A

MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON
BLOCKCHAIN BASED MANAGEMENT FOR ORGAN DONATION AND
TRANSPLANTATION
SUBMITTED TO JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,
HYDERABAD FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF DEGREE IN
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
KUNAPUREDDY GANGA BHAVANI (21PP1A0534)
ALEM SHASTRIKA (21PP1A0503)
BODDUPALLY NEERAJA (21PP1A0510)
KARUMANCHI SONY (21PP1A0526)
LINGAMPALLI CHANDANA (21PP1A0535)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
N.SUSHMA M. TECH
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

ANUBOSE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY-PALVONCHA

(Approved by AICTE New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTU HYDERABAD 2024)
 ANUBOSE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY-PALVONCHA
(Approved by AICTE New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTU HYDERABAD)
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the minor project report titled “BLOCKCHAIN BASED
MANAGEMENT FOR ORGAN DONATION AND TRANSPLANTATION” submitted by
KUNAPUREDDY GANGA BHAVANI (21PP1A0534), ALEM SHASTRIKA
(21PP1A0503), BODDUPALLY NEERAJA (21PP1A0510), KARUMANCHI SONY
(21PP1A0526), LINGAMPALLI CHANDANA (21PP1A0535), in IV B. TECH I
semester "COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING" is a record work carried out by
them. The results embodied in the report have not been submitted to any other
university for the award of any degree

Internal Guide Head of the Department

N. SUSHMA M. TECH Dr. A. AVANI M. Tech, Ph. D
Assistant professor. Associate professor.

External Examiner
 DECLARATION
We are here by declare that the dissertation work entitled titled
“BLOCKCHAIN BASED MANAGEMENT FOR ORGAN DONATION AND
TRANSPLANTATION” submitted to department of "COMPUTER SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING", Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad is prepared by
us and was not submitted to any other institution for award of any other degree.

PROJECT ASSOCIATES
KUNAPUREDDY GANGA BHAVANI (21PP1A0534)
ALEM SHASTRIKA (21PP1A0503)
BODDUPALLY NEERAJA (21PP1A0510)
KARUMANCHI SONY (21PP1A0526)
LINGAMPALLI CHANDANA (21PP1A0535)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our deep sense of gratitude and thanks to our minor project guide
N.SUSHMA MTech Assistant Professor of Computer Science and Engineering under
whose guidance and supervision this work had been accomplished.

We are deeply indebted to our Head of the Department Dr. A. AVANI M. Tech,
Ph. D Associate Professor who modeled us both technically and morally for
achieving greater success in life.

We are very grateful to our Principal Dr. B. RAVIKUMAR Ph. D.

for providing us with an environment to complete our project successfully.
We deeply thank Our Chairman & correspondent, Dr. T. BHARATH KRISHNA
M. Tech. Ph. D, with whose support and provision this project has been carried out
with required infrastructure.
We are thankful to the Internal Department Committee who have invested
their valuable time to conduct our monthly presentations and provided their
feedback with a lot of useful suggestions We also thank all the faculty members,
Department of Computer Science & Engineering for their encouragement and
assistance.

PROJECT ASSOCIATES
KUNAPUREDDY GANGA BHAVANI (21PP1A0534)
ALEM SHASTRIKA (21PP1A0503)
BODDUPALLY NEERAJA (21PP1A0510)
KARUMANCHI SONY (21PP1A0526)
LINGAMPALLI CHANDANA (21PP1A0535)
 BLOCKCHAIN BASED
MANAGEMENT FOR ORGAN
DONATION AND
TRANSPLANTATION
 ABSTRACT

Today's organ donation and transplantation systems pose different requirements and challenges in terms
of registration, donor-recipient matching, organ removal, organ delivery, and transplantation with legal,
clinical, ethical, and technical constraints. Therefore, an end-to-end organ donation and transplantation
system is required to guarantee a fair and efficient process to enhance patient experience and trust. In
this paper, we propose a private Ethereum blockchain-based solution to enable organ donation and
transplantation management in a manner that is fully decentraized, secure, traceable, auditable, private,
and trustworthy. We develop smart contracts and present six algorithms along with their implementation,
testing, and validation details. We evaluate the performance of the proposed solution by performing
privacy, security, and confidentiality analyses as well as comparing our solution with the existing
solutions. We make the smart contract code publicly available on Github.
 CONTENT

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
LIST OF FIGURES

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION 3
1.3 EXISTING SYSTEM 4

1.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM 5

1.5 ABOUT JAVA 6

1.6 ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM 20

1.7 DATA_FLOW_DIAGRAM 21

1.8 CLASS DIAGRAM 22

1.9 FLOW_CHART_DIAGRAM 24

1.10 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM 27

1.11 USECASE DIAGRAM 28

2. DESIGN
2.1 STUDY OF THE SYSTEM 29
2.2 INPUT DESIGN 30
2.3 OUTPUT DESIGN 30

2.4 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 31

3. MODULES
3.1 IMPLEMETATION MODULES 34
3.2 DONORS 34

3.3 PATIENTS 34
3.4 HOSPITAL 34
4. TESTING
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO TESTING 35

4.2 TESTING METHODOLOGIES 35

4.3 USER ACCEPTANCE TESTING 37
4.4 OUTPUT TESTING 37

4.5 VALIDATION TESTING 37

5. SNAPSHOT
5.1 SCREENSHOTS 41

5.1.1 HOME PAGE 41

5.1.2 HOSPITAL REGISTRATION 42
5.1.3 HOSPITAL LOGIN AND USER MENU 43
5.1.4 DONOR REDGISTRATION 44
5.1.5 DONOR LOGIN AND USER MENU 45

5.1.6 PATIENT REGISTRATION 46

5.1.7 PATIENT LOGIN AND USER MENU 47

5.1.8 RESULT PAGE 48

6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 CONCLUSION 49

6.2 FUTURE SCOPE 49

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
7.1 Reference 52

8. SAMPLE CODE 57
 LIST OF FIGURES
S.N0 Figures Page
No.
1. Architecture 20
2. Data flow diagram 21
3. Class diagram 22
4. Flow Charts 24
5. Sequence diagram 27
6. Use case diagram 28
7. Home Page 41
8. Hospital Registration 42
9. Hospital login and user menu 43
10. Donor Registration 44
11. Donor login and user menu 45
12. Patient Registration 46

13 Patient login and User menu 47

14 Results 48
 BLOCKCHAIN BASED MANAGEMENT FOR ORGAN DONATION AND TRANSPLANTATION

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Organ failure or damage occurs due to an injury or a disease. It affects the quality of life and, in
some cases, leads to death. Donating an organ is one of humanity's most honorable actions to save the
lives of patients through organ transplantation. For a successful transplant, the organ must be in
acceptable working conditions with donor-recipient matching, and its removal should not pose a life-
threatening risk to the donor [1]. The first successful organ donation occurred with a kidney transplant
between twin brothers in 1954 [2]. Since then, the annual number of transplants has steadily increased.
However, the demand for organ donations still exceeds the number of donors [3]. In fact, while waiting
for an organ transplant, twenty people die every day, and a new patient is added to the waiting list in
every ten minutes [4]. More importantly, accessing the organ donation waiting list is a basic requirement
for organ allocation. Referral for transplantation can be affected by both geographical and socioeconomic
factors. Therefore, the allocation process on the waiting list should not discriminate against certain
groups of patients [4].

Organ donation is conducted in two different ways, including deceased donation and living
donation. Figure 1 illustrates the typical flow chart for donating an organ and transplanting it to a patient.
First, the donor is examined by the hospital transplant team, and if the donor is deceased, a brain death
test is performed. Meanwhile, if the donor is still alive, doctors examine the donor and ensure that the
donor is fit for live donation. Then, all medical records are reported to the procurement organizer. The
procurement organizer is responsible for evaluating the donor's condition to decide if he is a fit donor
and ensuring that the donor is properly registered in the medical system. Next, if the evaluation shows
that the donor is eligible for donation, the procurement organizer sends all the data to the organ
transplantation organizer. This step can be performed only if the donor gives consent to donate to an
anonymous person. After that, the matching process between the available donors and patients on the
waiting list is performed by the organ transplantation organizer. As a result, a ranked list is generated as
an output and provided to the transplantation surgeons. Next, the transplant surgeon decides whether the
organ is appropriate for the patient based on various considerations, such as the donor's medical records
and the current health of the prospective recipient. Later, when a transplant surgeon accepts the donated

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organ, the donor's surgeon is notified to remove the donated organ. Finally, the donated organ is
transported to the patient's hospital and received by the transplant surgeon. However, suppose the
situation is for a live donor and it has been planned to donate to a known person by name. In that case,
the data will go directly to the transplant surgeon to start the surgery of removing and transplanting the
donated organ [6], [7].

