O2-

Mg2+

KMnO4
• An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is
a type of chemical reaction that involves a
transfer of electrons between two species.
An oxidation-reduction reaction is any
chemical reaction in which the oxidation
number of a molecule, atom, or ion
changes by gaining or losing an electron.
• Redox reactions are common and vital to
some of the basic functions of life,
including photosynthesis, respiration,
combustion, and corrosion or rusting.
 Oxidation-Reduction Reaction
• Ex: Rusting of Iron Nail
• Burning of woods

Ex: 2Na (s) + Cl (g) → 2NaCl (s)

Redox reactions are a chemical
reactions involving simultaneously
oxidation and reduction processes

Oxidation & reduction :

❖ a addition (gain) or loss (elimination) of
oxygen or hydrogen
❖ accepting(receives) or donating of
electrons
❖ change in oxidation number
• Redox Reactions :
✓ Oxidation is the process of gaining
oxygen & elimination of hydrogen
✓ reduction is the process of losing
oxygen & addition of hydrogen
✓ oxidizing agent is the substance
which experiences reduction &
receives electrons .
✓ reducing agent is the substance
which experiences oxidation & donates
electrons .
 OIL REG

LEO the Lion says GER

 Remember
• Reduction: Gain of electrons
O.N. ↓

Oxidation: Loss of electrons

O. N. ↑
PbO – oxidising
agent
(experiences
reduction Loss of oxygen ---- reduction

Mg + PbO MgO + Pb

Gain of oxygen ---- oxidation

Cl2 – oxidising agent
( undergoes reduction )
--- chlorine oxidises
hydrogen sulphide to
sulphur

Gain of hydrogen --- reduction

H2 S + Cl2 2HCl + S

Loss of hydrogen --- oxidation

H2S – reducing agent

( undergoes oxidation)
--- hydrogen sulphide
reduces chlorine to
hydrogen chloride
B Transfer of Electrons
➢ oxidation involves the loss (releases) of electrons

➢ reduction involves a gain (receives) in electrons

❑ metals are oxidised & its loss their electrons to form cations
❑ non- metal are reduced & its receive electrons to form anions .

Chlorine
–
oxidising Reduction Process
agent Cl2 + 2e- 2Cl- (gain of electron)

2Na(s) + Cl2 (g) 2NaCl(s)

Na Na + + e ( loss of electron)
Sodium – Oxidation Process
reducing
agent
 Oxidation States
• Oxdidation number is a number that
states electrical charge possessed by
each one element atom in the molecular
compound or the ion.
• All shared electrons are assigned to the
atom that attracts electrons miost stronly
• Provides a way to keep tract of electrons
in oxidation-reduction reactions
• Element by itself: 0 • Monoatomic ion: ion
• Grp 1A: always +1 charge
• Grp 2A: always +2 • H: +1 with nonmetals
• Halogens: usually - • H: -1 with metals
1, positive with • O: usually -2, -1 in
oxygen peroxide (H202)
• F: always - 1

Sum of ON’s for a neutral compound = 0

Sum of ON’s for a polyatomic ion = ion charge
2. The oxidation state of monoatomic ion is
equal to its charge.

Ex: Na+ O-
 Rules
1. The Oxidation state of any atom in a free
element is always 0 (Zero).

2. Ex: Na Mg Cl2 H2

O2 N2 P4
S8
3. The sum of oxidation state of the atoms
in:
- Neutral molecule of formula unit is 0.
- A polyatomic ion is equal to the charge of
the ion.

- Ex:
NH3 1 (N ox state) + 3 (H ox sate) = 0

SO4-2 1 (S ox state ) + 4 (O ox state) = -2

4. In compounds, metal always have
positive (+) oxidation states
- Group 1 A metals always have an
oxidation state of +1
- Group 2 A metals always have an ox.
State of +2.

