International Journal of Humanities Social Science and Management (IJHSSM)
Volume 4, Issue 2, Mar.-Apr., 2024, pp: 447-454 www.ijhssm.org
Youth Inclusion And Political Participation In Nigeria’s 2023
Election
Erinle, Mary Olubusola
AbidemiAbiolaIsola
Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
Date of Submission: 08-03-2024 Date of Acceptance: 21-03-2024
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------
Abstract: The study aimed to examine barriers and limited influence on the decisions that impact their
opportunities for youth engagement, as well as future(Fortune Europe, January 25, 2023). It is
develop strategies to enhance their participation in worth noting that a staggering 90% of these young
shaping the future of Nigeria through the electoral individuals, totaling in the billions, live in the
system. The study holds significant importance for developing world. It wasemphasized by the United
several reasons, some of which are “Empowering Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Youth”, which means understanding the barriers and Organisation (UNESCO) in 2013 that involving
challenges faced by Nigerian youth in political young people in tackling urgent global challenges is
participation can help empower them to actively crucial.
engage in the political process.In this study, the According to the World Population
researcher employed a quantitative research design. dashboard by the United Nations, as of January 19,
This design entailed the collection and analysis of 2024, around 43.8% of the world's population is
numerical data to examine the relationships between under 30. Nigeria is experiencing a rise in the
variables and quantify the extent of youth inclusion number of young people, leading to a phenomenon
and political participation. The researcher developed called the "youth bulge," attributed to the country's
structured surveys with closed-ended questions, continuously expanding population. Although facing
conducted systematic observations to record specific challenges with a growing youth population, there
behaviors, or utilized existing datasets containing are potential economic benefits to increased youth
quantitative information.The studydistributed 400 engagement in society and the workforce, provided
questionnaires to three local governments in Ogun it is done meaningfully and actively. It is beneficial
state, Nigeria. Using regression analysis, the study's for governments to leverage the youth population to
collected data was examined. Taking into take advantage of the demographic dividend, which
consideration the findings that were obtained from results in a decrease in the dependency ratio
the data that was acquired, it is clear that young compared to the working-age population.
people played a big role in the election process. Furthermore, this unexpected gain could be
With 58.7% of respondents agreeing with the utilised to boost production and expand the
statement, and 10.4% of respondents seeing a very workforce. Nigeria has a population of 52.2 million
high degree of engagement, the majority of people, making up about 28% of the total
respondents agreed that there was a high level of population, falling within the young adult age range
young involvement. Based on the consensus among of 18-35 years old. The population's gender ratio in
respondents, it appears that the younger generation 2018 was 52.8 to 48.2, according to the National
was actively involved in the election process and Bureau of Statistics (NBS).
had a good impact on the outcome. Mattei (2023) explains that the
KEYWORDS: Election, Nigeria, Political democratisation process is a complex political
Participation, Youth, Youth Inclusion procedure that requires involvement from various
stakeholders and significant citizen participation to
I. Introduction establish a responsive, responsible, and enduring
Almost half of the global population is democratic governance system. External actors may
under 30 years old, marking the youngest be motivated to participate in the process of
demographic ever. Approximately half of the global democratic institutionalisation because of the
population is under 30 years old, yet they have perspectives of various stakeholders. Roglic (2022)
emphasises that the elements of each democratic
| Impact Factor value 7.52 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 447
International Journal of Humanities Social Science and Management (IJHSSM)
Volume 4, Issue 2, Mar.-Apr., 2024, pp: 447-454 www.ijhssm.org
effort are crucial in influencing its success. Many According to Badmus (2018), young Nigerians are
research studies have found that political parties are eager to participate in politics, especially with the
crucial for building and strengthening democratic increasing global focus on the country's youth,
systems. Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) play a which contrasts with Offiong's perspective. As per
crucial role in promoting democratic values, Olufowobi (2018), creating a positive environment
standards, and governance (Biswas, 2023). for youth involvement is key to boosting their
According to Kura et al. (2023), economic engagement in politics.
