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QERYJEGXYVMRKERHXVEHIERMRGVIEWIMRXLISZIVEPP TSWWMFMPMXMIWSJJYVXLIVPMROWEWJEVEW-RHMEERH'LMRE
TSTYPEXMSRSJXLIGSYRXV] HSYFPMRKJVSQQMPPMSRMR 7SQISJXLMWFYWMRIWWMRZSPZIHXLIIWXEFPMWLQIRXSJWQEPP
XLIWXSEVSYRHQMPPMSRMR ERHXLI KVSYTWSJXVEHIVWEFVSEH8LIPERHWEGVSWWXLI%XPERXMGXS
GSRXMRYMRKTVSGIWWSJXLIIRGPSWYVISJPERHMRXSPEVKIV XLI[IWXLS[IZIVKEZIVMWIXSXLITSWWMFMPMX]SJER
TVMZEXIP]S[RIHYRMXWSJTVSHYGXMSR4LMPMT7XYFFIW IRXMVIP]HMJJIVIRXJSVQSJEGXMZMX]8LIMHIEEVSWIMRXLI
[VMXMRKMR8LI%REXSQMISJ%FYWIW  I\TPEMRIHXLEX WXLEXEDWXEFPMRKTPEGI GSYPHFIWIXYTMR2SVXL
%QIVMGEXLVSYKL[LMGLPSGEPVE[QEXIVMEPWGSYPHFI
8LI]XEOIMRERHMRGPSWIGSQQSRWQSSVIWLIEXLW I\GLERKIHJSV)RKPMWLGPSXL-RHIIHMR,YQTLVI]
ERHSXLIVGSQQSRTEWXYVIW[LIVSYXXLITSSVI +MPFIVXHIGPEVIH)RKPMWLWSZIVIMKRX]SZIV2I[JSYRHPERH
GSQQSREPMXMI[IVI[SRXXSLEZIEPPXLIMVJSVEKIERH FYXXLITVSNIGXJEMPIHEWHMHXLIMHIESJED2I[%PFMSR MR
JIIHMRKJSVXLIMVGEXXIPP  [LMGLMWQSVI GSVRIJSV [LEXMWRS['EPMJSVRMEERHIEVP]TPERXEXMSRWMR:MVKMRME
XLIQWIPZIWXSP]ZIYTTSR*SVXLIWIMRGPSWYVIWFI HYVMRKERH-X[EWRSXYRXMPXLIWXLEXQSVI
XLIGEYWIW[L]VMGLQIRIEXYTTSSVIQIREWFIEWXW WYGGIWWJYPWIXXPIQIRXW[IVIIWXEFPMWLIH]IXXLMWIEVPMIV
HSIEXKVEWW I\TERWMSRXSKIXLIV[MXLEWWSGMEXIHXIRWMSRWMR
7XYFFIWRT  MRXIVREXMSREPEJJEMVWTEVXMGYPEVP][MXL7TEMRLEHQEHI
ERIRPEVKIHGSRGITXSJXLI[SVPHEZEMPEFPIJSVEKVIEX
,MWXSVMERWHIFEXIXLII\XIRXERHIJJIGXSJXLMWTVSGIWW RYQFIVSJTISTPI,S[IZIVXLIVI[IVIMRWIGYVMXMIW
HYVMRKXLIVIMKRSJ)PM^EFIXL- r FYXQSWX EFSYXXLIHIZIPSTQIRXSJERSREKVEVMERWXVYGXYVISJ
RSXIXLIGSRWMHIVEFPIYRVIWXWYGLHMWTSWWIWWMSRGEYWIH IQTPS]QIRXERHMRXLIRI[E[EVIRIWWSJXLI[SVPH
IWTIGMEPP]MRXMQIWSJTSSVLEVZIWXERHXLI [LMGLMXLEHLIPTIHXSHIPMZIVERHXLIWIXIRWMSRWEVI
EGGSQTER]MRKQMKVEXMSRXSXLIXS[RW)EVP]MRHYWXVMEP VIZIEPIHMRXLIHVEQEXMG[VMXMRKSJXLITIVMSH
EGXMZMX]SJXIRFIRIpXMRKJVSQXLIWOMPPWSJ4VSXIWXERX ;LMPWXQER]SJXLIWITPE]WWYGLEW%;SQER/MPPIH
MQQMKVERXWJVSQ8LI2IXLIVPERHWERH*VERGIEPWS [MXL/MRHRIWW  EVIPSGEXIHMRXLIGPEYWXVSTLSFMG
HVI[TISTPIJVSQXLIGSYRXV]WMHIXSXLIXS[RWMR WIXXMRKWSJ)RKPMWL SVJSVIMKR GSYRXV]IWXEXIWER
WIEVGLSJ[EKIWERHXLITIVGIMZIHFIRIpXWSJYVFERPMJI MRGVIEWMRKRYQFIVWYGLEW8LI/RMKLXSJXLI&YVRMRK
8LITSTYPEXMSRSJ0SRHSRMXWIPJ[EWQSWXEJJIGXIHERH 4IWXPI  )TMGSIRISV8LI7MPIRX;SQER  ERH
XLIGMX]KVI[XSFISRISJXLIPEVKIWXMR)YVSTI8LI 8LI6SEVMRK+MVPIWXEFPMWLIHXLIMQTSVXERGISJXS[RW
TISTPI[LSPMZIHMR0SRHSRMR ERHGMXMIWEWTPEGIWVIGSKRMWEFPIEWMQEKIWSJXLIWXVYGXYVI
VITVIWIRXIHEHSYFPMRKSJXLIGMX] WTSTYPEXMSRWMRGI ERHTEXXIVRSJIZIV]HE]PMJIJSVXLIXLIEXVIEYHMIRGI
ERHMX[EWXSHSYFPIEKEMRXSF] )ZIR[LIVIXS[RPMJI[EWVITVIWIRXIHMR)YVSTIER
3RIIJJIGXSJXLMWMRGVIEWI[EWXSGVIEXIEPEVKI WIXXMRKW 8LI'LERKIPMRK  MWWIXMR7TEMRJSV
EYHMIRGIJSVXLII\TERHMRKRIX[SVOSJXLIEXVIW1ER] I\EQTPIERH 8MW4MX]7LI WE;LSVI  MR-XEP] XLIVI
SJXLITISTPI[LSEXXIRHIHXLIWIXLIEXVIWLEHE [SYPHLEZIFIIREOIIRWIRWISJMHIRXMpGEXMSRJSV
QIQSV]SJXLIXVEHMXMSRWERHG]GPIWSJEGXMZMX]MRXLI 0SRHSREYHMIRGIWMRXVMKYIHF]XLITSXIRXMEPJSV
GSYRXV]WMHIEW[IPPEWERI[GSRWGMSYWRIWWSJXLI GSQTEVMWSRFIX[IIRXLIWIMQEKMRIHSZIVWIEWPSGEXMSRW
VMKSYVWERHMRHIIHXLIHERKIVWSJYVFERPMJI1ER] ERHXLIMVS[RI\TERHMRKGMX]1SVISZIVEWXVSRK
0SRHSRIVWVIXEMRIHEGSRRIGXMSR[MXLXLIGSYRXV]WMHI IPIQIRXXLVSYKLSYXXLIHVEQESJXLIWIZIRXIIRXL
XLVSYKLXLIGMX] WEKVMGYPXYVEPQEVOIXWFYX0SRHSR[EW GIRXYV]MWXLITIVGIMZIHGPEWLFIX[IIRXLI[E]WSJXLI
EPWSVETMHP]FIGSQMRKXLIJSGYWJSVERI[OMRHSJ GSYRXV]ERHXLI[E]WSJXLIXS[R6YVEPPMJI[EWMHIEPMWIH
GSQQIVGMEPEGXMZMX][LMGLLEHERMRGVIEWMRKP] JSVMXWTYVMX]ERHWMQTPMGMX]VMHMGYPIHERHEXXEGOIHJSVMXW
MRXIVREXMSREPHMQIRWMSR*SVQSVITISTPIXLERIZIV PEGOSJWSTLMWXMGEXMSRSVFSXLMR)TMGSIRIJSVMRWXERGI
FIJSVIXLIVIIQIVKIHERE[EVIRIWWSJDXLIREXMSR MR 8VYI[MXWMKREPWXLIMQTSWWMFMPMX]SJpRHMRKEGLEWXI[MJI
VIPEXMSRXSXLIVIWXSJ)YVSTIEW[IPPEWXSXLI MRXLIGMX]F]WYKKIWXMRKXLEXWYGLEGVIEXYVII\MWXIHSRP]
I\TERHMRK[SVPHMXWIPJEWRI[WGMVGYPEXIHSJXLI MRWSQIHMWXERXrERHYRHIWMVEFPIrVYVEPTEWX
WIXXPIQIRXWQEHIMRXLIXIVVMXSVMIWSJXLIDRI[[SVPHW 
FI]SRH)YVSTI8LITIVMSHSJLMWXSV]HYVMRK[LMGLXLI -J]SYLEHPMZIHMR/MRK)XLIPHVIH WXMQIWMVSV
TPE]WMRXLMWZSPYQI[IVI[VMXXIR[EWSRISJMRGVIEWMRK )H[EVHXLI'SRJIWWSV W]SYQMKLXTIVLETWLEZI
I\TPSVEXMSRERHXLIpVWXXIRXEXMZIDTPERXMRK  SJTISTPI  JSYRHMRWSQIGSPHGSYRXV]LEQPIXXLIREHYPP
SZIVWIEW)RKPERH WSRP]VIEPGSPSR] ERHQSWX JVSWX][IRGL[SYPHLEZIFIIRGSRXIRXIH[MXLSRI
WYGGIWWJYPTPERXEXMSRSJ4VSXIWXERXMWQ [EW-VIPERH QERRS[XLI][MPPEWWSSRFITPIEWIH[MXLSRIPIKSV
,S[IZIV[LEXIZIVXLITVEGXMGEPWYGGIWWIWERHJEMPYVIW SRII]I
SJXLIWIEGXMZMXMIWXLIMQTYPWIXS[EVHWXLIWIXXPIQIRX --MMr 
SJSZIVWIEWXIVVMXSVMIWGERFIKPMQTWIHWYVTVMWMRKP]IEVP]
MRXLIWM\XIIRXLGIRXYV] -R8LI6SEVMRK+MVPXLIGSYRXV]WMHIpKYVIWSRXLISRI
8VEHIPMROWXSXLIIEWXSJ)YVSTI ERHTEVXMGYPEVP] LERHEWETPEGIJSVXLIWXEKMRKSJMPPMGMXWI\YEP


