PERSEVERANCE IS THE SECRET OF ALL TRIUMPHS 8TH ENGLISH MEDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES.

DIGITAL SOCIAL SCIENCE

Ghalib High School,

Cantonment, Ballari. 583104

TH
8 ENGLISH MEDIUM
SUB: SOCIAL SCIENCE
2022-23

Prepared by:
M. Ruksana
Asst. Teacher
Ghalib High School,
Cantonment, Ballari.
583104

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HISTORY
CHAPTER-1
SOURCES

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The two kinds of literary sources are _________ and __________. (Native Literature and
Foreign Literature.)
2. The literary source of Aswaghosha’s is _____________. (Buddha Charita)
3.The first inscription found in the Kannada language is ______. (Halmidi)
II Answer the following questions in brief:
4. What are sources?
Answer: Any Basic materials necessary for the construction of history is called source
5. Give two examples for native and foreign literature each.
Answer: native literary work: Kautilya’s ‘Arthashastra’, King Hala’s “Gathaspathasathi’,
foreign literary work: Megasthanese (Indica), Fa-hien (Gho-ko-ki),
6. What are archaeological sources? Explain with examples.
Answer: Archaeological sources are the inscriptions, coins, monuments, pots and pans and
other artefacts that have been obtained during archaeological excavations.
They provide us information about religion, culture, economy, administration, technology
and other aspects of that period. Eg. Inscriptions of Ashoka, coins and basadi, stupas of
kings.

CHAPTER-2
BHARATHAVARSHA

I Complete the following sentences by using suitable words in the blanks:

1. Geographically, India is a ___________. (sub-continent and a peninsula)
2. Signs of ashes have been found in caves of _________. (Kurnool)
3. The implements of the Middle Stone Age are called________________. (delicate stone
implements)

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II Answer to the following questions in brief:

4. Describe briefly the physical features of India.
Answer: The Himalayan range of mountains in the North, the Indo-Gangetic plain, the
Deccan Plateau in the South and the Coastal region
5. What are the valleys through which the attacks on India have taken place?
Answer: Bolan and Khyber passes in the Himalayas are the valleys through attacks on
India have taken place.
6. What is meant by ‘Prehistoric Age’?
Answer: The period before the discovery of the art of writing is called 'Prehistoric Age'.
7. How did animal husbandry and dairy farming evolve?
Answer:12,000 years ago, the earth's temperature began to gradually increase due to
major change in the world's environment. This led to the development of grasslands in
many places. Birds and animals began to multiply in unprecedented numbers. Man began
to observe their nature, food habits and the way they multiplied. This was the way the
practices of animal husbandry and dairy farming began.
8. The different periods of prehistory have been given various names by archaeologists.
What are they?
Answer: The period of prehistory has been divided into three stages.
(a) Old Stone Age, (b) Middle Stone Age and (c) New Stone Age.
The Old Stone Age stretched over a period of 12,000 years. This long duration has been
divided into three stages called 1) the Early, 2) Middle and 3) Late Old Stone Age.

CHAPTER-3
SINDHU-SARASVATI CIVILIZATION
I Answer the below questions in one sentence.
1. How old is Rig-Veda as on today?
Answer: Rig-Veda is older than 3000 B.C.E. at the least. That is, 5,000 years before the
current era
2. Which are the sapta-Sindhu rivers?
Answer: These rivers are- the Satluj, the Jhelum, the Ravi, the Beas, the Chenab, the
Saraswati, and the Indus.
3. In which year, was Kalibangan region discoved?