In the past, when a patient died or was near death, the organ procurement organization and
hospital worked together to do an initial medical test to decide if the patient could be an organ donor.
This call takes around 15 minutes, and only 6% of these calls result in possible organ donors' being
identified. Over the years, this phone call has been replaced by an instant message generated by central
computer systems that store all the data required for this process [8]. However, the core issue with this
strategy is that the security and validity of such data are entirely dependent on the transplantation centers'
ability to keep their systems secure and identify potential harm to donors and recipients. The accuracy
of the wait-list data is largely dependent on people's faith and trust in these centers' ability to keep it
secure from hackers and fraudulent employees [9]. Moreover, transparency is another challenge affecting
the success of the organ donation process. According to World Health Organization (WHO) reports, up
to 10% of transplanted organs may have been obtained unethically via organ trafficking, but the exact
numbers are unknown [10]. The lack of transparency in the current system among participants leads to
illegal organ trade and purchases and medical professionals engaging in unethical practices [11].
Moreover, there are hospitals that take advantage of the patient's need for the organ and offer the
opportunity to transfer the organ to those who pay a higher amount to the hospital while ignoring the
patient with the highest priority on the waiting list [12], [13]. In addition, current transplant systems are
also frequently slow, which is unacceptable in such a critical and life-threatening scenario. Such systems
are hardly up to date with the minimum security standards. So far, there has recently been a surge in
security breaches affecting user privacy and system integrity. In general, modern systems manage data
through the use of standard databases; however, most hospitals, health ministries, and other medical
facilities lack a standardized data communication

system [1].

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1.2 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

1.1.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

 Operating System - Windows XP

 Coding Language - Java/J2EE (JSP, Servlet)
 Front End - J2EE
 Back End - MySQL

1.1.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

➢ Processor - Pentium –IV

➢ RAM - 4 GB (min)

➢ Hard Disk - 20 GB

➢ Key Board - Standard Windows Keyboard

➢ Mouse - Two or Three Button Mouse

➢ Monitor - SVGA

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1.3 EXISTING SYSTEM

The authors in [17] developed a multi-agent software platform to represent the information
workflow model among donor hospitals, regulators, and recipient hospitals. This platform optimizes
the pre-transplantation tasks, which can improve the process efficiency. In addition, it allows storing
potential donor information and improves direct communication among all participants in the organ
transplantation process. An information workflow was simulated using the developed platform, and
it was estimated that the saved time might be between three to five hours.

The TransNet in [18] is a system using scanning technology for barcodes at the point of organ
recovery to assist in labeling, packaging, and tracking organs and other biological materials for
transplantation. It involves supplementing the labeling system with an application developed and a
portable barcode printer corresponding with DonorNet. During organ recovery, procurement
coordinators will use the operating room's system to print labels and scan all organs to be transported.
Similarly, many supply chain management solutions have relied on barcodes, RFID tags, and
Electronic Product Codes (EPC) for identifying and sharing product information to facilitate the
tracking of items through various phases [19].

Finally, the authors in [20] proposed a manageable mechanism, MIN, for the online matching
of deceased organs to donors to improve efficiency and fairness in selecting patients within the
current system in Australia. The MIN mechanism simply designates an arriving organ to a patient
that minimizes |KDPI-EPTS|, tie-breaking by time on the waiting list and later randomly. The Kidney
Donor Patient Inde (KDPI) estimates the quality of the organ. On the other hand, the Expected Post-
Transplant Survival Score (EPTS) measures the life quality of the recipient after the transplant. After
testing, the results showed that the MIN mechanism outperforms the current mechanism under
consideration by the Organ and Tissue Authority in Australia.

The authors in [23] proposed an organ donation decentralized app using blockchain
technology. Patients use a web application to register their information, including their medical ID,
organ type, blood type, and state. The system would operate on a first-in, first-out (FIFO) approach,
with the exception of a patient being in a critical state. It offered better security, added transparency,
and a much faster system. However, it should be modified when used in different regions according
to their regulations and needs. Similarly, the authors in [24], developed a web-based application using
FIFO to choose an organ donor for each actual patient seeking a transplant, and in the case of an
emergency, that patient is given priority. Furthermore, an organ donation and transplantation

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application utilizing blockchain has been proposed in [12], where the registered hospital accepts the
registered donors and registers the recipients to match them with a suitable donor based on the
request. Moreover, in [25], a use case for blockchain in organ donation has been developed. Simply,
the process begins with the donor signing a smart contract for organ donation and the patient ling a
transplant request. Both papers are verified and hashed by a registered doctor or nurse, who then
creates a verified mismatching pair and announces it over the network. The network finds a match
and sends it to a doctor for approval. If a match is found, the doctor approves, and the next step is for
the doctor to generate a hash. If the doctor generates a hash, the verified matched pair becomes part
of the blockchain. Finally, doctors and healthcare professionals

are given all the information they need to prepare for the logistics of the surgery.

Disadvantages

 The system is not implemented blockchain based organ donation which leads less security
and less communication between hospitals and donors.

 The system is not implemented an auto-matching process between the donor and recipient
through a smart contract based on certain criteria.

1.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

 The system proposes a private Ethereum blockchain-based solution that ensures organ
donation and transplantation management in a manner that is decentralized, secure, reliable,
traceable, auditable, and trustworthy.

 The system develops smart contracts that register actors and ensure data provenance through
producing events for all the necessary actions that occur during the organ donation and
transplantation stages. The smart contracts code is made publicly available on Github.1

 The system develops an auto-matching process between the donor and recipient through a
smart contract based on certain criteria.

 The system presents six algorithms along with their full implementation, testing, and
validation details.

 The system conducts security analysis to determine that the proposed solution is secure
against common security attacks and vulnerabilities. We compare our solution with the
existing solutions to show its novelty. Our proposed solution is general and may be easily
adjusted to meet the needs of a variety of related applications.

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Advantages

 The system is implemented an organ donation based on blockchain techniques which is more
fast and secure.

 In the proposed system, the system is implemented an automatic process of human organ
donation.

1.5 ABOUT JAVA

Initially the language was called as “oak” but it was renamed as “Java” in 1995. The primary
motivation of this language was the need for a platform-independent (i.e., architecture neutral)
language that could be used to create software to be embedded in various consumer electronic
devices.

 Java is a programmer’s language.

 Java is cohesive and consistent.

 Except for those constraints imposed by the Internet environment, Java gives the programmer,
full control.

Finally, Java is to Internet programming where C was to system programming.

Importance of Java to the Internet

Java has had a profound effect on the Internet. This is because; Java expands the Universe of
objects that can move about freely in Cyberspace. In a network, two categories of objects are
transmitted between the Server and the Personal computer. They are: Passive information and
Dynamic active programs. The Dynamic, Self-executing programs cause serious problems in the
areas of Security and probability. But Java addresses those concerns and by doing so, has opened the
door to an exciting new form of program called the Applet.

Java can be used to create two types of programs

Applications and Applets: An application is a program that runs on our computer under the
operating system of that computer. It is more or less like one creating using C or C++. Java’s ability
to create Applets makes it important. An Applet is an application designed to be transmitted over the
Internet and executed by a Java –compatible web browser. An applet is actually a tiny Java program,

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dynamically downloaded across the network, just like an image. But the difference is, it is an
intelligent program, not just a media file. It can react to the user input and dynamically change.