 MRXVSHYGXMSR

IRGSYRXIVW EX;EVI,S\XSRSV&VIRXJSVHZMPPEKIW VIKYPEXMSRXLIRXLITPE]WIRKEKIHJYRHEQIRXEPP][MXL

SYXWMHISJFYXEGGIWWMFPIJVSQ0SRHSR SVSRXLI MWWYIWSJTS[IVERHEYXLSVMX]NYWXEWXLINYHMGMEV]ERH
SXLIVLERHEWETPEGISJMQTSZIVMWLQIRXERHHIEVXL EW XLIWXEXIVIPMIHSRXLITS[IVSJWTIGXEGPI
WMKREPPIHF]XLIREQIWSJ0SVH2SPERHERH0E\XSR -R 8LITPE]W IRKEKIQIRX[MXLWYGLMWWYIWMRZSPZIHE
EPPSJXLIWIMRWXERGIWXLIGSYRXV]WMHIMWEXXVMFYXIHMXW VIGSKRMXMSRXLEXTS[IVERHEYXLSVMX][IVIHMWXVMFYXIH
QIERMRKWSRP]XLVSYKLVIJIVIRGIXSERHMRSVHIVXS HMJJIVIRXMEPP]XLVSYKLWSGMIX]ERHXLEXXLIWSGMEP
HIpRIMXWTIVGIMZIHSTTSWMXIXLIGMX] LMIVEVGLMIWXLEXLEHTVIZMSYWP]HIXIVQMRIHWSGMEPWXEXYW
8LIQEXIVMEPGSRHMXMSRWSJGMX]PMJIEVIEOI]IPIQIRX ERHTS[IV[IVIYRHIVKSMRKETVSGIWWSJXVERWJSVQEXMSR
MRQER]SJXLIWITPE]W8LIVMGLHMZIVWMX]SJ0SRHSR W 8LMWIZSPYXMSRSJXLIIEVP]QSHIVRW]WXIQSJWSGMEPVERO
TSTYPEXMSRMWVITVIWIRXIHXSKIXLIV[MXLXLI SVHIKVII[EWMRI\XVMGEFP]FSYRHYT[MXLXLIGLERKMRK
STTSVXYRMXMIWERHTMXJEPPWSJXLIRI[IGSRSQMGSVHIV TEXXIVRSJIGSRSQMGHIZIPSTQIRX8LIPEVKIP]VYVEP
%PXLSYKLVYVEPPMJILEHFIIRERHGSRXMRYIHXSFI QIHMIZEPWSGMEPJSVQEXMSRLEHJSVGIRXYVMIWLIPH
HITIRHIRXYTSRXLIYRGIVXEMRXMIWSJXLILEVZIWX ERH VIPEXMZIP]JI[STTSVXYRMXMIWJSVWSGMEPEHZERGIQIRXXLI
HIITP]EJJIGXIHSZIVXLIGIRXYVMIWF]HMWIEWILMKL PERHGSRXVSPPMRKEVMWXSGVEG]TVIWMHMRKSZIVELMIVEVGL]SJ
QSVXEPMX]VEXIWERHQMKVEXMSR MX[EWEPWSMRWYPEVERH KIRXV]ERHTIEWERXV]XLEX[EWpVQP]PMROIHXSXLIMVVSPIW
JSVXLIQSWXTEVXGLEVEGXIVMWIHF]XLIWXEFMPMX]ERH [MXLMRXLIGSYRXV]WMHIERHQIHMEXIHXLVSYKLXLIHYEP
GSRXMRYMX]SJMXWTSTYPEXMSR0MJIMRXLIXS[RW[EWPIWW MRWXMXYXMSRWSJPSGEPJIYHEPNYWXMGIERHXLIGLYVGL
TVIHMGXEFPIWMRGIMXHITIRHIHYTSREQSVIGSQTPI\ ,S[IZIVF]XLIPEXIWM\XIIRXLGIRXYV]XLMW[EWKMZMRK
WSGMEPERHIGSRSQMGWXVYGXYVIERHEQSVIQSFMPI [E]XSEQSVIHMZIVWIERHVEXLIVQSVIqYMHW]WXIQSJ
TSTYPEXMSR8LIZEV]MRKJSVXYRIWSJXVEHIPIHXSYRIZIR WSGMEPLMIVEVGL][LIVIEQER WHIKVIIHITIRHIHSRE
PIZIPWSJIQTPS]QIRX[LIXLIVMR[SVOHMVIGXP]VIPEXIH GSQFMREXMSRSJLMW[IEPXLTS[IVERHWXEXYWERHE
XSIRXIVTVMWISVMRXLIEWWSGMEXIHTSWMXMSRWSJWIVZERXW [SQER WYWYEPP]HITIRHIHSRXLEXSJLIVJEXLIVSV
ERHXLSWIMRZSPZIHMRXLIWYTTP]XVEHIWD1EWXIVPIWW  LYWFERH;LMPWXXLIWSGMEPLMIVEVGL][EWWXMPP
TISTPIFSXLZMGXMQWSJGLERKMRKVYVEPIGSRSQMIWERH GLEVEGXIVMWIHF]XLIRSFMPMX]ERHPERHS[RMRKKIRXV]EX
I\WSPHMIVW WYGLEW8VETHSSVERH8IEVGEXMR8LI XLIXSTXLITVSJIWWMSRW WYGLEWXLIGLYVGLXLIPE[
6SEVMRK+MVP XLVIEXIRIHFSXLGSYRXV]ERHGMX]ERH QIHMGMRIERHXLIEVQ] ERHQENSVXVEHIW FEWIHSR
XLIRI[GSRGIRXVEXMSRSJPEVKIRYQFIVWSJTISTPIMR [LSPIWEPMRKERHVIXEMPMRK GSQTPMGEXIHXLISPHWXVYGXYVIW
YVFEREVIEWLIPTIHWTVIEHXLIVIGYVVIRXFSYXWSJTPEKYI SJVYVEPWXVEXMpGEXMSRMRXLEXXLIKVS[MRK[IEPXLERH
XLII\XIRXERHIJJIGXSJ[LMGLGERFIJEMVP]EGGYVEXIP] TS[IVSJMRGVIEWMRKP]YVFERFEWIHKVSYTWFIKERXS
XVEGIHF]EQSRKWXSXLIVXLMRKWXLISGGEWMSRW[LIR IJJIGXEGLERKIMRXLIMVWXEXYW8LIWIYVFERIPMXIWXIRHIH
XLI]JSVGIHXLIGPSWYVISJXLIXLIEXVIW XSFIHVE[RJVSQXLIQMHHPMRKKIRXV]ERHGSRXMRYIHXS
(E]XSHE]PMJIMRXLIGMX][EWGLEVEGXIVMWIHF]LMKL EGXMRXLIMVS[RMRXIVIWXWLS[IZIVXLI]EPWS
PIZIPWSJFSXLGEWYEPERHWYVTVMWMRKP]DSVKERMWIH GVMQI MRGVIEWMRKP]GEQIXSGSRXVSPTSWMXMSRWSJEYXLSVMX]MRXLI
MREWSGMIX][LMGLPEGOIHER]XLMRKPMOIEQSHIVRTSPMGI XS[RWERHGMXMIWSRGSYRGMPWERHMRGSYVXWSJEPHIVQIR
JSVGIMRHIIHXLIEXXIRXMSRKMZIRXSDXLMIZIW GERX XLI SVMRKYMPHGSQTERMIW EWHIQSRWXVEXIHMR8LI/RMKLXSJ
WTIGMEPMWXPERKYEKISJGVMQMREPWERHZEKVERXWMR8LI XLI&YVRMRK4IWXPI &IPS[XLIQMRXLILMIVEVGL]GEQI
6SEVMRK+MVPXIWXMpIWXSXLILMKLP]HIZIPSTIHWXVYGXYVIW XLIVYVEP]ISQIR[LSEGXIHEWXLIKIRXV] WDEKIRXW F]
SJGSQQYRMGEXMSRERHSVKERMWEXMSR[MXLMRXLMWWSGMEP WIVZMGMRKNYVMIWEGXMRKEWGSRWXEFPIWERHEHQMRMWXIVMRK
KVSYTMRK1SVISZIVNYWXMGI[EWMXWIPJEJSVQSJXLIEXVI XLIW]WXIQSJTSSVVIPMIJ-RHIWGIRHMRKSVHIVSJHIKVII
MRXLIWIRWIXLEXMXSJXIRVIWYPXIHMRWTIGXEGYPEVHMWTPE]W XLI][IVIJSPPS[IHF]GVEJXWQIRXVEHIWQIRERH
SJTS[IVF]XLIEYXLSVMXMIWEWEQIERWSJHIXIVVIRGI GST]LSPHIVW XIRERXJEVQIVW XLIRETTVIRXMGIWERH
;LMPWXXLIEKIRXWSJKSZIVRQIRXQMKLXMRMXMEPP]GSRpRI WIVZERXW HVE[RJVSQERYQFIVSJWSGMEPKVSYTWERH
ERHXSVXYVIXLIMVIRIQMIWMRXLILMHHIRGLEQFIVWSJXLI XLIVIJSVIQSWXPMOIP]XSGLERKIXLIMVTSWMXMSR[MXLMRXLI
8S[IVSJ0SRHSRMX[EWEPWSGSQQSRJSVI\EQTPIWXS WSGMEPLMIVEVGL] ERHpREPP]LYWFERHQIR [LSJEVQIH
FIQEHISJFSXLTSPMXMGEPSTTSRIRXWERHSVHMREV] XLIMVS[RWQEPPLSPHMRKW GSXXEKIVW [LSWYTTPIQIRXIH
GVMQMREPWMRXLITYFPMGEVIEWSJXLIGMX][MXLFVERHMRK XLIMVMRGSQI[MXLTEMHPEFSYV PEFSYVIVWERHZEKVERXW
QYXMPEXMSRWERHLERKMRKWFIMRKGSRHYGXIHJSVEPPXSWII 8LIWIHMWXMRGXMSRWZEVMIHWSQI[LEXJVSQPSGEPMX]XS
-RXLMWQSWXYRIUYEPSJWSGMIXMIWMX[EWRSXYRYWYEPXS PSGEPMX]FYX[MXLMRXLMWKIRIVEPW]WXIQSJWSGMEP
WII[SQIRERHQIRTYFPMGP]EFYWIHERHGLEWXMWIH MRIUYEPMX]LS[IZIVXLIVI[EWGSRWXERXQSZIQIRXMR
XLVSYKLERYQFIVSJTSTYPEVVMXYEPWERHTYRMWLQIRXW XLEXWSQIJEVQPEFSYVIVW[SYPHFIGSQI]ISQIRWSQI
JSVXLIMVPEGOSJGSRJSVQMX]XSXLIDPE[W SJKIRHIVERH YVFERETTVIRXMGIW[SYPHFIGSQIQEWXIVWERHWSSR
WI\YEPGSRHYGX[LMGLKSZIVRIHXLIMVPMZIW8LMW[EWE 8LIW]WXIQSJpRIKVEHEXMSRWERHWXVEXMpGEXMSRSTIVEXIH
WSGMIX]MR[LMGLXLITS[IVSJXLIWXEXIERHXLIPE[[EW MREWXLSVSYKLKSMRKE[E]EXXLIPS[IVIRHSJXLI
HIQSRWXVEXIHERHIREGXIHTVIGMWIP]XLVSYKLMXWTYFPMG LMIVEVGL]EWMXHMHEXXLILMKLIV,S[IZIV[LMPWX
DTIVJSVQERGI *EVJVSQXLIXLIEXVIERHXLIPE[ GETEFPISJVEROMRKKVSYTWERHSGGYTEXMSRWMRXSE
SGGYT]MRKWITEVEXIWTLIVIWSJIRXIVXEMRQIRXERHWSGMEP GSQTPI\ERHpRIP]XYRIHW]WXIQSJWXVEXMpGEXMSR


