2025년 5월

모의고사 분석자료

고3
기가스터디
생각의 양이 차이를 만듭니다.
 2025년 고3 5월 모의고사

18번 글의 목적. 오래된 도로의 통행료 조정을 제안하려고 분석자료

To whom it may concern,

,

,
The creation of an additional new road to address the traf c on worn out Mahogany Road was quite pleasant

news for our community.

Mahogany Road .

I pen this letter with the hope that the relevant authorities will intervene in regard to an unresolved

inconvenience.
.

I fully agree that the toll on Mahogany Road needed to be high in past years, because the road was a single

one with lots of traf c and its miserable state required frequent maintenance.
Mahogany Road ,

ask + + to v (pay) = a price

Yet, the road’s drivers are still asked to pay $3 each time, and this price is similar to that of the newly built

road, so the traf c jams don’t go away as drivers ock to the new road.
, 3 ,

S + suggest that S (should) (be) a proper ~

For better distribution of traf c, I suggest there be a proper adjustment in price on Mahogany Road.
is (X)
, Mahogany Road .

as pp - ~ , ex) as mentioned;
I hope the new road can ful ll our needs well as planned.
.

Yours faithfully,

Dan Sullivan
,

Dan Sullivan

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2025년 고3 5월 모의고사

19번 심경 변화. nervous → relieved 분석자료

“Please welcome to the stage, Stacy Pan!”

“ Stacy Pan !”

narrate + O ; ~ ,
My legs tremble as I step onto the stage to narrate a story [I wrote.]
.

The spotlight blinds me, and my mind cries out.

, .

Don’t mess up. Don’t hesitate. Just keep going.

‘ . . .’

I adjust the microphone, trying to ignore the fact that hundreds of people are watching me.
.

I begin, diving straight into the story as I have practiced.

.

; because I being(am) afraid ~

My voice shakes, and I focus on each word, afraid that one misstep will ruin everything.
, .

The room is silent, but I keep going, word by word.

, .

approach
Finally, I approach the last line and deliver it without a single mistake.
, , .

approach
There’s a moment of silence before I realize I’ve nished. I breathe out, all my tension melting away.
. . and all my tension melts away

My chest feels lighter as I step off the stage.

.

It’s done, and I didn’t fail. It’s not joy I feel — just stillness and peace.
, . , .

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 2025년 고3 5월 모의고사

20번 필자의 주장. AI의 미래를 만드는 데 더 다양한 분야의 사람들이 관여되어야 한다. 분석자료

the AI hype has

AI technology is powerful, and it is transformative, but the AI hype of recent years has contributed to a god

complex that positions technology leaders as voices of authority on the societal problems [their creations
position A as B ; A B
have often caused.] (that)

AI , , AI

Listening is
Listening to scientists and innovators is important.
.

those are
But those who are pro ting from AI hype are not experts on how that work should be judged.
(how) + (that work) + (should be judged)
AI .

(Neither) + (do ~scientists ~ understand ~ understanding (X)

Neither do distinguished computer scientists, no matter how gifted in their eld, automatically understand

the complex systems of power, money, and politics that will govern the use of their products in the future.
, , ,
those who v
.
those ~ing
those ~ed ~
those living
In fact, those already living at the frontline of A -enabled worker surveillance, or trapped in a nightmare of AI
those are
decisio -making, are far better quali ed for that.
far ; so, too, very (X)
, AI , AI .

So it is critically important for the future of AI that a much wider group of people become involved in shaping

its future.
AI AI .

instead of + N / ~ing ( ), S + V [ ] ‘ , ’
Instead of continually turning to the architects of AI for predictions of the future and solutions to its ills, the

introduction of AI into society requires a broader and more inclusive approach.

AI , AI

* hype: ** surveillance:

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 2025년 고3 5월 모의고사

20번 내용분석

The limits of AI creators' authority in shaping AI’s societal impact

AI AI

Beyond the Tech Gods: Who Really Gets to Shape AI's Future?
: AI ?

Relying solely on AI creators to solve the societal problems AI causes is awed; a broader, more inclusive
approach is essential for shaping AI's future responsibly.
AI AI , AI .

