J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp.

1715−1741, November, 2024

Journal of Thermal Engineering

Web page info: [Link]
DOI: 10.14744/thermal.0000879

Review Article

A comprehensive investigation of solar panel cleaning technologies:

A review study
Mustafa Tahir AKKOYUNLU1 , Yousef ABDALLATIF1,*
Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, 42140, Türkiye
1

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history
Received: 30 April 2024 This article explores the evolution and importance of photovoltaic (PV) panels, spanning from
Accepted: 11 August 2024 their inception to contemporary variations, emphasizing their critical role in addressing glob-
al concerns regarding climate change and carbon emissions. It underscores the necessity of
Keywords: maintaining clean photovoltaic panels to optimize efficiency and examines factors affecting
Cleaning Techniques; dust accumulation and mitigation methods. The literature review highlights the substantial
Photovoltaic Panels; Dust impact of dust accumulation on PV panel efficiency, documenting power output declines due
Accumulation; PV Efficiency; to dust deposition globally. It also discusses the evolving landscape of cleaning methodolo-
Solar Energy gies, including robotic systems and surface treatments, to enhance solar PV performance in
dusty environments. Dust’s multifaceted role in environmental processes, affecting climate,
atmospheric interactions, and human health, is acknowledged. The complexity of dust depo-
sition on PV systems, influenced by various factors, underscores the challenge of maintain-
ing optimal panel efficiency. The diverse characteristics of dust, including size, composition,
adhesion, and density, complicate understanding and emphasize the need for comprehensive
research. Various cleaning techniques, from traditional methods to advanced ones like elec-
trostatic precipitators and coatings, are explored, addressing dust accumulation with consid-
erations for water conservation and energy efficiency. Innovative dust mitigation approaches
like super-hydrophilic and super-hydrophobic coatings are presented. This article provides a
comparative analysis of solar panel cleaning methods, emphasizing their advantages and lim-
itations, to aid in method selection based on installation needs and environmental conditions.
It also delves into active and passive self-cleaning techniques, assesses automated cleaning
systems, underlines the role of these methods in obtaining the highest efficiency of photovol-
taic panels shows the different mechanisms by which these methods are built, and reviews the
latest studies in this area.

Cite this article as: Akkoyunlu MT, Abdallatif Y. A comprehensive investigation of solar panel
cleaning technologies: A review study. J Ther Eng 2024;10(6):1715−1741.

*Corresponding author.
*E-mail address: youseflatif@[Link]
This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by
Editor-in-Chief Ahmet Selim Dalkılıç

Published by Yıldız Technical University Press, İstanbul, Turkey

Copyright 2021, Yıldız Technical University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license ([Link]
1716 J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1715−1741, November, 2024

INTRODUCTION accumulation, high temperatures, intricate details of the

solar spectrum, panel orientation, and tilt angle [9].
The contemporary world faces numerous challenges,
The primary objective of this study is to investigate
including climate change and global warming, resulting
the effectiveness of various cleaning techniques and mod-
from carbon emissions from factories, automobiles, and
ifications in improving the efficiency and performance of
power plants. The transition to renewable energy sources, photovoltaic (PV) panels. Despite extensive research on the
such as solar energy, is crucial in addressing these concerns. impact of dust accumulation on PV panel efficiency, there
Photovoltaic (PV) panels are essential in harnessing solar remains a need for a comprehensive evaluation of clean-
energy, but their efficiency is significantly reduced by dust ing methods that can reliably restore and maintain opti-
accumulation [1]. mal panel performance. This study aims to fill this gap by
Global governing bodies, such as the United Nations thoroughly reviewing existing cleaning technologies, their
(UN), have recognized the pressing need to address the advantages, limitations, and potential for enhancing PV
issue of climate change and global warming. In 2015, system efficiency.
the UN organized a meeting that resulted in the Paris
Agreement, which aims to limit the global temperature
increase to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels by the TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DUST AND
end of the century [2]. This agreement has spurred a series ITS IMPACT
of measures taken by the international community to mit- Dust is solid particulate matter that originates from the
igate the effects of rising CO2 concentrations in the atmo- weathering of rocks. It is primarily composed of silicon but
sphere. According to the agreement, the global temperature can also contain organic components. These organic con-
must be 2 degrees Celsius or lower by the end of the cen- stituents act as cohesive agents, binding the particles and
tury. Methods for effectively reducing CO2 emissions, both facilitating their transport by wind, leading to agglomer-
at the source of production and through carbon capture ation, and ultimately shaping the overall composition of
techniques, have been identified. These methods include dust. These organic elements may exert an influence on the
reducing energy consumption, increasing energy efficiency, behavioral traits of dust [10].
using alternative energy sources, and implementing carbon Dust particles play a crucial role in preserving the
capture techniques [3]. Renewable energy systems repre- Earth’s climate-energy equilibrium through both direct
sent the first step in regulating energy consumption and and indirect radiative engagements within the atmosphere
industrial construction for energy alternatives [4]. Various [11]. The direct effects of dust in the atmosphere encom-
renewable energy sources make significant contributions pass the dispersion and assimilation of radiation [12], while
to the economy of energy production and form the basis the indirect interplay between dust and clouds pertains to
of various projects. The most important sources today are the initiation of cloud formation by dust particulates [13,
solar, wind, and bioenergy [5]. With progress, we believe 14]. Dust also impacts the biogeochemical cycle by trans-
that all countries worldwide have taken significant strategic porting nutrients to the oceans [15]. Additionally, inhaling
dust can have detrimental effects on human health [16, 17].
plans and steps to increase their share of renewable energy
The dust cycle encompasses the stages of particle release,
and reduce greenhouse gas emissions [6].
atmospheric conveyance, and subsequent settling (both via
The annual amount of solar energy received by the
dry and wet pathways) of particles, typically characterized
Earth from the sun is approximately 1.73 * 1017 watt-hours
by sizes below 500 μm. The dynamics of the dust cycle are
[7]. Solar energy and solar heating are considered two ways
significantly influenced by meteorological and climatic fac-
to use solar energy to provide us with a better life. Now,
tors, particularly in arid regions [18]. On an annual basis,
the use of solar energy to directly convert it into electric- approximately 2000 metric tons of dust are globally emitted,
ity is widely recognized as a possible energy source. This with 75% being sedimented onto terrestrial surfaces and
is achieved through the photovoltaic (PV) effect, in which the remaining 25% dispersed over oceans [11], [19]. The
photovoltaic cells generate energy [1]. Typically, when light deposition of dust on oceanic expanses can amplify carbon
strikes a solar panel, the cells absorb two-thirds of the light, absorption and retention processes [20], its accumulation
while one-third is reflected off the panel’s surface. The front over landmasses can have implications for the efficiency of
glass of the solar panel, which varies in thickness from 2 solar energy systems, as it can lead to the deterioration of
mm to 4 mm depending on the type of glass, is crucial for photovoltaic panels over extended durations [21].
light transmission and protection. Maintaining the cleanli- The characteristics of dust deposition on PV systems
ness of this layer is essential to optimize its properties, such are determined by two primary interrelated factors: the
as spectral transparency and light transmittance [8]. inherent attributes of dust particles and the specific local
The complete conversion of light energy inside PV pan- surroundings. The local environment encompasses factors
els into electrical power does not occur due to a series of unique to the site, influenced by prevailing human activi-
factors that affect the overall panel efficiency. Often, the ties, architectural traits (such as surface texture, alignment,
effectiveness of panels is subject to factors such as dust and installation elevation), environmental elements (like
J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1715−1741, November, 2024 1717

vegetation type), and prevailing weather conditions. The Factors influencing dust settlement [22]:
qualities of dust particles (including their type, chemical • Dust Properties (includes dust type - chemical, biologi-
and biological properties, electrostatic characteristics, size, cal, and electrostatic property, size, shape, and weight).
shape, and mass) hold equal significance alongside their • Wind Velocity
accumulation and aggregation tendencies. Similarly, the • Glazing Characteristics (This includes the texture of the
surface texture of the receiving PV surface also plays a crit- PV panel surface and coating characteristics)
ical role. A surface with adhesive qualities (manifesting as • PV system tilt-angle and orientation (includes exposure
a rough, furry texture or exhibiting residue adhesion and movements of the sun and wind).
electrostatic buildup) is more prone to amassing dust com- • Ambient Temperature and Humidity.
pared to a smoother surface with lower adhesion charac- • Site Characteristics (This includes local vegetation.
teristics. Additionally, it is a well-established phenomenon pedestrian and vehicular traffic, and air pollution).
that the presence of initial dust can attract or facilitate fur- PV systems are conventionally anticipated to be engi-
ther deposition, thereby rendering the surface progressively neered for optimal energy production. The variables influ-
more receptive to dust collection [22]. encing the attainment of peak or maximum output can be
It becomes evident that the process of dust deposition classified into modifiable and unmodifiable factors. The
is notably intricate and presents considerable difficulty in adjustable factors offer opportunities for design adaptabil-
both practical management and comprehensive under- ity in accordance with diverse installation prerequisites,
standing, primarily due to the multitude of influencing fac- while the unmodifiable factors necessitate inherent consid-
tors involved. eration as the default approach [22].