prosperity, political culture, socio-cultural Studies indicate that citizen involvement in
cohesion/homogeneity, and institutions play a democratic processes has declined in several
significant role in shaping democratic governance democracies since the year 2000. Young people's
and values. Scholars' research findings have involvement in politics has remained consistently
supported this idea. Two more characteristics that low when compared to the general population
can describe the process of democratisation are the (Pontes, Henn& Griffiths, 2019). However, O'Toole
elite consensus and the positional location of distinct (2016) argues that young people are drawn to and
demographic groupings within the population, participate in informal and alternative forms of
which are linked to pluralist government (Walters, political engagement, despite appearing uninterested
2022). In other words, the effectiveness of a in traditional political activities. According to Zohdy
democratic process can be measured by considering (2017), the potential of young people's leadership in
the level of involvement of key individuals and development remains largely unexplored in
groups, including women, youth, minority members, democratic societies. This research focuses on youth
and individuals with disabilities, in the political inclusion and political participation in Nigeria's
process (Paudel, 2023). Most countries worldwide upcoming 2023 election.
have a population dominated by young people and The statement of the problem for this
women from a demographic perspective. How dissertation is to suggest a way forward to improve
individuals participate in politics can significantly Nigerian young inclusion and engagement in
affect how inclusive the political process is. politics, particularly in the 2023 general election,
Having a growing teen population has its and to understand the constraints and challenges
advantages and disadvantages. It may lead to a more they experience. This sets the stage for the research
dynamic and engaged workforce. Alternatively, it by highlighting the focus on youth inclusion and
may result in increased crime, a higher dependency political participation in Nigeria and the need to
ratio, and alarming poverty rates. To create a united address the barriers that hinder their active
and inclusive society, the government needs to involvement in politics.
involve the youth (NBS, 2018). Zohdy (2017)
emphasizes the importance of involving young Objectives of the study
people in government to prevent negative The main objective of this study is to examine
consequences like decreased GDP, lower voter barriers and opportunities for youth engagement, as
turnout, increased violent extremism, crime, and well as develop strategies to enhance their
instability. Many programs aimed at youth tend to participation in shaping the future of Nigeria
view them as statistics rather than individuals with through the electoral system. The specific objectives
the potential to create change. of this study are to:
As per Galstyan (2019), the lack of interest 1. examine the level of youth participation in the
in politics among young individuals is due to its political process during the 2023 General Election,
failure to address their relevant issues. Offiong 2. identify the factors that hinder youth inclusion in
(2018) suggests that the attempts of young Nigerian the political sphere,
leaders to encourage national unity will not succeed 3. assess the impact of youth participation on the
due to the prevalent ethnic divisions in the country. outcomes of the 2023 General Election,
In modern democracies, older individuals often hold 4. explore the role of political parties and
positions of power, while the younger generation, institutions in limiting youth involvement in politics,
lacking financial resources, tends to be more and
compliant with politicians. Offiong's submission is 5. Propose policies for enhancing youth inclusion
incorrect. Offiong believes that political and political participation in future elections.
involvement is limited to voting or seeking office.
He neglected to point out that French President Significance of the study
Emmanuel Macron, who assumed office at 39, was The research on "Youth Inclusion and
not considered elderly, despite his assumption. Political Participation in Nigeria" is crucial for
| Impact Factor value 7.52 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 448
International Journal of Humanities Social Science and Management (IJHSSM)
Volume 4, Issue 2, Mar.-Apr., 2024, pp: 447-454 www.ijhssm.org
various reasons. Understanding the obstacles and Scholars have long acknowledged that
difficulties encountered by Nigerian youth in institutions play a crucial role in shaping political
political participation can empower them to actively results. Recent research has started to explore the
participate in the political process, ultimately link between institutions and public attitudes and
leading to their empowerment. Addressing these behaviors. Additionally, there has been little focus
issues will help the study make a valuable on how institutions might impact the political
contribution to fostering a democracy that is engagement of men and women differently
inclusive and representative. Increasing youth (Kittilson&Schwindt-Bayer, 2012). Participating in
involvement in political decision-making can bring elections is a prominent method of getting involved
diverse perspectives and innovative solutions to in political discussions in contemporary
societal challenges. This study will provide insights democracies. According to Akoth (2022), electoral
into how youth participation can affect governance institutions play a crucial role in enhancing youth
and policy outcomes in Nigeria. Encouraging the political engagement by coordinating, organizing,
participation of young individuals in politics is and administering elections as mandated by the
essential for the lasting health and vigor of a Constitution.
democratic society. Studying the factors that impact Encouraging young adults to participate in
youth engagement in politics can help improve politics by established political figures can lead to
democratic processes in Nigeria. The study's unexpected results. When thinking about political
findings and recommendations can guide domination, the first group of people that come to
policymakers and stakeholders in creating specific mind are godfathers (Allsop, 2020). Some
strategies to increase youth participation in politics. influential figures in politics can encourage youth
This can be a valuable asset for influencing involvement, but in some cases, political figures
upcoming projects and activities. may obstruct youth participation for personal gain
(Towoju, 2021).