1. – AI :
AI , .
2. –‘ ’ :
, .
3. – :
· · .
4. – :
AI ( , ) .
5. – :
AI .

Voca
broader ( ): ,
hype (AI ): ,
inclusive ( ): ,
transformative ( ): ,
architects (AI ): ,
god complex ( ):
quali ed ( ): ,
authority ( ): ,
innovators ( ):
surveillance ( ): ,
distinguished ( ): ,
trapped (AI ): ,

god complex: , ‘ ’ .

, ! AI , . … AI CCTV .
? … ? AI —
, , — . , AI ‘ ’
. ‘ ’ ,‘ ’ !

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2025년 고3 5월 모의고사
21번. 함축의미. the Moon’s gravitational pull on the Earth allowed for life to develop
분석자료

The early Earth collided with numerous other masses during its formation; indeed, the proto Earth is
sustain + O - ( )
thought to have sustained a massive impact with a Mars sized body [named ‘Theia’.]
( ) . , ‘Theia’

. it is thought that the proto-Earth sustained a massive impact ~

The proton-earth is thought to have sustained a massive impact ~ ; ‘to have pp’

The Moon probably formed from this collision [about 100 million years after the formation of the solar
system.]
1 .

= it is thought that this impact knocked the Earth o ~

This impact is thought to have knocked the Earth off its ‘daily’ rotational axis so that the Earth now tilts
about 23.4° away from its orbital axis around the Sun, although there is a slight ‘wobble’ of a few degrees.
‘ ’ ‘ ’ ,

23.4 .

tilt causes; causing(X)

This 23.4° tilt, as we orbit around the Sun, causes our yearly cycle of the seasons.
23.4 .

; be .
During part of the year, the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun (summer) and the southern
hemisphere is tilted away (winter).
1 , ( ) ( ).

‘ ’ ‘pull’
Six months later, the situation is reversed. Critically, the Moon’s gravitational pull stabilizes the Earth’s axial
tilt, moderating the degree of wobble.
6 , . , .

This has produced a relatively stable climate on Earth for billions of years, and many believe that life on
Earth would never have got started without this stabilization by the Moon.
,

. without ~ (~ ) if .
life on Earth would never have got started but for this stabilization by the Moon.
= if it had not been for
= Had it not been for
To rephrase a song from the 1970s, we are all children of the Moon. if it were not for (were it not for)
1970 , ‘ ’ .

* axis: ** tilt: *** wobble:

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 2025년 고3 5월 모의고사

21번 내용분석

The Moon’s origin and its role in stabilizing Earth’s climate

The Giant Impact That Gave Us Seasons

The Moon likely formed from a massive collision early in Earth’s history, and its gravitational pull has since
stabilized Earth’s axial tilt, enabling a stable climate and the emergence of life.
, .

1. –
, ‘Theia’ .
2. –
1 .
3. –
23.4 , .
4. –
.
5. –
‘ ’ , .
6. –
, ‘ ’ .

Voca
wobble ( ): ,
proto-Earth ( ):
gravitational pull ( ):
massive impact ( ):
stabilize ( ):
Theia ( ):
moderate ( ): ,
rotational axis (‘ ’ ):
climate ( ): ,
tilt (23.4 ): ,
children of the Moon ( ): ( )
orbital axis ( ):

Theia: , . ‘ (giant impact hypothesis)’

.
Giant Impact Hypothesis: , . .

… . , ? 45 ,
—Theia! ! ! . .
‘ ’ . . ‘ ’ .

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2025년 고3 5월 모의고사

22번 글의 요지. 관찰이 배경지식을 바탕으로 개념화되었을 때 증거가 될 수 있다. 분석자료

whether ~ person depends

Whether or not an observation is evidence for a person depends crucially on what the person is bringing to
on / bringing
the table in terms of background knowledge.
.

sees
The physician sees the Koplik spots as Koplik spots and thereby gains evidence for her belief that the
come down with - to start to su er from an illness, especially one that is not serious
patient is coming down with the measles.
‘ ’ .

see + + as + /
I, a nonexpert, see the same spots, but I do not see them as Koplik spots.
, ‘ ’ .