Features Of Java

Security

Every time you that you download a “normal” program, you are risking a viral infection. Prior to
Java, most users did not download executable programs frequently, and those who did scanned them
for viruses prior to execution. Most users still worried about the possibility of infecting their systems
with a virus. In addition, another type of malicious program exists that must be guarded against. This
type of program can gather private information, such as credit card numbers, bank account balances,
and passwords. Java answers both these concerns by providing a “firewall” between a network
application and your computer.

When you use a Java-compatible Web browser, you can safely download Java applets without
fear of virus infection or malicious intent.

Portability

For programs to be dynamically downloaded to all the various types of platforms connected to the
Internet, some means of generating portable executable code is needed. As you will see, the same
mechanism that helps ensure security also helps create portability. Indeed, Java’s solution to these
two problems is both elegant and efficient.

The Byte code

The key that allows the Java to solve the security and portability problems is that the output of Java
compiler is Byte code. Byte code is a highly optimized set of instructions designed to be executed by
the Java run-time system, which is called the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). That is, in its standard
form, the JVM is an interpreter for byte code.

Translating a Java program into byte code helps makes it much easier to run a program in a wide
variety of environments. The reason is, once the run-time package exists for a given system, any Java
program can run on it.

Although Java was designed for interpretation, there is technically nothing about Java that
prevents on-the-fly compilation of byte code into native code. Sun has just completed its Just in Time
(JIT) compiler for byte code. When the JIT compiler is a part of JVM, it compiles byte code into
executable code in real time, on a piece-by-piece, demand basis. It is not possible to compile an entire

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Java program into executable code all at once, because Java performs various run-time checks that
can be done only at run time. The JIT compiles code, as it is needed, during execution.

Java, Virtual Machine (JVM)

Beyond the language, there is the Java virtual machine. The Java virtual machine is an important
element of the Java technology. The virtual machine can be embedded within a web browser or an
operating system. Once a piece of Java code is loaded onto a machine, it is verified. As part of the
loading process, a class loader is invoked and does byte code verification makes sure that the code
that’s has been generated by the compiler will not corrupt the machine that it’s loaded on. Byte code
verification takes place at the end of the compilation process to make sure that is all accurate and
correct. So, byte code verification is integral to the compiling and executing of Java code.

Overall Description

Java Java byte code Class

Picture showing the development process of JAVA Program

Java programming uses to produce byte codes and executes them. The first box indicates that the
Java source code is located in a. Java file that is processed with a Java compiler called java c. The
Java compiler produces a file called a. class file, which contains the byte code. The. Class file is then
loaded across the network or loaded locally on your machine into the execution environment is the
Java virtual machine, which interprets and executes the byte code.

Java Architecture

Java architecture provides a portable, robust, high performing environment for development. Java
provides portability by compiling the byte codes for the Java Virtual Machine, which is then
interpreted on each platform by the run-time environment. Java is a dynamic system, able to load
code when needed from a machine in the same room or across the planet .

Compilation of code

When you compile the code, the Java compiler creates machine code (called byte code) for a
hypothetical machine called Java Virtual Machine (JVM). The JVM is supposed to execute the byte
code. The JVM is created for overcoming the issue of portability. The code is written and compiled
for one machine and interpreted on all machines. This machine is called Java Virtual Machine.

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Compiling and interpreting Java Source Code

Java
PC Compiler
Java Interpreter
Source
(PC)
Code
Byte code
Macintosh Java
………..
Compiler Interpreter
………..
(Macintosh)
(Platform
SPARC
indepen Java

Interpreter

(Sparc)

Fig:1
During run-time the Java interpreter tricks the byte code file into thinking that it is running on a
Java Virtual Machine. In reality this could be a Intel Pentium Windows 95 or Sun SARC station
running Solaris or Apple Macintosh running system and all could receive code from any computer
through Internet and run the Applets.

Simple
Java was designed to be easy for the Professional programmer to learn and to use effectively. If
you are an experienced C++ programmer, learning Java will be even easier. Because Java inherits the
C/C++ syntax and many of the object-oriented features of C++. Most of the confusing concepts from
C++ are either left out of Java or implemented in a cleaner, more approachable manner. In Java there
are a small number of clearly defined ways to accomplish a given task.

Object-Oriented
Java was not designed to be source-code compatible with any other language. This allowed the
Java team the freedom to design with a blank slate. One outcome of this was a clean usable, pragmatic
approach to objects. The object model in Java is simple and easy to extend, while simple types, such
as integers, are kept as high-performance non-objects.

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Robust
The multi-platform environment of the Web places extraordinary demands on a program, because
the program must execute reliably in a variety of systems. The ability to create robust programs was
given a high priority in the design of Java. Java is strictly typed language; it checks your code at
compile time and run time.

1.5.2 JAVASCRIPT

Introduction

JavaScript is a script-based programming language that was developed by Netscape

Communication Corporation. JavaScript was originally called Live Script and renamed as JavaScript
to indicate its relationship with Java. JavaScript supports the development of both client and server
components of Web-based applications. On the client side, it can be used to write programs that are
executed by a Web browser within the context of a Web page. On the server side, it can be used to
write Web server programs that can process information submitted by a Web browser and then
updates the browser’s display accordingly

Even though JavaScript supports both client and server Web programming, we prefer JavaScript at
client side programming since most of the browsers supports it. JavaScript is almost as easy to learn
as HTML, and JavaScript statements can be included in HTML documents by enclosing the
statements between a pair of scripting tags

<SCRIPTS>..</SCRIPT>.

<SCRIPT LANGUAGE = “JavaScript”>

JavaScript statements

</SCRIPT>

Here are a few things we can do with Java script:

 Validate the contents of a form and make calculations.

 Add scrolling or changing messages to the Browser’s status line.

 Animate images or rotate images that change when we move the mouse over them.

 Detect the browser in use and display different content for different browsers.

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 Detect installed plug-ins and notify the user if a plug-in is required.

We can do much more with JavaScript, including creating entire application.

JavaScript Vs Java

JavaScript and Java are entirely different languages. A few of the most glaring differences are:

 Java applets are generally displayed in a box within the web document; JavaScript can affect any
part of the Web document itself.

 While JavaScript is best suited to simple applications and adding interactive features to Web
pages; Java can be used for incredibly complex applications.

There are many other differences but the important thing to remember is that JavaScript and Java
are separate languages. They are both useful for different things; infact they can be used together to
combine their advantages.

ADVANTAGES
 JavaScript can be used for Sever-side and Client-side scripting.

 It is more flexible than VBScript.

 JavaScript is the default scripting languages at Client-side since all the browsers supports it.

1.5.3 Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)

What Is JDBC?

JDBC is a Java API for executing SQL statements. (As a point of interest, JDBC is a trademarked
name and is not an acronym; nevertheless, JDBC is often thought of as standing for Java Database
Connectivity. It consists of a set of classes and interfaces written in the Java programming language.
JDBC provides a standard API for tool/database developers and makes it possible to write database
applications using a pure Java API.

Using JDBC, it is easy to send SQL statements to virtually any relational database. One can write
a single program using the JDBC API, and the program will be able to send SQL statements to the
appropriate database. The combinations of Java and JDBC lets a programmer write it once and run it
anywhere.

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What Does JDBC Do?

Simply put, JDBC makes it possible to do three things:

 Establish a connection with a database

 Send SQL statements

 Process the results.

JDBC versus ODBC and other APIs

At this point, Microsoft's ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) API is that probably the most
widely used programming interface for accessing relational databases. It offers the ability to connect
to almost all databases on almost all platforms.

So why not just use ODBC from Java? The answer is that you can use ODBC from Java, but this
is best done with the help of JDBC in the form of the JDBC-ODBC Bridge, which we will cover
shortly. The question now becomes "Why do you need JDBC?" There are several answers to this
question:

 ODBC is not appropriate for direct use from Java because it uses a C interface. Calls from
Java to native C code have a number of drawbacks in the security, implementation, robustness,
and automatic portability of applications.

 A literal translation of the ODBC C API into a Java API would not be desirable. For example,
Java has no pointers, and ODBC makes copious use of them, including the notoriously error-
prone generic pointer "void *". You can think of JDBC as ODBC translated into an object-
oriented interface that is natural for Java programmers.

