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Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 RED SPRUCE
Picea rubra, (DuRoi) Deitr.
Form.—Height 70-80 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk straight,
continuous, free from limbs to a considerable height when in close
stands; crown conical; limbs somewhat drooping below, horizontal in
the middle, ascending above.
Leaves.—Crowded and diverging in all directions from the twig;
rounded or acute points, ½-⅝ inch long, dark yellow-green.
Flowers.—April-May; monoecious; staminate oval, almost sessile,
red; pistillate oblong, with thin rounded scales.
Fruit.—Cones ovate-oblong, narrowed from middle to acute apex;
1¼-2 inches long; scales reddish-brown with entire margins.
Bark.—Roughened by thin, irregular-shaped brown scales.
Wood.—Light, soft, close-grained, not strong, pale in color, with
whitish sapwood.
Range.—Newfoundland to West Virginia and southward along the
Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia, west to Minnesota.
Distribution in West Virginia.—Growing at high elevation in
Grant, Tucker, Randolph, Pendleton, Pocahontas, Webster, Nicholas
and Greenbrier counties. Now largely removed by lumbermen.
Habitat.—Well-drained uplands; also on mountain tops and
occasionally on borders of swamps.
Notes.—Since this species is the only native spruce in West Virginia
there is no cause for confusing it with anything else. Norway spruce
has much larger cones. Originally red spruce was one of our
principal lumber trees, but when it is removed there is but little
natural reproduction. Often planted for shade. Wood used for
construction, musical instruments, furniture, aeroplanes and paper
pulp.
 HEMLOCK
Tsuga canadensis, (L.) Carr.
Form.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk with limbs
nearly to the ground when in the open but free from them to a
considerable height when in dense stands; slender horizontal
branches form a pyramidal crown which is often irregular.
Leaves.—Arranged on all sides of the branch, but appearing as if in
two ranks, flat, thin, rounded or slightly notched at the tip, about ½
inch long, dark green above, pale beneath.
Flowers.—April-May; monoecious; staminate in the axils, globose,
yellow; pistillate terminal, pale green, oblong, with broad bracts and
short pinkish scales.
Fruit.—Cones mature each autumn; borne on slender stalks; ovate,
about ¾ of an inch long; scales rounded, about as broad as long;
seeds about ⅛ inch long, half as long as their wings.
Bark.—With deep fissures on old trunks and prominent rounded
ridges; inner bark cinnamon-red.
Wood.—Light, medium hard, brittle, coarse-grained, not easily
worked, not durable when exposed to the weather; red-brown with
lighter sapwood.
Range.—Nova Scotia, south to Alabama and west to Minnesota.
Distribution in West Virginia.—Common in nearly all parts of the
State, reaching high elevations in the mountain counties, and
confined to ravines and rough stony ground in most of the hilly
sections.
Habitat.—Prefers damp stony northern exposures, deep stream
gorges, river banks, and swamp borders.
Notes.—The hemlock ranks as one of the most useful trees. The
wood is used for construction, paper pulp, and lath; the bark is used
in tanning; and the trees are often planted on lawns and in hedges.
 BALSAM FIR
Abies fraseri, (Pursh) Poir.
Form.—Height 30-70 feet, diameter 1-2½ feet; trunk continuous,
tapering; crown pyramidal; rigid horizontal or ascending branches.
Leaves.—Linear, arranged around the stem, ½-¾ of an inch long,
dark silvery green.
Flowers.—Monoecious; staminate yellow with red tinge; pistillate
with rounded scales and pale yellow-green bracts.
Fruit.—Cones oblong-ovate, about 2½ inches long; width of scales
twice their length, dark purple; bracts reflexed covering at maturity
about half the scale.
Bark.—Roughened by cinnamon or gray scales.
Wood.—Light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, pale brown with
whitish sapwood.
Range.—From Virginia and West Virginia south to North Carolina
and Tennessee.
Distribution in West Virginia.—Growing near Cheat Bridge,
Randolph County; on the head of the Greenbrier River, Pocahontas
County; and near the head of Blackwater fork of Cheat River in
Tucker County.
Habitat.—Grows at high elevations and seems to prefer swampy
soil in West Virginia.