Thus, they are not evidence for me, because they don’t provide me with good reasons for believing that I
be confronted with - to face, meet, or deal with a di cult situation or person
am confronted with a case of the measles.
, .

Only observations that are seen as this or that can be evidence for (or against) some hypothesis.
‘ ’ ( ) .

Another way of putting the same point is this: During the processing of sensory stimuli, we bring ― often
bear - to carry or bring something
automatically ― various categories, background knowledge, and similar things, to bear.
. , , ,

are / constitutes
Thus, categorized observations are what constitutes evidence. Some might worry that we are
intellectualize - ~ ( ) ( )
overintellectualizing evidence.
, . .

However, it seems to us that in the empirical sciences, unconceptualized experiences hardly ever play a
[ ] Hardly ever do unconceptualized experiences play a
role as evidence.
role as evidence in the empirical sciences, or so it seems to us.
, .

* Koplik spot: ( ) ** measles: *** empirical:

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 2025년 고3 5월 모의고사

22번 내용분석

How background knowledge shapes what counts as evidence

' '

Not All Spots Are Evidence: When Knowledge Turns Sight into Proof
:

Whether something counts as evidence depends on the observer's background knowledge, as only
categorized and conceptually processed observations function as evidence in empirical science.
, .

1. –
, .
2. –
, .
3. –
' ' .
4.
, .
5. –
, .

Voca
categorized ( , ):
observation ( ): ,
hypothesis ( ):
evidence ( ):
sensory stimuli ( ):
background knowledge ( ):
conceptualized ( ):
Koplik spots ( ):
empirical science ( ):
measles ( ):
overintellectualizing ( ):
nonexpert ( ):

Koplik spots: , . .

, “ , ~” … “ ? ?” ? ‘ ’
, ‘ ’ . ‘ ’ . ' ' , “ , ~”
. , . “ ” ,“ ” .
, ?

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2025년 고3 5월 모의고사

23번 주제. struggles of governments to tax and regulate multinational companies 분석자료

; that(X)
Some multinational IT companies, which generate revenue through digital advertising and data collection,
‘accuse A of B’ regime
have been accused of exploiting loopholes in international tax regimes to shift pro ts to low tax territories.
IT ,

be known as N ~ ( ). allow + + to V(to pay) +

This practice, known as pro t shifting, allows corporations to pay minimal taxes in the countries where they
deprive A of B - A B ; derive( )
operate, depriving governments of critical revenue.
.

, . In response + , attempt to V (to impose)

In response, several countries have attempted to impose digital services taxes on tech giants, but these
impose A on B; A B
efforts have been met with erce resistance.
, , .
contend -
content - a. vt.
Corporations argue that such taxes unfairly target their business models, while governments contend that
are
they are necessary to level the playing eld and ensure that corporations contribute their fair share to the

public good.

These disputes
These disputes over taxation illustrate the broader challenge that governments face in regulating
Vs. illustrates(X) Vs. what (X)
multinational corporations.
.

frameworks frameworks
Meanwhile, traditional regulatory frameworks, designed for nation bound businesses, are often ill equipped
[ , ..]
to address the complexities of global operations.
, .

As a result, corporations are frequently able to avoid or undermine regulations, operating in a legal gray
+ = the corporations gray area - ,
area where national laws cannot easily reach them.
, , .

* loophole:

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 2025년 고3 5월 모의고사

23번 내용분석

Tax avoidance by multinational tech companies and the struggle for global digital taxation

Pro ts in the Shadows: How Big Tech Dodges Global Tax Rules
: ?

Tech giants use legal loopholes to shift pro ts to low-tax regions, sparking global tax debates and
exposing the limits of outdated national regulatory systems.
,
.

1. –
IT .
2. –
.
3. –
, .
4. – vs
, .
5. –
.
6. –
.

Voca
deprive A of B ( ): A B
multinational ( ):
digital services taxes ( ):
generate revenue ( ):
level the playing eld ( ):
digital advertising ( ):
regulatory framework ( ):
data collection ( ):
legal gray area ( ):
loophole ( ):
pro t shifting ( ):

Pro t Shifting: .
Digital Services Tax (DST): . .