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Answer:1917
4. Which year were the ancient civilization traces found in Harappa?
Answer:1921
5. What are the symbols/ pictures found on the seals of Sindhu civilization?
Answer: Seals of Pashupathi, Bull and Unicorn
6. Which town was the primary centre for sea trade?
Answer: Lothal
7. List out the tribes of Vedic period.
Answer: Bharata, Puru, Anu, Druhyu, Turvasha and Yadu.
8. Which site had the system of rain water harvesting?
Answer: Dholavira
9. Who has said that Aryan migration theory is wrong?
Answer: The architect of Indian Constitution, Dr. B R Ambedkar
10. The dimensions of towns of Sindhu-Sarasvati civilization match the mentions of which
literary work?
Answer: Kautilya’s Arthashastra
II Answer the below questions in three-four sentences.
11. How were the traces of Sindhu-Sarasvati civilization found?
Answer: After the nomadic life stabilized, hutments and houses were built traces of which
can still be seen. Pit houses are found in Burzahom, Kashmir. Those people used to build
bore holes in ground and live underground to save themselves from harsh cold and wild
animals. The underground bunker used to have steps for access. Clay pots are found inside
and outside such bunkers. These were used for cooking either inside or outside the bunker
based on the weather.
12. What are the materials/ items found during the archaeological excavation of Sindhu-
Sarasvati sites?
Answer: They found several more such buildings in the due course of time after which the
archaeologists took up ground research. The archaeologists were convinced that those
buildings were part of a town. There were similarities in the sites discovered after this
with the ones discovered earlier – all around an existing town called Harappa. Hence, they
were collectively termed as Harappa civilization. Even before this major discovery, in
1917, a major site was discovered in Kalibangan.
13. Explain the construct of baths of this civilization.

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Answer: Mohenjodaro was one of the cities, had a swimming pool. Scholars have called
this the Great Bath. It was built of brick so as to prevent the seepage of water from the
pool. The bath has steps on two sides to go down and has rooms all-round the water was
probably supplied to the bath by a well and used water was let out. Probably very
important people took bath in this pool on special occasions.
14. Which alloys were in use in this civilization? What are their traces?
Answer: Bronze has been one of the important alloys found in ancient civilizations. The
copper needed to create the alloy was available in Baluchistan, Rajasthan, etc. People had
mastered the art of bronze making after centuries of effort. Such technology helped them
create several items from hard tools to mirrors. The Metrology and measurements
followed during this civilization match the descriptions in Kautilya’s Arthashastra – which
were in use till a few centuries back in our country.
15. Who created the myth of Arya-Dravida?
Answer: In the latter half of nineteenth century, the British resorted to divide and rule
Indians on the basis of caste and religion. Arya-Dravida division was created for the sake
of it. Christian Missionaries first proposed and propagated that the word Dravida was
indicative of a tribe.
III Answer the below questions in seven-eight sentences.
16. How was the township construction done in Sindhu-Sarasvati civilization?
Answer: Harappa had a perfect town planning.
The lower town in the low-lying area of the city was the place of habitation of the people,
systematically laid-out houses, roads and drains are found here.
The houses are one or two-storied built of bricks with strong walls.
There were rooms all around the courtyard inside.
The main door faced the street and none of the windows opened onto the streets
The cities had a neatly laid out underground sewage system.
The drains were built of bricks and covered with stone slabs.
The gutter of each house was linked to main drain outsides.
Holes were created in the drains to enable timely cleaning of them.
17.Sindhu-Sarasvati civilization seals show the continuity of vaidika tradition. Explain
how.
Answer: A temple dedicated to Agni (sacred fire) worship is found in Banavali, Haryana.
Platforms of worship are seen in Lothal, Kalibangan and other sites. Dholavira town was
planned on measurements that were proportionate to the ‘mahavedi-s’ used in vaidika