MRXVSHYGXMSR

GSRXIQTSVEVMIWEPWSMRGVIEWMRKP]KVSYTIHXLIWIQER] GSRXVEV]XLIQIHMIZEPTIVMSHLEHFIIRVMGLMRZEVMIH
TSWMXMSRWMRXSXLVIIFVSEHGPYWXIVWDKIRXPIQIR DXLI JSVQWSJHVEQEQYGLSJMXGPSWIP]FSYRHYT[MXLXLI
QMHHPMRKWSVXSJTISTPI ERHDXLITSSV rEXVMTEVXMXI JSPOXVEHMXMSRWSJEREKVEVMERWSGMIX]-XMWXLSYKLXJSV
W]WXIQGPSWIVXSXLIYVFERFEWIHGPEWWW]WXIQ[LMGL[EW I\EQTPIXLEXXLITSTYPEVMX]SJTPE]WHIEPMRK[MXL
XSWYTIVWIHIMXMRXLIIMKLXIIRXLGIRXYV] 'LVMWXMERRSXMSRWSJHIEXLERHVIWYVVIGXMSRS[IH
8LITPE]W HIXIVQMRIHTVISGGYTEXMSR[MXLQEXXIVWSJ WSQIXLMRKXSTVI'LVMWXMERXVEHMXMSRWGIPIFVEXMRKXLI
WSGMEPVEROMWIZMHIRGIFSXLSJXLIIZSPYXMSRSJXLI G]GPISJXLIGLERKMRKWIEWSRW-RHIIHQER]SJXLI
WSGMEPWXVYGXYVIERHSJXLI[E]XLEXXLMWTVSHYGIHE JIWXMZEPWTEVXMGYPEVP]'LVMWXQEWERH)EWXIV[MXLXLIMV
XIRWMSRFIX[IIRXLIIQIVKMRKGPEWWIWERHXLISPH IRXIVXEMRQIRXWERHVMXYEPWGERFIWIIREWLEZMRKFIIR
EVMWXSGVEG][LMGLEPXLSYKLMXLEHJSYKLX[EVW[MXLMR KVEJXIHSRXSTVII\MWXMRKTEKERGIPIFVEXMSRWERHXLI
MXWS[RVEROWLEHRIZIVGSRGIHIHMXWS[RDHMZMRIP] PIKEG]SJXLIWIGSQFMRIHXVEHMXMSRWGERFIJSYRHMRXLI
WERGXMSRIH TS[IVSZIVXLIQENSVMX]SJXLITSTYPEXMSR TPE]WSJ7LEOIWTIEVIERHLMWGSRXIQTSVEVMIW
1YGLSJXLIHVEQESJXLITIVMSHGERFIWIIREWJEMVP] 1SVIWTIGMpGEPP]MX[EWXLIGLYVGL[LMGL
IZIRLERHIHP]MQTP]MRKGVMXMGMWQSJXLIFIPMIJWSJFSXL IRGSYVEKIHXLIQSVIJSVQEPOMRHWSJHVEQEXMGXVEHMXMSR
XLISPHIVEVMWXSGVEXMGPE]IVSJWSGMIX]ERHXLIRI[P] JVSQ[LMGLXLIIEVP]QSHIVRXLIEXVIHIWGIRHIH8LI
IQIVKMRKERHMRGVIEWMRKP]MRqYIRXMEPDQMHHPMRKWSVX  1]WXIV]TPE]W[LMGL[IVISVKERMWIHMRXLIXS[RWF]
)TMGSIRIJSVI\EQTPIMWVIPIRXPIWWMRMXWI\GSVMEXMSRSJ XLIKYMPHWSJTVSJIWWMSREPEVXMWERWLEHXLIMVSVMKMRWMR
JEWLMSREFPIERHVSSXPIWWYVFERMXIWEWVITVIWIRXIHF] HVEQEXMGVITVIWIRXEXMSRWSJITMWSHIWJVSQXLI&MFPI
1SVSWIXLIGSPPIKMEXIPEHMIWXLIIVWEX^7MV.SLR(E[ [LMGLLEHpVWXFIIREGXIHMRXLIPEVKIV'EXLSPMGTPEGIW
[LSWIPIEVRMRKMWMRHMWGVMQMREXIERHGEZEPMIVERH[LS SJ[SVWLMTEWJEVFEGOEWXLIRMRXLGIRXYV]-RXLI]IEVW
DFY]WXMXPIW XLI3XXIVWERHIZIRXLITYXEXMZIDLIVSIW  PIEHMRKYTXS ERHTIVLETWSZIVPETTMRK[MXL XLI
XLIXLVIIKEPPERXW*EQMP]PSRKIZMX]ERHGSRXMRYMX] IWXEFPMWLQIRXSJXLIpVWXTYFPMGXLIEXVIWMR0SRHSR
LS[IZIVMWRSKYEVERXIISJ[MWHSQSVKSSHSVHIVEW XLIWITVSHYGXMSRWERRYEPP]VIXSPHXLSWIOI]'LVMWXMER
0E*SSPIHIQSRWXVEXIW,MWJEQMP]XLI0E*SSPIWSJ WXSVMIW[LMGL[IVIGSRWMHIVIHXLIPMXIVEPLMWXSV]SJ
0SRHSREVIXLIWSYVGISJEPPXLI0E*SSPIWSJXLIPERH LYQERI\MWXIRGI%PXLSYKLGIRXVEPpKYVIW %HEQ
D8LI]EPPGSQISYXSJSYVLSYWIXLI0E*SSPIWS XLI 2SELERH'LVMWX [IVISJXIRTPE]IHF]TVSJIWWMSREP
RSVXLXLI0E*SSPIWSJXLI[IWXXLI0E*SSPIWSJXLI EGXSVWXLIQEMRGEWX[EWHVE[RJVSQEQSRKWXPSGEP
IEWXERHWSYXLr[IEVIEWERGMIRXEJEQMP]EWER]MWMR TISTPIERHXLIJSVQEPPS[IHXSTMGEPVIJIVIRGIWPSGEP
)YVSTI  -MZr )ZIRMR8LI/RMKLXSJXLI&YVRMRK GYWXSQWERHIZIRPMQMXIHWSGMEPGVMXMUYIXSGSQFMRI
4IWXPI[LMGLMWEQYGLPIWWEGIVFMGGSQIH]XLER [MXLXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXSJXLIXVYXLSJ'LVMWXMER
)TMGSIRIEGLMZEPVMGTEWXMWMRZSOIHSRP]XSFITEVSHMIH XIEGLMRK
ERHYRHIVGYXF]EWIRWISJXLIPEGOSJVIPIZERGISJWYGL 1IHMIZEP1SVEPMX]TPE]WWYGLEW1EROMRH r 
MHIEPWERHTVEGXMGIWMRXLIRI[YVFERGSRXI\X4IVLETW ERH)ZIV]QER G LEHTIVLETWQSVIJSVGIJYP
XLIWIGSQIHMIWEVII\GITXMSREPMRXLIMVYR[MPPMRKRIWWXS QIWWEKIWXSGSRZI][MXLXLIMVWIZIVI[EVRMRKWEKEMRWX
MHIRXMJ]DXLISPHSVHIV EWQSVIHIWMVEFPIERH WMRERHXLIGSVVYTXMSRSJXLIWSYP8LIWITPE]W[LMGL
LEVQSRMSYWXLERXLIRI[1YGLSJXLIHVEQEEXXLMW XSYVIHEVSYRHXS[RWERHZMPPEKIWHVEQEXMWIHXLI
XMQI[SYPHTVSFEFP]LEZIFIIRZMI[IHEWGSRWIVZEXMZIP] ZEVMSYWXIQTXEXMSRWXS[LMGLDQER [EWSTIR8]TMGEPP]
ERHRSWXEPKMGEPP]JEZSYVMRKXLMWW]WXIQSJTEXVSREKIERH EGIRXVEPLYQERpKYVI[EWZMWMXIHF]IQFPIQEXMGpKYVIW
WXEFMPMX]WIIREWMRGVIEWMRKP]ZYPRIVEFPIERHYRWXEFPI VITVIWIRXMRKZEVMSYWWMRWSVQSVEPHMPIQQEWEXVEHMXMSR
LERHIHSRXSXLI6IREMWWERGIXLIEXVIERHIEWMP]WIIRMR
TPE]WWYGLEW'LVMWXSTLIV1EVPS[I W(SGXSV*EYWXYW
)EVP]QSHIVRXLIEXVISVMKMRWPSGEXMSRWERH G SV7LEOIWTIEVI W1EGFIXL  -RXLIEFWIRGI
HVEQEXMGJSVQW SJFYMPHMRKWWTIGMpGEPP]HIWMKRIHJSVXLIXLIEXVIXLIWI
IEVP]TPE]W[IVIWXEKIHMRQEVOIXWUYEVIWXLIGSYVX]EVHW
&]XLIW0SRHSR[MXLMXWVETMHP]I\TERHMRK SJMRRWERHXLIFERUYIXMRKLEPPWSJXLIPEVKIVQERWMSRW
TSTYPEXMSRMXWRI[JSVQWSJXVEHIERHGSQQIVGIERH EWMRXLIGEWISJXLIXVEZIPPMRKTPE]IVW[LSEGXD8LI
MXWGSQTPI\ERHHMZIVWIWSGMEPGSQTSWMXMSR[EWSRXLI 1SYWIXVET MR,EQPIX  (IWTMXIXLIKVEZMX]SJ
FVMROSJERI[IVESJXLIEXVIFYMPHMRKERHTPE] XLIMVWTMVMXYEPQIWWEKIWXLIWI[IVIEPWSIRXIVXEMRQIRXW
TIVJSVQMRK8LIXLIEXVIWMR[LMGLXLITPE]W[IVIpVWX ERHXLIMVQM\MRKSJGSQIH][MXLXLISPSK]MWEXVEHMXMSR
TIVJSVQIHS[IHXLIMVHIZIPSTQIRXRSXSRP]XSE XLEXTIVLETWI\TPEMRWXLIQM\MRKSJKIRVIWMRXLITPE]W
VIQEVOEFPIGSRqYIRGISJHVEQEXMGXVEHMXMSRMRXIPPIGXYEP SJXLI)PM^EFIXLERERHIEVP]7XYEVXTIVMSH7SQISJXLI
IRIVK]ERHGSQQIVGMEPIRXIVTVMWIFYXEPWSXSXLI QSWXGSQTIPPMRKpKYVIWMRXLITPE]WMRXLMWZSPYQI
HIZIPSTQIRXWMRFYMPHMRKWOMPPW[LMGLEPPS[IHWXVYGXYVIW LETTIRXSFIWSQISJXLIQSWXQSVEPP]GSVVYTX 7EPSQI
XSFIHIWMKRIHWTIGMpGEPP]JSVXLIEXVMGEPIRXIVXEMRQIRX MR8LI8VEKIH]SJ1EVMEQ  (I*PSVIWMR8LI
8LMWMWRSXXSWE]LS[IZIVXLEXTSTYPEVHVEQEXMGJSVQW 'LERKIPMRKSV+MSZERRMMR 8MW4MX]7LI WE;LSVI ERH
ERHTIVJSVQERGIW[IVIXLIQWIPZIWRI[3RXLI QER]SJXLIpKYVIWSJLMKLGSQIH]WYGLEW1SPP