, ! IT … , . … ? “ ,
!” , ?“ !” !
.“ ?” … , ~
. ? ! , … , ?

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 2025년 고3 5월 모의고사

24번 제목. Our Temporal Blindness to the Vast History of the Earth 분석자료

denial - , Time denial is

Time denial, rooted in a very human combination of pride and existential dread, is perhaps the most
time denial ,
common and forgivable form of what might be called chronophobia.
of might
‘ ’

But there are other, more toxic varieties that work together with the less harmful kind to create a prevalent,

stubborn, and dangerous temporal illiteracy in our society.

, , .

S+ (would, could, might..) , if S + (be ‘were’)

,

We in the twenty rst century would be shocked if an educated adult were unable to identify the continents
comfortable quite anything but N; N
on a world map, yet we are quite comfortable with widespread ignorance about anything but the most

super cial highlights from the planet’s long history: perhaps the Bering Strait, dinosaurs, or Pangaea.

21 , , ,

Most humans have no sense of temporal proportion ― the durations of the great chapters in Earth’s history,

the rates of change during previous intervals of environmental instability, the intrinsic timescales of “natural

capital” like groundwater systems.

, , ‘ ’, ‘ ’, ‘

’ ‘ ’ .

As a species, we have a childlike disinterest and partial disbelief in the time before our appearance on

Earth.

, .

; !

With no appetite for stories lacking humans, many people simply can’t be bothered with natural history.

, .

* chronophobia:

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24번 내용분석

Widespread societal ignorance of deep time and Earth's natural history

' '

Trapped in the Present: How We Lost Touch with Earth's Deep History
: ?

Rooted in pride and fear, time denial fosters a societal ignorance of Earth's vast history, leading to
dangerous temporal illiteracy and disinterest in non-human narratives.
,
.

1. –
, .
2. –
.
3.
, , .
4.
, , .
5.
, .

Voca
temporal proportion ( ):
chronophobia ( ):
natural capital ( ):
time denial ( ):
intrinsic timescales ( ):
existential dread ( ):
partial disbelief ( ):
toxic varieties ( ):
disinterest ( ): ,
temporal illiteracy ( ):

Chronophobia: , . ' (deep time)'

.

, ! ? . … ? ?“ … … ?” !
? ! , . ,“ ? ,
?” . ? , ‘ ’
. ? , !

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 2025년 고3 5월 모의고사

26번 불일치 분석자료

A and B
Mexican poet and diplomat Octavio Paz was one of the chief literary gures of the 20th century.

Octavio Paz 20 .

be born to N ~
He was born in Mexico City to a Spanish mother and a Mexican father in 1914.

1914 Mexico City .

(due to) +
He came into early contact with literature due to his grandfather’s extensive library.

After attending a Roman Catholic school he went to the University of Mexico.

Mexico .

While at university he published his rst book of poetry, Forest Moon, in 1933.

1933 Forest Moon .

; that(X)
On a visit to Spain in 1937, he wrote Beneath Your Clear Shadow and Other Poems, which showed him to
,
be a poet of great promise.

1937 , Beneath Your Clear Shadow and Other Poems , .

serve as ~ continue ~ing or to V

From 1962 until 1968, Paz served as Mexico’s ambassador to India, although he continued writing poetry as

well.

1962 1968 Paz .

After his resignation, he taught brie y at Cambridge University in England and at Harvard University in the

United States.

, Cambridge Harvard .

the rst + N to V; ~
In 1990, Paz won the Nobel Prize for Literature, becoming the rst Mexican writer to do so.

1990 Paz .

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2025년 고3 5월 모의고사

29번 어법 분석자료

Working with neuroscientists who use neuroimaging to understand how the human brain works,
the extent (to) + +
anthropologist Simon Cohn has shown the extent to which scientists need to develop personal, even
to which ‘to the extent’ .
intimate, relationships with their subjects in order to secure their cooperation.
to which
, = scientists need to build close
relationships with subjects to gain
Simon Cohn , cooperation

only + a, (do the researchers feel ~)

Only by enlisting subjects in a social relationship, even if brie y, do the researchers feel they can
enlist - , .
depend on the subjects to follow directions to the best of their ability.
, ,

Strapped down uncomfortably in a dark, noisy scanner, subjects must nonetheless pay attention and

follow directions in order to produce data [the researchers can use.]