Figure 1. Factors influencing the maximum yield of a PV system are categorized into adjustable and unmodifiable factors.
[From M. Mani and R. Pillai [138], with permission from Elsevier.]
1718 J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1715−1741, November, 2024

PV modules have certain built-in traits that impact their PV modules, thereby affecting the gains obtained from such
performance. Figure 1 brings together these inner factors as modules. An experimental study conducted in Baghdad,
well as external ones that affect them. It depicts how the mod- Iraq, determined that there was a decrease in solar panel
ule’s inherent qualities interact with outside influences. By efficiency due to dust particles, resulting in a reduction
splitting factors into changeable and unchangeable groups, of 6.24%, 11.8%, and 18.74% over one day, one week, and
this model guides improving PV system output. It shows one month, respectively [30]. In Northern Oman [31], effi-
where strategic adjustments and careful decision-making ciency declines ranging from 5.5% to 18% have been doc-
during design and upkeep can boost efficiency. umented in connection with dust accumulation. Similarly,
Several types of dust and particulate matter can accu- in the climate conditions of Surat, India, the accumulated
mulate on solar PV panels. Some of the common types dust over eight weeks caused a significant 44.14% decrease
include: in system electrical efficiency [32]. Furthermore, dust accu-
• Inorganic Dust: This includes fine particles of minerals, mulation lasting five months in Lalitpur, Nepal led to effi-
metals, and other inorganic materials. It can come from ciency reductions of up to 29.76% for dusty panels [33].
various sources, such as construction sites, industrial Based on observations in Northern Poland, it was found
areas, and urban pollution [23]. that the efficiency of PV modules decreased by approxi-
• Organic Dust: Organic particles, such as pollen, leaves, mately 25.5% on average due to naturally accumulated dust.
and dirt, can also settle on photovoltaic panels. These Additionally, the daily maximum efficiency loss recorded
can come from vegetation, trees, and the surrounding for a silicon crystal module set at a 37° tilt angle reached
environment [24]. 0.8%. A common trend emerged across the range of mod-
• Airborne Particles: These are tiny particles suspended ules examined, indicating an average annual decrease of 3%
in the air, including pollutants like soot, smog, and fine in maximum power production [34].
particulate matter. They can settle on panels and reduce In another study, the presence of dust accumulation
their efficiency [25]. resulted in a decrease in power production, reducing it
The characteristics of dust play a significant role in from 15.43 W to 7.2 W for a 20 Wp PV module in outdoor
determining its impact on solar panel efficiency. Some key conditions and from 4.354 W to 3.625 W in indoor settings
characteristics to consider include [26-28]: [35]. Similarly, in Xi’an, Shaanxi, China, the relative power
• Particle Size: Smaller particles can easily accumulate production ratio decreased by 79.38% due to dust accu-
in the microscopic gaps between solar cells, affect- mulation [36]. Another study documented a power loss of
ing the panel’s light absorption and energy conversion 1.7% under the meteorological conditions of Sharjah, the
capabilities. United Arab Emirates [37]. Additionally, accumulated dust
• Composition: The composition of the dust, whether on a PV module in Tehran, Iran caused a significant power
organic or inorganic, can impact the ease of removal loss of 21.47% after a rainless period of 70 days [38].
and the potential for chemical reactions with panel Furthermore, experimental evidence demonstrates a
materials. noticeable impact of dust accumulation on photovoltaic
• Adhesion: Dust particles may have varying levels of systems. In the context of a 1.5 kWp grid-connected PV
adhesion to the panel surface. Strongly adherent parti- system in Perth, Australia, and a 50 Wp solar home system
cles might require more aggressive cleaning techniques. located in the Nusa Tenggara Timur region of Indonesia,
• Density: The density of dust can influence how it dis- monthly average power production decreases of 4.5% and
tributes across the panel surface and whether it forms 8% was observed, respectively. These reductions in power
patches or even layers. production contributed to lower production costs, calcu-
The influence of dust accumulation on PV panels is lated at 0.1768 $/kWh for the grid-connected PV system
contingent upon prevailing weather conditions and par- and 0.102 $/kWh for the solar home system [39].
ticulate dimensions. Furthermore, the electrical output Efforts have also been initiated to mitigate the effects of
generated by PV panels experiences variability contingent dust on solar energy production. It was observed that until
upon geographical location, dust composition character- 2009, only 10 relevant articles were published annually.
istics, and environmental temperature. Consequently, it is However, over the subsequent 7 years, there was a notable
imperative to recognize that research findings derived in a increase in research contributions. In 2015 alone, 80 arti-
specific country may not be universally applicable across cles were published in various journals, reflecting a grow-
diverse geographical regions [29]. ing interest in this field [40]. This increased trend has led
to greater emphasis on scientific outputs and an increased
The Significance of Studying the Effects of Dust need for effective solar panel cleaning methods.
Accumulation on Photovoltaic Panels The current research literature unequivocally empha-
The issue of solar panel cleanliness emerges as a prom- sizes that dust accumulation is a significant cause for con-
inent concern in efforts to mitigate efficiency losses caused cern, leading to substantial electrical and economic losses.
by dust particles. It has been observed that dust accumula- Consequently, there is a compelling call for urgent action to
tion leads to a decrease in the electrical parameters of solar address the losses incurred due to dust, aiming to optimize
J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1715−1741, November, 2024 1719

the output of PV systems. This driving force encourages efficiency, specificity to dust-related performance degrada-
the need for innovative and effective dust removal systems, tion, and innovation in cleaning methodologies.
although various methods for dust reduction have been Data collected covered cleaning techniques, efficiency
presented, their effectiveness has been demonstrated to improvements, environmental factors, and operational
have limited effects on energy and power increases follow- settings. Structuring the review this way allowed a com-
ing the implementation of cleaning processes. prehensive look at current technologies. This structured
As time progresses, the surfaces of photovoltaic panels approach ensures a comprehensive understanding of cur-
tend to accumulate various pollutants, including pollen, rent technologies and identifies research gaps in solar panel
dust, dirt, and bird droppings. Typically, the buildup of such maintenance strategies.
pollutants leads to an approximate reduction of 10-15% in The experiments conducted as part of this study con-
solar output. Given that the operational lifespan of most trolled several key parameters to ensure the reproducibility
photovoltaic panels is 30 years or more [41], a cleaning pro- and reliability of the results. These parameters include:
gram is required to maintain continuous power production. • Dust type and composition
In a broader context, the operational efficiency of a • Dust loading density on the PV panel surfaces
PV panel is influenced by two fundamental vectors: first, • Environmental conditions (temperature, humidity,
inherent design features that are internal deliberation ele- wind speed)
ments, and second, external factors that define the opera- • Panel orientation and tilt angle
tional environment. Internally, the dynamics of PV panel • Cleaning method application protocols (frequency,
operation are dependent on design parameters such as duration, etc.)
surface temperature, panel configuration, tilt angle, struc- The importance of these parameters lies in their direct
tural integrity of cells, and cell delamination, among other influence on the efficiency of the cleaning techniques and
factors. Simultaneously, in an external context, the perfor- the resulting impact on PV panel performance.
mance of a PV panel occurs under the complex interaction
of a set of variables that include changes in humidity, dom-
inant ambient air temperature, wind speed, levels of solar
radiation, and the degree of shading affecting the panel sur-
face, in addition to dust accumulation [42, 43]. Within this
cluster of external influences, dust is positioned as a signif-
icant contributor to performance degradation, while other
external factors synergistically facilitate the accumulation
and dispersal of dust on the panel surface [44].
Numerous scientific studies have been conducted to
address the challenges associated with dust and particu-
late matter for photovoltaic arrays [45, 47]. These studies
have meticulously examined documented cases of reduced
energy efficiency in existing solar energy facilities in var-
ious global regions. Additionally, a thorough examination
has been undertaken, addressing key factors essential for
the development of solar energy facilities. This includes
the analysis of efficiency declines caused by pollution and
the evaluation of efficient cleaning techniques tailored to
diverse geographical conditions [48].

