MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION MTH 232/234

COMPILED BY B.SC (07014312797)

“SET THEORY OF PROBABILITY – 1”.

1. A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.4 and P(A ∩ B) = 0.2 Then P(A ∩ B) is equal to ___________

a) 0.4

b) 0.2

c) 0.6

d) 0.8

Answer: a

Explanation: P(A ∩ B) = P(A – (A ∩ B))

= P(A) – P(A ∩ B)

= 0.6 – 0.2 Using P(A) = 1 – P(A)

= 0.4.

2. A problem in mathematics is given to three students A, B and C. If the probability of A solving the
problem is 1⁄2 and B not solving it is 1⁄4. The whole probability of the problem being solved is 63⁄64 then
what is the probability of solving it?

a) 1⁄8

b) 1⁄64

c) 7⁄8

d) 1⁄2

Answer: c

Explanation:

Let A be the event of A solving the problem

Let B be the event of B solving the problem

Let C be the event of C solving the problem

Given P(a) = 1⁄2, P(~B) = 1⁄4 and P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = 63/64

= 1 – P(A ∩ B ∩ C)

= 1 – P(A) P(B) P(C)

Let P(C) = p

i.e. 63⁄64 = 1 – (1⁄2)(1⁄4)(p)

= 1 – p⁄8

⇒ P =1/8 = P(C)

⇒P(C) = 1 – P = 1 – 1⁄8 = 7⁄8.

3. Let A and B be two events such that P(A) = 1⁄5 While P(A or B) = 1⁄2. Let P(B) = P. For what values of P
are A and B independent?

a) 1⁄10 and 3⁄10

b) 3⁄10 and 4⁄5

c) 3⁄8 only

d) 3⁄10

Answer: c

Explanation: For independent events,

P(A ∩ B) = P(A) P(B)

P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)

= P(A) + P(B) – P(A) P(B)

= 1⁄5 + P (1⁄5)P

⇒ 1⁄2 = 1⁄5 + 4⁄5P

⇒ P= 3⁄8.

4. If A and B are two mutually exclusive events with P(~A) = 5⁄6 and P(b) = 1⁄3 then P(A /~B) is equal to
___________

a) 1⁄4

b) 1⁄2

c) 0, since mutually exclusive

d) 5⁄18
Answer: a

Explanation: As A and B are mutually exclusive we have

A∩B¯

And Hence

P(A/B¯)=P(A∩B¯)P(B¯)

1−P(A¯)1−P(B¯)=1−561−13

P(A/B¯)=14

5. If A and B are two events such that P(a) = 0.2, P(b) = 0.6 and P(A /B) = 0.2 then the value of P(A /~B) is
___________

a) 0.2

b) 0.5

c) 0.8

d) 1⁄3

Answer: a

Explanation: For independent events,

P(A /~B) = P(a) = 0.2.

6. If A and B are two mutually exclusive events with P(a) > 0 and P(b) > 0 then it implies they are also
independent.

a) True

b) False

Answer: b

Explanation: P(A ∩ B) = 0 as (A ∩ B) = ∅

But P(A ∩ B) ≠ 0 , as P(a) > 0 and P(b) > 0

P(A ∩ B) = P(A) P(B), for independent events.

7. Let A and B be two events such that the occurrence of A implies occurrence of B, But not vice-versa, then
the correct relation between P(a) and P(b) is?

a) P(A) < P(B)

b) P(B) ≥ P(A)

c) P(A) = P(B)

d) P(A) ≥ P(B)
Answer: b

Explanation: Here, according to the given statement A ⊆ B

P(B) = P(A ∪ (A ∩ B)) (∵ A ∩ B = A)

= P(A) + P(A ∩ B)

Therefore, P(B) ≥ P(A)

8. In a sample space S, if P(a) = 0, then A is independent of any other event.

a) True

b) False

Answer: a

Explanation: P(a) = 0 (impossible event)

Hence, A is not dependent on any other event.

9. If A ⊂ B and B ⊂ A then,

a) P(A) > P(B)

b) P(A) < P(B)

c) P(A) = P(B)

d) P(A) < P(B)

Answer: c

Explanation: A ⊂ B and B ⊂ A => A = B

Hence P(a) = P(b).