 ODBC is hard to learn. It mixes simple and advanced features together, and it has complex

options even for simple queries. JDBC, on the other hand, was designed to keep simple things

simple while allowing more advanced capabilities where required.

 A Java API like JDBC is needed in order to enable a "pure Java" solution. When ODBC is

used, the ODBC driver manager and drivers must be manually installed on every client

machine. When the JDBC driver is written completely in Java, however, JDBC code is

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automatically installable, portable, and secure on all Java platforms from network computers

to mainframes.

Two-tier and Three-tier Models

The JDBC API supports both two-tier and three-tier models for database access.

In the two-tier model, a Java applet or application talks directly to the database. This requires
a JDBC driver that can communicate with the particular database

Client machine

DBMS-proprietary protocol

Database server

Fig:2
management system being accessed. A user's SQL statements are delivered to the database, and the
results of those statements are sent back to the user. The database may be located on another machine
to which the user is connected via a network. This is referred to as a client/server configuration, with

Client machine (GUI)

HTTP, RMI, or CORBA calls

Server machine (business Logic)

Database server

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the user's machine as the client, and the machine housing the database as the server. The network can
be an Intranet, which, for example, connects employees within a corporation, or it can be the Internet
In the three-tier model, commands are sent to a "middle tier" of services, which then send SQL
statements to the database. The database processes the SQL statements and sends the results back to
the middle tier, which then sends them to the user. MIS directors find the three-tier model very
attractive because the middle tier makes it possible to maintain control over access and the kinds of
updates that can be made to corporate data. Another advantage is that when there is a middle tier, the
user can employ an easy-to-use higher-level API which is translated by the middle tier into the
appropriate low-level calls. Finally, in many cases the three-tier architecture can provide performance
advantages.

Until now the middle tier has typically been written in languages such as C or C++, which offer
fast performance. However, with the introduction of optimizing compilers that translate Java byte
code into efficient machine-specific code, it is becoming practical to implement the middle tier in
Java. This is a big plus, making it possible to take advantage of Java's robustness, multithreading,
and security features. JDBC is important to allow database access from a Java middle tier.

JDBC Driver Types

The JDBC drivers that we are aware of at this time fit into one of four categories:

 JDBC-ODBC bridge plus ODBC driver

 Native-API partly-Java driver

 JDBC-Net pure Java driver

 Native-protocol pure Java driver

JDBC-ODBC Bridge

If possible, use a Pure Java JDBC driver instead of the Bridge and an ODBC driver. This
completely eliminates the client configuration required by ODBC. It also eliminates the potential that
the Java VM could be corrupted by an error in the native code brought in by the Bridge (that is, the
Bridge native library, the ODBC driver manager library, the ODBC driver library, and the database
client library).

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What Is the JDBC- ODBC Bridge?

The JDBC-ODBC Bridge is a JDBC driver, which implements JDBC operations by translating
them into ODBC operations. To ODBC it appears as a normal application program. The Bridge
implements JDBC for any database for which an ODBC driver is available. The Bridge is
implemented as the sun.jdbc.odbc Java package and contains a native library used to access ODBC.
The Bridge is a joint development of Intersolv and Java Soft.

Java Server Pages (JSP)

Java server Pages is a simple, yet powerful technology for creating and maintaining dynamic-
content web pages. Based on the Java programming language, Java Server Pages offers proven
portability, open standards, and a mature re-usable component model. The Java Server Pages
architecture enables the separation of content generation from content presentation. This separation
not eases maintenance headaches, it also allows web team members to focus on their areas of
expertise. Now, web page designer can concentrate on layout, and web application designers on
programming, with minimal concern about impacting each other’s work.

Features of JSP

Portability:

Java Server Pages files can be run on any web server or web-enabled application server that provides
support for them. Dubbed the JSP engine, this support involves recognition, translation, and
management of the Java Server Page lifecycle and its interaction components.

Components:

It was mentioned earlier that the Java Server Pages architecture can include reusable Java
components. The architecture also allows for the embedding of a scripting language directly into the
Java Server Pages file. The components current supported include Java Beans, and Servlets.

Processing

A Java Server Pages file is essentially an HTML document with JSP scripting or tags. The Java Server
Pages file has a JSP extension to the server as a Java Server Pages file. Before the page is served, the
Java Server Pages syntax is parsed and processed into a Servlet on the server side. The Servlet that
is generated outputs real content in straight HTML for responding to the client.

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Access Models:

A Java Server Pages file may be accessed in at least two different ways. A client’s request comes
directly into a Java Server Page. In this scenario, suppose the page accesses reusable Java Bean
components that perform particular well-defined computations like accessing a database. The result
of the Beans computations, called result sets is stored within the Bean as properties. The page uses
such Beans to generate dynamic content and present it back to the client.

In both of the above cases, the page could also contain any valid Java code. Java Server Pages
architecture encourages separation of content from presentation.

Steps in the execution of a JSP Application:

 The client sends a request to the web server for a JSP file by giving the name of the JSP file
within the form tag of a HTML page.

 This request is transferred to the Java Web Server. At the server-side Java Web Server receives
the request and if it is a request for a JSP file server gives this request to the JSP engine.

 JSP engine is program which can understands the tags of the jsp and then it converts those
tags into a Servlet program and it is stored at the server side. This Servlet is loaded in the
memory and then it is executed and the result is given back to the Java Web Server and then
it is transferred back to the result is given back to the Java Web Server and then it is transferred
back to the client.

JDBC connectivity
The JDBC provides database-independent connectivity between the J2EE platform and a wide
range of tabular data sources. JDBC technology allows an Application Component Provider to:

 Perform connection and authentication to a database server

 Manager transactions

 Move SQL statements to a database engine for preprocessing and execution

 Execute stored procedures

 Inspect and modify the results from Select statements.

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Tomcat 6.0 web server

Tomcat is a Open source web server developed by Apache Group. Apache Tomcat is the servlet
container that is used in the official Reference Implementation for the Java Servlet and Java Server
Pages technologies. The Java Servlet and Java Server Pages specifications are developed by Sun
under the Java Community Process. Web Servers like Apache Tomcat support only web components
while an application server supports web components as well as business components (BEAs
Weblogic, is one of the popular application server). To develop a web application with jsp/servlet
install any web server like JRun, Tomcat etc to run your application.

1.5.4 HTML

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), the languages of the World Wide Web (WWW), allows
users to produces Web pages that include text, graphics and pointer to other Web pages (Hyperlinks).

HTML is not a programming language but it is an application of ISO Standard 8879, SGML
(Standard Generalized Markup Language), but specialized to hypertext and adapted to the Web. The
idea behind Hypertext is that instead of reading text in rigid linear structure, we can easily jump from
one point to another point. We can navigate through the information based on our interest and
preference. A markup language is simply a series of elements, each delimited with special characters

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that define how text or other items enclosed within the elements should be displayed. Hyperlinks are
underlined or emphasized works that load to other documents or some portions of the same document.

HTML can be used to display any type of document on the host computer, which can be
geographically at a different location. It is a versatile language and can be used on any platform or
desktop.

HTML provides tags (special codes) to make the document look attractive. HTML tags are not
case-sensitive. Using graphics, fonts, different sizes, color, etc., can enhance the presentation of the
document. Anything that is not a tag is part of the document itself.

Basic HTML Tags:

<! -- --> Specifies comments
<A>……….</A> Creates hypertext links
<B>……….</B> Formats text as bold
<BIG>……….</BIG> Formats text in large
font.
<BODY>…</BODY> Contains all tags and text
in the HTML document
<CENTER>...</CENTER> Creates text
<DD>…</DD> Definition of a term
<DL>...</DL> Creates definition list
<FONT>…</FONT> Formats text with a
particular font
<FORM>...</FORM> Encloses a fill-out form
<FRAME>...</FRAME> Defines a particular
frame in a set of frames
<H#>…</H#> Creates headings of
different levels
<HEAD>...</HEAD> Contains tags that specify
information about a document
<HR>...</HR> Creates a horizontal rule
<HTML>…</HTML> Contains all other HTML
tags
<META>...</META> Provides meta-
information about a document

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<SCRIPT>…</SCRIPT> Contains client-side or

server-side script
<TABLE>…</TABLE> Creates a table
<TD>…</TD> Indicates table data in a
table
<TR>…</TR> Designates a table row
<TH>…</TH> Creates a heading in a
table

ADVANTAGES

 A HTML document is small and hence easy to send over the net. It is small because it does not
include formatted information.

