Introduction To Resonant

Circuits

1
 Resonance In Electric Circuits

 Any passive electric circuit will resonate if it has an inductor

and capacitor.

 Resonance is characterized by the input voltage and current

being in phase. The driving point impedance (or admittance)
is completely real when this condition exists.

 In this presentation we will consider (a) series resonance, and

(b) parallel resonance.

2
 Series Resonance
Consider the series RLC circuit shown below.

V = VM 0
R L
+
V _ C
I

The input impedance is given by:

1
Z = R + j ( wL − )
wC
The magnitude of the circuit current is;
Vm
I =| I |=
1 2
R 2 + ( wL − )
wC
3
 Series Resonance

Resonance occurs when,

1
wL =
wC
At resonance we designate w as wo and write;

1
wo =
LC

This is an important equation to remember. It applies to both series

And parallel resonant circuits.

4
 Series Resonance

The magnitude of the current response for the series resonance circuit
is as shown below.

Vm
R
|I|
Vm
2R

Half power point

w1 wo w2 w

Bandwidth:

BW = wBW = w2 – w1
5
 Series Resonance

The peak power delivered to the circuit is;

2
V
P= m
R
Vm .
The so-called half-power is given when I=
2R

We find the frequencies, w1 and w2, at which this half-power

occurs by using;

1 2
2 R = R + ( wL −
2
)
wC

6
 Series Resonance
After some insightful algebra one will find two frequencies at which
the previous equation is satisfied, they are:

2
R  R  1
w1 = − +   +
2L  2 L  LC
and

2
R  R  1
w2 = +   +
2L  2 L  LC

The two half-power frequencies are related to the resonant frequency by

wo = w1 w2

7
 Series Resonance
The bandwidth of the series resonant circuit is given by;

R
BW = wb = w2 − w1 =
L
We define the Q (quality factor) of the circuit as;

wo L 1 1 L
Q= = =  
R wo RC R  C 

Using Q, we can write the bandwidth as;

wo
BW =
Q
These are all important relationships.

8
 Series Resonance

An Observation:

If Q > 10, one can safely use the approximation;

BW BW
w1 = wo − and w2 = wo +
2 2

These are useful approximations.

9
 Series Resonance

An Observation:

By using Q = woL/R in the equations for w1and w2 we have;

 −1  1 
2 
w1 = wo  +   + 1
 2Q  2Q  
 
and

 1  1 
2 
w2 = wo  +   + 1
 2Q  2Q  
 

10
 Series Resonance

In order to get some feel for how the numerical value of Q influences
the resonant and also get a better appreciation of the s-plane, we consider
the following example.

It is easy to show the following for the series RLC circuit.

1
s
I ( s) 1 L
= =
V (s) Z (s) s2 + R s + 1
L LC
In the following example, three cases for the about transfer function
will be considered. We will keep wo the same for all three cases.
The numerator gain,k, will (a) first be set k to 2 for the three cases, then
(b) the value of k will be set so that each response is 1 at resonance.

11
 Series Resonance
An Example Illustrating Resonance:

The 3 transfer functions considered are:

Case 1: ks
s 2 + 2 s + 400
Case 2:
ks
s 2 + 5s + 400
Case 3:
ks
s 2 + 10s + 400

12
 Series Resonance
An Example Illustrating Resonance:

The poles for the three cases are given below.

Case 1:

s 2 + 2 s + 400 = ( s + 1 + j19.97)( s + 1 − j19.97)

Case 2:

s 2 + 5s + 400 = ( s + 2.5 + j19.84)( s + 2.5 − j19.84)

Case 3:

s 2 + 10s + 400 = ( s + 5 + j19.36)( s + 5 − j19.36)

13
 Series Resonance
Comments:

Observe the denominator of the CE equation.

R 1
s + s+
2

L LC
Compare to actual characteristic equation for Case 1:

s 2 + 2 s + 400
2
wo = 400 w = 20 rad/sec

R wo
BW = = 2 rad/sec Q= = 10
L BW

14
 Series Resonance
Poles and Zeros In the s-plane:
jw axis
( 3) (2)
(1) x 20
x x

s-plane

 axis
0
-5 -2.5 -1
Note the location of the poles
0
for the three cases. Also note
there is a zero at the origin.

x x x -20

( 3) (2)
(1) 15
 Series Resonance

Comments:
The frequency response starts at the origin in the s-plane.
At the origin the transfer function is zero because there is a
zero at the origin.

As you get closer and closer to the complex pole, which

has a j parts in the neighborhood of 20, the response starts
to increase.

The response continues to increase until we reach w = 20.

From there on the response decreases.

We should be able to reason through why the response

has the above characteristics, using a graphical approach.