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yaga-s. The same ratio is later seen in texts starting from vaidika band of Shatapatha
Brahmana, Shulbasutra-s, etc. to the later encyclopaedia of Brihatsamhita – only goes on
to show the normality in our traditions.
18. How was the social system during the vedic age?
Answer: Vedic times had brahmana and kshatriya varnas based on several characteristics
and lifestyles. Those were mainly into learning and teaching were brahmanas while the
ones who were responsible for the protection and nurturing of society were kshatriyas.
The common people were called ‘vishah’. Vaishyas were those who were into trade and
commerce; shudras were those who were into physical work at every level.
19.How were the farming and trading practices in Sindhu-Sarasvati civilization?
Answer: farming: Sindhu-Sarasvati population were dependant on farming and trading.
Wheat, barley and pulses were their primary crops. The bullock cart modelled and used
back then is still in use in almost the same way. Hunting and fishing were also vastly
practised. Cotton farming was done to manufacture textiles.
Trading: Urban centres used to trade with country side and foreign nations –Baluchistan,
Sourashtra and Deccan regions were prominent among them. Several seals found in
Mesopotamia indicates the close ties that existed between the Sindhu-Sarasvati and
Mesopotamian civilizations.
CHAPTER-4
PROMINENT CIVILIZATIONS OF THE WORLD

I Complete the following sentences by using suitable words in the blanks:

1 Hieroglyphics are called _____________. (sacred writing)
2 The kings who ruled Egypt are called ___________. (Pharaohs)
3 The Greeks referred to Mesopotamia as ___________. (land between the rivers)
4 The most famous king of the Amorites is __________. (Hammurabi)
5‘Princep’ means ___________. (The First Citizen of the State)
6 The language of the Romans is __________. (Latin)
7 Texcoco is a ______________ in Mexico. (lake)
8 The ruling deity of the Incas was ___________. (Tupec)
II Answer in brief the following questions:
14 Which are the civilizations of ancient Columbia?
Answer: Maya, Aztec and Inca

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15 Who are the ‘Mayas’?

Answer: The Americans – Indian aborigines of Yucutan of Mexico are called the mayas.
16 How are ‘mummies’ preserved?
Answer: The dead body would be smeared with various chemicals and wrapped with a
thin cloth. The entire body was in this way preserved
17 Write a paragraph on the Pyramids.
Answer: Tall towers were built on the graves using huge blocks of stone in order to
protect the eternal sleep of the dead. Kings and wealthy people vied with each other to
build taller and taller towers. The Greeks called these structures ‘Pyramids’.
18 How was ‘Hwangho River’ China’s sorrow?
Answer: The river Hwang Ho which led to the establishment of the Chinese civilization
was known as china’s Sorrow. After the floods this river changed its course in an
unpredictable manner and inundate houses agricultural lands it would render all the
canals useless. This was the reason the people of that area referred to it as the symbol of
sorrow.

CHAPTER-5
SANATANA DHARMA

I Complete the below sentences with suitable answers:

1. The other name of sanatana dharma is ………………… (Hindu dharma)
2. Upanishad is a part of ……………… (Vedic literature)
3. The word Veda is derived from …………… root sound. (vid)
4. The meaning of ‘vid’ is ………………. (knowledge)
5. The one that is heard is called …………… and the one that is memorised is …………. (shruti,
smriti)
6. India’s two main history works are ………. and …………. (Ramayana, Mahabharata)
7. The Indian philosophical pillars are …………. (philosophical pillars)
8. The vast area of philosophy that derives origin from Shakta - agama is ………. (tantra)
II Answer the following questions in brief:
9. What is the meaning of Veda?