- Ex: KCl MgCl

5. In compounds, non metals are assigned
oxidation states.
 Assign oxidation state to all
atoms in the following
1. Br2
2. Rb+
3. LiF
4. CO2
5. SO3-2
6. Li2O2
7. SF6
8. NO3-
Determine the oxidation and reduction process , oxidising and
reducing agent that occurs in the reactions below .
(a) Mg + PbO MgO + Pb
(b) Anode : Cu Cu2+ + 2e- ; Cu2+ + 2e- Cu
(c) 2CuO + C 2Cu + CO2
(d) Fe2 O3 + 3C 2Fe + 3CO
(e) Mg + CuO MgO + Cu

Solution :
 Remember
• Reduction: Gain of electrons
O.N. ↓

Oxidation: Loss of electrons

O. N. ↑
 Balancing equation in ACIDIC SOL’N using
half reaction method
1. Determine the oxidation
2. Figure out what is being oxidized and reduced.
3. Write half-reactions.
4. Balance atoms other than O and H.
5. Add H2O to balance O and H+ to balance. H.
6. Add electrons to balance charges.
7. Multiply half reactions to make electrons equal in
both.
8. Add the half reactions cancelling out stuff that
appears on both sides.
9. Do final check to make sure everything balances.
Ag + NO3 -→ Ag + + NO
Cr2O7 + I- → Cr3+ + I2
Br2 → BrO3 + Br
- -
Balancing equation in BASIC SOL’N using half
reaction method
1. Determine the oxidation
2. Figure out what is being oxidized and reduced.
3. Write half-reactions.
4. Balance atoms other than O and H.
5. Add H2O to balance O and H+ to balance. H.
6. Add electrons to balance charges.
7. Multiply half reactions to make electrons equal in
both.
8. Add the half reactions cancelling out stuff that
appears on both sides.
9. Do final check to make sure everything balances.
10. For each H+, add one OH- to both sides.
11. Combine H+ and OH- to make H2O.
12. Subtract H20 from both sides if possible.
12. Do final check.
 C : Change in Oxidation Number ( O.N )
❖ oxidation is the increase in oxidation number
❖ reduction is the decrease in the oxidation number
❖ O.N of ions is same value to the charge of the ion.
❖ Ex : Na+, K+ , H+ is +1
Mg2+ , Ca+2 is +2
O2- , S2- is -2
❖ O.N for atom or molecule in a neutral elements are zero ( 0 )
❖ example : O2 , N2 , Na , Mg, Br 2 is 0 .

Oxidising agent
--- chlorine gas
O.N Oxidation number decreases (0 → -1)
reduction
+2 -1 0 +3 -1
2FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3

Reducing agent --- oxidation

iron (II) chloride Oxidation number increases( +2 → +3)
❖ (i) The total oxidation number of all the atoms is equal to the charge
on the ion .
❖ (ii) the total oxidation numbers for all atoms in neutral compound is
zero .
❖ Example : (i) ClO - , oxidation number of chlorine is X
3

X + 3(-2) = -1
The charge of
X -6 = -1
chlorate
X = +5
(ii) The oxidation number of S in MgSO4
+2 + X + 4 (-2) = 0
+2 + X - 8 =0 Oxidation
number of S
X =+6

❖ the total oxidation number for dichromate (VI) ion, Cr2O72- is -2 ,

❖ manganate (VII) , MnO4-1 is -1
Test Yourself :
Calculate the oxidation number of the following elements :
(a) Manganese , Mn in potassium manganate (VII) , KMnO 4
(b) Manganese, Mn in manganate(VII) ion, MnO4 -
(c) Chromium, Cr, in potassium dichromate(VI), K 2Cr2O7
(d) Cromium, Cr,in chromate(VI) ion, CrO 4 2-
(e) Iron in iron(II) chloride , FeCl2
(f) Iron in iron(III) chloride , FeCl3
(g) Carbon , C in sodium carbonate, Na 2CO3

In each of the cases above, the oxidation number of each element is

represented by the value of X .
The oxidising agent is the substance that
❖ receives electrons
❖ experiences a reduction(pengurangan) in the oxidation number .

The reducing agent is the substance that :

❑ loses electrons
❑ experiences an increase (penambahan) in the oxidation number .

Make sure that you add

the electron on the side of
Example :
the half equation that has
(i) Fe 2+ Fe 3+ + e- the bigger oxidation
number
(O.N ) +2 +3
(ii) Br2 + 2e- 2Br-
(O.N) 0 -1