10. If A ⊂ B then?

a) P(a) > P(b)

b) P(A) ≥ P(B)

c) P(B) = P(A)

d) P(B) = P(B)

Answer: b

Explanation: A ⊂ B => B ⊂ A

Therefore, P(A) ≥ P(B)

11. If A is a perfect subset of B and P(a < Pb), then P(B – A) is equal to ____________

a) P(a) / P(b)
b) P(a)P(b)

c) P(a) + P(b)

d) P(b) – P(a)

Answer: d

Explanation: From Basic Theorem of probability,

P(B – A) = P(b) – P(a), this is true only if the condition given in the question is true.

12. What is the probability of an impossible event?

a) 0

b) 1

c) Not defined

d) Insufficient data

Answer: a

Explanation: If the probability of an event is 0, then it is called as an impossible event.

13. If A = A1 ∪ A2……..∪ An, where A1…An are mutually exclusive events then?

a) ∑ni=0P(Ai)

b) ∑ni=1P(Ai)

c) ∏ni=0P(Ai)

d) Not defined

Answer: b

Explanation: A = A1 ∪ A2……..∪ An, where A1…An

Since A1…An are mutually exclusive

P(a) = P(A1) + P(A2) + … + P(An)

Therefore p(a)=∑ni=1P(Ai)
RANDOM VARIABLES

1. Consider a dice with the property that that probability of a face with n dots showing up is proportional to
n. The probability of face showing 4 dots is?

a) 17

b) 542

c) 121

d) 421

Answer: d

Explanation: P (n) is proportional to n where n=

1,2,3,…6 is random variable.

P(n) = kn

P(1)+P(2)….P (6) = 1

K(1+2+3+4+5+6) = 1

K=121

Hence P(4) = 4K = 421.

2. Let X be a random variable with probability distribution function f (x)=0.2 for |x|<1

= 0.1 for 1 < |x| < 4

= 0 otherwise

The probability P (0.5 < x < 5) is _____

a) 0.3

b) 0.5

c) 0.4

d) 0.8

Answer: c

Explanation: P (0.5 < x < 5) = Integrating f (x) from

0.5 to 5 by splitting in 3 parts that is from 0.5 to 1

and from 1 to 4 and 4 to 5 we get

P (0.5 < x < 5) = 0.1 + 0.3 + 0

P (0.5 < x < 5) = 0.4.

a) 25.79

b) 25.49

c) 25.29

d) 25.69

Answer: a

Explanation: The mean of 5 innings is

(50+70+82+93+20)÷5 = 63

S.D = [1⁄n (x(n)-mean)2]0.5

S.D = 25.79.

4. Find median and mode of the messages received on 9 consecutive days 15, 11, 9, 5, 18, 4, 15, 13, 17.

a) 13, 6

b) 13, 18

c) 18, 15

d) 15, 16

Answer: b

Explanation: Arranging the terms in ascending order 4, 5, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18, 18.

Median is (n+1)2 term as n = 9 (odd) = 13.

Mode = 18 which is repeated twice.

5. Mode is the value of x where f(x) is a maximum if X is continuous.

a) True

b) False

Answer: a

Explanation: For a continuous variable mode is defined as the value where f(x) is a maximum or it is
defined as the quantity repeated maximum number of times.

6. E (XY)=E (X)E (Y) if x and y are independent.

a) True

b) False
Answer: a

Explanation: By the property of Expectation

E (XY) = E (X) E (Y).

That is the Expectation of a composite function XY is the product of the individual expectations of X and Y.

7. A coin is tossed up 4 times. The probability that tails turn up in 3 cases is ______

a) 12

b) 13

c) 14

d) 16

Answer: a

Explanation: p=0.5 (Probability of tail)

q=1-0.5=0.5

n=4 and x is binomial variate.

P (X=x) = nCx px qn-x.

P (X=3) = 4C3 (0.5)3 = 1⁄2.

8. If E denotes the expectation the variance of a random variable X is denoted as?

a) (E(X))2

b) E(X2)-(E(X))2

c) E(X2)

d) 2E(X)

Answer: b

Explanation: By property of Expectation

V (X) = E (X2)-(E(X))2.

