 3.77022 − 2(3.9946)(3.7702) cos 14.266◦

∆vA = 0.9896 km/s (45)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

• Flight-path
∆vr 1.73 − 0.9113
ϕ = tan−1 = tan−1 (46)
∆v⊥ 3.3456 − 3.8893

ϕ = −1.5207 = 123.3◦ (47)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Statement

• Given: Earth satellite

• Orbit 1 perigee altitude: 8000 km
• Orbit 1 apogee altitude: 16000 km
• Orbit 2 perigee altitude: 7000 km
• Orbit 2 apogee altitude: 21000 km
• Apse line rotation: 25◦
counterclockwise
• Determine:
• True anomaly to obtain orbit 2
• Delta-v required to obtain orbit 2
• Orientation ϕ of ∆ #«
v to local horizon

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution
• Orbit 1 eccentricity:
rA,1 − rP,1 16000 − 8000
e1 = = (48)
rA,1 + rP,1 16000 + 8000

1
e1 = (49)
3

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution
• Orbit 1 eccentricity:
rA,1 − rP,1 16000 − 8000
e1 = = (48)
rA,1 + rP,1 16000 + 8000

1
e1 = (49)
3
• Orbit 2 eccentricity:
rA,2 − rP,2 21000 − 7000
e2 = = (50)
rA,2 + rP,2 21000 + 7000

e2 = 0.5 (51)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution
• Orbit 1 specific angular momentum from orbit equation at perigee:
r
q 1
h1 = µrP,1 (1 + e1 ) = (398600)(8000)(1 + ) (52)
3

h1 = 65205 (53)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution
• Orbit 1 specific angular momentum from orbit equation at perigee:
r
q 1
h1 = µrP,1 (1 + e1 ) = (398600)(8000)(1 + ) (52)
3

h1 = 65205 (53)
• Orbit 2 specific angular momentum from orbit equation:
q p
h2 = µrP,2 (1 + e2 ) = (398600)(7000)(1 + 0.5) (54)

h2 = 64694 (55)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

(a) True anomaly at I

−e2 h12 sin η −(0.5)(65205)2 sin η

ϕ = tan−1 2 2
= tan−1 (56)
e1 h2 − e2 h1 cos η (1/3)(64694)2 − (0.5)(65205)2 cos η

ϕ = 59.388◦ (57)

h12 − h22
 
−1
θ1 = ϕ ± cos cos ϕ
e1 h22 − e2 h12 cos η
(58)
(65205)2 − (64694)2
 
◦ −1 ◦
= 59.388 ± cos cos 59.388
(1/3)(64694)2 − (0.5)(65205)2 cos 25◦
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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

θ1 = 59.388◦ ± 93.649◦ (59)

θI,1 = 153.04◦ (60)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

θ1 = 59.388◦ ± 93.649◦ (59)

θI,1 = 153.04◦ (60)

(b) Radial position of point I from orbit equation:

h12 (652052 )
rI = = (61)
µ(1 + e1 cos θI,1 ) (398600)(1 + 13 cos 153.04◦ )

rI = 15175 (62)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

• Transverse component of velocity at I for orbit 1:

h1 65205
v⊥,I,1 = = (63)
rI 15175

v⊥,I,1 = 4.2968 (64)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

• Transverse component of velocity at I for orbit 1:

h1 65205
v⊥,I,1 = = (63)
rI 15175

v⊥,I,1 = 4.2968 (64)

• Radial component of velocity at I for orbit 1:

 
µ 398600 1
vr ,I,1 = e1 sin θI,1 = sin 153.04◦ (65)
h1 65205 3

vr ,I,1 = 0.92393 (66)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

• Speed at I for orbit 1:

= ∥ #«
q q
vI,1 v I,1 ∥ = 2 2
v⊥,I,1 + vr ,I,1 = (4.2968)2 + (0.92393)2 (67)

vI,1 = 3.7702 (68)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

• Speed at I for orbit 1:

= ∥ #«
q q
vI,1 v I,1 ∥ = 2 2
v⊥,I,1 + vr ,I,1 = (4.2968)2 + (0.92393)2 (67)

vI,1 = 3.7702 (68)

• Flight-path angle at I for orbit 1:

vr ,I,1 0.92393
γ1 = tan−1 = tan−1 (69)
v⊥,I,1 4.2968

γ1 = 12.135◦ (70)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

(b) Transverse component of velocity at I for orbit 2:

h2 64694
v⊥,I,2 = = (71)
rI 15175

v⊥,I,2 = 4.2631 (72)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

(b) Transverse component of velocity at I for orbit 2:

h2 64694
v⊥,I,2 = = (71)
rI 15175

v⊥,I,2 = 4.2631 (72)

• Radial component of velocity at I for orbit 2:

µ µ 398600
vr ,I,2 = e2 sin θI,2 = e2 sin(θI,1 − η) = (0.5) sin(150◦ − 25◦ ) (73)
h2 h2 64694

vr ,I,2 = 2.4264 (74)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

• Speed at I for orbit 2:

= ∥ #«
q q
vI,2 v A,2 ∥ = 2 2
v⊥,A,2 + vr ,A,2 = (4.2631)2 + (2.4264)2 (75)

vI,2 = 4.9053 (76)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

• Speed at I for orbit 2:

= ∥ #«
q q
vI,2 v A,2 ∥ = 2 2
v⊥,A,2 + vr ,A,2 = (4.2631)2 + (2.4264)2 (75)

vI,2 = 4.9053 (76)

• Flight-path angle at I for orbit 2:

vr ,A,2 1.7381
γ2 = tan−1 = tan−1 (77)
v⊥,A,2 3.3456

γ2 = 29.647◦ (78)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

• Delta-v, magnitude of change in velocity vector:

∆vI = ∥∆ #«
q
v I∥ = 2 + v 2 − 2v v
vI,1 I,2 I,1 I,2 cos ∆γ
q (79)
= 4.39502 + 4.90532 − 2(4.3950)(4.9053) cos(29.647◦ − 12.135◦ )

∆vI = 1.503 km/s (80)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Problem Solution (continued)

• Delta-v, magnitude of change in velocity vector:

∆vI = ∥∆ #«
q
v I∥ = 2 + v 2 − 2v v
vI,1 I,2 I,1 I,2 cos ∆γ
q (79)
= 4.39502 + 4.90532 − 2(4.3950)(4.9053) cos(29.647◦ − 12.135◦ )

∆vI = 1.503 km/s (80)

(c) Flight-path
∆vr ,I 2.4264 − 0.92393
ϕ = tan−1 = tan−1 (81)
∆v⊥,I 4.2631 − 4.2968

ϕ = 91.28◦ (82)

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Roadmap Reading Summary Example 6.6 Example 6.7 Homework 4.2

Curtis 6.29

• Given:
• At point A
• Radius: rA = 12756 km
• Speed: vA = 6.5992 km/s
• Flight-path angle: γA = 20◦
• At point B
• True anomaly: θB = 150◦
• Transverse delta-v: ∆v⊥ = +0.75820 km/s
• Radial delta-v: ∆vr = 0 km/s
• Determine:
(a) Time of flight from A to B
(b) Rotation of apse line as result of maneuver

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