Methodology
This review examines different technologies for cleaning
photovoltaic panels, focusing on their effectiveness, where
they can be used, and their environmental impact. The
researchers searched through various databases like Web of
Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, using keywords related
to “photovoltaic panels”, “dust buildup”, and “solar panel
cleaning methods”. The selected studies were peer-reviewed
articles, conference papers, and reports published between
2000 and 2023, giving a broad overview of the develop-
ment of cleaning technologies and how well they work. The Figure 2. PRISMA flow diagram of the study selection pro-
selection criteria were based on relevance to solar energy cess.
1720 J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1715−1741, November, 2024

The PRISMA flow diagram (Figure 2) illustrates the Their design entailed a multi-stage expansion nozzle,
study selection process for this systematic literature review. engineered to cater to various climatic contexts [54]. In a
Initially, 120 records were identified through database parallel vein, Chesnutt et al. introduced an electrodynamic
searching (Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar), dust shield (EDS), which harnessed electrodynamic waves
and an additional 30 records were found through other generated by electrodes affixed to the panel’s surface to ele-
sources, such as manual searching or reference list check- vate and transport dust particles [55]. Deb & Brahmbhatt
ing. After removing duplicates, 110 records remained for conceived an automated cleaning system devoid of water,
screening based on titles and abstracts. During the screen- designed for the removal of dust from photovoltaic panels.
ing stage, 60 records were excluded, leaving 50 full-text arti- Furthermore, their work encompassed a comparative anal-
cles to be assessed for eligibility based on the inclusion and ysis of the energy capture efficiency achieved through this
exclusion criteria. Of these 50 articles, 20 were excluded for cleaning methodology [56].
reasons during the eligibility assessment stage. Finally, 30 Moharram et al. undertook a comparative investigation
studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the of cleaning techniques involving non-pressurized water
qualitative synthesis of this systematic literature review. and surfactants, with the latter proving to be more advan-
tageous and efficient. In an analogous vein, the application
of a nano-hydrophobic layer serves to level out micro-de-
DUST CLEANING TECHNIQUES FOR EFFICIENT pressions, yielding a sleek glass surface that curtails water
SOLAR PV PANELS retention [57]. Demenkova et al. proposed a control system
featuring sun-tracing algorithms validated through testing
Revolutionizing Solar Panel Maintenance on mobile photovoltaic panels to ascertain the efficacy of
In this section, we review effective cleaning methods the employed photovoltaic (PV) module [58]. Pan et al.
and different technologies used for the cleaning process of empirically demonstrated the contrast between uncoated
photovoltaic panels, in addition to illustrating the efficiency glass and nano-micro-structured coating on PV modules,
added by this experimental research of the scientific com- highlighting the superior transmittance rate achieved by
munity in this field. Assi et al. presented a novel method the nano-micro-structured glass after dust accumulation
that takes advantage of the widespread use of air condition- [59].
ing systems. The method makes use of the air circulation Diverse methodologies presently find application in
generated by air conditioner fans to eliminate dust from the cleaning of PV panels, encompassing classical brush-
photovoltaic panels. This methodology was implemented based techniques, the use of compressed air to eliminate
across diverse geographical contexts, with prominence surface dust, reliance on natural precipitation for clean-
given to its application within the United Arab Emirates ing, as well as the integration of robotic systems designed
[49]. On a parallel note, Park et al. devised a passive strat- for cleaning purposes. Within the realm of robot-assisted
egy for PV module cleaning. Their design included a supe- cleaning methods, the literature offers dry and aqueous
rhydrophobic panel structure that strategically encouraged cleaning modalities [60]. In the dry-cleaning paradigm, the
the collection of rainwater and atmospheric condensa- method involves brush-based cleaning coupled with dust
tion within micro-depressions on the glass surface. This absorption, culminating in an associated power produc-
localized pooling of water attracted particulate matter. tion enhancement of approximately 9% [61]. Conversely,
Subsequent evaporation of the water left behind residuals the aqueous approach entails the application of water onto
requiring removal [50]. the PV panel surface, yielding inconsequential improve-
Lu et al. employed a linear piezoelectric actuator in tan- ments in PV panel efficiency [62]. The findings from these
dem with wipers to effectuate the cleansing of PV modules. investigations collectively underline the limited efficacy of
This configuration, characterized by its compact form and employing solely non-pressurized water for PV panel clean-
lightweight attributes, demonstrated efficacy in maintain- ing. Instead, optimal outcomes are discerned through the
ing panel cleanliness [51]. In a parallel vein, Vasiljev et al. adoption of pressurized water mechanisms or the mechan-
devised an ultrasonic cleaning system with the capacity to ical cleansing of the PV panel surface through brushing
access minute crevices and challenging-to-reach surfaces, actions [63].
thereby penetrating regions conventionally inaccessible to Consequently, there exists a pronounced imperative
alternative cleaning methodologies [52]. to undertake investigations into the operational behavior
Parrott et al. enhanced the efficacy of cleaning proce- of photovoltaic panels in dusty environments, a necessity
dures for PV systems by achieving a daily improvement of driven by the quest for optimal utilization of panel func-
0.25% through the utilization of robotic cleaning techniques. tionality. Considering this perspective, the present article of
The robotic system, which featured a silicone rubber foam review accentuates the ramifications of dust accumulation
brush, effectively reduced the impact of dust accumulation on the efficiency of PV panels and underscores the requisite
on PV panels, resulting in increased power output [53]. for meticulously devised and efficacious strategies for dust
Similarly, Du et al. formulated a distinctive nozzle config- removal. These methods hold the potential to enhance the
uration intended for dislodging dust from PV modules. operational proficiency of solar PV panels.
J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1715−1741, November, 2024 1721

Table 1. A chronological evolution of dust accumulation modeling and prospective cleaning methodologies for photovol-
taic panels [65]

Year Cleaning mechanisms

1993 Degradation of PV Cell Performance due to Dust Deposition
2012 Waterless Cleaning Robot Utilizing Solar Power for Night Operations
2013 Electrostatic Cleaning with Transparent Electro-dynamic Shield
2014 UAV Robot Designed with Sprinklers, and Self-Cleaning Method with Translucent Nano-Coating
2015 Automated Cleaning System-Based Solar Tracker Module
2019 Modeling and Quantifying Dust Accumulation
2020 Dust Impacted PV Power Generation Using Bilinear Model
2022 Automated Cleaning with Wiper-Controlled Mechanism, and Hydrophobic Coating Utilizing Rainwater to Clean the Dust

Table 1 presents a chronological overview of the evolu- The transition from experimental solutions to time-tested
tion of dust accumulation modeling and the development practices underlines the evolutionary journey of solar panel
of various cleaning methodologies for photovoltaic (PV) upkeep strategies.
panels. It categorizes advancements by year, spanning from
1993 to 2022, and details the specific cleaning mechanisms Existing Dust Cleaning Techniques
or models introduced in those years [64]. The progression Solar power plants are typically engineered for an oper-
reflects the solar industry’s response to the critical issue of ational lifespan spanning 25 to 30 years. Nevertheless, the
dust accumulation, which significantly impacts the effi- aggregation and buildup of dust, along with its various
ciency and performance of photovoltaic panels. The table forms, can significantly diminish the optimal power gener-
underscores the solar industry’s evolving strategies to ation capabilities of these facilities. As reported by [67], the
combat the challenge of dust accumulation on photovol- accumulation of dust and particulate matter on photovol-
taic panels. From recognizing the problem to developing taic panels can lead to energy losses of up to 7% annually in
sophisticated automated and water-efficient cleaning tech- regions encompassing North America, Latin America, and
nologies, and from empirical solutions to advanced mod- the Caribbean. Moreover, in the Middle East, energy losses
eling and predictive analytics, the advancements reflect a as substantial as 50% have been documented. This section
comprehensive and innovative approach to maintaining the delves into the potential mechanisms that can contribute to
efficiency and longevity of PV systems. the effective cleaning of photovoltaic panels, all while pre-
This study categorizes cleaning techniques for photo- serving their inherent capacity for power generation.
voltaic panels into two distinct classes: active and passive Presently, a range of techniques are employed to clean
methods. Active approaches, represented by electrostatic PV panels, encompassing traditional approaches like man-
and mechanical methods, require power for self-clean- ual brushing, air-based removal of surface dust through
ing processes, whereas passive methods such as coat- compressed air, application of coatings, and utilization of
ing techniques operate automatically without energy robotic cleaning systems. The prevalence of dust accumula-
consumption. The analysis encompasses the evaluation of tion on the surfaces of PV panels within solar energy facil-
six different cleaning systems: manual solar panel cleaning ities is notably elevated, owing to the substantial volume of
systems, electrostatic cleaning, robotic cleaning solutions, dust particles transported globally each year [68].
self-cleaning, automatic cleaning, and unmanned aerial Numerous investigations have been undertaken to
vehicle (UAV)-based cleaning. It underscores the critical explore diverse methodologies involving water for the
importance of selecting the most suitable system based on cleaning of PV panels. Moreover, substantial endeavors
environmental parameters and non-environmental deter- have been dedicated to the advancement of techniques that
minants. Furthermore, this analysis reveals significant vari- do not rely on water. These comprehensive inquiries are
ations in efficiency levels among these systems. Specifically, swiftly emerging as significant resolutions to enhance elec-
the electrostatic cleaning method demonstrates high effi- tricity generation and promote water conservation.
ciency ranging from 70% to 90%, while the effectiveness of The exploration of solar panel cleaning techniques from
coatings depends on the specific material used, potentially the pioneering research presented in Section 4.1 to the estab-
achieving high recovery efficiencies of up to 98% [66]. lished methods detailed in Section 4.2 highlights the solar
Building upon the groundbreaking advancements dis- industry’s dynamic response to the challenge of dust accu-
cussed, it becomes essential to juxtapose these innovative mulation. As we advance, it is imperative to foster synergies
approaches with conventional cleaning methodologies between these diverse strategies, combining the strengths of
that have been the backbone of solar panel maintenance. traditional practices with innovative advancements to craft
1722 J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1715−1741, November, 2024

Figure 3. Manually cleaning PV modules.