9. X is a variate between 0 and 3. The value of E(X2) is ______

a) 8

b) 7

c) 27

d) 9
Answer: d

Explanation: Integrating f(x) = x2 from 0 to 3 we get E(X2) = 32 = 9.

10. The random variables X and Y have variances 0.2 and 0.5 respectively. Let Z= 5X-2Y. The variance of
Z is?

a) 3

b) 4

c) 5

d) 7

Answer: d

Explanation: Var(X) = 0.2, Var(Y) = 0.5

Z = 5X – 2Y

Var(Z) = Var(5X-2Y)

= Var(5X) + Var(2Y)

= 25Var(X) + 4Var(Y)

Var(Z) = 7.

TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS

1. A statement made about a population for testing purpose is called?

a) Statistic

b) Hypothesis

c) Level of Significance

d) Test-Statistic

Answer: b

Explanation: Hypothesis is a statement made about a population in general. It is then tested and
correspondingly accepted if True and rejected if False.

2. If the assumed hypothesis is tested for rejection considering it to be true is called?

a) Null Hypothesis

b) Statistical Hypothesis

c) Simple Hypothesis

d) Composite Hypothesis
Answer: a

Explanation: If the assumed hypothesis is tested for rejection considering it to be true is called Null
Hypothesis. It gives the value of population parameter.

3. A statement whose validity is tested on the basis of a sample is called?

a) Null Hypothesis

b) Statistical Hypothesis

c) Simple Hypothesis

d) Composite Hypothesis

Answer: b

Explanation: In testing of Hypothesis a statement whose validity is tested on the basis of a sample is called
as Statistical Hypothesis. Its validity is tested with respect to a sample.

4. A hypothesis which defines the population distribution is called?

a) Null Hypothesis

b) Statistical Hypothesis

c) Simple Hypothesis

d) Composite Hypothesis

Answer: c

Explanation: A hypothesis which defines the population distribution is called as Simple hypothesis. It
specifies all parameter values.

5. If the null hypothesis is false then which of the following is accepted?

a) Null Hypothesis

b) Positive Hypothesis

c) Negative Hypothesis

d) Alternative Hypothesis.

Answer: d

Explanation: If the null hypothesis is false then Alternative Hypothesis is accepted. It is also called as
Research Hypothesis.
6. The rejection probability of Null Hypothesis when it is true is called as?

a) Level of Confidence

b) Level of Significance

c) Level of Margin

d) Level of Rejection

Answer: b

Explanation: Level of Significance is defined as the probability of rejection of a True Null Hypothesis.
Below this probability a Null Hypothesis is rejected.

7. The point where the Null Hypothesis gets rejected is called as?

a) Significant Value

b) Rejection Value

c) Acceptance Value

d) Critical Value

Answer: d

Explanation: The point where the Null Hypothesis gets rejected is called as Critical Value. It is also called
as dividing point for separation of the regions where hypothesis is accepted and rejected.

8. If the Critical region is evenly distributed then the test is referred as?

a) Two tailed

b) One tailed

c) Three tailed

d) Zero tailed

Answer: a

Explanation: In two tailed test the Critical region is evenly distributed. One region contains the area where
Null Hypothesis is accepted and another contains the area where it is rejected.

9. The type of test is defined by which of the following?

a) Null Hypothesis

b) Simple Hypothesis

c) Alternative Hypothesis

d) Composite Hypothesis
Answer: c

Explanation: Alternative Hypothesis defines whether the test is one tailed or two tailed. It is also called as
Research Hypothesis.

10. Which of the following is defined as the rule or formula to test a Null Hypothesis?

a) Test statistic

b) Population statistic

c) Variance statistic

d) Null statistic

Answer: a

Explanation: Test statistic provides a basis for testing a Null Hypothesis. A test statistic is a random
variable that is calculated from sample data and used in a hypothesis test.

11. Consider a hypothesis H0 where ϕ0 = 5 against H1 where ϕ1 > 5. The test is?

a) Right tailed

b) Left tailed

c) Center tailed

d) Cross tailed

Answer: a

Explanation: In the given example since H1 lies to the right of the Ho that is the Null Hypothesis the test is
referred as a Right tailed test.