 HTML is platform independent.

 HTML tags are not case-sensitive.

JAVASCRIPT

JavaScript is a script-based programming language that was developed by Netscape

Communication Corporation. JavaScript was originally called Live Script and renamed as JavaScript
to indicate its relationship with Java. JavaScript supports the development of both client and server
components of Web-based applications. On the client side, it can be used to write programs that are
executed by a Web browser within the context of a Web page. On the server side, it can be used to
write Web server programs that can process information submitted by a Web browser and then
updates the browser’s display accordingly

Even though JavaScript supports both client and server Web programming, we prefer JavaScript
at Client-side programming since most of the browsers supports it. JavaScript is almost as easy to
learn as HTML, and JavaScript statements can be included in HTML documents by enclosing the
statements between a pair of scripting tags

<SCRIPTS>..</SCRIPT>.

<SCRIPT LANGUAGE = “JavaScript”>

JavaScript statements

</SCRIPT>

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UML DIAGRAMS

1.6 Architecture Diagram

Donor

Register and Login,

View Profile,
Send Organ Donating
Details, HOSPITAL
View Organ Donated
Details Status.
Register and Login,
View all Patients and
Authorize,
View all Donors and Authorize,
Add Organ Type,
View All Blockchain Hash Code
for Organ Names,
View All Organ Donated Details,
View All Patient
Transplantation Requested
Details,
View All Organ Donated Details
By Blockchain, Patients
View All Organ Transplantation
Details By Blockchain,
View All Organ Donation
Register and Login,
My Profile,
Register For Organ
Transplantation,
View All Organ
Transplantation Details.

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1.7 Data Flow Diagram:

Register and Login, View

Profile, Send Organ Hospital
Donor Donating Details, View
Organ Donated Details
Status.

Register and Login,

View all Patients
and Authorize, View All Blockchain Hash
View all Donors and Code for Organ Names,
Authorize, View All Organ Donated
Add Organ Type Details, View All
Patient Transplantation
Requested Details, View
Organ Transplantation
Results.
,View Data Scores In chart

, View All Organ

Donated Details By
Blockchain, View All
Organ Transplantation
Details By Blockchain,
View All Organ Donation

Register and Login, My Profile,

Register For Organ
Transplantation, View All Organ
Transplantation Details. , View All
My Searched Keywords With Scores

Patients

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1.8 Class Diagram:

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The class diagram is the main building block of object oriented modeling. It is used both for
general conceptual modeling of the systematic of the application, and for detailed modeling
translating the models into programming code. Class diagrams can also be used for modeling. The
classes in a class diagram represent both the main objects, interactions in the application and the
classes to be programmed.

In the diagram, classes are represented with boxes which contain three parts

 The upper part holds the name of the class

 The middle part contains the attributes of the class

 The bottom part gives the methods or operations the class can take or undertake

In the design of a system, a number of classes are identified and grouped together in a class diagram
which helps to determine the static relations between those objects. With detailed modeling, the
classes of the conceptual design are often split into a number of subclasses.

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1.9 FLOW CHARTS

Flow Chart1: Patients

Start

User Register

Yes No
Login

Username &
View your Details
Password Wrong

Register For Organ Transplantation,

Log Out
View All Organ Transplantation
Details.

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Flow Chart 2: Hospital

Start

HospitalLogin

Yes No
Login

View all Patients and Username &

Authorize, No PasswordWrong
Yes

View all Donors and

Authorize,
Add Organ Type,
Log Out

View All Blockchain Hash Code for

Organ Names,

View All Organ Donated Details,

View All PatienTtransplantation
Requested Details,

View All Organ Donated Details

By Blockchain,

View All Organ Transplantation Details

By BlockchainV, iew All Organ
Donation Results,
View Organ Transplantation
Results.

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Flow Chart 3: Donor

Start

Login

Yes No
Login

View Profile Username &

No Password Wrong
Yes

Send Organ
Donating Details,

Log Out

View Organ Donated Detai ls

Status.

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1.10 Sequence Diagram

Patients
Hospital
Donor

Register and Login, Register and Login,

View Profile, My Profile,

Send Organ Donating Details, Register For Organ

Transplantation,
View Organ Donated Details
Status. View All Organ
Transplantation Details.

Register and Login,

View all Patients and Authorize,
View all Donors and Authorize,
Add Organ Type,
View All Blockchain Hash Code for
Organ Names,
View All Organ Donated Details,
View All Patient Transplantation
Requested Details,
View All Organ Donated Details By
Blockchain,
View All Organ Transplantation Details
By Blockchain,
View All Organ Donation Results,
View Organ Transplantation Results.

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1.11 Use Case

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CHAPTER 2
DESIGN

2.1 STUDY OF THE SYSTEM

FEASIBILITY STUDY

The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put forth with a
very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the feasibility study
of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed system is not a burden
to the company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major requirements for the
system is essential.

Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are

 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will have on the
organization. The amount of fund that the company can pour into the research and development of
the system is limited. The expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed system as well within
the budget and this was achieved because most of the technologies used are freely available. Only
the customized products had to be purchased.

TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the technical requirements of
the system. Any system developed must not have a high demand on the available technical resources.
This will lead to high demands on the available technical resources. This will lead to high demands
being placed on the client. The developed system must have a modest requirement, as only minimal
or null changes are required for implementing this system.

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SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user. This includes
the process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel threatened by the
system, instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the users solely depends on
the methods that are employed to educate the user about the system and to make him familiar with
it. His level of confidence must be raised so that he is also able to make some
constructive criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final user of the system.

SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

2.2 INPUT DESIGN

Input Design plays a vital role in the life cycle of software development, it requires very careful
attention of developers. The input design is to feed data to the application as accurate as possible. So
inputs are supposed to be designed effectively so that the errors occurring while feeding are
minimized. According to Software Engineering Concepts, the input forms or screens are designed to
provide to have a validation control over the input limit, range and other related validations.

This system has input screens in almost all the modules. Error messages are developed to alert
the user whenever he commits some mistakes and guides him in the right way so that invalid entries
are not made. Let us see deeply about this under module design.

Input design is the process of converting the user created input into a computer-based format.
The goal of the input design is to make the data entry logical and free from errors. The error is in the
input are controlled by the input design. The application has been developed in user-friendly manner.
The forms have been designed in such a way during the processing the cursor is placed in the position
where must be entered. The user is also provided with in an option to select an appropriate input from
various alternatives related to the field in certain cases.

Validations are required for each data entered. Whenever a user enters an erroneous data, error
message is displayed and the user can move on to the subsequent pages after completing all the entries
in the current page.

2.3 OUTPUT DESIGN

The Output from the computer is required to mainly create an efficient method of communication
within the company primarily among the project leader and his team members, in other words, the
administrator and the clients. The output of VPN is the system which allows the project leader to

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manage his clients in terms of creating new clients and assigning new projects to them, maintaining
a record of the project validity and providing folder level access to each client on the user side
depending on the projects allotted to him. After completion of a project, a new project may be
assigned to the client .

2.4 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

2.4.1 Client Server

Over view:

With the varied topic in existence in the fields of computers, Client Server is one, which has
generated more heat than light, and also more hype than reality. This technology has acquired a
certain critical mass attention with its dedication conferences and magazines. Major computer
vendors such as IBM and DEC, have declared that Client Servers is their main future market. A survey
of DBMS magazine reveled that 76% of its readers were actively looking at the client server solution.
The growth in the client server development tools from $200 million in 1992 to more than $1.2 billion
in 1996.

Client server implementations are complex but the underlying concept is simple and powerful. A
client is an application running with local resources but able to request the database and relate the
services from separate remote server. The software mediating this client server interaction is often
referred to as MIDDLEWARE.

The typical client either a PC or a Work Station connected through a network to a more powerful
PC, Workstation, Midrange or Main Frames server usually capable of handling request from more
than one client. However, with some configuration server may also act as client. A server may need
to access other server in order to process the original client request.