16
 Series Resonance

Matlab Program For The Study:

% name of program is freqtest.m grid

% written for 202 S2002, wlg H1 = bode(num1,den1,w);
%CASE ONE DATA: magH1=abs(H1);
K = 2;
num1 = [K 0]; H2 = bode(num2,den2,w);
den1 = [1 2 400]; magH2=abs(H2);

num2 = [K 0]; H3 = bode(num3,den3,w);

den2 = [1 5 400]; magH3=abs(H3);

num3 = [K 0]; plot(w,magH1, w, magH2, w,magH3)

den3 = [1 10 400]; grid
xlabel('w(rad/sec)')
w = .1:.1:60; ylabel('Amplitude')
gtext('Q = 10, 4, 2')

17
 Series Resonance
Program Output

0.9
Q = 10, 4, 2
0.8

0.7

0.6
Amplitude

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
w(rad/sec) 18
 Series Resonance
Comments: cont.

From earlier work:

 1  1 
2 
w1 , w2 = wo  +   + 1
 2Q  2Q  
 
With Q = 10, this gives;

w1= 19.51 rad/sec, w2 = 20.51 rad/sec

Compare this to the approximation:

w1 = w0 – BW = 20 – 1 = 19 rad/sec, w2 = 21 rad/sec

So basically we can find all the series resonant parameters

if we are given the numerical form of the CE of the transfer
function.

19
 Series Resonance

Next Case: Normalize all responses to 1 at wo

0.9 Q = 10, 4, 2

0.8

0.7

0.6
Amplitude

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
w(rad/sec)
20
 Series Resonance

Three dB Calculations:

Now we use the analytical expressions to calculate w1 and w2.

We will then compare these values to what we find from the
Matlab simulation.

Using the following equations with Q = 2,

1  1   2

w ,w =w  +w   +1
 2Q  2Q 
1 2 o o


we find,
w1 = 15.62 rad/sec

w2 = 21.62 rad/sec

21
 Series Resonance

Checking w1 and w2

(cut-outs from the simulation)

25.3000 0.7254
15.3000 0.6779
25.4000 0.7195
15.4000 0.6871
25.5000 0.7137
15.5000 0.6964
w1 15.6000 0.7057
w2 25.6000 0.7080
25.7000 0.7023
15.7000 0.7150
25.8000 0.6967
15.8000 0.7244
25.9000 0.6912

This verifies the previous calculations.

Now we shall look at Parallel Resonance.

22
 Parallel Resonance

Background

Consider the circuits shown below:

1 1 
I R L C I = V  + jwC + 
 R jwL 

L
R
 1 
V C V = I  R + jwL + 
I
 jwC 

23
 Series Resonance
Duality

1 1   1 
I = V  + jwC +  V = I  R + jwL + 
 R jwL   jwC 
We notice the above equations are the same provided:

I V we make
makethe
theinner-change,
inner-change,
If we
then one
then oneequation
equationbecomes
becomes
1 the same
the sameasasthe
theother.
other.
R
R For such
For suchcase,
case,we
wesaysaythe
theone
one
circuitisisthe
circuit thedual
dualofofthe
theother.
other.
L C
24
 Parallel Resonance

Background

What
Whatthis
What thismeans
this meansisisisthat
means thatfor
thatfor all
forallthe
alltheequations
theequations
equationswe have
wewe
have
have
derived
derivedforforthe
theparallel
parallelresonant
resonantcircuit,
resonant circuit,we
circuit,wecan
wecanuse
canuse
use
for the series
for the series resonant
series resonant circuit
resonantcircuit provided
circuitprovided we
providedwe make
wemake
make
the
thesubstitutions:
substitutions:
substitutions:

1
R replaced be
R

L replaced by C
C replaced by L

25
 Parallel Resonance

Parallel Resonance Series Resonance

1 1
w = w =
LC
O

LC
O

wL Q = w RC
Q= O
o

R
R ww
,w 1
BW = ( w − w ) = w =
1 2
BW = w =
RC
BW
L
2 1 BW

 R  R 1 
2
 1  1  1 
2

w ,w =  +   +  w ,w =  +   + 
2 L  2 L  LC
1 2
   2 RC  2 RC  LC 
1 2

1  2
1  1   2

 1  w ,w = w  +   +1
w ,w = w  +   +1
 2Q  2Q 
1 2 o

 2Q  2Q  
1 2 o



26
 Resonance
Example 1: Determine the resonant frequency for the circuit below.

1
jwL ( R + )
jwC (− w LRC + jwL ) 2

Z = =
IN
1 (1 − w LC ) + jwRC 2

R + jwL +
jwC

At resonance, the phase angle of Z must be equal to zero.