holistic solutions that ensure the longevity and efficiency of methods focus on optimizing and conserving water usage,
solar energy systems. while others aim to minimize electricity consumption.
Following an extensive review of numerous studies, the Additionally, certain approaches concentrate on efficiently
methods employed for cleaning can be broadly categorized cleaning a maximum number of panels. Various cleaning
as outlined below: mechanisms have been studied with the overarching goal
of identifying universal solutions that can contribute to
Manual solar panel cleaning systems achieving the highest possible efficiency for photovoltaic
Historically, the task of cleaning was performed manu- panels.
ally by individuals. Nevertheless, manual cleaning is associ- Figure 3 illustrates the fundamental process of man-
ated with limitations, including potential employee injuries, ual cleaning, a prevalent method employed to maintain
potential harm to the panels, challenges in maneuverability, the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) panels. In this image,
and inadequate maintenance practices, among others [69]. a worker, donned in safety gear, is shown using a soft mop
This approach necessitates frequent iterations and can con- to gently remove dust and debris from the surface of the
sume a substantial amount of time. In cases where human photovoltaic panels. The action captured here underscores
intervention is essential for surface cleaning, the utilization the meticulous care required to avoid damaging the panels
of non-conductive materials such as brushes, cloths, and while ensuring they remain free of particulate matter that
other implements is recommended to prevent electrical could impede sunlight absorption and, consequently, the
impairment and minimize the potential hazard of electric panels’ energy conversion efficiency.
shock [70].
The volume of water utilized is influenced by the pre- Electrostatic cleaning
vailing environmental circumstances. In regions such as The techniques employed for dust elimination through
the Middle East, the water consumption for cleaning large- electrostatic means are primarily rooted in the “Electric
scale PV power installations, such as megawatt-level PV Curtain Concept,” initially introduced by F.B. Tatom and
power plants, is estimated at 0.5 L/m2 [71]. For manual NASA in 1967 and subsequently refined by Masuda at the
cleaning in such contexts, challenges emerge in terms of University of Tokyo during the 1970s [73].
higher labor requirements, prolonged cleaning durations, The electrostatic precipitator (ESP) effectively cleans
and the complexity of simultaneously addressing all panels and maintains the upper surface of the solar panel without
comprehensively. necessitating any physical contact. Functioning as a filtra-
In addition to manual cleaning, a variety of approaches tion apparatus, the ESP operates by leveraging an induced
are available for the maintenance of solar cells, including electrostatic charge to extract minute dust particles from
natural cleansing mechanisms such as wind, rain, and the solar PV panel’s surface. The ESP’s electrodes receive
snowmelt, as well as techniques involving water, hydro- power through a relay system triggered by control signals,
phobic and ultra-hydrophilic surface coatings, and the which are activated after assessing the panel’s weight and
application of electrodynamic screens within photovoltaic comparing it against a predetermined threshold. Through
cleaning processes [72]. the utilization of negatively charged electrodes, the ESP
Hence, diverse cleaning methodologies have been establishes an opposing charge on the dust particles pres-
explored to address the limitations arising from the ent on the panel [74]. It is worth noting that this approach
manual handling of photovoltaic panels. Some of these is ill-suited for the collection of gaseous pollutants and
J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1715−1741, November, 2024 1723

poses safety concerns for residential applications, as panel and electrostatic cleaning systems designed to combat the
vibration might lead to a weakened attachment to the roof, detrimental effects of dust, sand, and other particulates on
potentially causing damage if dislodged [75]. solar panel surfaces. Utilizing principles like electrodynamic
Upon connecting the electrodes to a single-phase AC forces and alternating electrostatic fields, these technolo-
voltage, a standing-wave field is generated, as depicted in gies enable the effective removal of dust without necessi-
the figure. In the past, the prevailing understanding was tating water, thereby offering sustainable and low-energy
that these standing-wave fields could elevate particles pres- solutions suitable for arid environments and large-scale
ent on the curtain but were not capable of inducing overall solar installations. The emphasis is on improving solar
particle transportation (Liu and Marshall 2010). panel performance through regular and automated clean-
The provided research in Table 2 focuses on advanced ing methods, addressing challenges such as varying particle
techniques for maintaining the efficiency of solar pho- sizes, and adapting to different environmental conditions.
tovoltaic (PV) panels through the development of Collectively, these approaches aim to enhance the reliabil-
innovative cleaning solutions. These studies introduce ity and efficiency of solar energy systems, particularly in
mechanisms such as transparent self-cleaning dust shields regions prone to high dust and sand accumulation.

Table 2. Methods employed in electrostatic cleaning

Ref Study Proposed Technology Characteristics Operational Results

conditions
R. A. Sims et al., Generated an electromagnetic field Transparent Repels Dust Polarity of Higher voltages
[77] through electrodes positioned on the Electrodynamics Particles Particles led to more
panel’s surface Shield effective powder
removal, while
signal frequency
affected the speed of
cleaning.
Hiroyuki Involved the application of a single- Electrostatic High Voltage Does not The cleaning
Kawamoto and phase high voltage to parallel wire Force Applied to Require Water operation proved
Takuya Shibata, electrodes integrated into the cover Parallel Wire highly efficient
[78] glass plate of a solar panel Electrodes in removing
accumulated sand,
recovering to 90%
post-operation.
Surajit Mondal The array of cleaning techniques Electrostatic Comparison Human The study
et al., [79] discussed within this framework Biasing with Other intervention is recommends using
comprises electrostatic biasing Techniques required. hybrid cleaning
techniques and
integrating sensors
needed to monitor
the parameters in
solar stations.
Hiroyuki They apply a high alternating High AV Voltage Low Power Accumulation The system-
Kawamoto, [80] current (AC) voltage to parallel grid Applied to Consumption of Residual maintained
electrodes on the panels, generating Parallel Screen Dust effectiveness at low
an electrostatic force that acts upon Electrodes panel inclinations,
particles in proximity. with 70% efficiency
at 10°, and the
measured power
consumption was
remarkably low.
Murat The electrostatic system, utilizing Electrostatic Self-cleaning of Particle The proposed
Altınta¸and a negatively charged electrode and Cleaning the solar panel Polarity and electrode geometry
Serdal Arslan, positively charged others, ejects dust Water-Free of the N2 model
[81] particles by varying electric field Operation significantly
density over the plate. increased cleaning
efficiency at the
optimum voltage
and frequency,
reaching 75%.
1724 J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1715−1741, November, 2024

Table 2. Methods employed in electrostatic cleaning (continued)

Ref Study Proposed Technology Characteristics Operational Results

conditions
Ying Liu et al., The development involved creating Uneven Electrode Generates It can work The study made
[82] a unique, uneven electrode to Discharge and Plasma in Wet even in wet important
configuration for plasma generation Generate Plasma Conditions conditions recommendations
aimed at discharging in damp for effective
conditions to remove stubborn and utilization,
adhesive dust deposits. understanding
stability factors,
analyzing cell wall
characteristics
A.S. Al- The study tests four cleaning Electrostatic Neutralizes Compressed Electrostatic
Salaymeh et al., approaches, including constant cleaning method static charge air is used neutralization
[83] mopping, natural cleaning (wind with an EXAIR showed substantial
and rain), coating with Ceracoat ionizer efficacy against dust
Glass Care photocatalysis, and accumulation. But
electrostatic cleaning, without using paint proved more
water due to Jordan’s water scarcity. economical.
Amar Tilmatine Utilized corona discharge plasma to Solar panel The solar panel Generating Achieving over 90%
et al., [84] generate an ionic wind, featuring a cleaning device cleaning device an “ionic cleaning efficiency
high-voltage electrode with parallel utilizing corona utilizes a high- wind” through with low power
sharp needles and a grounded frame discharge plasma voltage electrode corona consumption
electrode with parallel discharge
sharp needles

Robotic cleaning solutions panel performance, these technologies strive to advance

Robot-based cleaning techniques represent contem- the efficiency and sustainability of solar energy production.
porary and distinctive approaches that have significantly The implementation of mechanisms like rolling brushes,
enhanced the efficiency of solar photovoltaic systems. These water-efficient cleaning strategies, and adaptable modular
methods offer the advantage of utilizing both pressurized designs demonstrates a significant improvement in solar
and non-pressurized water or compressed air, marking a panel efficiency post-cleaning, offering a promising alter-
substantial advancement in the integration of robots into native to conventional manual methods.
the cleaning process. However, for robots to effectively nav-
igate solar panel surfaces, it is crucial to establish a secure Self-cleaning
attachment mechanism. Two attachment systems have been In recent years, there has been a growing interest among
devised to facilitate robot mobility on inclined surfaces: researchers and engineers in developing innovative tech-
certain autonomous robots available in the global market niques to enhance the efficiency of solar PV panels. This
struggle with solar panel cleaning due to their substantial involves reducing the accumulation of dust on these panels
weight. In such cases, designated starting points are allo- and enhancing their ability to self-clean. Self-cleaning is a
cated for the device to position itself without casting shad- technique utilized for solar panel cleaning where coatings
ows on the panels, and the device is programmed to move and materials like hydrophilic, hydrophobic, surfactant,
systematically across each row of panels [85]. etc. are used. This will allow us to develop a non-striking
A range of robotic cleaning systems is available, offering surface for water droplets that get rolled off while taking
autonomous, efficient, and versatile solutions for solar PV off dirt and dust from the photovoltaic panels. Scientists
panel maintenance, with various features catering to differ- have explored super-hydrophobic coatings as a solution to
ent cleaning needs and scenarios. counteract the drop in efficiency of solar PV panels caused
Table 3 shows some previous studies’ methods employed by the buildup of organic and inorganic debris. These coat-
in robotic cleaning. The studies explore innovative robotic ings offer several advantages, such as resistance to graffiti
solutions aimed at enhancing the cleaning and mainte- and corrosion [103]. Experiments conducted at the Assiut
nance of photovoltaic (PV) photovoltaic panels to optimize University Renewable Energy Laboratory in Egypt scruti-
energy efficiency. These investigations delve into various nized the effect of hydrophobic SiO2 nanomaterial coatings
automated systems ranging from modular, crawler-based on the efficiency of PV panels. The results demonstrated
robots to those controlled via Arduino technology, all a significant enhancement in panel efficiency upon imple-
designed to navigate and clean solar panel surfaces effec- menting this coating method [104].
tively. By addressing environmental challenges such as dust, A cost-effective and non-destructive technique for
dirt, and bird droppings, which notably diminish solar cleaning PV panels involves employing hydrophobic nano
J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1715−1741, November, 2024 1725