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Answer: knowledge
10. How many mantra-s are there in Rig-Veda? How are the grouped?
Answer: Rig-Veda samhita has 1,028 sukta-s, 10,552 mantra-s. All these mantra-s are
written to literary meters of gayatri, ushnik, puraushnik, kakup, anushthup, bruhati, and
others. Sukta-s are further classified into 85 anuvaka-s and 10 mandala-s. Those who
study Rig-Veda in traditional ways classify it into 8 ashtaka-s, 64 prapathaka-s, 2,024
varga-s and 10,552 mantra-s.
11. Name any two poetic meters used in Rig-Veda.
Answer: gayatri, ushnik, puraushnik, kakup, anushthup, bruhati
12. Name the four skanda-s of Veda-s.
Answer: The Rigveda (Knowledge of the Verses), the Yajurveda, the Samaveda, and the
Atharvaveda.
13.Who classified the Veda-s? Why?
Answer: Hindus traditionally hold that Vyasa categorized the primordial single Veda into
four canonical collection. Hence, he was called Veda Vyasa, or "Splitter of the Vedas," the
splitting being a feat that allowed people to understand the divine knowledge of the
Veda.
14. Name the four key sects of shakti vishista-advaita.
Answer: Kashmirashaiva darshana, shaivasiddhanta, veerashaiva are some of the
important sects of Shaiva darshana. The other sects here are pashupata, kalamukha,
kapalika, maheshvara, etc.
15. What is theist literature? Name two theist texts.
Answer: All of vaidika literature is theist. However, the avaidika literature has both theist
and atheist paths. However, the avaidika literature has both theist and atheist paths.
Contrary to the popular belief, atheism in sanatana dharma does not mean not believing
in the existence of God.
16. What is a Sutra? Give examples of sutra literature.
Answer: Several treatises (vedanga-s) that were written to explain Vedas are in the form
of sutra-s and hence known as sutra literature. Pantanjalimaharshi’s yoga-sutra, Goutama
rishi’s nyaya-sutra etc., are all sutra literature
17.What is the difference between sanatana dharma and semitic religions?
Answer: The general understanding of those who believe in Gods are theists and those
who do not, atheists is an incorrect proposition. The very idea of ‘belief’ in Gods is alien to
sanatana dharma.

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The followers of Semitic religions have to believe in one prophet, one God and one
religious text and have to follow the commandments issued by the god through a
messenger.
18. What is the key message of sanatana dharma?
Answer: Different texts give different lists of the duties, but in general sanatana dharma
consists of virtues such as honesty, refraining from injuring living beings, purity, goodwill,
mercy, patience, forbearance, self-restraint, generosity, and asceticism.

CHAPTER-6
JAINISM AND BUDDHISM
I Complete the following sentences by using suitable words in the blanks:
1 The first Jain Tirthankara was ____________. (Rishabha)
2 Vardhamana was born at __________. (Kundala)
3 Mahaveera attained ____________ in his 42nd year. (-enlightenment (Kaivalya)
4 Mahaveera attained Nirvana at __________ in his 72nd year. (Pavapuri)
5 The original name of Gautama Buddha was __________. (Siddhartha)
6 Buddha delivered his first sermon at __________. (deer park in Saranath)
7 The first sermon of Buddha is called _________. (Dharma Chakra Pravarthana)
II Answer in brief the following questions:
8 Write in detail about Mahaveer’s life.
Answer: Vardhmana was born in Kundala grama village in Vaishali. At the age of 30 he set
out in search of truth and renounced his family and house. He wandered for twelve years
in this quest. He meditated and punished his body by fasting. He achieved enlightenment
at the age of 42. He controlled his senses and achieved power over comfort and pain so he
was called 'Mahaveer' and became a 'Jina'. He spent the rest of his life (thirty years)
preaching his knowledge to the people. He attained nirvana in his 72nd year in Pavapuri of
Bihar.
9 What are the Triratnas?
Answer: Mahaveer preached three principles of behaviour. They are Samyaggyan,
Samyagdarshan and Samyagcharite. These are called triratnas.
10 Name the sects among the Jains.
Answer: Swetahmbars and Digambars.

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11 What is the middle path?

Answer: Buddha realized that desire was the root cause of sorrow. Only by the liberation
of desires could a peaceful life be led. Buddha preached eight fold paths for eliminating
desires. This is called the Middle path.
12 Who were the people influenced by the new religion?
Answer: Wealthy merchants, artisans and common people were influenced by the new
religion.
13 Write a note on the Tripitikas.
Answer: After Buddha's death, his followers collected his teachings and tradition in the
form of Tripitikas. These are Vinaya, Dharma and Abhidhamma pitakas. Over a period of
time, disagreements developed in the teachings and different branches of Buddhism
sprang up. Thus Hinayana, Mahayana, Vajrayana and their sutras came into being.