27
 Resonance
Analysis
(− w LRC + jwL )
2

(1 − w LC ) + jwRC
2

For zero phase;

wL wRC
=
(− w LCR ) (1 − w LC
2 2

This gives;

w LC − w R C =1
2 2 2 2

or
1
w=
( LC − R C )
o 2 2

28
 Parallel Resonance
Example 2:

A series
parallel
RLCRLC
resonant
resonant
circuit
circuit
has
has
aaresonant
resonant
frequency
frequency
admittance
admittance
ofof
2x10-2 S(mohs). The Q of the circuit is 50, and the resonant frequency is
10,000 rad/sec. Calculate the values of R, L, and C. Find the half-power
frequencies and the bandwidth.

First, R = 1/G = 1/(0.02) = 50 ohms.

w L , we solve for L, knowing Q, R, and w to

Second, from Q= O
o
R
find L = 0.25 H.
Q 50
Third, we can use C= = =100  F
w R 10,000 x50
O

29
 Parallel Resonance
Example 2: (continued)

w 1x10 4

Fourth: We can use w = = = 200 rad / sec

o

Q 50
BW

and

Fifth: Use the approximations;

w1 = wo - 0.5wBW = 10,000 – 100 = 9,900 rad/sec

w2 = wo - 0.5wBW = 10,000 + 100 = 10,100 rad/sec

30
 Extension of Series Resonance
Peak Voltages and Resonance:

VR _ VL _
+ +

R L
+ +
VS C VC
_ I _

We know the following:

When w = wo = 1 , V and I are in phase, the driving point impedance

S
 LC
is purely real and equal to R.

 A plot of |I| shows that it is maximum at w = wo. We know the standard

equations for series resonance applies: Q, wBW, etc.

31
 Extension of Series Resonance
Reflection:

 A question that arises is what is the nature of VR, VL, and VC? A little
reflection shows that VR is a peak value at wo. But we are not sure
about the other two voltages. We know that at resonance they are equal
and they have a magnitude of QxVS.

 Irwin shows that the frequency at which the voltage across the capacitor
is a maximum is given by;

1
wmax = wo 1 −
2Q 2
 The above being true, we might ask, what is the frequency at which the
voltage across the inductor is a maximum?

We answer this question by simulation

32
 Extension of Series Resonance
Series RLC Transfer Functions:

The following transfer functions apply to the series RLC circuit.

1
VC ( s ) LC
=
VS ( s ) s 2 + R s + 1
L LC

VL ( s ) s2
=
VS ( s ) s 2 + R s + 1
L LC
R
s
VR ( s ) L
=
VS ( s ) s 2 + R s + 1
L LC
33
 Extension of Series Resonance
Parameter Selection:

We select values of R, L. and C for this first case so that Q = 2 and

wo = 2000 rad/sec. Appropriate values are; R = 50 ohms, L = .05 H,
C = 5F. The transfer functions become as follows:

VC 4 x106
= 2
VS s + 1000s + 4 x106

VL s2
= 2
VS s + 1000s + 4 x106

VR 1000s
= 2
VS s + 1000s + 4 x106

34
 Extension of Series Resonance
Matlab Simulation:

% program is freqcompare.m grid

% written for 202 S2002, wlg HC = bode(numC,denC,w);
magHC = abs(HC);
numC = 4e+6;
denC = [1 1000 4e+6]; HL = bode(numL,denL,w);
magHL = abs(HL);
numL = [1 0 0];
denL = [1 1000 4e+6]; HR = bode(numR,denR,w);
magHR = abs(HR);
numR = [1000 0];
denR = [1 1000 4e+6]; plot(w,magHC,'k-', w, magHL,'k--', w, magHR, 'k:')
grid
w = 200:1:4000;
xlabel('w(rad/sec)')
grid ylabel('Amplitude')
HC = bode(numC,denC,w); title(' Rsesponse for RLC series circuit, Q =2')
magHC = abs(HC);
gtext('VC')
gtext('VL')
gtext(' VR')

35
 Extension of Series Resonance
Simulation Results
Rsesponse for RLC series circuit, Q =2
2.5

Q=2
2

VC VL
1.5
Amplitude

VR

0.5

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
w(rad/sec) 36
 Extension of Series Resonance
Analysis of the problem:

Given the previous circuit. Find Q, w0, wmax, |Vc| at wo, and |Vc| at wmax

VR _ VL _
+ +

R=50  L=5 mH
+ +
VS C=5 F VC
_ I _

1 1
Solution: w = = = 2000 rad / sec
LC 50 x10 x5 x10
O −2 −6

w L 2 x10 x5 x10 3 −2

Q= =O
=2
R 50
37
 Extension of Series Resonance
Problem Solution:

1
w = w 1− = 0.9354w
2Q
MAX O 2 o

| V | at w = Q | V | = 2 x1 = 2 volts ( peak )
R O S

Qx | V | 2
| V | at w = =S
= 2.066 volts ( peak ) )
1 0.968
C MAX

1−
4Q 2

Now check the computer printout.