Table 3. Methods employed in robotic cleaning

Ref Study Proposed Technology Characteristics Operational Results

conditions
Mark Anderson This system is capable of both Portable Robotic Clean and Coordination The project has
et al., [86] cleaning and maneuvering across Cleaning Maneuver with the Frame successfully
the glass surface of a PV array, on the Glass for All-Angle diminished manual
accommodating various angles Surface Cleaning labor and enhanced
ranging from horizontal to vertical resource utilization.
orientations.
Amit Kumar Characterized by four degrees 4-DOF Cleaning Water-based More Efficient Implementing solar
Mondal and of freedom (DOF) designed Robot Prototype on High- panel cleaning using
Kamal Bansal, specifically for photovoltaic Powered SPCRA saved a 9.1%
[87] (PV) panels. This prototype is Photovoltaic enhancement in
water-based and incorporates a Panels efficiency.
combination of a sprinkler, an air
blower, and a wiper for its cleaning
mechanism.
V. Selvaganesh Operated without water and Micro-controller- Waterless Requires track The power output
et al., [88] employing brush-based cleaning, Based Robot Prototype built for forward was improved,
autonomously transitions between or backward indicating a 93%
individual PV cells using a movement. enhancement in
dedicated track system while power output.
aligning itself with the solar panel.
Manju B et al., Used an Arduino system, a Automatic Solar Mechanism of DC Gear The system’s
[89] rolling brush that moves in a Panel Sliding Brushes Motor-Driven advantages include
perpendicular direction, motors, Technology low cost, ease of
and rubber wheels, and operates construction, and
without the use of water. autonomy.
Brian Parrott et Highlighted that the employment Dry-Cleaning Silicon Rubber Does not Solar panel cleaning
al., [53] of silicone rubber foam brushes Robot System Foam Brush Require Water has proven to be
by these robots, and don’t utilize better than manual
water in the panel-cleaning methods, as the
process. automated method
has proven to have
significantly higher
panel efficiency.
Nallapaneni Introduced three distinct types of Dust-cleaning Designed For Building Addressing
Manoj Kumar et robots, each tailored to a specific robots (DCRs) for Pitched, integrated or challenges
al., [90] method of panel fixation. Horizontal, and applied PVs such as energy
The study proposed DCRs for Roofs (BIPV & BAPV) consumption, stress
integration with BIPV and BAPV on DCR, slipping,
systems and autonomous
operation.
Shibo Cai et al., Examined the mechanical Dust Cleaning Parameter Built on CFD The simulation
[91] properties of dust particles and Robot Optimization Simulation results demonstrated
theoretically established the symmetrical velocity
correlation between pressure distribution at the
distribution and dust particle inlet, with higher
velocity to facilitate computational velocities at the
fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. corners, indicating
optimal dust-
absorbing efficiency
at those locations
Mohammad Experimented on a segment of a Water-Based Increased Structure- The study
Hammoud et solar plant situated in Lebanon, Robot Cleaner Efficiency Specific On- demonstrated a
al., [92] during which the water-based Wheel Device significant increase
robot cleaner prototype was in power generation
utilized. efficiency, with an
average increase of
around 32.27%, the
cleaning process
resulted in a net
benefit of $4287 in
power generation.
1726 J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1715−1741, November, 2024

Table 3. Methods employed in robotic cleaning (continued)

Ref Study Proposed Technology Characteristics Operational Results

conditions
Marcel Tômas Aimed to explore various solutions PV Cleaning Solar-Brush, Comparison of The study proposes
Grando et al., for cleaning photovoltaic panels, Robots UAV Robot Technologies innovative solutions,
[93] considering both their positive and Ecoppia E4, including the
negative practical aspects. Wash Panel, development of
NOMADD, a manipulator
Cleaning System robot with vertical
movements on a
fixed guide and the
exploration of cable-
driven robots.
K Chailoet and Introduced a water-based Modular Robot Can Clean An Activated The tested solar
E Pengwang, cleaning system that involves Various Lengths Water Source panel cleaning robot
[94] the discharge of water through a of Photovoltaic demonstrated an
miniature sprinkler, followed by panels approximate 3.40%
the utilization of a spiral brush increase in electricity
for panel cleaning, and ultimately production.
deploying a rubber sweeper to
eliminate the soiled water.
Omur Akyazi et Presented a robotic system Waterless Arduino Coordinated The microcontroller-
al., [95] comprised of a cleaning brush Cleaning Robot Development Movement based SPCR system
and motors attached to a frame, Board effectively reduces
designed to move horizontally the impact of dust
along the plane of photovoltaic on PV panel output
(PV) panels for cleaning purposes power
without the use of water.
Ranganathan S Aimed to regulate the temperature Modular Mobility Clean and Requires Silicon Results showed that
et al., [96] of photovoltaic panels integrated Robot Maintain the Chip cooling increased
into hybrid vehicles. The system Temperature of the power output,
includes components such the PV Panel with a peak slightly
as a storage tank, a radiator higher than normal
temperature sensor, and water conditions reaching
sprinkler jets. 12.9%.
Ghodki M. K. et The IR sensor plays a pivotal role Robotic Arm IR/Sprinkler Coordination A cleaning system
al., [97] in governing the configuration Based Cleaning of Cleaning/ resulted in an
of the robotic arm, facilitating Charging average energy
automated transitions between the Mechanism increase of 11.26%, a
cleaning, and charging phases. PV module efficiency
improvement of
13.63%, and a
performance ratio
increase of 85.2%.
Milin D Patil et Introduced a robotic cleaning Robot-Based Micro-controller Stepper/ Cleaning
al., [98] system designed specifically Cleaner Based Control DC Motor photovoltaic panels
for photovoltaic (PV) panels, Combination takes approximately
the system’s control is managed 4.5 minutes,
through the utilization of a consuming 1.89Wh
deployed microcontroller. of energy, improving
battery charging
speed by 20%.
Nasib Khadka et This prototype leverages a cleaning Waterless Rotary Brushes- Cloud Interface Addressed the
al., [99] robot and a cloud-based interface. Cleaning Robot-Based potential impact of
the capability to clean the entire Design dust accumulation
panel surface in a bidirectional on efficiency,
manner using rotary brushes especially in
and it does not rely on water for megawatt-scale
cleaning. production where
even a 1% reduction
could significantly
affect the Internal
Rate of Return (IRR).
J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1715−1741, November, 2024 1727

Table 3. Methods employed in robotic cleaning (continued)

Ref Study Proposed Technology Characteristics Operational Results

conditions
Faridah Hanim They introduced a photovoltaic Arduino-Based Water/Waterless Powered by restored the solar
Mohd Noh et (PV) panel-cleaning robot Cleaning Robot Modes Rechargeable photovoltaic
al., [100] operated via an Arduino Batteries output power
microcontroller. The cleaning to its maximum
apparatus includes two coarse capacity after the
sponges, a water pumping system, cleaning process,
and an Arduino control system to with a notable 50%
oversee the robot’s mobility. improvement in
output current.
GEKKO Solar It presented a robot designed for Water-Based Higher Cleaning Used Capable of covering
[101] water-based cleaning. This robot Cleaning Robot Capacity Demineralized up to 400 m per
exerts constant pressure on the Water hour, making it
panels and utilizes demineralized suitable for extended
water. It offers manual control rooftop installations
from a remote location and boasts and adaptable for
a cleaning capacity of 400 m2/hr. small solar farms
with narrow panels
Manish Kumar They employed a pulse-width IR sensor Temperature Wet cleaning The developed
Ghodki, [102] modulation (PWM)-based motor monitoring device demonstrated
in conjunction with a silicon embedded a high cleaning
rubber wiper for wet cleaning controller rate, low cleaning
operations. An embedded time, and minimal
controller, specifically the IEEE water and energy
1149.1-based C8051F226DK, was consumption, along
integrated to oversee the cleaning with lightweight
process. construction.
Fırat Ekinci et A cleaning robot with pressurized 3D printer Improved Chemical The use of Solution
al., [63] water spraying fogging nozzles was generation power- solutions 1 with a cleaning
employed for cleaning, and three embedded and electrical robot achieved a 15%
different cleaning solutions were controller performance improvement over
tested, considering the impact analysis dusty conditions
of solar panel temperature on outperforming other
performance efficiency. solutions.