 MRXVSHYGXMSR

'YXTYVWIMR8LI6SEVMRK+MVPEVIXLIQSWXTLMPS JVSQSRIXS[RXSERSXLIV7SXLIRI[0SRHSR
WSTLMGEPP]KMJXIHERHIPSUYIRX TPE]LSYWIWFIGEQIEQEWWMZIWXMQYPYWXSXLI
8LITSIXW[LSXYVRIHXSXLIXLIEXVIMRXLITIVMSH TVSHYGXMSRSJRI[TPE]W
MQQIHMEXIP]FIJSVI7LEOIWTIEVI[IVI[IPPE[EVISJ +YVVr 
XLIWISPHIVXVEHMXMSRWERHMRGSVTSVEXIHXLIQMRXSXLIMV
RI[[SVO8LI][IVIEPWSEXXYRIHXSXLIPSRKWXERHMRK 8LIIEVPMIWXSJXLIWIRI[XLIEXVIW[EWXLI6IH0MSR
JSVQWSJIRXIVXEMRQIRXEXGSYVX [LIVIXLIQEWUYI[EW FYMPXF].SLR&VE]RIMRMR;LMXIGLETIP8LMW[EW
GYPXMZEXIH ERHXSWYGL)YVSTIERJSVQWSJWXVIIX VITPEGIHMR[LIR.EQIW&YVFEKI &VE]RI WFVSXLIV
IRXIVXEMRQIRXEWXLIGSQQIHMEHIPP EVXIERHXLIIEVPMIWX MRPE[ERHFYWMRIWWTEVXRIV GSRWXVYGXIHEFYMPHMRK
JSVQWSJ-XEPMERSTIVE8LI0SRHSRSJXLIWIGSRHLEPJ ORS[RWMQTP]EWD8LI8LIEXVI EX7LSVIHMXGLXLIRXS
SJXLIWM\XIIRXLGIRXYV][EWJEWXFIGSQMRKE XLIRSVXLIEWXSJ0SRHSRTVSTIVMRXLIJSPPS[MRK]IEV
GSWQSTSPMXERWSGMIX]ZMWMXIHF]KVSYTWSJXVEZIPPMRK ERHZIV]RIEVXSXLI8LIEXVIXLI'YVXEMR[EWFYMPX
EGXSVWJVSQEFVSEH-REHHMXMSRXLIVI[EWERMRXIVIWXMR 8LIVETMHTVSPMJIVEXMSRSJPEVKITYFPMGXLIEXVIWMW
GPEWWMGEPJSVQWSJXLIEXVIERMRXIVIWX[LMGLEHHWXSXLI IZMHIRGISJ0SRHSRIVW HIQERHJSVEPPQERRIVSJ
WIRWISJXLITIVMSHEWXLI6IREMWWERGIEVIZEPYEXMSRSJ IRXIVXEMRQIRX%JXIVXLIFYMPHMRKSJXLI'YVXEMRXLI
GPEWWMGEPGYPXYVI%RSXMSRSJXLIMHIEPWXVYGXYVIERH JEZSYVIHPSGEXMSRJSVXLIIVIGXMSRSJTYFPMGXLIEXVIW
JSVQSJETPE][EWHIVMZIHJVSQEORS[PIHKISJXLI FIGEQI7SYXL[EVOSRXLIWSYXLFEROSJXLI6MZIV
[SVOSJXLI+VIIO[VMXIV%VMWXSXPI rFG ,MW 8LEQIWERHXLYWWEJIP]SYXWMHIXLINYVMWHMGXMSRSJXLI
IEVP]DGVMXMGMWQ [EWLMKLP]MRqYIRXMEPMRXLI[SVOSJ GMX]EYXLSVMXMIW[LSWSYKLX[LIVITSWWMFPIXSWYTTVIWW
QER]SJXLITPE][VMKLXWLMWXLISV]SJHVEQEXMGYRMX] XLITIVJSVQERGISJTPE]W8LIWIXLIEXVIW[IVIPSGEXIH
I\TPEMRIHMR8LI4SIXMGWFIMRKTIVLETWQSWXIZMHIRXMR RIEVEWMQMPEVP]I\TERHMRKEVVE]SJFIEVERHFYPPTMXW
XLITPE]WSJ&IR.SRWSR7MQMPEVP]XLITPE]WSJXLI FVSXLIPWGSGOpKLXMRKEVIREWERHSXLIVJSVQWSJTYFPMG
6SQER[VMXIV7IRIGE FGrEH MRXIVIWXIH IRXIVXEMRQIRX[LMGLGSRXIQTSVEV][VMXIVWERHMR
GSRXIQTSVEV]WXYHIRXWEX3\JSVHERH'EQFVMHKIERH TEVXMGYPEV4YVMXERGVMXMGWWE[EWIUYEPP]HYFMSYWERH
MRWTMVIHQYGLIEVP]QSHIVRXVEKIH]TEVXMGYPEVP]EJXIV HIKVEHMRK-RHIIHWSQIXLMRKPMOIEXVEHMXMSRFIGEQI
XLITYFPMGEXMSRSJ8LSQEW2I[XSR W7IRIGE,MW8IRRI IWXEFPMWLIHSJMRZIGXMZIEKEMRWXXLIXLIEXVIVERKMRK
8VEKIHMIW8VERWPEXIHMRXS)RKPMWLMR8LSQEW/]H W JVSQ.SLR6EMRSPH WPIGXYVIWEX3\JSVHMRXLIVIMKRSJ
8LI7TERMWL8VEKIH]  MWERIEVP]I\EQTPISJWYGL ,IRV]:---XS;MPPMEQ4V]RRI WWGEXLMRKGVMXMUYIWSJ
D7IRIGER XVEKIH][LMPWX)PM^EFIXL'EV] W8LI8VEKIH] XLIW7XITLIR+SWWSRMRLMW8LI7GLSSPSJ%FYWIE
SJ1EVMEQEPEXIVTPE]MWD7IRIGER RSXSRP]MRMXW TEQTLPIXSJKVSYTIHTPE]IVWXSKIXLIV[MXLTSIXW
MRXIVIWXMRVIZIRKIFYXEPWSFIGEYWIMX[EWEDGPSWIX  ERHDTMTIVW EWTEVXSJEKIRIVEPQSVEPQEPEMWI
HVEQEPMOI7IRIGE WTPE]WTVSFEFP][VMXXIRXSFIVIEH
VEXLIVXLERXSFITIVJSVQIHSRWXEKI 0IXYWFYXWLYXYTTISYVIEVIWXSTSIXWTMTIVWERH
8LIIZSPYXMSRSJXLIWIZEVMSYWMRqYIRGIWMRXSXLI TPE]IVWTYPPSYVJIIXIFEGOJVSQVIWSVXXSXLIEXIVW
HVEQEXMGKIRVIWVITVIWIRXIHMRXLMWZSPYQIHITIRHIH ERHXYVRIE[E]SYVI]IWJVSQFILSPHMRKSJZERMXMI
LS[IZIVYTSRXLITVEGXMGEPHIZIPSTQIRXSJHVEQEMRXS XLIKVIEXIWXWXSVQISJEFYWI[MPPFIISZIVFPS[RIERH
EGSQQIVGMEPMRWXMXYXMSRLSYWIHMRXLIRI[TYVTSWI EJEMVITEXLXVSHIRXSEQIRHQIRXSJPMJI[IVIRSX[I
FYMPXXLIEXVIW9RXMPXLMWTSMRX[LIRTPE]WLEHFIIR WSJSSPMWLXSXEWXIIZIV]HVYKKIERHFY]IZIV]XVMqI
TIVJSVQIHMRLEPPWQEVOIXTPEGIWMRR]EVHWSVFEMXMRK TPE]IVW[SYPHIWLYXMRXLIMVWLSTWERHGEVV]XLIMV
EVIREWTE]QIRXJSVXLIEGXSVWLEHGSQIJVSQHMZIVWI XVEWLXSWSQISXLIVGSYRXV]
WSYVGIWIMXLIVJVSQXLILSWX[LSLEHMRZMXIHXLIQXS +SWWSR 
TPE]SVMRGEWIW[LIVITIVJSVQERGI[EWMREQEVOIX
TPEGIJVSQTEWWMRKELEXVSYRHEJXIVXLITPE];MXLXLI (IWTMXIWYGLEXXEGOWXLIEXVIWERHSXLIVTPEGIWSJTYFPMG
RI[TPE]LSYWIWXLIpRERGMEPVIPEXMSRWLMTFIX[IIR IRXIVXEMRQIRXTVSPMJIVEXIH7SYXL[EVO W6SWIXLIEXVI
TPE]IVWERHEYHMIRGIWGLERKIH EREVGLEISPSKMGEPXVEGISJ[LMGLVIQEMRWXSHE][EW
FYMPXMRJSPPS[IHF]XLI7[ERMRERHQSWX
&]IRGPSWMRKXLITPE]WMRWMHIEWTIGMEPFYMPHMRK JEQSYWP]XLI+PSFI[LMGLSTIRIHMR8LI+PSFI
TPE]IVWQEHIXLIGYWXSQIVW[LSTEMHXSWII[LEX[EW [EWWMXYEXIHEJI[LYRHVIHQIXVIWJYVXLIVE[E]JVSQ
SRSJJIVQSVIWIPIGXMZIERHRSHSYFXQSVI XLIVMZIVXLERXLITVIWIRXVITPMGEFYMPHMRKERH[EWWEMH
HIQERHMRK3RP]XLSWI[LSTEMHKSXMR8LI]KSXMR XSLEZIFIIRFYMPXJVSQXLIXMQFIVWSJ&YVFEKI W
JSVXLII\GPYWMZITYVTSWISJWIIMRKETPE]ERHXLI] 7LSVIHMXGLXLIEXVIHIQSPMWLIHMR8LI+PSFI[EW
LERHIHXLIMVQSRI]SZIVXSXLIMQTVIWEVMSWERH MXWIPJVIFYMPXMREJXIVEpVIXLITVIZMSYW]IEV
TPE]IVW[LSWIWSPIMRXIVIWX[EWMRWEXMWJ]MRKXLIMV %RSXLIV7SYXL[EVOXLIEXVI[EWXLI,STI  EPWS
HIQERHJSVIRXIVXEMRQIRX1SVISZIVEWMRKPIp\IH QYGLYWIHJSVFIEVFEMXMRK8LI*SVXYRI  XLI
ZIRYIRIIHIHEQYGLPEVKIVXYVRSZIVSJTPE]WXLER &SEV W,IEH  ERHXLI6IH&YPP  [IVIXSXLI
[EWRIIHIH[LIRXLITPE]IVW[IVISRXLIMVXVEZIPW RSVXLSJXLI8LEQIWFYXEKEMRSYXWMHISJXLI