CHAPTER-7
MAURYAS AND KUSHANS

I Complete the following sentences by using suitable words in the blanks :

1 Chanakya came to be known as __________. (Kautilya)
2 The capital of the Mauryas was ___________. (Pataliputhra)
3 The founder of the Kushan dynasty was __________. (Kujalakadaphisus)
4 The new era of Kanishka’s reign is called the ______________. (saka)
II Answer to the following questions in brief:
5. Name the important cities of Ashoka’s period.
Answer: Pataliputra, Taxila, Ujjain, Kalinga and Suvarnagiri
6. Describe Ashoka’s administration.
Answer: Ashoka Carried on the administration of his Vast Kingdom from different Centres.
All centres proclaimed the aspirations of the king.
His aspirations were expressed through edicts
Ashoka appointed Dharma Mahamatras to spread Buddhism.
7. Which dynasty did the Kushans belong to?

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Answer: The Kushans basically from a nomadic tribe which had migrated to India from
Central Asia. They were the progeny of yuchi.
8 What was the extent of Kanishka’s empire?
Answer: Kanishka’s rule had spread up to Sanchi in the South and Banaras in the East. His
Kingdom which included Central Asia too was a vast empire.

CHAPTER-8
GUPTAS AND VARDHANAS

I Complete the following sentences by using suitable words in the blanks:

1 The Guptas began their reign from the place ____________. (Prayaga/Magadha,)
2 Chandragupta I was called__________. (Maharajadhiraja)
3 One of the great play of Kalidasa is ____________.(Meghadoot)
4 Vishakadatta’s literary work is _______. (Mudrarakshasa)
5 The literary work written by Sudraka is _________. (Mricchakatika)
6 The founder of Vardhana dynasty was _________. (Pushyabhuti)
II Answer in brief the following questions:
7 Write about Chandragupta II.
Answer: Chandragupta II expanded the kingdom of Samudragupta and brought stability.
He defeated the Sakas and made Western India a part of the Gupta Empire.
He developed relationships with many Indian royal families through marriage and became
very influential.
He earned the title Vikramaditya. His reign is memorable more for the encouragement
given to literature and art, rather than for its battles.
8 What were the reasons for the downfall of the Gupta Empire?
Answer: The Gupta Empire was subjected to continual attacks of the Huns and thus, soon
declined.
The Guptas did not have fully equipped large army;
The king's vassals would fulfil the requirements during times of war.
Hence, the vassals had become very powerful.

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9 Name the great scientists of the Gupta Age.

Answer: Varahamihira, Bhaskara, Aryabhata, Charaka and Sushruta are the scientist of
Gupta Age.
10 How was the administration during the Vardhana rule?
Answer: The Kings rule was assisted by the Council of ministers.
The bureaucracy Consisted of the Mahasandhivigraha , Mahabaladhikruta , Bhogapati and
Doota.
The kingdom had been divided into provinces. Land tax was the major source of income
for the kingdom. Feudatory chiefs paid tribute to the king.
The king gave then land, grama and in return, got the help of their armies.
11 Write about Nalanda University.
Answer: Buddha’s followers believe that‘Nalanda’was the name of Buddha his previous
birth. This is famous as an ancient university. Buddha had visited Nalanda. Mentionhas
been made of the 25-metre-tall bronze image of Buddha that Harshavardhana gifted to
Nalanda

CHAPTER-9
SOUTH INDIAN DYNASTIES:
SHATHAVAHANA, KADHAMBA, GANGA

1 Complete the following sentences:

1 Simukha made _________ his capital. (Srikakulam)
2 The literary work written by Hala is ________. (Gathasaptashati)
3 The first inscription in Kannada is ___________.(Halmidi)
4 Banavasi, the capital of the Kadambas, is intoday’s _____________ district. (North
Canara)
5 The prominent king among the Gangas was __________. (Durvinita)
6 The literary work written by Chavundaraya is ____________. (Chavunda Purana)
II. Answer in brief:
7 Who was the last king of the Shatavahana? How did their Dynasty become weak?