Table 4. Methods employed in self-cleaning

Ref Study Proposed Technology Characteristics Operational Results

conditions
Gaofa He et al., suggested using a self-cleaning Translucent Utilizes Hydrophobic The best removal-
[73] nano-film on solar cell array Nano-Film rainwater to Hydrophilic dust strategy for
surfaces, either employing a Clean the Dust solar cell arrays is an
super-hydrophilicity film or Material electric curtain.
utilizing a super-hydrophobic
film. It serves as a point of
reference in the exploration
of self-cleaning nanofilm
technology.
Jaesung Son et al., proposed the development of Types of Analysis of Contact The non-coated
[109] durable, antireflective, and self- Hydrophobic Coated PV Angle, Optical nanopatterned
cleaning glass surfaces through and Hydrophilic Panels Transmittance, surfaces maintain
a nanopatterning technique Materials and PV superior self-
without chemical coatings. Performance cleaning,
The effectiveness of the self- transparency,
cleaning coatings is evaluated and solar cell
by monitoring contact angle performance.
(CA), optical transmittance, and
photovoltaic performance over a
12-week outdoor testing period.
1728 J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1715−1741, November, 2024

Table 4. Methods employed in self-cleaning (continued)

Ref Study Proposed Technology Characteristics Operational Results

conditions
K.A. Moharram et compared the effects of Anionic/Cationic Self-Cleaning Non-Pressurized Daily cleaning
al., [57] no cleaning, cleaning with Surfactant Water System with a surfactant
non-pressurized water, and mixture maintained
cleaning with water containing a consistent
a surfactant. The cleaning is efficiency of about
performed daily for 10 minutes 12%, demonstrating
with a controlled water flow rate its effectiveness
of 12 L/min. in preventing
deterioration.
Hiroyuki employed a high-voltage, single- Specialized Targets Dust Transmittance The power
Kawamoto and phase mechanism applied to Coating Accumulation consumption
Takuya Shibata, parallel wire electrodes integrated of the system
[110] into the cover glass plate of the was remarkably
solar panel. low. The system
effectively removed
accumulated sand,
resulting in a power
recovery of 60% to
90% after operation.
Zhong Hong et al., Glass sheets, serving as Super High Stability KH550/Ti02 The coated glass
[111] substitutes for PV panels, are Hydrophobic and Corrosion has a perfect
cleaned and treated with KH-550 Coating Resistance super-hydrophilic
solution, then coated with 5% self-cleaning
TiO2. This environmentally performance.
friendly coating, prepared with
spraying technology or roller
coating, aims to exhibit excellent
super-hydrophilic properties,
high stability, and corrosion
resistance
A. Syafiq et al., provided a comprehensive Hydrophobic Reliability and No Power Passive coating
[103] review of various self-cleaning Coating Low Cost Consumption methods provide
methods for photovoltaic (PV) benefits such as
panels, with a particular focus on anti-adhesion and
superhydrophobic coating-based photocatalysis for
approaches. dust removal
Saravanan V. S. explicated various cleaning Electrostatic, Comparison - Much research
and Darvekar S. methods for solar photovoltaic Super Between has been done
K., [112] panels, including electrostatic Hyperbolic, Methods on various solar
cleaning, superhydrophobic Mechanical, photovoltaic panel
coating, mechanical methods, Automated, and cleaning methods;
microcontroller-based automatic Self-Cleaning the best one is
cleaning, and self-cleaning nano the Electrostatic
domes cleaning method.
Osam H. Attia et This innovative cleaning device Mechanical Harmonic Vibrator The study
al., [113] harnessed wind energy as its Vibrator Excitation Reliability demonstrated the
power source, converting it Mechanism effective use of wind
into mechanical energy. The energy converted to
mechanical vibrator generates mechanical energy,
a harmonic excitation force to proportional to air
effectively dislodge dust particles velocities, for dust
from the PV panels. removal from a tilted
solar panel surface.
Serkan Alagoz and employed surface acoustic wave Surface Acoustic Takes Angle Requires Gravity Surface acoustic
Yasin Apak, [114] technologies to facilitate the Wave of Panel into for Operation wave (SAW)
cleaning of PV panel surfaces. Consideration application proves
effective for cleaning
PV panel surfaces,
particularly in
removing large
dust particles (0.2
mm and above) on
inclined panels.
J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1715−1741, November, 2024 1729

Table 4. Methods employed in self-cleaning (continued)

Ref Study Proposed Technology Characteristics Operational Results

conditions
Edwin Babu et al., introduced an external External Finite Element Analysis Cleaning
[115] mechanical vibration system Mechanical Vibration Detection photovoltaic panels
designed for the cleaning of Vibration System using mechanical
photovoltaic (PV) panels. In this vibration is
system, a DC motor is positioned economically viable
beneath the PV panel, and the for large solar farms
revolution per minute (rpm) is and offers a waterless
adjusted to assess its effectiveness and manpower-
in removing dust. saving alternative.
Hatem R. Alamri applied a hydrophobic SiO2 Hydrophobic Comparison Coating of Reducing dust
et al., [104] nanomaterial coating. It employs SiO2 Material with Non- Nanomaterial deposition and
a mathematical model and the Coated Panels improving resistance
particle swarm optimization to mud formation,
algorithm to estimate the ultimately leading
parameters of a PV panel. to a 15% increase
in output power
compared to
dusty panels, a 5%
improvement over
manually cleaned
uncoated panels, and
a 10% reduction in
panel temperature.
Raj Kumar Saini et Attention is dedicated to modern Wireless data Water-based Water supply Highlighted the
al., [116] water-free cleaning techniques, acquisition self-cleaning importance of
particularly useful in water- system adopting modern
scarce areas cleaning techniques,
and appropriate
cleaning frequencies.
Adel A. Ismail et involved the deposition of TiO2/SiO2 and Low power Anti-soiling The study
al., [117] transparent mesoporous ZnO ZnO/SiO2 films consumption nano coating demonstrated
and TiO2 coatings on a SiO2 Coating that TiO2/SiO2
interlayer for self-cleaning PV nanocoating
cells under various weather consistently
conditions. The coatings are outperformed ZnO/
examined for their anti-soiling SiO2 and SiO2
effect and power efficiency. coatings indicating
its effectiveness
in mitigating the
impact of dust
accumulation on
solar cells.

coatings, which utilize nanofillers such as silica and tita- removal and power enhancement [105], various studies
nium dioxide. These coatings augment the performance indicate that coated modules generally exhibit lower daily
of solar PV modules, leading to a 15% increase in output soiling rates compared to uncoated modules [106], [107].
power when compared to dusty panels and a 5% improve- In regions with adequate rainfall, natural cleaning through
ment compared to manually cleaned uncoated panels. precipitation can suffice [108].
Remarkably, these nano coatings remove dust without con- Scientists have developed nanoparticle-based coatings
suming additional energy [104]. Shielding PV surfaces from to prevent dust accumulation on photovoltaic panels, par-
dust accumulation can be achieved by applying anti-dust ticularly in harsh environments where heat, humidity, and
coatings, including superhydrophobic and superhydropho- pollution can hinder PV panel efficiency. These coatings
bic films, with TiO2 coatings being widely used [73]. While repel dust and are easily cleaned with water, maintaining
superhydrophobic coatings have shown promise in dust panel transparency and efficiency. It’s crucial to note that
1730 J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1715−1741, November, 2024

Table 5. Methods employed in automated cleaning

Ref Study Proposed Technology Characteristics Operational Results

conditions
Xiaolong Lu et al., In this system, a specialized Piezoelectric Pressure Lightweight The study suggests the
[51] wiper is affixed to the actuator, Actuator Optimization Structure potential integration
enabling precise and controlled of an optical dust
dust removal through the sensor for smart and
application of optimal pressure adaptive cleaning based
to the panel surface. on environmental
conditions.
Piotr Vasiljev et They put forward a model for Ultrasonic Harmonic Laser Accuracy The proposed system
al., [52] an ultrasonic cleaning system, System Analysis/ exhibited effective
characterized by the creation Interaction cleaning, particularly in
of an ultrasonic cavity within areas with thick water
a thin moving water layer. layers
To gauge the mechanical
oscillations on the piezoelectric
actuator, a laser vibrometer
is utilized, thereby enabling
the removal of dust from
challenging areas
Cong-Hui Huang presented an innovative Fuzzy Logic Determination Accuracy of Developed a cleaning
et al., [118] solar panel cleaning system System of Solar Output Voltage device that improves the
equipped with an intelligent Intensity output current of the
control system developed using photovoltaic panels.
LabVIEW.
S. B. Halbhavi et The automatic cleaning system LDR-Based Built on Sliding DC Motor Automatic cleaning
al., [119] relies on LDR resistance Cleaning Brushes Programmed by has proved to be
changes to detect dust, System Microcontroller more economical
triggering motor rotation for and significantly less
effective cleaning. Controlled cumbersome, particularly
by an 8051 microcontroller, the in systems having many
system employs a DC motor, a photovoltaic panels.
light-dependent resistor (LDR),
and sliding brushes to facilitate
panel cleaning.
Z. H. Bohari et Involved in creating a Solar Solar Tracker IR Sensor-Based Accuracy of IR The project concluded
al., [120] Tracking Robot utilizing Module Technology Sensor that the solar tracker
Arduino’s microcontroller to improves panel efficiency
enhance solar panel efficiency
through sun irradiance capture
and renewable energy storage.
V. A. Ballal and Proposed a PLC-based dual-axis Dual-Axis Sensor-Based Accuracy of Experimental results
Prof. R. M. Autee, solar tracker system utilizing Solar Panel Sun Tracking Sensors show a 24% increase in
[121] photosensitive resistance for System energy gain for partly
sunray detection, stepper cloudy days
motors for panel rotation, and
PLC-controlled precise motor
control.
Ali Al Shehri et Explored the effectiveness of Brushed-Based Nylon Brush- Nylon Brush The study recommends
al., [122] dry cleaning, particularly using Automated Based Dry Material further research on
Nylon brushes, in removing Cleaner Cleaning cleaning technologies
dust particles from the glass for coated glass. The
surface. brushing-induced
defects, including
scratches and dust
clusters, were observed
without affecting optical
transmission
J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1715−1741, November, 2024 1731