II. Literature Review In the 2023 general elections in Ogun
Youth, according to Middaugh, Schofield, State, there was a noticeable increase in youth
and Ballard (2017), is a period characterized by participation. Youth played a crucial role in
swiftly developing capabilities, autonomy advocating for their chosen candidates, making a
expectations, and identity exploration. Civic notable difference in the state. Youths, including
participation during adolescence is predictive of those from outside Ogun State, came back to join in
voting and volunteering as an adult. In common the election, demonstrating a strong unity on voting
usage, "youth" refers to the period of one's existence day. They made extensive efforts to create a positive
between childhood and adulthood. atmosphere by giving out souvenirs, providing free
The rationality of political participation is a airtime, and organizing prayer groups. Before the
widely held assumption. In other words, individuals elections in Ogun State, certain rural communities
partake in political endeavors intending to attain were also included in the visits. In the 2023 election,
specific objectives, and they decide to do so when the youth's high level of engagement and initiatives
the advantages of doing so surpass the led to significant changes in how young people
disadvantages (Deimel et al., 2021). participate in politics in the state. The youth's
The term "election" encompasses various growing interest in voter registration and increased
literal meanings, such as selection, extraction, involvement in political matters suggest a possible
designating something, and appointing an individual change in the usual pattern, making the 2023 general
to a position from a cohort (Kiani&Sartipi, 2016). election stand out.
The term "election" connotes the process of This study's theoretical framework centers
choosing among several alternatives and entails on Group Theory and explores how social groups
selectivity (Steele, 2011). and collective action can enhance youth inclusion
Political groups are essential for and political participation in Nigeria's upcoming
democracy. They drive the progress of modern 2023 election. This research seeks to improve our
democracy. They serve as hubs for political understanding of how group dynamics can empower
mobilization and engagement through various social and mobilize young people for active political
and political activities (Kioupkiolis, 2022). Political participation by applying the principles of Group
parties have various functions, including Theory to the study of youth engagement in the
recruitment, mobilization, and participation, which political process.
are crucial for engaging young people in politics Group Theory offers a structure for
(Len & Young, 2021). examining how individuals behave and interact in a
| Impact Factor value 7.52 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 449
International Journal of Humanities Social Science and Management (IJHSSM)
Volume 4, Issue 2, Mar.-Apr., 2024, pp: 447-454 www.ijhssm.org
group environment. It delves into the formation, The researchers will next randomly choose study
operation, and impact of groups on their members' participants using cluster sampling within each
behavior. Group Theory is utilized in this study to stratum. This includes randomly picking individuals
explore how social groups influence youth political from defined groupings, such as neighborhoods or
engagement. communities. These sampling methods allow
researchers to gather a representative sample from
III. Methodology the target population in chosen Ogun State local
In the study on youth inclusion and governments. Using regression analysis, the study's
political participation in Nigeria, the researcher collected data will be examined
would employ a quantitative research design. This A population-representative sample size will be
design entails the collection and analysis of chosen using the formula below. Using Taro
numerical data to examine the relationships between Yamane (1964) limited population formula.
variables and quantify the extent of youth inclusion Where:
and political participation. The researcher will n= sample size
develop structured surveys with closed-ended N= population size
questions, conduct systematic observations to record E= level of precision (0.05)
specific behaviors or utilize existing datasets N= 1,757,600
containing quantitative information. The population n=1,757,600
of the study includes the total number of participants _________________________
ranging from the oldest to the youngest 1,757,600. 1+ 1,757,600 (0.0025)
This constitutes the total number of participants in 1,757,600
this study including ages 18-35 years. _________________________
Three Ogun state local governments will 1 + 4394
get questionnaires for the study. The local 1,757,600
governments are Abeokuta South, Sagamu, and Ado _________________________
OdoOtta. These local governments span Ogun 4395.
State's three senatorial districts. By integrating these n= 399.9
local administrations, researchers hope to gain Sample size = 400
information from a variety of state regions. The The study will distribute 400 questionnaires to three
study will use stratified and cluster sampling. The local governments in Ogun state, Nigeria.
researcher will stratify the population by Ogun State Respondents’ responses to questions in the
local governments via stratified sampling. This questionnaire
guarantees sample local government representation.
