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Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Oliver
Cromwell and the Rule of the Puritans in
England
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Title: Oliver Cromwell and the Rule of the Puritans in England

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLIVER

CROMWELL AND THE RULE OF THE PURITANS IN ENGLAND ***
 Heroes of the Nations

A Series of Biographical
Studies presenting the lives
and work of certain
representative historical
characters, about whom
have gathered the traditions
of the nations to which they
belong, and who have, in the
majority of instances, been
accepted as types of the
several national ideals.

FOR FULL LIST SEE END OF

THIS VOLUME

Heroes of the Nations

EDITED BY
Evelyn Abbott, M.A.
FELLOW OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD

FACTA DUCIS VIVENT, OPEROSAQUE GLORIA RERUM.—OVID,

IN LIVIAM 265.

THE HERO’S DEEDS AND HARD-WON FAME SHALL LIVE.

OLIVER CROMWELL

OLIVER CROMWELL.

(From a painting by an
unknown artist, in the National
Portrait Gallery.)
 OLIVER CROMWELL
AND THE RULE OF THE PURITANS IN
ENGLAND

BY

CHARLES FIRTH, M.A.

BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD

G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS
NEW YORK AND LONDON
The Knickerbocker Press

Copyright, 1900

BY

G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS

The Knickerbocker Press, New York

 PREFACE

T his Life of Cromwell is in part based on an article contributed by

the author to the Dictionary of National Biography in 1888, but
embodies the result of later researches, and of recently discovered
documents such as the Clarke Papers. The battle plans have been
specially drawn for this volume by Mr. B. V. Darbishire, and in two
cases differ considerably from those generally accepted as correct.
The scheme of this series does not permit a discussion of the reasons
why these alterations have been made, but the evidence concerning
the battles in question has been carefully examined, and any
divergence from received accounts is intentional. The reader who
wishes to see this subject discussed at length is referred to a study of
the battle of Marston Moor printed in Volume XII. of the
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (new series), and to a
similar paper on Dunbar which will appear in Volume XIV.
The quotations from Cromwell’s letters or speeches are, where
necessary, freely abridged.
C. H. F.

Oxford, Feb. 6, 1900.

 CONTENTS

CHAPTER I
PAGE
EARLY LIFE, 1599–1629 1

CHAPTER II

THE PREPARATION FOR THE CIVIL WAR, 1629–1640 19

CHAPTER III

THE LONG PARLIAMENT, 1640–1642 47

CHAPTER IV

THE FIRST CAMPAIGN, 1642 69

CHAPTER V

CROMWELL IN THE EASTERN ASSOCIATION, 1643 86

 CHAPTER VI

MARSTON MOOR, 1644 102

CHAPTER VII

NASEBY AND LANGPORT, 1645–1646 121

CHAPTER VIII

PRESBYTERIANS AND INDEPENDENTS, 1642–1647 142

CHAPTER IX

ARMY AND PARLIAMENT, 1647–1648 164

CHAPTER X

THE SECOND CIVIL WAR, 1648 193

CHAPTER XI

CROMWELL AND THE KING’S EXECUTION, 1648–1649 207

CHAPTER XII

THE REPUBLIC AND ITS ENEMIES, 1649 232

 CHAPTER XIII

IRELAND, 1649–1650 255

CHAPTER XIV

CROMWELL AND SCOTLAND, 1650–1651 276

CHAPTER XV

THE END OF THE LONG PARLIAMENT, 1651–1653 300

CHAPTER XVI

THE FOUNDATION OF THE PROTECTORATE, 1653 326

CHAPTER XVII

CROMWELL’S DOMESTIC POLICY, 1654–1658 346

CHAPTER XVIII

CROMWELL’S FOREIGN POLICY, 1654–1658 370

CHAPTER XIX
CROMWELL’S COLONIAL POLICY 390

CHAPTER XX

CROMWELL AND HIS PARLIAMENTS 409

CHAPTER XXI

THE DEATH OF CROMWELL, 1658–1660 433

CHAPTER XXII

CROMWELL AND HIS FAMILY 453

CHAPTER XXIII

EPILOGUE 467

INDEX 487
 ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

OLIVER CROMWELL Frontispiece

[From a painting by an unknown artist, in the National Portrait

Gallery.]

THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL, HUNTINGTON 6

[From Pike’s Oliver Cromwell.]

ELIZABETH, THE WIFE OF OLIVER CROMWELL 8

[From a drawing by W. Bond.]

CROMWELL’S HOUSE, ELY 28

[From a photograph.]
ST. IVES AND THE RIVER OUSE, AND 36
MEDIÆVAL CHAPEL ON THE BRIDGE

[From Pike’s Oliver Cromwell.]

JOHN PYM 48

[From a miniature by Cooper.]

ROBERT DEVEREUX, EARL OF ESSEX 78

[From Devereux’s Lives of the Devereux.]

PRINCE RUPERT, K.G. 80

[From a painting by Sir Peter Lely, in the National Portrait Gallery.]

JOHN HAMPDEN 88

[From Nugent’s Life of Hampden.]

MAP OF THE EASTERN ASSOCIATION 90

EDWARD MONTAGUE, EARL OF MANCHESTER 100

[From Birch’s Heads of Illustrious Persons.]

CROMWELL CREST 101

MAP OF THE BATTLE OF MARSTON MOOR 106

SIR THOMAS FAIRFAX 122

[From the painting by Gerard Zoust.]

MAP OF THE BATTLE OF NASEBY 128

HENRY IRETON 168

[From a painting by Robert Walker, in the National Portrait

Gallery.]

PEMBROKE CASTLE 194

[From a photograph.]

MAP OF THE PRESTON CAMPAIGN 198

CHARLES I. 228

[From an old engraving.]

SIR HENRY VANE (THE YOUNGER) 246

[From a painting by William Dobson, in the National Portrait

Gallery.]

MAP OF IRELAND, TO ILLUSTRATE 256

CROMWELL’S CAMPAIGN

THE SEAL OF THE “TRIERS” 278

THE DUNBAR MEDAL, HEAD OF CROMWELL, BY 278

THOMAS SIMON

MEDAL REPRESENTING CROMWELL AS LORD 278

GENERAL OF THE ARMY, BY THOMAS SIMON

A CROWN-PIECE OF THE PROTECTOR, ISSUED 278

IN 1658

[From Henfrey’s Numismata Cromwelliana.]

MAP OF THE BATTLE OF DUNBAR 282

MAP OF THE BATTLE OF WORCESTER 292

REV. JOHN OWEN, D.D. 306

[From a painting, possibly by Robert Walker, in the National

Portrait Gallery.]

BUST OF CROMWELL, ATTRIBUTED TO BERNINI 312

[In the Palace of Westminster, 1899.]

CROMWELL COAT-OF-ARMS 325

OLIVER CROMWELL 326

[From the painting by Sir Peter Lely.]

JOHN LAMBERT 328

[From a painting by Robert Walker, in the National Portrait

Gallery.]

JOHN MILTON 378

[From an engraving by Faithorne.]

THE GREAT SEAL OF THE PROTECTOR 432

[From Henfrey’s Numismata Cromwelliana.]

FACSIMILE SIGNATURE OF OLIVER CROMWELL, 440
OCTOBER 19, 1651

FACSIMILE SIGNATURE OF OLIVER CROMWELL, 440

AUGUST 11, 1657

OLIVER CROMWELL 454

[From a miniature by Cooper, in the Baptist College at Bristol.]

RICHARD CROMWELL 462

[From a drawing by W. Bond.]

HENRY CROMWELL 466

[From a drawing by W. Bond.]