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Answer: Yajnashri Shatakarni was the last king of Shatayahana dynasty. During his time,
on account of continual attacks by the Shakas, the empire stood devastated.
8 Write about the art of the Shatavahanas.
Answer: Shatavahanas promoted art, literature and education. The Ajanta and the
Amaravati paintings were created during their period. They also contributed temples,
viharas and Chaityalayas. A chaityagraha was built in Karle by the Banavasi merchant
Bhootapala.
9 What were the values which influenced the Ganga society?
Answer: Social values like honesty, loyalty, bravery and patience were the values that
influenced the Ganga society.
10 Name four literary works of the period of the Gangas.
Answer:1. Durvinita wrote the Sanskrit work Shabdavatara
2. Sreepurusha wrote Gajashastra.
3. Hemasena wrote Raghava Pandaviya in Kannada
4. Chavundaraya wrote Chavunda Purana.

CHAPTER-10
THE CHALUKYAS OF BADAMI AND THE PALLAVAS OF KANCHI

1 Fill in the blanks:

1 The Pallava king who was defeated by Pulakeshi is ___________. (Mahendravarma)
2 The dynasty which gave the name Karnataka is ___________. (Chalukyas)
3 The writer of the Sanskrit drama Hara Parvatiya is ____________. (Shivabhattaraka)
4 The Pallava king who earned the title Vatapikonda is ___________. (Narasimha Varma I)
5 The painting The Meditation of Arjuna is in _________. (Mahabalipuram)
II Answer the following questions in brief:
6 How did Pulakeshi II extend his empire?
Answer: Pulekeshi II Overpowering the Gangas, Kadambas & Alupas he extended his
empire
Since Pallava king Mahendraverme did not accept the sovereignty of Pulekeshi, Pulakeshi
defeated him.

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When Harshavardhana of North India advanced up to the banks of river Narmada,

Pulakeshi stopped him.
7 Describe the administrative system of the Chalukyas.
Answer: The king was actively involved in administration.
The Kingdom was divided into districts called Vishaya and the Vishaya and the
Vishayadhipathi used to look after it.
The Village was the smallest unit of the administration.
The Village leaders looked after the village Accounts.
8 The Chalukyas were lovers of literature. Explain with examples.
Answer: The Chalukyas of Badami Patronized literature. Kannada and Sanskrit developed
very well. Kannada was their state language.
During this period, the tripadi form of poetry came into existence.
Though there are no literary works produced in Kannada at this time there are many
inscriptions written in Kannada.
The Sanskrit scholars of this time are Ravikirti, Vijjika and Akalanka.
Kaumudi Mahotsav, was written by Pulekeshi II’s daughter in law, poetess Vijjika.
Hara parvatiya of Shivabhattaraka are important Sanskrit dramas.
9 Name the Pallava kings who ruled from Kanchi.
Answer: Shivaskandvarma, Was the first King of Dynasty.
Mahendravarma & Narasimhavarma I who built a city on the sea coast near Kanchi and
named it Mahabalipuram.
10 How did the Pallavas encourage Sanskrit and Tamil?
Answer: The Pallavas encouraged both Sanskrit and Tamil
Kanchi was the Center of Sanskrit Literature.
Bharavi (the author of Kiratarjuniya) and Dandi (the author of Dashakumar Charita) were
the poet in the Pallava court.
King Mahendravarma himself wrote a social drama ‘Mattavilasa Prahasana’ and a book
Bhagavadujjuka.