,

‘~ ’ ; enter into(X) = the subjects

Before the subjects ever enter the scanner, researchers provide them with reassurance and sympathy
provide = personal provide A with B A B
and share personal experiences, creating a subjective alliance between researcher and subject.

experiences
Although these tactics might in uence the speci c subjective experiences [revealed in the scanner,] they are

carefully eliminated from the experimental reports so that only the signals from subjects’ brains in response
(so that) (only the signals) + (come)
to stimuli in the scanner come (coming) to light.

. = these tactics
≠ subjects

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 2025년 고3 5월 모의고사

29번 내용분석

Building trust with neuroimaging subjects

The Science of Trust: Why Brain Researchers Become Friends with Their Subjects
:

In neuroimaging research, scientists must form personal bonds with participants to ensure cooperation
and valid data, despite this being hidden in nal reports.
,
.

1.
Simon Cohn .
→ .
2.
.→ .
3.
.→ .
4.
, , .→ .
5.
.→ .

Voca
stimuli ( ): ( )
enlist ( ): ,
come to light ( ):
intimate ( ):
follow directions ( ):
scanner ( ):
to the best of their ability ( ):
reassurance ( ):
strapped down ( ):( )
sympathy ( ): ,
eliminate ( ):
subjective alliance ( ): ,

Neuroimaging ( ): fMRI, PET .

Anthropology in Science ( ): , .

, . , “ MRI ~” ,“
~” . ? . ,
. , .“ ~” ? ,
!

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 2025년 고3 5월 모의고사

30번 어휘 분석자료

be attuned to N - N .
Because we are attuned to the world by being in a mood, the world is disclosed to us through our moods

but it also in uences these moods.

.

be relevant to N - ~ N . +
This is relevant to the claim that mood is ‘scaffolded’ by the environment, where an interaction with the
= our mood is supported or shaped by the environment
environment is necessary for the creation of affective states.
‘( ) ’ , .

in the sense that S + V ~

In one type of affective scaffolding, one can ‘experientially incorporate parts of the world’ in the sense that
one experiences
when one undergoes certain moods, one experiences certain aspects of the world as part of oneself.
, , ‘

’ . : When I’m heartbroken, a rainy street feels like my own sadness.

way how
; the way how (X) = the world
In this case, the way that the world appears is directly dependent upon the way we are attuned to it
appears
through mood. (X)

, .

To give an example ‘when I am melancholic it is not just that I feel as though the world is grey.
‘ .

Rather, when I am melancholic the world is grey.’

, .’

~ = environments
Such a state presupposes the absence (presence) of a distinction between what is out there and what is in
= moods, feelings
here.
(→ ) .

boundaries such that; ~ ,~

The boundaries between ourselves and the external world seem to disappear such that the mood [one is

in] determines which features of the environment will matter and in what way.
,

* scaffold: ( )

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 2025년 고3 5월 모의고사

30번 내용분석

Mood as a bridge between self and environment

When the World Feels Grey: How Moods Shape and Are Shaped by the Environment
:

Moods are not just internal states but interactive processes shaped by and shaping the environment,
blurring the line between self and world.
.

1.
, .
→ .
2.
, .
→ ‘scaffolded’ .
3.
.
→ .
4.
.
→ .
5. -
.
→ , .

Voca
melancholic ( ):
attuned ( ): ,
presuppose ( ):
disclosed ( ):( )
absence/presence ( / ): /
scaffolded ( ):
boundaries ( ): ,
affective states ( ):
features of the environment ( ):
experientially incorporate ( ):

Affective scaffolding ( ): , .
Phenomenology ( ): . .

, ? .“ , !”
. ON/OFF . , .
‘ ’ . “ = ” . !

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