Table 5. Methods employed in automated cleaning (continued)

Ref Study Proposed Technology Characteristics Operational Results

conditions
Syafaruddin et al., Utilized a wiper control Wiper Control- Dual Power Upon activating the
[123] mechanism powered by an led Mechanism Mechanism Consumption cleaning system after
ATmega16 microcontroller. Capacity movements up to a
The system involves spraying 17.55% efficiency ratio,
water on the panel surface and low and stable power
and activating a wiper with a usage.
DC motor, controlled by limit
switches.
Aditya Sinha and Aimed to design an Automatic Tracing Photon Accuracy of The proposed system,
Ambuj Preet, autonomous cleaning robot Solar Tracker Rays Sun Tracker integrated with an
[124] equipped with a solar tracker automatic solar
for efficient and cost-effective tracker, minimizes
utilization of solar energy. overall expenditure by
combining the cost of
the cleaner with the solar
tracker.
Dipankar Deba Introduced an innovative Automated Review of Yield Does not The proposed solution
and Nisarg L. waterless cleaning apparatus Water-Free Increase Require high- stands out by eliminating
Brahmbhatt [61] designed for the efficient System voltage Voltage the need for liquid or
removal of soiling from PV Supplies high-voltage supplies,
panels. This device incorporates resulting in minimal
a brush attached to a movable maintenance costs. A
frame, which traverses the notable 9.05% increase
entire PV panel surface. in energy yield when
manufactured in bulk.
Nithin Sha Najeeb It stands out due to its cost- Air-Water Dust Cleaning Reliable Stand- A system utilizing an
et al., [125] effectiveness, energy efficiency, Mixture and Cooling Alone Setup air-water mixture was
intelligent automation, and Technology System of PV deployed to clean and
innovative design. Utilizing Panels cool the panels revealing
a Programmable Logic a significant 32% increase
Controller (PLC). It included in power output from
an air compressor, water pump, the cleaned panel during
pressure regulator, and solenoid peak hours.
valves for automation, ensuring
effective cleaning within a
specified duration.
Nikhil Gupta et Suggested a model wherein a Cleaning Droid Battery Charged Functioning of By using the LDR and IR
al., [126] battery charged by the PV panel by PV Panel Motors sensors it is more reliable
powers motors to clean the for the robot to clean the
panels. solar panel
[Link] Proposed an automatic cleaning LDR-Based Energy Efficient 2 cycles/day The study emphasizes
and mechanism using an LDR, DC Cleaning Enhancement the utilization of MPPT
[Link] motor, and brush but lacked techniques, particularly
Reddy, [127] experimental data on efficiency fuzzy-based MPPT, for
improvement. optimizing solar PV
performance.
Sai Manoj Developed a semi-automatic Automated Module System Nozzle With the calculated
Katakam et al., self-cleaning mechanism Nozzle Placement average efficiency
[128] that effectively removes dust increasing by 1.2% to 3%
deposits, utilizing minimal after cleaning the panel.
water and energy. The designed
mechanism ensures regular
and reliable cleaning, leading to
increased power output
1732 J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1715−1741, November, 2024

Table 5. Methods employed in automated cleaning (continued)

Ref Study Proposed Technology Characteristics Operational Results

conditions
N Sugiartha et al., Proposed a semiautomatic Semi- Wiper Control System Panel Further prototype
[129] wiper control system as a Automatic Built Solar Cleaning Wiper enhancements are
preliminary design for cleaning Water Spray Range of needed for improved
solar panel surfaces, utilizing Rotational water spray distribution,
a DC motor, manual switch optimal wiper
buttons, and water spray. repetition, and potential
autonomous action via a
microcontroller.
K. Jaiganesh et al., Suggested a novel Automatic Water viper Rooftop PV Rooftop Gave better performance
[130] Cleaning mechanism using panel cleaning structure and improves the system
Arduino without water, efficiency by 15–20%. The
operating during non-sunlight maintenance cost also is
hours to minimize shadow less because of no usage
effects and input power, aiming of water, and it will not
to enhance solar panel efficiency create any electric short
and lifespan. circuits or damage to the
structure of the PV panel.
Ra’ed Nahar Utilized an automated cleaning Dust detection Solar and Rainwater Supplied with a
Myyas et al., [75] device designed to address high and cleaning temperature harvesting sustainable water source
PV temperature and soiling control for various applications.
factors. Rainwater is harvested mechanisms It recycled 80% of
through a gutter system, cleaning water, automatic
pumped to designated tanks, on/off functionality.
and utilized for cleaning solar
cells.

additional coatings should be applied judiciously, as they To address this concern, numerous innovative automated
can reduce sunlight transmission, and regular cleaning cleaning systems and methods have emerged, offering effi-
remains essential for optimal PV module performance [75]. cient solutions for maintaining clean and high-performing
The compilation of research in Table 4 underscores PV panels.
innovative strategies for enhancing solar panel efficiency Automated methods for cleaning photovoltaic panels
through self-cleaning technologies, addressing challenges are widely employed globally, utilizing a range of technol-
such as dust and snow accumulation that significantly ogies, predominantly featuring robotics or motion sensors.
impede energy generation. Highlighted solutions encom- Several research studies have explored the use of different
pass a variety of approaches, from employing natural forces substances, including chemicals and purified water, in these
and mechanical vibrations to innovative chemical coatings automated cleaning techniques.
and nanoparticle applications. These methods aim to ensure Table 5 showcases an array of advanced methods and
continuous, efficient operation by maintaining clean panel technologies designed for the automated cleaning and effi-
surfaces without manual intervention. Particularly benefi- ciency optimization of photovoltaic (PV) panels. The stud-
cial in environments with harsh weather conditions, these ies delve into various cleaning mechanisms, from simple
technologies offer cost-effective, sustainable alternatives mechanical systems to sophisticated automated, aimed at
to traditional cleaning methods, thereby ensuring photo- addressing the critical issue of dust accumulation which
voltaic panels operate at optimal efficiency while reducing significantly affects solar energy production, particularly in
maintenance requirements. arid and dusty climates. These mechanisms, which include
Table 4 provides an inventory of the technology utilized, the use of IR sensors, water sprays, mechanical wipers, and
outlining their respective characteristics and operational solar tracking systems, highlight the importance of main-
parameters within the domain of self-cleaning technology. taining clean panel surfaces and optimal orientation for
peak performance.
Automated cleaning
The maintenance and cleanliness of photovoltaic (PV) Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based cleaning
panels are of paramount importance to ensure optimal Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), a contemporary
energy capture and efficiency, particularly in challeng- approach, are employed for the cleaning of photovoltaic
ing environments prone to dust and dirt accumulation. panels. This technology enables the transport of cleaning
J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1715−1741, November, 2024 1733

Table 6. Methods employed in UAV cleaning

Ref Study Proposed Technology Characteristics Operational Results

conditions
F. Grimaccia et al., Various methods for UAV-Based Monitoring Analysis and The UAS technology
[132] PV module monitoring, Cleaning Applications Inspection of successfully identified
including visual System for Energy Sites various defects, including
detection, PV parameter Production hot spots, micro-cracks, and
measurement, and thermal burnt cells. Contributing
and infrared cameras, are to a 6–10% increase in
explored. overall performance while
optimizing maintenance
operations in PV plants.
M. Al-Housani et al., Involved in conducting Experimental Comparison - Using Microfiber-based cloth
[133] experiments to determine Investigation of Drone wipers yields an average
the most suitable cleaning Desert Retrofitting performance improvement
apparatuses for thin-film Climates Techniques of 7.7% for weekly cleaning
solar modules, evaluating in winter and 3.1% in
their performance summer and minimizing
based on energy usage, manpower costs through
efficiency, and cleaning autonomous cleaning.
time for different types of
dust accumulation, and
investigating the feasibility
of equipping a drone
with the various cleaning
apparatuses.
Marcel Tômas Grando Presented the current Review of Cleaning - Highlighted the potential for
et al., [134] state of the art in robotic Robots for Mechanisms optimizing cleaning methods
technology for cleaning Cleaning PV tailored to different types
photovoltaic panels, Panels of dirt.
identifying various
solutions and their
practical implications.
They focused primarily on
an extensive examination
of various commercially
available robotic systems
designed for the cleaning of
photovoltaic (PV) panels.
Mohamed Mohandes The study employs a multi- Drone Downward - Up to a 70% increase in
et al., [135] rotor drone, specifically Aerodynamic Thrust panel output power for lower
the DJI SPARK, to inspect dust volumes.
and clean photovoltaic
panels, utilizing various
flying patterns for dust
removal. The research
aims to evaluate the
impact of blowing dust
on panel efficiency based
on electrical parameters
and output power
measurements over 5
weeks.
Samer S. Sarkis et al., Proposed a novel solution Hybrid Drone Automated Adequate for A novel hybrid drone
[136] for dust accumulation on System Brush Cleaning Small Solar prototype, capable of
small solar panel units Method Power Units both rolling on the entire
using a hybrid drone that surface and flying between
combines rolling and flying distributed small solar panel
for cleaning. units
1734 J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1715−1741, November, 2024