CHAPTER-11
THE RASHTRAKUTAS OF MANYAKHETA AND THE CHALUKYAS OF KALYANA

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1 Fill in the blanks:

1. The founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty was _____________. (Dantidurga)
2. The Chalukya king of Kalyana who was responsible for the defeat of the Rashtrakutas
was _________. (Tailapa II)
3.The author of ‘Kavirahasya’ is ____________.(Halayudha)
4. The famous poem written by Ponna is ____________. (Shantipurana)
5. The most famous king among the Kalyana Chalukyas was __________. (Vikramaditya VI)
6. The person who can be called ‘the pioneer of the social revolution’ is __________.
(Basaveshwara.)
II Answer the following questions:
7. How was the administrative system of the Rashtrakutas?
Answer: The kingdom of Rashtrakutas was divided into Rashtra, Vishaya, Nadu and Grama
for the purpose of administration.
The leader of the grama, gramapati was the leader of the village army too; He was
assisted by the village accountant.
There were Grama Sabhas also, An officer called Nadagavunda looked after the
nadus.
Similar officers looked after Vishayas and Rashtras.8. Write about the educational system
under the Rashtrakutas.
Land revenue, toll on goods, houses, shops and tax on occupations formed the income of
the kingdom. Foreign trade also brought in lot of taxes.
9. Write about the Ellora temple.
Answer: The Kailashanath temple at ElIora, built by Krishna 1 is a monolithic wonder. This
temple has been carved from a rock 100 feet high, 276 feet long and 154 feet wide.
Dashavathara guhalaya is also here.
10. How did the Kalyan Chalukyas encourage literature?
Answer: Kannada literature prospered with the support of Jain scholars. The notable
works of this period are:
1) ‘Gadayuddha' written by Ranna,

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2) 'Panchatantra' written by Durgasimha,

3) 'Vikramankedeva Charita' composed by Bilhana,
4) 'Dharmarnruta' composed by Nayasena
5) Legal work, Mitakshara', by Vignaneshwara
6) 'Manasallosa' written by King Someshwara III is considered a Sanskrit encyclopedia.
The unique contribution of Chalukyan period has been the 'Vachana' literature;
Akkamahadevi, Allamaprabhu, Machayya and other were leading vachanakaras.

CHAPTER-12
THE CHOLAS AND HOYSALAS OF DWARASAMUDRA
I Fill in the blanks:
1 The capital of the Cholas was _________. (Tanjavur)
2 The committee of the villagers in every village during the period of the Cholas was
_______. (Mahasabha)
3 The most famous Chola educational centre or agrahara was ________. (Uttaramerur)
4 The temple in Begur near Bangalore built by the Cholas is ________. (Choleshwara)
5 The army of bodyguards during the time of the Hoysalas was _________. (Garuda army)
6 The poetic work written by Raghavanka ________.(Harishchandra Kavya.)

II Answer in brief the following questions:

7 Who was the founder of the Chola kingdom?
Answer: Rajaraja I was the founder of the Chola kingdom.
8 Write a note on the significant features of the Chola administration.
Answer: The significant quality of the Cholas administration was the development of the
self-government of the village.
The grama sabhas were the first sabhas. Every Kurram had a village committe named
Mahasabha.
This was also called perumgiri and its member’s perumakkai.
The members were chosen through election. Only Sanskrit scholars and rich people were
allowed to stand for election.

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9 Describe the encouragement given by the Hoysalas to literature.

Answer: Hoysalas literature specially Kannada.
(a) Rudrabatta wrote 'Jagannatha Vijaya',
(b) the great poet Janna wrote 'Yashodhara Charite
(c) Harihara composed Champu poem 'Girija Kalyana',
(d) Raghavanka authored 'Harishchandra Kavya', and
(e) Keshiraja wrote ‘Shabdamani Darpana'. Even in Sanskrit memorable works
composed were Sreebhasya by Ramanujacharya and Parasharabhatta composed
Sri Guna Ratnakosha.