12. Consider a hypothesis where H0 where ϕ0 = 23 against H1 where ϕ1 < 23. The test is?

a) Right tailed

b) Left tailed

c) Center tailed

d) Cross tailed

Answer: b

Explanation: In the Normal Distribution curve of both the hypothesis the H1 hypothesis lies to the left of
the Null hypothesis hence the test is a Left tailed.
13. Type 1 error occurs when?

a) We reject H0 if it is True

b) We reject H0 if it is False

c) We accept H0 if it is True

d) We accept H0 if it is False

Answer: a

Explanation: In Testing of Hypothesis Type 1 error occurs when we reject H0 if it is True. On the contrary
a Type 2 error occurs when we accept H0 if it is False.

14. The probability of Type 1 error is referred as?

a) 1-α

b) β

c) α

d) 1-β

Answer: c

Explanation: In Testing of Hypothesis Type 1 error occurs when we reject H0 if it is True. The probability
of H0 is α then the error probability will be 1- α.

15. Alternative Hypothesis is also called as?

a) Composite hypothesis

b) Research Hypothesis

c) Simple Hypothesis

d) Null Hypothesis

Answer: b

Explanation: Alternative Hypothesis is also called as Research Hypothesis. If the Null Hypothesis is false
then Alternative Hypothesis is accepted.

CHI-SQUARED DISTRIBUTION

1. A dice is tossed 120 times with the following results

No. turned up 1 2 3 4 5 6

Frequency 30 25 18 10 22 15
Test the hypothesis that the dice is unbiased (X2 = 11.7). Calculate the frequency observed for Chi Square
distribution.

a) Dice is unbiased, 11.3

b) Dice is biased, 12.9

c) Dice is unbiased, 10.9

d) Dice is biased, 12.3

Answer: b

Explanation: Step 1: Null Hypothesis: dice is unbiased.

Step 2: Calculation of Expected frequency:

Since the dice is unbiased P(r) = 1/6.

r = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Expected frequency f(r) = N*r = 120* 1/6 = 20

Step3: Calculation of X2

X2 =∑[(fe−fo)]2/fe

Hence X2 = 12.90 > 11.90.

Thus dice is biased.

2. Consider a set of 18 samples from a standard normal distribution. We square each sample and sum all the
squares. The number of degrees of freedom for a Chi Square distribution will be?

a) 17

b) 18

c) 19

d) 20

Answer: b

Explanation: In Chi Square Distribution the number of standard normal derivatives or samples equals the
number of degrees of freedom.

Here total number of standard normal derivatives = 18.

Hence the number of degrees of freedom for a Chi Square distribution = 18.
3. What is the mean of a Chi Square distribution with 6 degrees of freedom?

a) 4

b) 12

c) 6

d) 8

Answer: c

Explanation: By the property of Chi Square distribution, the mean corresponds to the number of degrees of
freedom.

Degrees of freedom = 6.

Hence mean = 6.

4. Which Chi Square distribution looks the most like a normal distribution?

a) A Chi Square distribution with 4 degrees of freedom

b) A Chi Square distribution with 5 degrees of freedom

c) A Chi Square distribution with 6 degrees of freedom

d) A Chi Square distribution with 16 degrees of freedom

Answer: d

Explanation: When the number of degrees of freedom in Chi Square distribution increases it tends to
correspond to normal distribution. The option with a maximum number of degrees of freedom is 16.

5. A bag contains 80 chocolates. This bag has 4 different colors of chocolates in it. If all four colors of
chocolates were equally likely to be put in the bag, what would be the expected number of chocolates of
each color?

a) 12

b) 11

c) 20

d) 9

Answer: c

Explanation: If all four colors were equally likely to be put in the bag, then the expected frequency for a
given color would be 1/4th of the chocolates.