IV. Results
What is your perception of the level of youth participation in the political process during
the 2023 general election in Nigeria?
Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
Valid Very low 21 5.5 5.5 5.5
Low 53 13.8 13.8 19.3
Moderate 44 11.5 11.5 30.8
High 225 58.7 58.7 89.6
Very high 40 10.4 10.4 100.0
Total 383 100.0 100.0
| Impact Factor value 7.52 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 450
International Journal of Humanities Social Science and Management (IJHSSM)
Volume 4, Issue 2, Mar.-Apr., 2024, pp: 447-454 www.ijhssm.org
In your opinion, how does youth participation in the 2023 general election impact voter
turnout?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid No impact 63 16.4 16.4 16.4
Lo impact 63 16.4 16.4 32.9
Moderate impact 68 17.8 17.8 50.7
High Impact 132 34.5 34.5 85.1
Very high impact 57 14.9 14.9 100.0
Total 383 100.0 100.0
What do you think is the impact of youth participation in the 2023 general election on election results?
Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
Valid No impact 21 5.5 5.5 5.5
Lo impact 21 5.5 5.5 11.0
Moderate impact 233 60.8 60.8 71.8
High Impact 86 22.5 22.5 94.3
Very high impact 22 5.7 5.7 100.0
Total 383 100.0 100.0
Do you think institutions provide equal opportunities for youth to participate in politics
during the 2023 general election?
Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative Percent
Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 40 10.4 10.4 10.4
Disagree 132 34.5 34.5 44.9
Neutral 80 20.9 20.9 65.8
Agee 109 28.5 28.5 94.3
Strongly Agree 22 5.7 5.7 100.0
Total 383 100.0 100.0
Which of the following factors do you believe contribute to or hinder youth inclusion in the political
sphere in Nigeria?
Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
Valid Lack of access to political resources 42 11.0 11.0 11.0
and opportunities
Limited representation of youth issues 152 39.7 39.7 50.7
in political agendas
Socioeconomic barriers to political 142 37.1 37.1 87.7
involvement
| Impact Factor value 7.52 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 451
International Journal of Humanities Social Science and Management (IJHSSM)
Volume 4, Issue 2, Mar.-Apr., 2024, pp: 447-454 www.ijhssm.org
Lack of political education and 36 9.4 9.4 97.1
awareness among youth
Others 11 2.9 2.9 100.0
Total 383 100.0 100.0
V. Discussion of Findings engagement strongly influences elections and
Youth inclusion, which is crucial for a political outcomes. This fosters youth participation
healthy and inclusive democracy in Nigeria and in democratic processes and enables youngsters to
other nations, involves youth participation in define their nations' political futures (Brar-Josan,
decision-making processes, policies, and initiatives 2015). Dixion (2022) says young inclusion goes
that affect them (Trivelli and Morel, 2021). Youth beyond symbols. Give teens real chances to make
encounter many barriers to political participation. life-changing decisions. High-impact youth
Survey data shows various hurdles to young involvement illustrates that young people can
political participation in Nigeria. In the poll, 39.7% influence elections. This confirms Pietilaet al.'s
were concerned about political discourse and (2021) claim that young voters alter election
decision-making neglecting youth problems, narratives, agendas, and governance by bringing
priorities, and opinions. This illustrates that young new ideas, energy, and change demands to politics.
Nigerians' opinions are routinely neglected, Data shows that various extrinsic variables
separating the political elite from their needs. restrict adolescent political participation. Political
37.1% said socioeconomic restrictions prevent parties and institutions in Nigeria created these
young political participation. Many youth exogenous pressures. Data includes institutional,
encounter institutional barriers to political economic, cultural, and social standards and
involvement in a poor and unequal society. 11.0% limited political resources and possibilities. The
of respondents said restricted political networks, literature reviewed found that political parties that
platforms, and resources hinder youth political engage citizens in political recruitment and
participation. Without proper tools and assistance, government formation through campaign activities
many young people struggle to manage political have a major impact on the political environment
involvement, excluding them from politics. Despite and youth involvement, while electoral institutions,
only 9.4% of responders, this highlights the need to entrusted by the Constitution with coordinating,
educate young Nigerians about politics. The study organizing, and administering elections, can
found that the environment causes all youth significantly increase youth involvement. This
inclusion difficulties. Thus, settings where reduces youth political engagement in 20213.