MRXVSHYGXMSR

0SGEXMSRWSJ0SRHSR WTVMRGMTEPXLIEXVIWGr 

NYVMWHMGXMSRSJXLI0SRHSREYXLSVMXMIW WIIQET 8LIWI KEPPIVMIWERHTPEGIWLS[IZIV[LIVIXLIWIEXMRKMW

XLIEXVIWEXXVEGXIHPEVKIEYHMIRGIWSJYTXSTISTPI FIXXIVERHQSVIGSQJSVXEFPIERHXLIVIJSVIQSVI
[LS[IVIGLEVKIHEWQEPPJIIXSEXXIRHXLIEJXIVRSSR I\TIRWMZI*SV[LSIZIVGEVIWXSWXERHFIPS[SRP]
TIVJSVQERGIW8LIMVHIWMKREXMSREWDTYFPMG XLIEXVIW TE]WSRI)RKPMWLTIRR]FYXMJLI[MWLIWXSWMXLI
VIWYPXWJVSQXLIMVGETEGMX]XLIMVGLIETRIWWERHXLIJEGX IRXIVWF]ERSXLIVHSSVERHTE]WERSXLIVTIRR]
XLEXXLIMVGPMIRXIPI[EWHVE[RJVSQHMZIVWIEVIEWSJ [LMPIMJLIHIWMVIWXSWMXMRXLIQSWXGSQJSVXEFPIWIEXW
WSGMIX]8LIWIEVIEPWSWSQIXMQIWORS[REW [LMGLEVIGYWLMSRIH[LIVILIRSXSRP]WIIW
DEQTLMXLIEXVI TPE]LSYWIWLS[IZIV[LMGLMRHMGEXIW IZIV]XLMRK[IPPFYXGEREPWSFIWIIRXLIRLITE]W]IX
WSQIXLMRKSJXLIWIFYMPHMRKW TL]WMGEPTVSTIVXMIW ERSXLIV)RKPMWLTIRR]EXERSXLIVHSSV%RHHYVMRK
1SHIPPIHSRXLIMRR]EVHSVERMQEPFEMXMRKEVIRE XLITIVJSVQERGIJSSHERHHVMROEVIGEVVMIHVSYRHXLI
XLIWIXLIEXVIW[IVIYWYEPP]TSP]KSREPERH[IVITEVXMEPP] EYHMIRGIWSXLEXJSV[LEXSRIGEVIWXSTE]SRIQE]
STIRXSXLIWO] SRP]XLIWXEKIERHXLIKEPPIVMIW[IVI EPWSLEZIVIJVIWLQIRX8LIEGXSVWEVIQSWX
GSZIVIH ERHXLIMVWXEKIWTVSNIGXIHMRXSXLISTIR I\TIRWMZIP]ERHIPEFSVEXIP]GSWXYQIHJSVMXMWXLI
GIRXVEPDTMX SVGSYVX]EVH8LSQEW4PEXXIVE+IVQER )RKPMWLYWEKIJSVIQMRIRXPSVHWSV/RMKLXWEXXLIMV
ZMWMXSVXS0SRHSRMRHIWGVMFIHXLIWIEXMRK HIGIEWIXSFIUYIEXLERHPIEZIEPQSWXXLIFIWXSJXLIMV
EVVERKIQIRXWERHXLIEXQSWTLIVISJXLI0SRHSR GPSXLIWXSXLIMVWIVZMRKQIR[LMGLMXMWYRWIIQP]JSV
XLIEXVIWXLEXLIZMWMXIH XLIPEXXIVXS[IEVWSXLI]SJJIVXLIQXLIRJSVWEPIJSV
EWQEPPWYQXSXLIEGXSVW
8LYWHEMP]EXX[SMRXLIEJXIVRSSR0SRHSRLEWX[S 4PEXXIVr 
WSQIXMQIWXLVIITPE]WVYRRMRKMRHMJJIVIRXTPEGIW
GSQTIXMRK[MXLIEGLSXLIVERHXLSWI[LMGLTPE] 4PE]W[VMXXIRJSVXLIWITYFPMGTPE]LSYWIW[IVIWLETIH
FIWXSFXEMRQSWXWTIGXEXSVW8LITPE]LSYWIWEVIWS F]XLIMV[VMXIVW E[EVIRIWWSJXLIWSGMEPGSQTSWMXMSRSJ
GSRWXVYGXIHXLEXXLI]TPE]SREVEMWIHTPEXJSVQWS XLIMVEYHMIRGIWEW[IPPEWXLITL]WMGEPGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWSJ
XLEXIZIV]SRILEWEKSSHZMI[8LIVIEVIHMJJIVIRX XLIFYMPHMRKWMR[LMGLXLITPE]W[SYPHFIEGXIH3RISJ