N = 80, r = 1/4

So, the expected frequency = N*r = (1/4)*(80) = 20.

a) 5.6

b) 5.68

c) 5.86

d) 5.8

Answer: d

Explanation: By Chi Square Test we get,

Observed frequency f0= (8+5+12+15)/4 = 10

X2 =∑[(fe−fo)]2fe

The sum of each (expected – observed)2/expected = (10-8)2/10 + (10-5)2/10 + (10-12)2/10 + (10-15)2/10 =

7. A faculty is interested in whether there is a relationship between gender and subject at his college. He
tabulated some men and women on campus and asked them if their subject was Mathematics (M),
Geography (G), and Science (S). What would be the expected frequency of women in Geography based on
this table?

M G S Total

Women 10 14 10 34

Men 11 22 14 23

Total 21 36 24 57

a) 31.12

b) 11.32

c) 12.13

d) 13.12

Answer: d

Explanation: The expected value of women in social sciences is the product of the total number of women
and the total number of social science majors divided by the total number of participants. (22*34)/57 =
13.12.
8. In a sample survey of public opinion answer to the question:

1) Do you drink?

2) Are you in favor of local option sale of Liquor

Yes No Total

Yes 56 31 87

No 18 6 24

Total 74 37 111

Infer or not the local option on the sale of liquor is dependent on individual drinker? Find the value of X2
for degrees of freedom at level of significance 3.841.

a) 0.957

b) 0.975

c) 0.759

d) 0.795

Answer: a

Explanation: Step 1: Null hypothesis: The option on the sale of liquor is not dependent with the individual
drinking.

Step 2: Calculation of theoretical frequencies (Expected)

Expected frequency of (1,1) cell

fe11 = 87*74/111 = 58

fe12 = 87*37/111 = 29

fe21 = 24*74/111 = 16

fe22 = 24*32/111 = 8

Step 3: calculation of X2 distribution we know that

X2 =∑[(fe−fo)]2fe

X2 = 0.957 < 3.841.

Hence the null hypothesis is accepted

Thus the sale of liquor does not depend on the individual drinker.
9. The Variance of Chi Squared distribution is given as k.

a) True

b) False

Answer: b

Explanation: The Mean of Chi Squared distribution is given as k. The Variance of Chi Squared distribution
is given as 2k.

10. Which of these distributions is used for a testing hypothesis?

a) Normal Distribution

b) Chi-Squared Distribution

c) Gamma Distribution

d) Poisson Distribution

Answer: b

Explanation: Chi-Squared Distribution is used for testing hypothesis. The value of X2 decides whether the
hypothesis is accepted or not.

CORRELATION AND REGRESSION

1. The correlation coefficient is used to determine:

a. A specific value of the y-variable given a specific value of the x-variable

b. A specific value of the x-variable given a specific value of the y-variable

c. The strength of the relationship between the x and y variables

d. None of these

Answer: C

2. If there is a very strong correlation between two variables then the correlation coefficient must be

a. any value larger than 1

b. much smaller than 0, if the correlation is negative

c. much larger than 0, regardless of whether the correlation is negative or positive

d. None of these alternatives is correct.

Answer: B
3. In regression, the equation that describes how the response variable (y) is related to the explanatory
variable (x) is:

a. the correlation model

b. the regression model

c. used to compute the correlation coefficient

d. None of these alternatives is correct.

Answer: B

4. The relationship between number of beers consumed (x) and blood alcohol content (y) was studied in 16
male college students by using least squares regression. The following regression equation was obtained
from this study: != -0.0127 + 0.0180x The above equation implies that:

a. each beer consumed increases blood alcohol by 1.27%

b. on average it takes 1.8 beers to increase blood alcohol content by 1%

c. each beer consumed increases blood alcohol by an average of amount of 1.8%

d. each beer consumed increases blood alcohol by exactly 0.018

Answer: C

5. SSE can never be

a. larger than SST

b. smaller than SST

c. equal to 1

d. equal to zero

Answer: A

6. Regression modeling is a statistical framework for developing a mathematical equation that describes how

a. one explanatory and one or more response variables are related

b. several explanatory and several response variables response are related

c. one response and one or more explanatory variables are related

d. All of these are correct.