adolescents can freely express their thoughts and be Young people are similarly limited to political
heard are necessary to enhance youth involvement party or institution benefits. Godfathers may easily
(Pietila et al., 2021). Mentorship, youth councils, motivate youth during election season due to their
advisory committees, and youth-led projects can wealth and status. They campaign and rally with
help. Youth participation makes policies and youth from the primary to the general election
programmes more relevant, efficient, and (Turnbull, 2020). Vote buying, ballot box
sustainable. Youthprogramsg improves when needs snatching, result collation disruption, and political
and ambitions are met. Young people gain opponent intimidation plague Nigerian elections
confidence and self-esteem via empowerment and (Nwankwo, 2023). Young people recruited by
affiliation (Brar-Josan, 2015). political leaders perpetrate and worsen these
Understanding how youth engagement irregularities. These influential figures may
affected the 2023 Nigerian General Election, The motivate young people to engage in controversial
study found that many respondents thought youth behavior if election outcomes don't match their
involvement affected elections. Youth engagement preferences (Cheeseman et al., 2021). Post-election
in the 2023 general election had a high and very violence in Nigeria has killed hundreds. The
high influence, according to 34.5% and 14.9% of Constitution gives electoral institutions the power
respondents. The study also found that 17.8% to coordinate, plan, and run elections, which can
believe young engagement moderates elections. engage young (Akoth, 2022).
This suggests moderate recognition of youth
electoral dynamics. The study’s statistics reveal VI. Conclusion
that many people recognize youth engagement's The General Election of 2023 was a
impact on political dynamics and outcomes. Youth remarkable and significant event in which young
| Impact Factor value 7.52 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 452
International Journal of Humanities Social Science and Management (IJHSSM)
Volume 4, Issue 2, Mar.-Apr., 2024, pp: 447-454 www.ijhssm.org
people played an important part. The current trend
of youth involvement maychange as a result of References
their excitement, engagement, and novel methods [1]. Akoth, V. B. (2022). Youth in Political
of political participation. This research makes a Parties and Electoral Conflicts.
significant contribution to the expanding body of [2]. Allsop, B. (2020). Youth Political
literature on the topic of youth involvement in Participation Under Neoliberal Hegemony
political processes. It also emphasizes the (Doctoral dissertation, University of
significance of acknowledging and empowering Lincoln).
young people as active agents of change. [3]. Badmus, B. (2019). Nigerian youths more
In conclusion, the results of the research than prepared for leadership―Young
offer significant insights into the extent to which Alliance. Nigerian Tribune.
young people will participate in the general [4]. Biswas, F. (2023). Electoral patterns and
election which will take place in 2023. According voting behavior of Bihar in Assembly
to the majority of respondents, the large impact that elections from 2010 to 2020: a spatial
young people had on the political process may be analysis. GeoJournal, 88(1), 655-689.
inferred from the high degree of public [5]. Cheeseman, N., Lynch, G., & Willis, J.
participation that they experienced. The young (2021). Why Do Elections Matter in Africa?:
people displayed their dedication to influencing the Democracy, Voting, and Virtue. Cambridge
political environment by actively campaigning, University Press.
mobilizing support, and working towards a [6]. Deimel, D., Hoskins, B., & Abs, H. J.
common objective at the same time. This research (2021). How do schools affect inequalities in
contributes to our understanding of the political political participation: Compensation of
engagement of young people and highlights the social disadvantage or provision of
significance of providing young people with the differential access? In Civic Learning for
tools they need to bring about good change in Alienated, Disaffected and Disadvantaged
society. Students (pp. 6-26). Routledge.
[7]. Fortune Europe (January 25, 2023):
VII. Recommendations https://www.zippia.com/fortune-magazine-
1. Promote Youth Political Participation: Create careers-516428/demographics/
targeted campaigns and activities. Voter education, [8]. Galstyan, M. (2019). Youth political
youth-led political forums, and politician participation. Literature review [el. source]:
mentorship are examples. [9]. Kiani, A., &Sartipi, H. (2016). Functions of
2. Solve Inclusion Barriers: Determine and solve election in a democratic system.
youth political inclusion barriers. This can include International Research Journal of
campaigning for policy reforms including lowering Interdisciplinary & Multidisciplinary
the political candidature age restriction, funding Studies, IRJIMS, 2(9), 20-35.
young candidates, and enacting affirmative action [10]. Kioupkiolis, A. (2022). Common
to ensure youth participation. Hegemony, Populism, and the New
3. Assess the Impact of young engagement: Municipalism: Democratic Alter-politics and
Conduct extensive research on how young Transformative Strategies. Taylor & Francis.
engagement affected the 2023 General Election. [11]. Kittilson, M. C., &Schwindt-Bayer, L. A.