The key client server idea is that client as user is essentially insulated from the physical
location and formats of the data needs for their application. With the proper middleware, a client
input from or report can transparently access and manipulate both local database on the client
machine and remote databases on one or more servers. An added bonus is the client server opens the
door to multi-vendor database access indulging heterogeneous table joins.

What is a Client Server

Two prominent systems in existence are client server and file server systems. It is essential to
distinguish between client servers and file server systems. Both provide shared network access to

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data but the comparison dens there! The file server simply provides a remote disk drive that can be
accessed by LAN applications on a file-by-file basis. The client server offers full relational database
services such as SQL-Access, Record modifying, Insert, Delete with full relational integrity backup/
restore performance for high volume of transactions, etc. the client server middleware provides a
flexible interface between client and server, who does what, when and to whom.

Why Client Server

Client server has evolved to solve a problem that has been around since the earliest days of
computing: how best to distribute your computing, data generation and data storage resources in order
to obtain efficient, cost effective departmental an enterprise wide data processing. During mainframe
era choices were quite limited. A central machine housed both the CPU and DATA (cards, tapes,
drums and later disks). Access to these resources was initially confined to batched runs that produced
departmental reports at the appropriate intervals. A strong central information service department
ruled the corporation. The role of the rest of the corporation limited to requesting new or more
frequent reports and to provide hand written forms from which the central data banks were created
and updated. The earliest client server solutions therefore could best be characterized as “SLAVE-
MASTER”.

Time-sharing changed the picture. Remote terminal could view and even change the central
data, subject to access permissions. And, as the central data banks evolved in to sophisticated
relational database with non-programmer query languages, online users could formulate adhoc
queries and produce local reports with out adding to the MIS applications software backlog. However
remote access was through dumb terminals, and the client server remained subordinate to the
Slave\Master.

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Front end or User Interface Design

The entire user interface is planned to be developed in browser specific environment with a
touch of Intranet-Based Architecture for achieving the Distributed Concept.

The browser specific components are designed by using the HTML standards, and the dynamism of
the designed by concentrating on the constructs of the Java Server Pages.

Communication or Database Connectivity Tier

The Communication architecture is designed by concentrating on the Standards of Servlets

and Enterprise Java Beans. The database connectivity is established by using the Java Data Base
Connectivity. The standards of three-tire architecture are given major concentration to keep the
standards of higher cohesion and limited coupling for effectiveness of the operations.

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CHAPTER 3

MODULES

3.1 IMPLEMENTATION MODULES

 Donors
 Patients
 Hospital

3.2 Donors

In this module, the Donor will register and login then uploads their organ donor data to the Hospital
and will do the following operations such as View Profile, Send Organ Donating Details, View Organ
Donated Details Status.

3.3 Patients

In this module, patients lo1gs in by using his/her user name and password. After Login User will do
some operations such as My Profile, Register For Organ Transplantation, View All Organ
Transplantation Details.

3.4 Hospital

The Hospital manages Hospital records to provide organ storage service for donation and
transplantation and also performs the following operations such as View all Patients and Authorize,
View all Donors and Authorize, Add Organ Type, View All Blockchain Hash Code for Organ Names,
View All Organ Donated Details, View All Patient Transplantation Requested Details, View All
Organ Donated Details By Blockchain, View All Organ Transplantation Details By Blockchain, View
All Organ Donation Results, View Organ Transplantation Results.

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CHAPTER 4

TESTING

4.1 INTRODUCTION TO TESTING

4.1.2 Introduction to Testing

The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover every
conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the functionality of
components, sub-assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product It is the process of exercising
software with the intent of ensuring that the software system meets its requirements and user
expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner. There are various types of test. Each test
type addresses a specific testing requirement.

4.2 TESTING METHODOLOGIES

The following are the Testing Methodologies:

o Unit Testing.

o Integration Testing.

o User Acceptance Testing.

o Output Testing.

o Validation Testing.

4.2.1 Unit Testing

Unit testing focuses verification effort on the smallest unit of Software design that is the
module. Unit testing exercises specific paths in a module’s control structure to ensure complete
coverage and maximum error detection. This test focuses on each module individually, ensuring that
it functions properly as a unit. Hence, the naming is Unit Testing.

During this testing, each module is tested individually and the module interfaces are verified for the
consistency with design specification. All-important processing path are tested for the expected
results. All error handling paths are also tested.

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4.2.2 Integration Testing

Integration testing addresses the issues associated with the dual problems of verification and
program construction. After the software has been integrated a set of high order tests are conducted.
The main objective in this testing process is to take unit tested modules and builds a program structure
that has been dictated by design.

The following are the types of Integration Testing:

4.2.2.1 Top-Down Integration

This method is an incremental approach to the construction of program structure. Modules are
integrated by moving downward through the control hierarchy, beginning with the main program
module. The module subordinates to the main program module are incorporated into the structure in
either a depth first or breadth first manner. In this method, the software is tested from main module
and individual stubs are replaced when the test proceeds downwards.

4.2.2.2. Bottom-up Integration

This method begins the construction and testing with the modules at the lowest level in the
program structure. Since the modules are integrated from the bottom up, processing required for
modules subordinate to a given level is always available and the need for stubs is eliminated. The
bottom-up integration strategy may be implemented with the following steps:

 The low-level modules are combined into clusters into clusters that perform a specific
Software sub-function.

 A driver (i.e.) the control program for testing is written to coordinate test case input and
output.

 The cluster is tested.

 Drivers are removed and clusters are combined moving upward in the program structure.

The bottom-up approaches tests each module individually and then each module is module is
integrated with a main module and tested for functionality.

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4.3 User Acceptance Testing

User Acceptance of a system is the key factor for the success of any system. The system under
consideration is tested for user acceptance by constantly keeping in touch with the prospective system
users at the time of developing and making changes wherever required. The system developed
provides a friendly user interface that can easily be understood even by a person who is new to the
system.

4.4 Output Testing

After performing the validation testing, the next step is output testing of the proposed system, since
no system could be useful if it does not produce the required output in the specified format. Asking
the users about the format required by them tests the outputs generated or displayed by the system
under consideration. Hence the output format is considered in 2 ways – one is on screen and another
in printed format.

4.5 Validation Checking

Validation checks are performed on the following fields.

Text Field:

The text field can contain only the number of characters lesser than or equal to its size. The text
fields are alphanumeric in some tables and alphabetic in other tables. Incorrect entry always flashes
and error message.

Numeric Field:

The numeric field can contain only numbers from 0 to 9. An entry of any character flashes an
error messages. The individual modules are checked for accuracy and what it has to perform. Each
module is subjected to test run along with sample data. The individually tested modules are
integrated into a single system. Testing involves executing the real data information is used in the
program the existence of any program defect is inferred from the output. The testing should be
planned so that all the requirements are individually tested.

A successful test is one that gives out the defects for the inappropriate data and produces and output
revealing the errors in the system.

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Preparation of Test Data

Taking various kinds of test data does the above testing. Preparation of test data plays a vital role
in the system testing. After preparing the test data the system under study is tested using that test data.
While testing the system by using test data errors are again uncovered and corrected by using above
testing steps and corrections are also noted for future use

Using Live Test Data:

Live test data are those that are actually extracted from organization files. After a system is
partially constructed, programmers or analysts often ask users to key in a set of data from their normal
activities. Then, the systems person uses this data as a way to partially test the system. In other
instances, programmers or analysts extract a set of live data from the files and have them entered
themselves. It is difficult to obtain live data in sufficient amounts to conduct extensive testing. And,
although it is realistic data that will show how the system will perform for the typical processing
requirement, assuming that the live data entered are in fact typical, such data generally will not test
all combinations or formats that can enter the system. This bias toward typical values then does not
provide a true systems test and in fact ignores the cases most likely to cause system failure.

Using Artificial Test Data:

Artificial test data are created solely for test purposes, since they can be generated to test all
combinations of formats and values. In other words, the artificial data, which can quickly be prepared
by a data generating utility program in the information systems department, make possible the testing
of all login and control paths through the program. The most effective test programs use artificial test
data generated by persons other than those who wrote the programs. Often, an independent team of
testers formulates a testing plan, using the systems specifications.