 MRXVSHYGXMSR

XLIQSWXMRXIVIWXMRKJIEXYVIWSJXLITPE]WMWXLI[E]XLEX WQEPPIVXLERXLI7SYXL[EVOXLIEXVIWXLI&PEGOJVMEVW
XLI]JVIUYIRXP]HVE[EXXIRXMSRXSXLIJEGXXLEXXLI]EVI FYMPXMRERHVIFYMPXERHIRPEVKIHF]&YVFEKIMR
MRHIIHTPE]W8LIVIMWRSRISJXLIEWTMVEXMSRXSVIEPMWQ LEHQER]SJXLIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWSJXLITYFPMG
JSYRHMRQER]QSHIVRJSVQWSJHVEQEEPXLSYKLXLIVI XLIEXVIWXLIWXEKIJSVI\EQTPIWXMPPJIEXYVIHEVIEW
MWERSJXIRVITIEXIHMHIEXLEXDVIEP PMJIMWMXWIPJVEXLIV HIWMKREXIHEWDLIEZIR ERHDLIPP ERHXLIEYHMIRGI[EW
PMOIETPE]MR[LMGL[IXEOIVSPIWERHEGXSYXTEVXWMX WXMPPHMWXVMFYXIHEXHMJJIVIRXPIZIPWXS[EXGLXLITPE]W
MWTSWWMFPIXSPIEVRQYGLJVSQXLIPMRIW[VMXXIRJSVXLI &YXLIVIEWMRXLI;LMXIJVMEVW  ERHSXLIVTVMZEXI
IEVP]QSHIVREGXSVEFSYXXLIIQFPIQEXMGIRZMVSRQIRX XLIEXVIWWYGLEWXLI7EPMWFYV]'SYVX  XLIEGXMRK
MR[LMGLLI[SVOIH8LIWXEKIMXWIPJLEHEW]QFSPMG WTEGIERHEYHMXSVMYQ[IVIQSVIMRXMQEXIERHXLI
VSPI,IPP[EWPSGEXIHFIPS[XLITPEXJSVQ XLVSYKLE EYHMIRGIQSVII\GPYWMZI8LIWIXLIEXVIW[IVIJYPP]
XVETHSSV ERHLIEZIR[EWEFSZIMXWMKRMpIHF]E IRGPSWIHERHXLIVIJSVIXLITPE]W[IVIPMXEVXMpGMEPP]
TEMRXIHGIMPMRKSJWXEVW%GXSVW[SYPHEHHVIWWER PIEZMRKXLIEYHMIRGIMRHEVORIWW8LIWXEKI[EWEXSRI
EYHMIRGIMRJYPPEGORS[PIHKIQIRXSJMXWTVIWIRGIEW IRHSJEVIGXERKYPEVWTEGIERHEPPQIQFIVWSJXLI
TEVXSJXLIDIZIRX EJI[EGXSVWGSYPHIEWMP]FI EYHMIRGI[IVIWIEXIH8LIHIWMKRSJXLIWITVMZEXI SV
YRHIVWXSSHXSVITVIWIRXEGVS[HSVIZIREREVQ]FS] DLEPP XLIEXVIWQIERXXLEXXLIMVGETEGMX][EWQYGL
EGXSVWGSYPHFIYRHIVWXSSHXSVITVIWIRX[SQIR WMRGI WQEPPIVXLERXLEXSJXLITYFPMGSRIWTVSFEFP]RSQSVI
XLIVI[IVIRSTVSJIWWMSREP[SQIREGXSVW ERHEWIRWI XLEREUYEVXIVSJXLIWM^IERHEHQMWWMSRTVMGIW[IVI
SJTPEGISVXMQI[EWMRHMGEXIHMRXLIHMEPSKYIEXXLI QYGLLMKLIV
FIKMRRMRKSJERI[WGIRI EWXLIVI[EWRSWGIRIV]SV &]XLIXMQIXLI'SGOTMXSTIRIHMR(VYV]0ERIMR
EVXMpGMEPPMKLXMRK ERHEKIWXYVI[SYPHGSRZI]E  QSWXP]VIJIVVIHXSEWXLI4LSIRM\EJXIV[LIR
QIWWEKIYRHIVWXSSHEGVSWWXLIEYHMIRGIXSMXWJYVXLIWX MXFYVRXHS[RERH[EWW[MJXP]VIFYMPX XLITVMZEXI
QIQFIVW8LMWMWRSXXSWE]XLEXXLMW[EWEXLIEXVI XLIEXVIW[IVIJEVQSVIpRERGMEPP]WIGYVIMRWXMXYXMSRW
PEGOMRKMRWYFXPIX]XLIEGXSVW[SVOIHXLIMVEYHMIRGIW  XLERXLITYFPMGSRIWERHTPE][VMKLXWMRGVIEWMRKP]
MQEKMREXMSRWXSXLIJYPP2SV[EWMXEWTEVXERXLIEXVI [VSXI[MXLXLIWIOMRHWSJWTEGIWERHEYHMIRGIWMRQMRH
[LEXXLITYFPMGXLIEXVIWPEGOIHMRXLIQSHIVRWIRWISJ 8LIWX]PISJTVSHYGXMSRWGLERKIHWMKRMpGERXP]ERH
DWGIRIV] XLI]KEMRIHRSXSRP]XLVSYKLXLIGSQQMXXIH XLIVIMWEKVIEXIVYRMJSVQMX]XSXLIWSGMEPFMEWMRQSWXSJ
MRZSPZIQIRXSJXLIMVEYHMIRGIWMRXLIIRXIVXEMRQIRX XLITPE]WJVSQXLMWPEXIVTEVXSJXLILMWXSVMGEPTIVMSH&]
FYXEPWSF]XLIIQTPS]QIRXSJIPEFSVEXIGSWXYQI XLIIRHSJXLIpVWXUYEVXIVSJXLIWIZIRXIIRXLGIRXYV]
MRKIRMSYWTVSTWERHQYWMG XLIQENSVMX]SJRI[TPE]W[EWFIMRK[VMXXIRJSVXLIWI
8LIEXVIGPIEVP]HIQERHIHXLIREWRS[I\XVIQIP] TVMZEXIXLIEXVIWERHJSVTIVJSVQERGIF]GSQTERMIW[MXL
LMKLPIZIPWSJSVKERMWEXMSR8LIXLIEXVIW[IVITVSpX pVQGSRRIGXMSRWEXGSYVX3PHIVTPE]W[LMGLLEHFIIR
QEOMRKGSQQIVGMEPGSRGIVRWERHXLIS[RIVW [VMXXIRJSVXLITYFPMGXLIEXVIW[IVIEPWSVIZMZIHMRXLI
TPE][VMKLXWERHGSQTERMIWSJEGXSVWVIWTSRHIHXSXLI ZEVMSYWJSVQWSJXLIEXVI[LMGLWYVZMZIHYRXMPXLIMV
HIQERHWSJXLIMVFYWMRIWW[MXLVMKSVSYW GPSWYVIEXXLISYXFVIEOSJGMZMP[EVMR
TVSJIWWMSREPMWQ7YVZMZMRKHSGYQIRXWJVSQXLIXMQI (YVMRKXLIVIMKRWSJXLIIEVP]7XYEVXQSREVGLW/MRK
ERHMRTEVXMGYPEVXLIHMEV]SJXLIXLIEXVIS[RIV4LMPMT .EQIW [LSLEHFIIRXLIOMRKSJ7GSXPERHWMRGI
,IRWPS[IVIZIEPXLIMRXVMGEXIREXYVISJXLIpRERGIW ERHFIGEQIOMRKSJ)RKPERHMR ERHLMWWSR
MRZSPZIHMRVYRRMRKEXLIEXVI1SRI][EWXSFIQEHIMR 'LEVPIW [LSWYGGIIHIHLMQMR XLIGSYVXFIGEQI
XLIXLIEXVIWHIWTMXIXLIJEGXXLEXXLI][IVIGSRWXERXP] LMKLP]TVISGGYTMIH[MXLXLIJEWLMSREFPIERHTSPMXMGEPP]
YRHIVEXXEGOJVSQXLIGMZMGEYXLSVMXMIW [LSXLSYKLXSJ MQTSVXERXHVEQEXMGJSVQORS[REWXLIQEWUYI8LIWI
EGXSVWEWPMXXPIQSVIXLERZEKEFSRHW ERHWYFNIGXXS GSYVXP]IRXIVXEMRQIRXWWYGLEW8LI1EWUYISJ&PEGORIWW
VIKYPEVGPSWYVIEWEVIWYPXSJVIGYVVIRXSYXFVIEOWSJ  [MXLXLIMVGSQFMREXMSRWSJEGXMRKQYWMGERH
TPEKYI4EVXP]EWEVIWYPXSJXLMWTVIGEVMSYWI\MWXIRGI HERGIYWYEPP]MRZSPZIHQIQFIVWSJXLIRSFMPMX]EW
EGXMRKGSQTERMIWWSYKLXTEXVSREKIJVSQXLIQSREVGLW TIVJSVQIVW8LI]VIPMIHYTSRXLIIPEFSVEXI-XEPMEREXI
ERHEVMWXSGVEG]SJXLIXMQIERHXLMWMWVIqIGXIHMRXLI WIXERHGSWXYQIHIWMKRWSVMKMREXIHF]-RMKS.SRIWERH
XMXPIWXLI]EWWYQIHWYGLEWXLID/MRK W1IR SVD5YIIR XLI[VMXMRKSJHVEQEXMWXWWYGLEW&IR.SRWSR[LS
%RRI W1IR 8LMWTEXVSREKIPIHXLIGSQTERMIWXS MRGVIEWMRKP]XYVRIHXSXLIQEWUYIJSVQEWLMWGEVIIV
TIVJSVQEXGSYVX[LMGLQIERXXLEXMJETPE][EW HIZIPSTIH8LIWIGSYVXTVSHYGXMSRWQE]EGGSYRXJSV
TIVJSVQIHMRETYFPMGXLIEXVIERHEKEMRFIJSVIXLI XLITEVXMGYPEVQEWUYIPMOIUYEPMX]SJWSQISJXLIDTPE]
UYIIRSVOMRKMXWYPXMQEXIEYHMIRGIIRGSQTEWWIHXLI [MXLMRETPE] IRXIVXEMRQIRXWMRGPYHIHMRSXLIVXI\XW
JYPPVERKISJWSGMIX] JVSQXLITIVMSHWYGLEWXLIHYQFWLS[MR%GX-:
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Other documents randomly have
different content
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ivar the
Viking
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
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Title: Ivar the Viking

Author: Paul B. Du Chaillu

Contributor: W. E. Gladstone

Release date: March 22, 2018 [eBook #56810]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by readbueno, Barry Abrahamsen, and the

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IVAR THE VIKING

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domain.
IVAR THE VIKING
 IVAR THE VIKING

A ROMANTIC HISTORY
BASED UPON AUTHENTIC FACTS OF THE
THIRD AND FOURTH CENTURIES

BY

PAUL DU CHAILLU
AUTHOR OF “THE VIKING AGE,” “THE LAND OF THE MIDNIGHT SUN,”
“EXPLORATIONS IN EQUATORIAL AFRICA,” “A JOURNEY TO
ASHANGO LAND,” ETC.