STATUE OF CROMWELL, BY THORNEYCROFT, 484

ERECTED AT WESTMINSTER IN 1899
OLIVER CROMWELL
 CHAPTER I
EARLY LIFE
1599–1629

“I was by birth a gentleman living neither in any considerable

height nor yet in obscurity,” said the Protector to one of his
Parliaments. Cromwell’s family was one of the many English families
which rose to wealth and importance at the time of the Reformation.
It owed its name and its fortune to Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex,
the minister of Henry VIII., and the destroyer of the monasteries. In
1494, Thomas Cromwell’s sister Katherine had married Morgan
Williams, a wealthy brewer of Putney, whose family sprang from
Glamorganshire. Her eldest son Richard took the surname of
Cromwell, entered the service of Henry VIII., and assisted his uncle
in his dealings with refractory Churchmen. Grants of land flowed in
upon the lucky kinsman of the King’s vicegerent. In 1538, he was
given the Benedictine priory of Hinchinbrook near Huntingdon. In
1540, the site of the rich Benedictine abbey of Ramsey and some of
its most valuable manors were added to his possessions. Honour as
well as wealth fell to his lot. At the tournament held at Westminster
on May Day, 1540, to celebrate the espousals of Henry VIII. and
Anne of Cleves,—a marriage which was to unite English and German
Protestantism,—Richard Cromwell was one of the six champions
who maintained the honour of England against all comers. Pleased
by his prowess with sword and lance, the King gave him a diamond
ring and made him a knight.
Six weeks later fortune turned against the all-powerful Earl of Essex.
He had pushed forward the Reformation faster than the King desired
and bound the King to a woman he detested. “Say what they will, she
is nothing fair,” groaned Henry, and suddenly repudiated wife,
policy, and minister. On June 10th, Thomas Cromwell was arrested
in the Council Chamber itself and committed to the Tower on the
charge of high treason. “He had left,” it was said, “the mean,
indifferent, virtuous, and true way” of reforming religion which his
master trod. In his zeal to advance doctrinal changes, he had dared
to say that if the King and all his realm would turn and vary from his
opinions, he would fight in the field in his own person with his sword
in his hand against the King and all others; adding that if he lived a
year or two he trusted “to bring things to that frame that it should
not lie in the King’s power to resist or let it.” On July 28th, Cromwell
passed from the Tower to the scaffold.
Few pitied him and only one mourned him. Sir Richard Cromwell,
said tradition, dared to appear at the Court in the mourning raiment
which the King hated, and Henry, respecting his fidelity, pardoned
his boldness. He retained the King’s favour the rest of his life, was
made a gentleman of the Privy Chamber and constable of Berkeley
Castle, got more grants of lands, and died in 1546.
Sir Richard’s son Henry built Hinchinbrook House, was knighted by
Queen Elizabeth, whom he entertained during one of her progresses,
and was four times sheriff of Huntingdonshire. As marshal of the
county he organised its forces at the time of the Spanish Armada,
raised, besides the four soldiers he was bound to furnish, twenty-six
horsemen at his own cost, and called on the trained bands to practise
“the right and perfect use of their weapons,” and fight for “the
sincere religion of Christ” against “the devilish superstition of the
Pope.” In their mixture of military and religious ardour his
harangues recall the speeches of his grandson. People called him “the
golden knight” because of his wealth and his liberality, and he
matched his children with the best blood of the eastern counties. One
daughter was the mother of Major-General Edward Whalley, one of
the Regicides; another married William Hampden, and her son was
John Hampden.
Of Sir Henry’s sons, Oliver, his heir, was a man who from love of
ostentation pushed his father’s liberality to extravagance. When
James I. came to England he was received at Hinchinbrook, “with
such entertainment as had not been seen in any place before, since
his first setting forward out of Scotland.” James made him a Knight
of the Bath at the coronation, and paid him three other visits during
his reign.
Robert, Sir Henry’s second son, inherited from his father an estate at
Huntingdon, worth in those days about £300 a year, equal to three
or four times as much now. He sat for Huntingdon in the Parliament