The package “Virtual Private Network” has satisfied all the requirements specified as per software
requirement specification and was accepted.

USER TRAINING

Whenever a new system is developed, user training is required to educate them about the working
of the system so that it can be put to efficient use by those for whom the system has been primarily
designed. For this purpose, the normal working of the project was demonstrated to the prospective
users. Its working is easily understandable and since the expected users are people who have good
knowledge of computers, the use of this system is very easy.

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MAINTAINENCE

This covers a wide range of activities including correcting code and design errors. To reduce
the need for maintenance in the long run, we have more accurately defined the user’s requirements
during the process of system development. Depending on the requirements, this system has been
developed to satisfy the needs to the largest possible extent. With development in technology, it may
be possible to add many more features based on the requirements in future. The coding and designing
is simple and easy to understand which will make maintenance easier.

TESTING STRATEGY:

A strategy for system testing integrates system test cases and design techniques into a well-
planned series of steps that results in the successful construction of software. The testing strategy
must co-operate test planning, test case design, test execution, and the resultant data collection and
evaluation. A strategy for software testing must accommodate low-level tests that are necessary to
verify that a small source code segment has been correctly implemented as well as high level tests
that validate major system functions against user requirements.

Software testing is a critical element of software quality assurance and represents the ultimate
review of specification design and coding. Testing represents an interesting anomaly for the software.
Thus, a series of testing are performed for the proposed system before the system is ready for user
acceptance testing.

SYSTEM TESTING:

Software once validated must be combined with other system elements (e.g. Hardware, people,
database). System testing verifies that all the elements are proper and that overall system function
performance is achieved. It also tests to find discrepancies between the system and its original
objective, current specifications and system documentation.

UNIT TESTING:

In unit testing different are modules are tested against the specifications produced during the
design for the modules. Unit testing is essential for verification of the code produced during the
coding phase, and hence the goals to test the internal logic of the modules. Using the detailed design
description as a guide, important Conrail paths are tested to uncover errors within the boundary of
the modules. This testing is carried out during the programming stage itself. In this type of testing

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step, each module was found to be working satisfactorily as regards to the expected output from the
module.

System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets requirements. It tests a
configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An example of system testing is the
configuration oriented system integration test. System testing is based on process descriptions and
flows, emphasizing pre-driven process links and integration points.

White Box Testing

White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software tester has knowledge of the inner
workings, structure and language of test software, or at least its purpose. It is purpose. It is used to
test areas that cannot be reached from a black box level.

Black Box Testing

Black Box Testing is testing the software without any knowledge of the inner workings, structure
or language of the module being tested. Black box tests, as most other kinds of tests, must be written
from a definitive source document, such as specification or requirements document, such as
specification or requirements document. It is a testing in which the software under test is treated, as
a black box. You cannot “see” into it. The test provides inputs and responds to outputs without
considering how the software works.

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CHAPTER 5

SNAPSHOTS

5.1 SCREENSHOTS

5.1.1 HOME PAGE

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5.1.2 HOSPITAL REGISTRATION

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5.1.3 LOGIN PAGE AND USER MENU

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5.1.4 DONOR REGISTRATION PAGE

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5.1.5 DONOR LOGIN PAGE AND USER MENU

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5.1.6 PATIENT REGISTRATION PAGE

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5.1.7 PATIENT LOGIN PAGE AND USER MENU

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5.1.8 RESULTS

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CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 CONCLUSION

In this paper, we have proposed a private Ethereum blockchain-based solution that manages
organ donation and transplantation in a decentralized, accountable, auditable, traceable, secure, and
trustworthy manner. We developed smart contracts that ensure the data provenance by recording
events automatically. We present six algorithms with their implementation, testing, and validation
details. We analyze the security of the proposed solution to guarantee that smart contracts are
protected against common attacks and vulnerabilities. We compare our solution to other blockchain-
based solutions that are currently available. We discuss how our solution can be customized with
minimal effort to meet the needs of other systems experiencing similar problems. In the future, our
solution can be improved by developing an end-to end DApp. Furthermore, the smart contracts can
be deployed and tested on a real private Ethereum network. Finally, the Quorum platform can provide
better confidentiality because transactions among entities can only be viewed by specific participants
and nobody else, which is not the case in our solution, where transactions between two participants
are viewed by other actors authorized in the private blockchain.

6.2 FUTURE SCOPE

 Enhanced Transparency:

 Blockchain provides a decentralized ledger that allows all stakeholders to access real-
time data, ensuring transparency in the organ donation process.

 This transparency can help build trust among donors, recipients, and healthcare
providers.

 Improved Security:

 The cryptographic nature of blockchain ensures that sensitive patient data is securely
stored and protected from unauthorized access.

 This security is crucial for maintaining the confidentiality of donor and recipient
information.

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 Streamlined Processes:

 Blockchain can automate and streamline the organ matching process, reducing the
time taken to find suitable donors for recipients.

 Smart contracts can facilitate automatic verification of eligibility and compliance with
regulations.

 Equitable Distribution:

 By providing a transparent and immutable record of organ donations and transplants,

blockchain can help ensure that organs are distributed fairly and based on need rather
than other biases.

Innovative Applications

 Private Ethereum Solutions:

 Organizations are exploring private Ethereum networks to create tailored solutions for
organ donation management, allowing for controlled access to data while leveraging
blockchain's benefits.

 Smart Contracts:

 Smart contracts can automate various processes, such as verifying donor consent and
ensuring compliance with legal requirements, thus reducing administrative burdens.

Challenges and Considerations

 Regulatory Compliance:

 Ensuring that blockchain solutions comply with healthcare regulations and data
protection laws is essential for widespread adoption.

 Interoperability:

 Integrating blockchain systems with existing healthcare infrastructure and ensuring

interoperability between different platforms is a significant challenge.

 Stakeholder Engagement:

Engaging all stakeholders is essential for successfully implementing blockchain solutions in organ
donation. Healthcare providers can ensure accurate data input and transparency, while regulatory

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bodies can establish compliance and governance frameworks. Patients and donors must be involved
to build trust and ensure ethical considerations are met. Collaboration among these groups can
address technical, legal, and ethical challenges. By fostering open communication and shared
responsibility, blockchain can enhance traceability, reduce fraud, and streamline the organ donation
process. A collective effort will maximize the benefits of this technology, ensuring a more equitable
and efficient system.

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CHAPTER 7

BIBOLOGRAPY

7.1 BIBOLOGRAPY

References for the Project Development were taken from the following Books and Web Sites.

Oracle

PL/SQL Programming by Scott Urman

SQL complete reference by Livion

JAVA Technologies

JAVA Complete Reference

Java Script Programming by Yehuda Shiran

Mastering JAVA Security

JAVA2 Networking by Pistoria

JAVA Security by Scotl oaks

Head First EJB Sierra Bates

J2EE Professional by Shadab siddiqui

JAVA server pages by Larne Pekowsley

JAVA Server pages by Nick Todd

HTML

HTML Black Book by Holzner

JDBC

Java Database Programming with JDBC by Patel moss.

Software Engineering by Roger Pressman

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REFERENCES

[1] L. A. Dajim, S. A. Al-Farras, B. S. Al-Shahrani, A. A. Al-Zuraib,

and R. Merlin Mathew, ``Organ donation decentralized application using

blockchain technology,'' in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Comput. Appl. Inf. Secur.

(ICCAIS), May 2019, pp. 14, doi: 10.1109/cais.2019.8769459.

[2] A. Powell. (Mar. 18, 2019). A Transplant Makes History. Harvard Gazette.

[Online]. Available: https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2011/09/atransplant-

makes-history/

[3] Organ Donation Facts and Info: Organ Transplants. Accessed:

Apr. 18, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/

articles/11750-organ-donation-and-transplantation

[4] (Mar. 21, 2019). Facts and Myths About Transplant. Accessed:

Apr. 21, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.americantransplant

foundation.org/about-transplant/facts-and-myths/

[5] Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Accessed:

Apr. 18, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/

resources/ethics/ethical-principles-in-the-allocation-of-humanorgans/

[6] How Donation Works. Accessed: Jan. 7, 2022. [Online]. Available:

https://www.organdonor.gov/learn/process

[7] UFO Themes. (Aug. 1, 2017). Organ Donation and Transplanta-

tion in Germany. Plastic Surgery Key. [Online]. Available: https://

plasticsurgerykey.com/organ-donation-and-transplantation-in-germany/

[8] Harvard Business Review. (Dec. 13, 2021). Electronic Health Records Can

Improve the Organ Donation Process. Accessed: Apr. 8, 2022. [Online].