38
 Extension of Series Resonance
Problem Solution (Simulation):

1.0e+003 *

1.8600000 0.002065141
1.8620000 0.002065292
1.8640000 0.002065411
1.8660000 0.002065501 Maximum
1.8680000 0.002065560
1.8700000 0.002065588
1.8720000 0.002065585
1.8740000 0.002065552
1.8760000 0.002065487
1.8780000 0.002065392
1.8800000 0.002065265
1.8820000 0.002065107
1.8840000 0.002064917

39
 Extension of Series Resonance
Simulation Results:

Rsesponse for RLC series circuit, Q =10

12

10 Q=10

8
VC VL
Amplitude

2
VR

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
w(rad/sec)

40
 Extension of Series Resonance
Observations From The Study:

 The voltage across the capacitor and inductor for a series RLC circuit
is not at peak values at resonance for small Q (Q <3).

 Even for Q<3, the voltages across the capacitor and inductor are
equal at resonance and their values will be QxVS.

 For Q>10, the voltages across the capacitors are for all practical
purposes at their peak values and will be QxVS.

 Regardless of the value of Q, the voltage across the resistor

reaches its peak value at w = wo.

For high Q, the equations discussed for series RLC resonance


can be applied to any voltage in the RLC circuit. For Q<3, this
is not true.
41
 Extension of Resonant Circuits
Given the following circuit:

+
R
+
C V
I
_ L
_

 We want to find the frequency, wr, at which the transfer function

for V/I will resonate.

The transfer function will exhibit resonance when the phase angle

between V and I are zero.

42
 Extension of Resonant Circuits
The desired transfer functions is;

V (1/ sC )( R + sL)
=
I R + sL + 1/ sC
This equation can be simplified to;

V R + sL
=
I LCs 2 + RCs + 1

With s jw

V R + jwL
=
I (1 − w2 LC ) + jwR

43
 Extension of Resonant Circuits
Resonant Condition:

For the previous transfer function to be at a resonant point,

the phase angle of the numerator must be equal to the phase angle
of the denominator.

 num =  dem
or,
 wL   wRC 
 num = tan −1
,  den = tan 
−1
 .
 (1 − w LC ) 
2
 R 
Therefore;
wL wRC
=
R (1 − w2 LC )

44
 Extension of Resonant Circuits
Resonant Condition Analysis:

Canceling the w’s in the numerator and cross multiplying gives,

L(1 − w2 LC ) = R 2C or w2 L2C = L − R 2C

This gives,
1 R2
wr = − 2
LC L
Notice that if the ratio of R/L is small compared to 1/LC, we have

1
wr = wo =
LC
45
 Extension of Resonant Circuits
Resonant Condition Analysis:

What is the significance of wr and wo in the previous two equations?

Clearly wr is a lower frequency of the two. To answer this question, consider
the following example.

Given the following circuit with the indicated parameters. Write a

Matlab program that will determine the frequency response of the
transfer function of the voltage to the current as indicated.

+
R
+
C V
I
_ L
_

46
 Extension of Resonant Circuits
Resonant Condition Analysis: Matlab Simulation:

We consider two cases:

Case 1: Case 2:

R = 3 ohms R = 1 ohms
C = 6.25x10-5 F C = 6.25x10-5 F
L = 0.01 H L = 0.01 H

wr= 2646 rad/sec wr= 3873 rad/sec

For both cases,

wo = 4000 rad/sec

47
 Extension of Resonant Circuits
Resonant Condition Analysis: Matlab Simulation:

The transfer functions to be simulated are given below.

Case 1:

V 0.001s + 3
=
I 6.25 x10−8 s 2 + 1.875 x10−7 + 1

Case 2:

V 0.001s + 1
=
I 6.25x10−8 s 2 + 6.25x10−5 + 1

48
 Extension of Resonant Circuits

Rsesponse for Resistance in series with L then Parallel with C

18

16

14
R=1 ohm
12

2646 rad/sec
Amplitude

10

6
R= 3 ohms
4

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
w(rad/sec) 49
 Extension of Resonant Circuits

What can be learned from this example?

 wr does not seem to have much meaning in this problem.

What is wr if R = 3.99 ohms?

 Just because a circuit is operated at the resonant frequency

does not mean it will have a peak in the response at the
frequency.

 For circuits that are fairly complicated and can resonant,

It is probably easier to use a simulation program similar to
Matlab to find out what is going on in the circuit.

50
THANK YOU

51