LONDON

JOHN MURRAY ALBEMARLE STREET

1893
 TO GEORGE W. CHILDS

My Dear Childs: Years of our unbroken friendship, going back more

than a quarter of a century, have passed away, and the
recollection of all your kindnesses during that time comes vividly
before my mind. Many a time your home in Philadelphia, at the
sea-side, or at Wootton has been my home, and many of the
happy days of my life have been spent with you and your kind
wife. Three years ago I lay on a sick-bed at your house, and all
that tender nursing, the skill of the physician, and loving hands
could do that winter was done for me, and for all that I am
indebted to you and to Mrs. Childs. Now a twenty miles’ walk
day after day does not fatigue me. “Ivar the Viking” was partly
written, after my recovery, under the shade trees of Wootton
and in the midst of the perfume of its flowers. To you, my dear
old friend, I dedicate the book as a token of the esteem and high
regard I have for your noble character, and in grateful
remembrance of all you have done for me.
PAUL DU CHAILLU.
New York, September, 1893.
 INTRODUCTION

The story of “Ivar the Viking” depicts the actual life of Norse chiefs
who ruled at the period therein described, and also gives the
customs, religion, life, and mode of thinking which prevailed among
the people. My object in writing this story is to give a view, in a
popular way, of the life of these early ancestors of the English-
speaking peoples, whose seat of power was on the islands situated
in the basin of the Baltic and the countries known to-day as
Scandinavia.
The reader of this volume will gain a correct idea of the civilization
of the Norsemen of that period, the men who came to the gates of
Rome, and settled in Britain, Gaul, Germania, on the shores of the
Mediterranean, and other countries.
I begin the story of my hero with his birth, accompanied by the
characteristic ceremonies attending it; then I tell of his fostering, his
education, his coming of age, of the precepts of wisdom he is
taught, of his foster-brothers, of the sacred ceremony of foster-
brotherhood, of his warlike expeditions and commercial voyages, of
the death and funeral of his father, of his accession to rule, and
other similarly typical Viking events.
I speak in the narrative of the dwellings of the people; how they
lived; of their “bys,” or burgs; of the different grades making up
society; of their feasts; of their temples; of their worship, religious
ceremonies, and sacrifices; of funerals; of Amazons; of athletic
games; of women and maidens; of love; of duels and sports; of
dress; of men and women; of marriages. In a word, the book is a
life-like picture of the period. The time which I have chosen is the
epoch when the Norsemen were most surely and swiftly sapping the
power of Rome, and engaged in colonization on the largest scale.
There is not an object, a jewel, either Norse, Roman, or Greek, or
a coin mentioned, that has not been found in the present
Scandinavia, and is not seen to-day in its museums, and often in
great numbers.
The descriptions of customs interwoven in the narrative are
derived from authentic records, the sagas, the evidence of graves,
and of antiquities in general. These are more fully, scientifically, and
technically described in my work published three years ago, “The
Viking Age.”
The descriptions of dresses of the women have been most
carefully drawn from the sagas, and from the handles of three keys
seen in “The Viking Age,” where three women in full dress are
represented. The materials and jewels with which I have adorned
them are those found in their graves. The attire of the men is from
the garments, weapons, and ornaments of that early period, found
in graves and bogs, and from descriptions in the sagas.

“The Viking Age” had hardly been published in England, when a

storm of protests and adverse criticisms arose from many quarters of
that conservative country; for it is there that the old belief in the
Angle and Anglo-Saxon descent of the modern English-speaking
peoples is most rooted, having indeed become a religion with many
Englishmen.
I fully expected opposition to the new views I propounded. Had
not my former accounts of African travels been received with
incredulity? Did not the people laugh when I told that I had seen a
race of pigmies and been in their villages? Did they not doubt my
descriptions of the great equatorial forest, of gorillas, cannibals,
etc.? I was before the time. I was too young; and these
circumstances were against me. But then, as in the case of “The
Viking Age,” I found warm supporters and defenders in England
itself.
I knew that it was bold on my part to attack the Saxon idol which
had been worshipped so long among Englishmen, and to try to
destroy the faith in which they and their fathers had believed. Was
the glorious Anglo-Saxon name which the people had been shouting
for so long, even in America, to be overthrown? What, then, would
become of the sturdy qualities claimed as inherited from the so-
called Anglo-Saxon race? The qualities are there, only the name of
Anglo-Saxon ought to be changed to that of Norse.
Nothing but absolute conviction made me take this bold step. I
had never been satisfied with the assertions of historians, and could
see no evidence in their writings for the conclusions at which they
had arrived in regard to the name Anglo-Saxon and as to who were
the conquerors and settlers of Britain.
When I travelled in the Norselands, to the northern part of which I
gave the name of “The Land of the Midnight Sun,” a name which has
been generally adopted since, I became convinced that the
conquerors of Britain were Norse; for while visiting their museums,
which contained the Norse antiquities, I saw that these objects were
the same as those called in England by antiquarians, Angle, Anglo-
Saxon, Anglo-Roman, and in France, Frankish. These facts set me
thinking, and ultimately produced “The Viking Age.”

As soon as I brought before the public the evidence I had

collected, many voices rose and exclaimed: “Woe to him who tries to
dispel our belief and destroy our faith!” The world is full of such
examples in the treatment of new ideas. How could I escape hostility
when I proclaimed that the antiquities called in England by
archæologists and others, and classified in the museums as Angle,
Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Roman, are Norse, consequently that the
ancestors of the English-speaking people are from the basin of the
Baltic and present Scandinavia, and that it is only there that one
sees the antiquities of a most warlike and sea-faring race of the
period of the so-called Saxon maritime expeditions?
Many apply the name of Anglo-Saxon to the people who settled in
Britain, without knowing why, except that they had been taught to
believe it from their school and college days, or because the majority
believe so. I maintain that the earlier England, popularly placed at
the southern part of the peninsula of Jutland, is mythical; that such
antiquities pointed out as Angle are not found there; that the word
“eng” (Swedish äng) is a common appellation all over Scandinavia;
that “england,” or “äng land,” to this day, is the name given to flat,
grassy land by the Norse people, as it was in earlier times. The
probability is, that the Norsemen, seeing the flat shores of Britain on
the North Sea, called it “England,” or Land of Meadows; and the
people, in the course of time, were called meadow-men, as we say
mountaineers, in speaking of people inhabiting mountainous regions.