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Available: https://hbr.org/2021/12/electronic-health-records-can-improvethe-

organ-donation-process

[9] U. Jain, ``Using blockchain technology for the organ procurement and

transplant network,'' San Jose State Univ., San Jose, CA, USA, Tech. Rep.,

2020, doi: 10.31979/etd.g45p-jtuy.

[10] M. He, A. Corson, J. Russo, and T. Trey, ``Use of forensic

DNA testing to trace unethical organ procurement and organ

trafcking practices in regions that block transparent access to

their transplant data,'' SSRN Electron. J., 2020, doi: 10.2139/

ssrn.3659428.

[11] Livemint. The Illegal Organ Trade Thrives in India-and it isn't

Likely to End Soon. Accessed: Dec. 21, 2021. [Online]. Available:

https://www.livemint.com/Politics/pxj4YasmivrvAhanv6OOCJ/Whyorgan-

trafficking-thrives-in-India.html

[12] D. P. Nair. (2016). Organ is Free, Transplant Cost is Problem.

[Online]. Available: https://timesondia.indiatimes.com/life-style/

healthtness/health-news/Organ-is-free-transplant-cost-isproblem/

articleshow/54014378.cms

[13] P. Ranjan, S. Srivastava, V. Gupta, S. Tapaswi, and N. Kumar,

`Decentralised and distributed system for organ/tissue

donation and transplantation,'' in Proc. IEEE Conf. Inf.

Commun. Technol., Dec. 2019, pp. 16, doi: 10.1109/cict48419.

2019.9066225.

[14] V. Puggioni. (Feb. 26, 2022). An Overview of the Blockchain Develop-

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ment Lifecycle. Cointelegraph. Accessed: Apr. 8, 2022. [Online]. Available:

https://cointelegraph.com/explained/an-overview-of-the-blockchaindevelopment-

lifecycle

[15] History of Blockchain. Accessed: Apr. 8, 2022. [Online]. Available:

https://www.icaew.com/technical/technology/blockchain-andcryptoassets/

blockchain-articles/what-is-blockchain/history

[16] M. Hölbl, M. Kompara, A. Kami²ali¢, and L. N. Zlatolas, ``A systematic

review of the use of blockchain in healthcare,'' Symmetry, vol. 10, no. 10,

p. 470, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.3390/sym10100470.

[17] V. Ferraza, G. Oliveira, P. Viera-Marques, and R. Cruz-Correia, ``Organs

transplantationHow to improve the process ?'' Eur. Fed. Med. Inform.,

Cardiff, U.K., Tech. Rep., 2011, doi: 10.3233/978-1-60750-806-9-300.

[18] Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Accessed: Nov. 27,

2021. [Online]. Available: https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/governance/

public-comment/standardize-organ-coding-and-tracking-system/

[19] A. Bougdira, A. Ahaitouf, and I. Akharraz, ``Conceptual framework for

general traceability solution: Description and bases,'' J. Model. Manage.,

vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 509530, Oct. 2019.

[20] N. Mattei, A. Safdine, and T. Walsh, ``Mechanisms for online organ

matching,'' in Proc. 26th Int. Joint Conf. Artif. Intell., Aug. 2017,

pp. 345351, doi: 10.24963/ijcai.2017/49.

[21] S. Zouarhi, ``KidnerA worldwide decentralised matching system

for kidney transplants,'' J. Int. Soc. Telemed. E-Health, vol. 5,

Apr. 2017, Art. no. e62. [Online]. Available: https://journals.ukzn.ac.za/

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index.php/JISfTeH/article/view/287
[22] Kidner Project. Accessed: Dec. 28, 2021. [Online]. Available:
https://www.kidner-project.com/
[23] L. A. Dajim, S. A. Al-Farras, B. S. Al-Shahrani, A. A. Al-Zuraib,
and R. M. Mathew, ``Organ donation decentralized application using
blockchain technology,'' in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Comput. Appl. Inf. Secur.
(ICCAIS), May 2019, pp. 14, doi: 10.1109/cais.2019.8769459.
[24] A. Soni and S. G. Kumar, ``Creating organ donation system with
blockchain technology,'' Eur. J. Mol. Clin. Med., vol. 8, no. 3,
pp. 23872395, Apr. 2021.
[25] G. Alandjani, ``Blockchain based auditable medical transaction
scheme for organ transplant services,'' Tech. Rep., 2019, doi:
10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue3.

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8.SAMPLE CODE OF SOFTWARE

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<head>

<title>Hospital Login</title>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />

<link href="css/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/coin-slider.css" />

<script type="text/javascript" src="js/cufon-yui.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="js/cufon-aller.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery-1.4.2.min.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="js/script.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="js/coin-slider.min.js"></script>

<style type="text/css">

<!--

.style1 {font-size: 14px}

.style2 {font-size: 24px}

. style4 {color: #000000}

-->

</style>

</head>

<body>

<div class="main">

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<div class="header">

<div class="header_resize">

<div class="menu_nav">

<ul>

<li class="active"><a href="index.html"><span>Home Page</span></a></li>

<li><a href="HospitalLogin.jsp">Hospital</a></li>

<strong></strong>

<li><a href="DonorLogin.jsp">Donor</a></li>

<li><a href="UserLogin.jsp"><span>Patients</span></a></li>

</ul>

</div>

<div class="logo">

<h1 class="style1"><a href="index.html" class="style2">Blockchain Based Management for Organ

Donation and Transplantation</a></h1>

</div>

<div class="clr"></div>

<div class="slider">

<div id="coin-slider"> <a href="#"><img src="images/slide1.jpg" width="970" height="305" alt="" />

</a> <a href="#"><img src="images/slide2.jpg" width="970" height="305" alt="" /> </a> <a href="#"><img
src="images/slide3.jpg" width="970" height="305" alt="" /> </a> </div>

</div>

<div class="clr"></div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="content">

<div class="content_resize">

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<div class="mainbar">

<div class="article">

<h2>Welcome To Hospital Login..!</h2>

<p align="center" class="infopost"><img src="images/Login.jpg" width="208" height="157" /></p>

<div class="clr"></div>

<div class="post_content">

<form id="form1" name="form1" method="post"

action="Authentication.jsp?type=<%="Hospital"%>">

<table width="464" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2">

<tr>

<td width="197" height="46" align="center"><span class="style34 style4">

<label for="name">Name (required)</label>

</span> </td>

<td width="253"><input id="name" name="Hospitalid" class="text" /></td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td height="40" align="center"><span class="style34 style4">Password

(required)</span></td>

<td><input type="password" id="pass" name="pass" class="text" /></td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>&nbsp;</td>

<td>&nbsp;</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>&nbsp;</td>

<td>

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<input name="imageField" type="submit" class="LOGIN" id="imageField" value="Login"

/></td>

</tr>

</table>

</form>

</div>

<div class="clr"></div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="sidebar">

<div class="searchform">

<form id="formsearch" name="formsearch" method="post" action="#">

<span>

<input name="editbox_search" class="editbox_search" id="editbox_search" maxlength="80"

value="Search our ste:" type="text" />

</span>

<input name="button_search" src="images/search.gif" class="button_search" type="image" />

</form>

</div>

<div class="clr"></div>

<div class="gadget">

<h2 class="star"><span>Sidebar</span> Menu</h2>

<div class="clr"></div>

<ul class="sb_menu">

<li><a href="index.html">Home</a></li>

<li><a href="#"></a></li>

</ul>

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</div>

</div>

<div class="clr"></div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="fbg">

<div class="fbg_resize">

<div class="clr"></div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="footer">

<div class="footer_resize">

<div style="clear:both;"></div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<div align=center></a></div></body>

</html>

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