of 1593, filled the office of bailiff for the borough, and was one of the
justices of the peace for the county. Robert Cromwell married
Elizabeth, widow of William Lynn, and daughter of William Steward
of Ely. Her family were well off, and she brought with her a jointure
of £60 a year. The Stewards were relatives of the last prior and first
Protestant dean of Ely, who had obtained good leases of Church
lands, and were farmers of the tithes of the see. Tradition, which
loves curious coincidences, has connected them with the royal House
of Stuart that their descendant overthrew, but history traces their
origin to a Norfolk family originally named Styward. Oliver, the
future Lord Protector, was the fifth child of Robert Cromwell, and
the only one of his sons who survived infancy. He was born at
Huntingdon, on April 25, 1599, baptised at St. John’s Church in that
town on April 29th, and christened Oliver after his uncle, the knight
of Hinchinbrook. Little is known of his boyhood. A royalist
biographer says that he was of “a cross and peevish disposition” from
his infancy, while a contemporary panegyrist credits him even then
with “a quick and lively apprehension, a piercing and sagacious wit,
and a solid judgment.”
Stories are told of his marvellous deliverances from danger, and of
strange prognostications of his future greatness. It was revealed to
him in a dream or by an apparition “that he should be the greatest
man in England, and should be near the King.” Another story was
that he had acted the part of a king in a play in his school days,
placing the crown himself upon his head, and adding “majestical
mighty words” of his own to the poet’s verses. These are the usual
fictions which cluster round the early life of great men. All that is
certain is that Cromwell was educated at the free school of
Huntingdon under Dr. Thomas Beard—a Puritan schoolmaster who
wrote pedantic Latin plays, proved that the Pope was Antichrist, and
showed in his Theatre of God’s Judgments that human crimes never
go unpunished by God even in this world. Beard was an austere man
who believed in the rod, and a biographer describes him as
correcting the manners of young Oliver “with a diligent hand and
careful eye,” which may be accepted as truth. But these disciplinings
did not prevent pupil and master from being friends in later life.
At the age of seventeen, Cromwell was sent to Cambridge, where on
April 23, 1616, he was admitted a fellow commoner of Sidney Sussex
College. The College, founded in 1598, was one of those two which
Laud subsequently complained of as nurseries of Puritanism. Its
master, Samuel Ward, was a learned and morbidly conscientious
divine; a severe disciplinarian, who exacted from his scholars
elaborate accounts of the sermons they heard, and had them
whipped in hall when they offended. Cromwell did not distinguish
himself, but he by no means wasted his time at Cambridge. He had
no aptitude for languages. Burnet says he “had no foreign language
but the little Latin that stuck to him from his education, which he
spoke very viciously and scantily.” When he was Protector he
remembered enough Latin to carry on a conversation in that tongue
with a Dutch ambassador.
Another biographer tells us that Cromwell “excelled chiefly in the
mathematics,” and his kinsman, the poet Waller, was wont to say
that the Protector was “very well read in the Greek and Roman
story.” His advice to his son Richard bears out this account of his
preferences. “Read a little history,” he wrote to him; “study the
Mathematics and cosmography. These are good with subordination
to the things of God. These fit for public services for which a man is
born.” With Cromwell, as with Montrose, Sir Walter Raleigh’s
History of the World was a favourite book, and he urged his son to
read it. “’Tis a body of history, and will add much more to your
understanding than fragments of story.”
Cromwell’s tutor is said to have observed with great discrimination
that his pupil was not so much addicted to speculation as to action,
and royalist biographers make his early taste for athletics and sport a
great reproach to him. One says: “He was easily satiated with study,
taking more delight in horse and field exercise.” Another describes
him as “more famous for his exercises in the fields than in the
schools, being one of the chief matchmakers and players of football,
cudgels, or any other boisterous sport or game.”
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