Some of my critics took up the question of language. The reason

they gave for not agreeing with me was, that the English had the
definite article “the,” and the Icelandic saga-writings did not possess
it; this was, according to them, the most positive proof that the
earlier English people were not Norse. One might as well have
argued that the French language was not derived in great part from
the Latin, as it has the definite article, and the Latin had not. Who
can ever tell when the definite article was dropped or added in those
languages?
I never expected that the appearance of “The Viking Age” would
convert to my views men who had spent their lives in trying to
prove, or in maintaining the belief in, the Anglo-Saxon myth, and
who believed in the diffuse, contradictory, and often
incomprehensible writings of Bede and Nennius, or in the earlier
English chronicles, the authorship of which cannot be traced. But I
have often wondered why no one has compared thoroughly the
Norse archæology of that period with that of Britain, which is
claimed as that of the Angle, Anglo-Saxon, as being the early settlers
of Britain; and the only reason I could discover that anyone had for
calling these antiquities by those names was because of blind
confidence that these settlers were what the historians claimed them
to be.
Those who cling to the Anglo-Saxon belief point to here and there
a few graves in the ancient Friesland, similar to those found in
England, as a proof that the earlier settlers of Britain did not come
from the Baltic. As if it were possible that none of these Norsemen,
who used to visit Friesland as far back as before the time of Tacitus,
could have failed to die there during several centuries! They forget,
also, that the Romans never mentioned the people of that country as
sea-faring. On the contrary, the maritime tribes that harassed them
“were living on the most northern shores of the sea—in the ocean
itself.” The antiquities left by these sea-faring tribes are those that
must give us light on the subject.
One might just as well assert one thousand years from now that
the people of English descent of the present time living at the Cape
of Good Hope were the ones that held sway over India, because
they were nearer than England to India, or that the solitary graves
or little English cemeteries found between England and India were
those of the people who governed India. A little more research
would prove to them that the great seat of power was in England.
We learn from archæology where Egypt, Greece, Rome, and many
other fallen empires held their sway. So we may know, from the
traces left, where the Norsemen held theirs also, and that nowhere
did they hold it more firmly than in Britain.
The controversy, to me, seems very plain. I have maintained in
“The Viking Age,” and shall continue to do so, until I am shown to be
mistaken, that: It is in the basin of the Baltic, and in the Norselands,
that we see incontestable proofs as to who were the sea-faring
people whom the Romans called first Sueones and then Saxons, as
shown by the tens of thousands of graves of that period still
existing; that these graves and their antiquities are the same, and of
the same type, as those of a similar period in England; that in these
Norse graves a great many Roman coins of gold and silver, and
many Roman and Greek objects are found, showing that these sea-
faring people had intercourse with Rome, Greece, and the
Mediterranean. Nay, do not the coins antedating the Roman Empire,
when patrician families of Rome coined their own money, tell the
tale of how early Norsemen went into the Mediterranean? Are not
Norse graves often seen on its shores, by the side of the graves of
the Etruscans?
I also maintain that neither at the mouth of the Elbe, nor
anywhere else out of the Norselands, do we see the remains of a
dense, warlike, and maritime population—a population which has left
traces in the number of its graves far greater than has Rome itself.
How could the host miscalled Saxon by the later Romans, which
overran Europe, till the downfall of the empire, for four centuries,
avoid leaving such traces? Their population must have been very
dense in order to allow them to send forth such vast fleets to fight
and conquer the Romans. How is it that the Saxons, whom we know
as Saxons, were not a sea-faring people in the time of Charlemagne,
as we know they were not? Simply because they never had been.
How is it that in Charlemagne’s time, on the other hand, the
Sueones who must have been the Saxons of the later Romans were
dreaded by him as powerful at sea, just as they are described by
Tacitus?
Have not the races which have disappeared in America or
elsewhere left traces, and must we make an exception of the so-
called Saxons of the Romans? This would be against the evidence of
everything before us.
It is by comparing the graves and antiquities of the Norselands
with those of England that we have the proof that the early settlers
of Britain were Norsemen. The scene in this volume, of Ivar going to
visit his kinsmen on the banks of the River Cam, in England, has
been described, because there is a cemetery there whose antiquities
show its Norse origin, and the Roman coins buried with them, of
Trajanus, 98-117 A.D.; of Hadrianus, 117-138; Faustina, wife of
Antoninus Pius, 138-161; Marcus Aurelius, 161-180; of Maximianus,
286-305, show how early Norse settlements began.
What are the objects found in that cemetery, and described in the
beautiful work of the Honorable R. C. Neville, “Saxon Obsequies,
Illustrated by Ornaments and Weapons Discovered in a Cemetery
near Little Wilbraham, Cambridgeshire,” printed in 1852? Swords,
axes, umbos, cinerary urns with burned bones, wooden buckets with
bronze hoops, bronze tweezers, spear and arrow heads of iron, ear
picks, iron knives, iron shears, brooches, beads of glass, and other
material fired by cremation.
I will quote the words of Mr. Neville himself: “That so large a
number of urns containing human remains should have been
discovered in conjunction with skeletons, affords a remarkably
satisfactory confirmation of the coexistence of these two modes of
burial. My experience enables me to state with confidence that the
urns now discovered differ entirely from any [Roman] I had before
encountered, and resemble closely those usually met with in Anglo-
Saxon burying-grounds, etc.”
If the reader opens “The Viking Age,” and looks over its thirteen
hundred and sixty illustrations, he will see the same objects as those
described and illustrated by Mr. Neville, and the same descriptions of
graves.
It is time that the views of antiquarians and historians of the old
school should be entirely set aside or remodelled; and that the old
England, placed popularly as existing in the southern part of the
peninsula of Jutland, and comprising a territory of a few square
miles, be considered a myth that had no reality, except in the brain
of its inventors. When I say that the antiquities found in England are
the same and of the same type as those found in the Norselands, I
call this a fact and not a theory; and when I say also that these are
not found in the Saxon lands, I call this a fact and not a theory.
When I say that the antiquities found in England are not found in
the so-called earlier England of the historian, I call this a fact and
not a theory; and if I am wrong it can be easily disproved.
 But let me add, that after the appearance of “The Viking Age,”
everybody was far from being against me in England. I found there
many adherents to my views, and some even went so far as to write
to me, that after the publication of the work, and upon seeing its
illustrations, they did not believe that Stonehenge was Druidical, but
was simply of Norse origin, for there were many graves containing
Viking remains in the country round about.
The Roman records are correct. No countries but the islands of the
Baltic and Scandinavia correspond to their description. It is there
that we find a great number of Roman objects. Coins are there
found from the time of the foundation of the empire—those of
Augustus 29 B.C. to 14 A.D., of Tiberius 14-37, Claudius 41-54; then in
increased number those of Nero 54-68, Vitellius 69, Vespasian 69-
79, of Titus 79-81; in still greater number those of Trajan 98-117,
Antoninus Pius 138-161, of Faustina the elder, wife of Antoninus
Pius, of Marcus Aurelius 161-180, of Faustina his wife, of Commodus
180-192; then in decreasing quantities the coins of the subsequent
emperors. By the side of these coins and other Roman objects are
Norse objects, and these Norse objects are, as I have said, similar to
those found in the England of a corresponding period. The mode of
burial is also identical in both countries. These facts tell plainly who
were the people who settled in Britain before and after the time of
Ivar the Viking and of the Roman occupation.
While the controversy was going on in England, knowing the
receptive and impartial mind of Mr. Gladstone, and having been
several times the recipient, in years past, of his kind hospitality, and
remembering the interest he had taken in my African travels, I took
the liberty of addressing to him a request for his opinion in regard to
the position I had taken. Mr. Gladstone, who was then in Oxford for
the purpose of delivering a lecture on Homer, replied the same day. I
append his letter:
Dear Mr. Du Chaillu:
You have done me great honor by appealing to me, but I fear your appeal
is to a person prepossessed and ignorant.
 My prepossessions are on your side. But I have not yet been able, although
very desirous, to examine the argument on your side as it deserves, nor that
of your adversaries.
I am a man of Scotch blood only, half Highland, and half Lowland, near the
Border. A branch of my family settled in Scandinavia, in the first half, I think,
of the seventeenth century.
When I have been in Norway, or Denmark, or among Scandinavians, I have
felt something like a cry of nature from within, asserting (credibly or
otherwise) my nearness to them. In Norway I have never felt as if in a foreign
country; and this, I have learned, is a very common experience with British
travellers.
The love of freedom in combination with settled order, which we hope is
characteristic of this country, is, I apprehend, markedly characteristic of
Norway and of Denmark. I have not spoken of Sweden, simply because I
have not been there.
The ethnography of northern and insular Scotland, down even to the Isle of
Man, and the history, seem to show a very broad and durable connection.
Still I cannot call these more than feeble generalities. I earnestly hope,
when I am a little more free, that I may be able to get some real hold of the
subject.
I think a good deal of the argument suggested by our fishing population,
and by the curious persistency with which, in some districts, Scandinavian
terminations have been preserved.
Yours faithfully,
W. E. Gladstone.
 CONTENTS

CHAP. PAGE
I Hjorvard and Gotland 1
II The Viking Land, and the Vikings 11
III Hjorvard Consults the Oracle 18
IV Ivar’s Birth and Life Forecast 25
V The Fostering of Ivar 31
VI Ivar Attains his Majority 47
VII Ivar’s First Expedition 54
VIII The Yule Sacrifice 80
IX Ivar’s Defeat of the Romans 91
X Ivar’s Visit to Britain 99
XI The Daughters of Ran 108
XII Romantic Adventures of Sigurd 116
XIII A Voyage to the Caspian 130
XIV Haki’s Burning Journey to Valhalla 139
XV Death and Burning of Hjorvard 147
XVI Helgi and the Valkyrias 158
XVII The Inheritance Feast of Hjorvard 167
XVIII Ivar Spurns Starkad’s Indemnity 176
XIX The Slaying of Starkad 182
XX The Session of the Thing 197
XXI Ivar’s Visit to Yngvi 202
XXII Yngvi’s Poets and Champions 214
XXIII Yngvi’s Three Beautiful Daughters 221
XXIV The Guests of the Hersir of Svithjod 229
XXV Beginning of the Athletic Games 234
 XXVI Great Feats of Ivar and Hjalmar 241
XXVII The Foster-Brothers Fall in Love 260
XXVIII Betrothal of Ivar and Randalin 268
XXIX Ivar’s Duel with Ketil 275
XXX Death of Hjalmar and Astrid 287
XXXI The Wedding of Ivar and Randalin 298
IVAR THE VIKING
 CHAPTER I

HJORVARD AND GOTLAND

The mariner sailing in the Baltic, as he skirts the shores of Gotland,

sees on a promontory of that island several large cairns and mounds
overlooking the sea, and the country that surrounds them. This
promontory was the burial place of a family of great Vikings and
rulers who held sway over the whole island a few centuries before
and after our era. Among the most conspicuous cairns two are
pointed out to the stranger, those of Hjorvard and his son Ivar, the
hero of the present narrative.
The events of which I am going to speak to you relate to them,
and to what happened during their lives, towards the latter end of
the third and the beginning of the fourth century, between the years
A.D. 270 and 320, or about sixteen hundred years ago.

Hjorvard, “the wide spreading,” so called on account of the widely

extended maritime expeditions he had undertaken, was one of the
most renowned Vikings of his time. In all his expeditions he had
been successful and always victorious in his battles. The Roman
fleets had never dared to attack him as he sailed with his numerous
ships along the coasts of their wide empire to make war upon the
different countries over which they held dominion.
Hjorvard’s ancestors, by the side of whom he now lies buried, had
been great warriors and sea-faring men like himself. They had sailed
from the Baltic to the Caspian Sea, by the present Gulf of Finland,
and also westward, along the coast of Friesland, Gaul, Britain, and
as far south as the Mediterranean. The ships used by them in their
river expeditions or along the coast during the summer months were
unlike those of the Romans, and were much admired by them. Even
in the first century the Romans feared these men of the north on
account of the great fleets they possessed, and placed them as
living on the most northern shores of the sea, in the very ocean
itself. They called them Sueones; and all they knew of their country
was what these Sueones told them about it, for the Baltic was an
unknown sea to the Romans.
Hjorvard was of high lineage, for he was descended from Odin,
and he belonged to that branch of the family of Odin called
Ynglingar, which ruled over Svithjod, a realm that embraced a great
part of the present Sweden.
Sigrlin, his wife, was a very handsome woman, and possessed all
the accomplishments belonging to women of her high rank. She was
also of Odin’s kin; was a direct descendant of Skjöld (the Norse word
for shield), one of the sons of Odin, from whom the Skjöldungar are
descended. The Skjöldungar ruled over that part of the land which
to-day is called Denmark, but which was then called Gotland. Her
father was called Halfdan, and resided at Hleidra, not far from where
Copenhagen stands to-day, and was one of the great rulers of the
north.
Not far from the cairns and mounds just mentioned was
Dampstadir, the head “by,” or burg, the residence of Hjorvard and of
the rulers of Gotland. From this place a long panorama of coast and
land could be seen, and the eye lost itself in the dim horizon of the
sea. There Hjorvard lived in great splendor. The buildings which
made up Dampstadir were among the finest of the northern lands;
they were of different sizes and varied architecture, and, like all the
structures of those days in the north, were entirely of wood. They
were roofed with shingles, heavily tarred, their dark color contrasting
pleasantly with that of the log walls of the houses.
All the numerous buildings formed a vast quadrangle, enclosing a
large plot of grass called “tun,” or town. From the centre of the
square the sight was extremely beautiful and picturesque, for there
were not two buildings of the same appearance or size. Some were
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