This can show the value of youth involvement and (2012). The gendered effects of electoral
convince officials to include them in future institutions: Political engagement and
elections. participation. Oxford University Press.
4. Promote Institutional Changes: Work with [12]. Kura, S. Y. B., Shehu, M., Ladan, M. U., &
political parties and institutions to promote youth Africa, Y. (2023). Youth Political
involvement policies. This includes supporting Participation in Sokoto: Breaking the
internal party reforms like youth quotas in Stronghold and Creating Pathways.
candidate selection and youth policy priorities. [13]. Len, A., & Young, S. (2021). Civil Society
5. Create Comprehensive young strategies: Organisations and Youth Civic Engagement
Propose strategies to increase young political in Cambodia. CDRI, Cambodia
engagement in future elections. This can include Development Resource Institute.
youth-friendly voting systems, funding for young- [14]. Mattei, P. (2023). Democratizing Science:
led initiatives, and forums for youth to voice their The Political Roots of the Public
concerns and ideas. Engagement Agenda. Policy Press.
| Impact Factor value 7.52 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 453
International Journal of Humanities Social Science and Management (IJHSSM)
Volume 4, Issue 2, Mar.-Apr., 2024, pp: 447-454 www.ijhssm.org
[15]. Middaugh, E., Clark, L. S., & Ballard, P. J. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/event
(2017). Digital media, participatory politics, s/prizesandcelebrations/celebrations/internati
and positive youth development. Pediatrics, onal-days/world-radio-day-2013/statistics-
140(Supplement_2), S127-S131. on-youth/
[16]. National Bureau of Statistics (2018). 2017 [28]. Walters, D. E. (2022). The administrative
Demographic Statistics Bulletin. Not agon: A democratic theory for a conflictual
Available regulatory state. Yale LJ, 132, 1.
[17]. Nwankwo, J. C. (2023). The 2019 General [29]. Zohdy, N. (2017). Examining why and how
Elections, Logistics Challenges, and to engage young people in global
Electoral Transparency: the Implications for development: A literature review. World
Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria. Bank Group.
Caritas Journal of Management, Social
Sciences and Humanities, 2(1).
[18]. O’toole, T. (2016). Beyond crisis narratives:
Changing modes and repertoires of political
participation among young people. Politics,
citizenship, and rights, 225-242.
[19]. Offiong, I. (2018). Youth not yet ready for
leadership role. The Nigerian Voice.
[20]. Olufowobi, S. (June 4, 2018). Nigerian
youths ready for leadership –Young
Alliance. Punch.
[21]. Paudel, H. (2023). Understanding of
Reservation System for Political
Participation: A Case Study of Local
Government, Nepal (Doctoral dissertation,
Kathmandu University School of
Education).
[22]. Pontes, A. I., Henn, M., & Griffiths, M. D.
(2019). Youth political (dis) engagement and
the need for citizenship education:
Encouraging young people’s civic and
political participation through the
curriculum. Education, Citizenship and
Social Justice, 14(1), 3-21.
[23]. Roglic, M. (2022). Insight into participative
processes within multi-stakeholder settings.
Analysing public MSIs within the European
Union LEADER program: case study of
Croatia (Doctoral dissertation, Université de
Montpellier).
[24]. Steele, P. (2011), the history of elections in
the world, translation by ParvizDalirpour,
Tehran: Sabzan, 1st edition
[25]. Towoju, A. J. (2021). An Assessment of
Youth Participation in Kwara State Politics:
2015-2020 (Doctoral dissertation, Kwara
State University (Nigeria).
[26]. Turnbull, M. (2020). Elite competition,
social movements, and election violence in
Nigeria. International Security, 45(3), 40-78.
[27]. United Nations Educational Scientific and
Cultural Organization (2013). World Radio
Day, statistics on youth. UNESCO.
Retrieved from
| Impact Factor value 7.52 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 454