Notes.—This species, which reaches the northern limit of its
restricted range in Tucker County, is not commercially important. The
trunks are occasionally sawed into lumber, and the tree has been
widely transplanted on lawns.
 ARBOR VITAE
Thuja occidentalis, L.
Form.—Height 40-50 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk often divided;
crown compact, pyramidal.
Leaves.—In 4 ranks on the stems, scale-like, ⅛-¼ inch long,
longest and long-pointed on leading shoots, yellow-green, aromatic.
Flowers.—April-May; monoecious; staminate round, small, yellow;
pistillate larger, oblong, reddish.
Fruit.—Cones maturing in early Autumn, oblong, about ½ inch long,
reddish-brown, and persisting through the following winter.
Bark.—On trunk reddish-brown, slightly furrowed, and separating in
ragged and twisted strips.
Wood.—Light, soft, brittle, durable, fragrant, yellowish-brown;
sapwood whitish and thin.
Range.—Labrador, Manitoba and Minnesota, southward along the
mountains to North Carolina.
Distribution in West Virginia.—Small trees on the South Branch
of the Potomac River and on the North Fork of the South Branch in
Pendleton County. Reported from Grant and Mineral counties.
Habitat.—River banks, swamps, rocky hillsides.
Notes.—This tree, often called white cedar, is so rare in West
Virginia, and of so small a size that it has but little value, except
from the standpoint of the botanist. It is commonly planted
throughout the State for hedges and other ornamental purposes.
 RED CEDAR
Juniperus virginiana, L.
Form.—Height 30-40 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; crown pyramidal or
rounded, often irregular, dense.
Leaves.—Opposite, of two kinds: (1) scale-like overlapping one-
sixteenth inch long, (2) awl-shaped, ¼-½ inch long, less common
than the other form.
Flowers.—April-May; dioecious, or occasionally monoecious; in
small lateral catkins.
Fruit.—A berry-like strobile, maturing in autumn, about ¼ inch in
diameter, dark blue with white bloom, sweet and resinous.
Bark.—Thin, peeling off in long strips, reddish-brown.
Wood.—Light, soft, fragrant, close-grained, very durable, red, with
whitish sapwood.
Range.—Nova Scotia and Ontario, south to Florida and Texas.
Distribution in West Virginia.—Occasionally found in Randolph,
Tucker, Upshur, Pocahontas, Webster, Barbour, Harrison, Taylor,
Lewis, and in the mountainous parts of Nicholas, Greenbrier, Grant,
Preston and Monongalia counties. A scattered growth throughout the
western and southern hilly counties. Plentiful in Jefferson, Berkeley,
Morgan, Hampshire, and in parts of Gilmer, Calhoun and Putnam
counties.
Habitat.—Prefers rough limestone soils and dry hillsides, but grows
in a variety of soils and situations.
Notes.—This species is valued on account of its durable wood and
attractive appearance. During the past two or three years many red
cedars have been destroyed in the eastern section of the State in
order to stamp out apple rust which exists in one of its stages upon
this tree.
 BLACK WILLOW
Salix nigra, Marsh.
Form.—Height 30-50 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk often crooked or
leaning; crown open with long straggling limbs.
Leaves.—Alternate, simple, narrowly lanceolate, taper-pointed,
margins finely serrate, 3-6 inches long, ¼-¾ inch broad; large
semicordate stipules.
Flowers.—March-April, before the leaves; dioecious; both kinds of
flowers borne in slender, hairy catkins, 1-3 inches long; calyx and
corolla wanting; scales yellow, with 3-6 stamens.
Fruit.—A capsule ⅛ inch long, early splitting open and liberating the
hairy seeds which are carried about by the wind.
Bark.—On twigs reddish-brown; on old trunks thick, and rough with
many broad connecting ridges, often becoming shaggy.
Wood.—Light, soft, brittle, not durable, very dark colored with light
sapwood.
Range.—New Brunswick south to Florida, west to Dakota, Arizona
and central California.
Distribution in West Virginia.—A common tree along streams in
nearly all parts of the State.
Habitat.—Banks of streams and pond borders.
Notes.—This is the commonest and most easily recognized of the
willows. Its greatest value in West Virginia is probably the part it
plays in holding stream banks in place. The wood is sometimes used
for fuel and charcoal.