fluids and pneumatic pressure to clean photovoltaic pan- less resource-intensive cleaning methods to uphold solar
els, and it incorporates active sensors equipped with illu- energy’s viability as a sustainable resource.
mination sources and mapping cameras to ensure precise According to previous studies analyzed and summa-
positioning. The autonomous capabilities of UAVs facilitate rized, effectiveness varies based on factors such as type,
uninterrupted and continuous cleaning operations [131]. quantity of dust, local weather conditions, and specific
Table 6 focuses on innovative solutions for cleaning cleaning techniques used. Technical selection depends on
photovoltaic (PV) panels, crucial for maintaining efficiency the environment, team design, and available resources.
in solar energy production, especially in areas prone to dust A range of methods can be used to optimize results, and
and debris accumulation like deserts. These solutions range ongoing research continues to refine these technologies
from hybrid drone systems capable of rolling over and fly- to improve efficiency and sustainability. Furthermore, the
ing between photovoltaic panels for cleaning, to utilizing ensuing table provides a detailed analysis of the merits and
drones’ aerodynamic forces for dust removal without direct drawbacks associated with both systems and diverse tech-
contact or water. The overarching theme is enhancing solar nologies utilized for the cleaning of photovoltaic panels.
panel efficiency through regular cleaning while minimiz- In summary, the choice of a cleaning method for
ing water usage and manual labor, showcasing technolog- photovoltaic panels depends on various factors, includ-
ical advancements in drone applications and automated ing the size of the installation, environmental conditions,
cleaning systems tailored for challenging environments like available resources, and cost considerations. Innovative
Saudi Arabia, where dust significantly reduces solar panel approaches like super-hydrophilic and super-hydrophobic
output. These studies propose a shift towards automated, coatings show promise for reducing maintenance needs

Table 7. Disadvantages and advantages methods for cleaning photovoltaic panels

Methods for Cleaning Advantages Disadvantages

Photovoltaic Panels
Manual Solar Panel Cleaning · Cost-effective (no need for specialized · Labor-intensive.
Systems equipment). · Time consuming.
· Suitable for small-scale installations. · Potential risk of injury and damage to
panels.
· Significant water consumption may be a
concern in certain regions.
Electrostatic Precipitator · Cleans without physical contact. · Not effective against gaseous pollutants.
· Suitable for arid regions and environments · Security concerns in residential
with water scarcity. applications.
Nanoparticle Coatings (self- · Increases panel efficiency. · Periodic reapplication is necessary.
cleaning) · Reduces dust adhesion. · A decrease in solar conductivity may occur
· Some coatings are self-cleaning. with certain coatings.
· Non-destructive and energy efficient.
Automatic Wiper Cleaning · Mechanized and efficient. · Potential incomplete cleaning coverage.
Systems · Controlled water usage. · Requires wiper replacement and
· Suitable for medium-scale installations. maintenance.
· Risk of damage to panels if not properly
maintained.
Robotic Cleaning Solutions · Efficient and multipurpose. · Requires a secure connection mechanism.
· Suitable for both pressurized and non- · Initial setup and programming are
pressurized water cleaning. necessary.
· Can be employed for large installations. · Acquisition and maintenance costs.
Ultrasonic Systems (self- · Soft and non-abrasive. · Effectiveness may vary depending on
cleaning) · Effective for fine particles. factors such as dust type and quantity.
· Can be used with appropriate cleaning · May not be scalable for large installations.
solutions.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) · Easy Remote Control · High maintenance costs.
based cleaning · Monitoring the daily activity of dust · The electronic component costs in an
accumulation on photovoltaic panels advanced drone are relatively expensive.
· No need for a human operator.
J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1715−1741, November, 2024 1735

and enhancing panel efficiency. Robotic cleaning systems available, each with their advantages and disadvantages.
are efficient for large installations, while manual cleaning A wide range of cleaning methods exist for photovoltaic
may be suitable for smaller setups. Electrostatic precipita- panels, including manual cleaning, vacuum cleaning, coat-
tors are valuable in arid or water-scarce regions. The selec- ings with nanoparticles, electrostatic precipitators, robotic
tion should be based on a careful assessment of the specific cleaning solutions, automatic wiper cleaning systems, and
needs and conditions of the solar panel installation. ultrasonic systems. The choice of cleaning method depends
on factors such as installation size, environmental condi-
tions, available resources, and cost considerations.
DISCUSSION
Despite the substantial potential for success in clean-
The findings from the reviewed literature highlight ing technologies and frameworks, their comprehensive
the significant impact of dust accumulation on the perfor- implementation in real-world scenarios may encounter
mance and efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems. The various serious challenges. These challenges arise from the
reduction in power output and electrical parameters due to integration of electrostatic, automatic, self-cleaning, and
dust deposition can be substantial, ranging from 5% to over robot-based methodologies, leading to constraints in data
40% in some cases, depending on the local environmental transmission and power management [137], [138]. One sig-
conditions and dust characteristics. nificant gap identified is the lack of a unified standard for
One of the key factors influencing dust’s impact is the assessing cleaning methods’ efficiency, which complicates
particles’ size distribution. Smaller particles, ranging from 1 the comparative analysis and decision-making process
μm to 500 μm, tend to accumulate more readily in the micro- for solar panel operators. Additionally, there is a pressing
scopic gaps between solar cells, reducing light absorption and need for research focusing on the environmental impacts of
energy conversion efficiency. The composition of the dust, cleaning agents and the long-term sustainability of cleaning
whether organic or inorganic, also plays a role in the ease practices.
of removal and potential for chemical reactions with panel While this review highlights some gaps in current
materials. The adhesion characteristics of the dust particles research, it’s important to note that there’s still a need for
to the PV panel surface are another crucial factor. Strongly standardized ways to measure how well cleaning methods
adherent particles are more challenging to remove and may remove dust and how they affect the environment. As solar
require more aggressive cleaning techniques, such as surfac- power becomes more popular, especially in areas with a
tants or electrostatic precipitators. The density of the dust can lot of dust, it’s becoming more and more important to find
also affect its distribution across the panel surface, leading to cheap, eco-friendly, and effective ways to clean photovoltaic
uneven soiling and potential hotspots. panels.
The maintenance and cleaning costs associated with Through a comprehensive review of the existing lit-
different cleaning methods vary significantly. While erature, we obtained a comparative understanding of the
cost-effective in small-scale installations, manual cleaning repair methods. This allowed us to identify several exam-
can be labor-intensive and time-consuming. Automated ples that have been used in different global regions, as well
cleaning systems, such as robotic or water-based solutions, as some cleaning testing methods with widespread applica-
offer improved efficiency and reduced manual labor but bility so future research should focus on advanced materi-
require higher initial investments and maintenance costs. als science, mechanisms for the integration of production,
Self-cleaning approaches using hydrophobic or hydrophilic and environmental sustainability to pioneer new cleaning
coatings can be more cost-effective in the long run but may technologies that can be easily integrated into solar energy
have limitations in terms of their longevity and potential systems. Furthermore, exploring predictive maintenance
impact on light transmission. models, using data analytics and machine learning could
Ongoing research and development in this field are cru- revolutionize solar panel maintenance, maximizing energy
cial to address the challenges posed by dust accumulation production and reducing operating costs.
and to develop more effective, sustainable, and cost-effi- This study reviewed various solar panel cleaning tech-
cient cleaning strategies. Innovative approaches, such as nologies and assessed their effectiveness in maintaining PV
the use of drones, electrostatic precipitation, and advanced efficiency. However, several limitations need to be acknowl-
coatings hold promising potential to enhance the long-term edged. First, the environmental conditions simulated in
performance and reliability of PV systems, particularly in the experiments may not capture all real-world scenarios,
regions with high dust loads. particularly extreme weather events. Second, the cleaning
techniques evaluated were limited to those reported in the
current literature, and these methods’ long-term durability
CONCLUSION
and sustainability were not assessed. Future research should
Cleaning photovoltaic panels is essential to maintaining explore the performance of these cleaning approaches
efficiency and ensuring optimal energy generation, par- under diverse climatic conditions and over extended oper-
ticularly in regions prone to dust accumulation and envi- ational periods to further validate their effectiveness and
ronmental contaminants. Various cleaning methods are practical applicability.
1736 J Ther Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1715−1741, November, 2024

AUTHORSHIP CONTRIBUTIONS [10] Ilse K, Werner M, Naumann V, Figgis BW,

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