Answer: C
7. In regression analysis, the variable that is being predicted is the

a. response, or dependent, variable

b. independent variable

c. intervening variable

d. is usually x

Answer: A

8. Regression analysis was applied to return rates of sparrowhawk colonies. Regression analysis was used to
study the relationship between return rate (x: % of birds that return to the colony in a given year) and
immigration rate (y: % of new adults that join the colony per year). The following regression equation was
obtained. ! = 31.9 – 0.34x Based on the above estimated regression equation, if the return rate were to
decrease by 10% the rate of immigration to the colony would:

a. increase by 34%

b. increase by 3.4%

c. decrease by 0.34%

d. decrease by 3.4%

Answer: B

9. In least squares regression, which of the following is not a required assumption about the error term ε?

a. The expected value of the error term is one.

b. The variance of the error term is the same for all values of x.

c. The values of the error term are independent.

d. The error term is normally distributed.

Answer: A

10. Larger values of r 2 (R2 ) imply that the observations are more closely grouped about the

a. average value of the independent variables

b. average value of the dependent variable

c. least squares line

d. origin

Answer: C
11. In a regression analysis if r 2 = 1, then

a. SSE must also be equal to one

b. SSE must be equal to zero

c. SSE can be any positive value

d. SSE must be negative

Answer: B

12. The coefficient of correlation

a. is the square of the coefficient of determination

b. is the square root of the coefficient of determination

c. is the same as r-square

d. can never be negative

Answer: B

13. In regression analysis, the variable that is used to explain the change in the outcome of an experiment, or
some natural process, is called

a. the x-variable

b. the independent variable

c. the predictor variable

d. the explanatory variable

e. all of the above (a-d) are correct

f. none are correct

Answer: E

14. In the case of an algebraic model for a straight line, if a value for the x variable is specified, then

a. the exact value of the response variable can be computed

b. the computed response to the independent value will always give a minimal residual

c. the computed value of y will always be the best estimate of the mean response

d. none of these alternatives is correct.

Answer: A
15. A regression analysis between sales (in $1000) and price (in dollars) resulted in the following equation: !
= 50,000 - 8X The above equation implies that an

a. increase of $1 in price is associated with a decrease of $8 in sales

b. increase of $8 in price is associated with an increase of $8,000 in sales

c. increase of $1 in price is associated with a decrease of $42,000 in sales

d. increase of $1 in price is associated with a decrease of $8000 in sales

Answer: D

16. In a regression and correlation analysis if r 2 = 1, then

a. SSE = SST

b. SSE = 1

c. SSR = SSE

d. SSR = SST

Answer: D

17. If the coefficient of determination is a positive value, then the regression equation

a. must have a positive slope

b. must have a negative slope

c. could have either a positive or a negative slope

d. must have a positive y intercept

Answer: C

18. If two variables, x and y, have a very strong linear relationship, then

a. there is evidence that x causes a change in y

b. there is evidence that y causes a change in x

c. there might not be any causal relationship between x and y

d. None of these alternatives is correct.

Answer: C

19. If the coefficient of determination is equal to 1, then the correlation coefficient

a. must also be equal to 1

b. can be either -1 or +1

c. can be any value between -1 to +1

d. must be -1
Answer: B

20. In regression analysis, if the independent variable is measured in kilograms, the dependent variable

a. must also be in kilograms

b. must be in some unit of weight

c. cannot be in kilograms

d. can be any units

Answer: D

21. The data are the same as for question 4 above. The relationship between number of beers consumed (x)
and blood alcohol content (y) was studied in 16 male college students by using least squares regression. The
following regression equation was obtained from this study: != -0.0127 + 0.0180x Suppose that the legal
limit to drive is a blood alcohol content of 0.08. If Ricky consumed 5 beers the model would predict that he
would be:

a. 0.09 above the legal limit

b. 0.0027 below the legal limit

c. 0.0027 above the legal limit

d. 0.0733 above the legal limit

Answer: B

22. In a regression analysis if SSE = 200 and SSR = 300, then the coefficient of determination is

a. 0.6667

b. 0.6000

c. 0.4000

d. 1.5000

Answer: B

23. If the correlation coefficient is 0.8, the percentage of variation in the response variable explained by the
variation in the explanatory variable is

a. 0.80%

b. 80%

c. 0.64%

d. 64

Answer: D