 AMERICAN ASPEN
Populus tremuloides, Michx.
Form.—Height 30-40 feet, diameter 10-20 inches; trunk usually
continuous, supporting a rounded loose crown.
Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 1½-2 inches long, roundish, heart-
shaped, thin, margins finely serrate; petioles long and slender,
permitting the leaves to tremble with the slightest breeze.
Flowers.—April, before the leaves; dioecious; both kinds of flowers
on drooping aments.
Fruit.—A 2-valved capsule ¼ inch long; seeds brown, with long,
white hairs.
Bark.—Smooth, greenish, sometimes with raised, warty bands and
dark blotches below the bases of limbs.
Wood.—Light, soft, not strong nor durable, brownish with lighter
sapwood.
Range.—Alaska to Newfoundland south to Pennsylvania and along
the mountains to Kentucky, west to California and Mexico; the widest
range of any North American species.
Distribution in West Virginia.—Small trees found growing
sparingly in the mountain counties; observed in Randolph,
Pocahontas, Pendleton, Grant, Tucker, Preston and Upshur counties.
Reported from Calhoun, Gilmer, Monongalia, Mason, Summers and
Wirt counties.
Habitat.—Prefers sandy and gravelly soils, but thrives on others;
frequent in high cut-over areas which have been burned.
Notes.—This tree, which is locally known as Quaking Asp, can be
distinguished from the other poplars by its finely-toothed tremulous
leaves. The species is not important in West Virginia, and is seldom
used for any purpose.
 LARGE-TOOTHED POPLAR
Populus grandidentata, Michx.
Form.—Height 30-60 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk continuous,
tapering; slender ascending branches forming a somewhat loose
oval crown.
Leaves.—Alternate, simple, round-ovate, coarsely sinuate-toothed,
thin, dark green above, paler beneath, smooth; petioles long,
slender, laterally flattened.
Flowers.—April-May, before the leaves; dioecious; staminate in
short catkins; pistillate in elongating looser catkins.
Fruit.—Two-halved, cone-shaped, hairy capsules ⅛ inch long on
drooping catkins; seeds brown, small, with long white hairs.
Bark.—Smooth except near the base, gray-green, resembling that of
American Aspen, but with more yellowish or buff color on young
trunks and limbs.
Wood.—Light, soft, not strong, light brown with almost white
sapwood.
Range.—Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Minnesota to Iowa, Illinois,
Indiana and Delaware; southward along the Alleghanies to North
Carolina.
Distribution in West Virginia.—Not common. Found in the
following localities: Webster, on Elk Mountain; Randolph, Horton and
Gandy Creek; Tucker, near Davis; Monongalia, Deckers Creek; Tyler
near Middlebourne. Reported from Ohio and Preston counties.
Habitat.—Rich, moist, sandy soil.
Notes.—This tree can be distinguished by its coarse-toothed leaves.
It is comparatively rare and of little importance commercially.
 COTTONWOOD
Populus deltoides, Marsh.
Form.—Height 50-100 feet, diameter 3-5 feet; trunk usually
continuous and tapering; horizontal and ascending branches forming
a long pyramidal crown.
Leaves.—Alternate, simple, deltoid or broadly ovate, 3-5 inches
long, margins coarsely crenate toothed except at base and apex,
dark shining green above, paler beneath, petioles 2-3 inches long,
laterally flattened.
Flowers.—April, before the leaves; dioecious; staminate in short
drooping catkins; pistillate in elongating looser catkins.
Fruit.—Capsule 2-4-valved on long drooping catkins; brown seeds
covered with a dense mat of long white hairs.
Bark.—Rough on old trees, with deep fissures and with more or less
parallel and connected rounded ridges.
Wood.—Light, soft, not easily seasoned, brown with thick whitish
sapwood.
Range.—Southern Canada to Florida and west to the Rocky
Mountains.
Distribution in West Virginia.—Infrequent; South Branch of the
Potomac River near Romney, Hampshire County, and near
Petersburg, Grant County. Found at a few other points along the
Potomac and its tributaries.
Habitat.—Prefers rich moist soil, along the banks of streams.
Notes.—The Cottonwood, commonly known as Carolina Poplar, is
the largest of our true poplars. It is rare and of little value where it
grows naturally in the State, but is extensively planted as a shade
tree. This species is a very rapid grower but otherwise has little to
recommend it for ornamental planting.
 BUTTERNUT
Juglans cinerea, L.
Form.—Height 20-60 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk short, dividing
into an open, broad crown of large horizontal or ascending branches.
Leaves.—Alternate, compound, 15-30 inches long; leaflets 11-17,
oblong, acute, 2-3 inches long, finely serrate except at the base,
yellow-green, rough above, pubescent beneath; petioles hairy.
Flowers.—May, with the first leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers
in drooping catkins the pistillate solitary or several on a spike, bracts
covered with white or pink glandular hairs; pistils red.
Fruit.—Matures in autumn; solitary or in clusters of 3-5; nut ovate-
oblong, deeply furrowed and sculptured into several longitudinal
ribs; husk thin, hairy, sticky; kernel sweet, edible, and oily.
Bark.—Light gray on twigs, brownish on old trunks; divided by dark
fissures into lighter flat-topped ridges. Inner bark bitter, becoming
yellow on exposure to the air.
Wood.—Light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, light brown, light
colored sapwood.
Range.—Southern Canada and Minnesota to Delaware and
Arkansas, south in the mountains to Georgia.
Distribution in West Virginia.—A common tree, found throughout
the State except in the highest mountains and in a few areas south
and west, especially in Jackson, Putnam, Mingo, and Wyoming
counties. Thrives at higher altitudes than Black Walnut, and grows at
3000 feet, or over, along cold mountain streams and hillsides in
Randolph and adjacent counties.
Habitat.—Prefers rich, moist soil.
Notes.—A less common and less valuable tree than its near relative
next described.
 BLACK WALNUT
Juglans nigra, L.
Form.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-6 feet; trunk usually straight
and clean; crown round and very open.
Leaves.—Alternate, compound, 1-2 feet long, 13-23 leaflets, 3-3½
inches long, 1-1¼ inches broad, sharply serrate, long, sharp-
pointed, yellow-green and smooth above, paler and pubescent
beneath.
Flowers.—May, with half developed leaves; monoecious; staminate
flowers in long, greenish, drooping catkins; the pistillate single or
several in a spike.
Fruit.—Matures in autumn, nut round, very rough, 1-2 inches in
diameter; husk thick, rough; kernel sweet, edible, oily.
Bark.—Brownish and hairy on twigs, dark brown on old trunks, with
deep furrows and rounded ridges.
Wood.—Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, rich dark brown with
light-colored sapwood.
Range.—Northern states from Maine to Minnesota and south to
Florida.
Distribution in West Virginia.—Common in all parts of the State,
but not found at high elevations. The best stands are now cut out.
Habitat.—Prefers rich, moist soils, and requires an abundance of
light.
Notes.—The Black Walnut is classed as one of the most valuable of
our trees on account of its superior wood. It is also prized on
account of its nuts and is sometimes planted on lawns. Where
suitable land is available this rapid-growing species may be profitably
planted for commercial purposes.
 SHELL-BARK HICKORY
Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch.
Form.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk in close stands
straight and free from branches to a good height; in the open short
and bearing a rounded or oblong crown.
Leaves.—Alternate, compound, 8-14 inches long; leaflets usually 5,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, ciliate on the margins,
firm, dark yellow-green and glabrous above, paler and nearly
glabrous beneath; petioles usually smooth, sometimes hairy.
Flowers.—May; monoecious; the staminate in pendulous catkins;
the pistillate in 2-5-flowered spikes.
Fruit.—Round-oval, nearly smooth, 1-2 inches in diameter; husk
thick, splitting freely to the base; nut 4-angled, with a thick or thin
wall; kernel sweet and edible.
Bark.—Gray; on old trunks very rough, separating into long loose
strips which give the trunk its characteristic shaggy appearance.
Wood.—Hard, heavy, tough, strong, close-grained, pliable, light
brown with nearly white sapwood.
Range.—Southern Canada and Minnesota south to Florida and
Texas.
Distribution in West Virginia.—A common tree except on the
highest mountains. Reported as not plentiful in Wetzel, Roane,
Jackson and Summers counties.
Habitat.—Thrives best in rich, damp soils, common along streams
and on moist hillsides.
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