POLITICAL SCIENCE
CHAPTER-13
MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

I Fill up the blanks:

1 The word Politics was derived from the Greek word __________. (Polis)
2 ‘Republic’ was the work of __________. (Plato)
3 Aristotle wrote a book on political science and it is called ____. (The Politics)
4.Kaoutilya’s work relating to political science is __________. (Arthashastra)
II Answer the following questions:
5 What is political science?
Answer: Political science is one of the branches of social science dealing with the political
activities of man.
6. Who began the systematic study of Political Science?
Answer: The Greek began the systematic study of Political Science
7 Who is called the Father Political Science?
Answer: Aristotle
8 Give definition of Political Science.
Answer: (a) Political science is the subject which deals with the affairs of the city state and
its working.

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(b) It is the study of the state in the past, present and future, of political organization,
political functions and political Theories.
9 Mention use of the study of Political Science?
Answer: The study of Political Science helps us in the following ways.
It helps to understand the birth and growth of a state.
It provides information about the origin and development of ideas such as
monarchy, freedom, justice, laws, equality, good government, wars and peace etc.
It provides information about the structure and functions of the state and governments.
Political Science provides knowledge the Constitutions and laws of the state.
Political Science helps to understand about the organs of the government i.e.,
Legislature, Executive and Judiciary and their functions.
The knowledge of political science helps to raise good leadership and good citizenry.
Political Science helps to understand the important Political institutions like political
parties, federation and local bodies.

CHAPTER-14
CITIZEN AND CITIZENSHIP
I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1 The people living in India under the British rule were termed as __________. (Subjects)
2 A temporarily residing foreigner in our country is called _________. (alien)
3 Citizenship Act was passed in the year __________. (1955)
4 The method through which you have acquired citizenship is _____. (Citizenship by birth)
II Answer the following questions briefly:
5 What is citizenship?
Answer: The term citizen, in modern times, refers to a person who is a fulfledged member
of the state, enjoying all rights- civil, political and economic and owing allegiance to the
state to which he belongs.
6. What are the benefits enjoyed by a citizen?
Answer: Accordingly, a citizen is a member of a state who, owes allegiance to it and enjoys
the protection and benefits granted by it. Thus, a citizen is a permanent member of the

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state, who possesses civil and political rights and owes allegiance to the state to which he
belongs.
7. Name the body which has the authority to legislate the laws on citizenship in India.
Answer: Parliament is the sole authority to legislate the laws on citizenship in our country.
State legislatures have no powers in this matter.
8. Mention the methods of acquiring citizenship.
Answer: 1. Citizenship by birth
2. Citizenship by descent
3. Citizenship by registration
4. Citizenship by naturalization
5. Citizenship by the incorporation of a new territory
9 Explain citizenship by naturalisation.
Answer: Foreigners can acquire Indian citizenship by naturalization, by submitting an
application to the concerned authority, i.e., the President of India. Certain conditions have
to be fulfilled by them before submitting the application. They should have lived in India
for not less than a period of five (5) years.
10 What are the methods of losing citizenship?
Answer: 1. Renunciation
2. Termination
3. Deprivation
11.Mention a situation under which citizenship is terminated.
Answer: If any citizen of India acquires the citizenship of any other country his Indian
citizenship is terminated by law. This procedure does not require the submission of any
application.
12.Mention the types of citizenship and write the differences between them.
Answer: There are two types of citizenship. They are single citizenship and dual
citizenship. In single citizenship people have only one citizenship that is National
citizenship irrespective of the province that he belongs to. There is no separate state
citizenship for e.g. India.
In federal states like USA and Switzerland there is dual citizenship. That means every
individual obtains state citizenship in which he lives and national citizenship also
13 What are the duties of a citizen towards his nation?

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Answer: He must respect the Constitution and obey the laws of the government.
He must protect the national honour and dignity by his words and deeds.
He must not indulge in anti-national activities.
He must oppose and check the evil practices like corruption, nepotism, dowry, child
marriage, etc., through constitutional means.
He must take part in the political activities of the state as the quality of the government
depends on the quality of citizens.
He must place the national interest above the personal interest and work for national
progress.
He must be service minded and must be prepared to sacrifice for the sake of nation.
He has the obligation like paying taxes and defending the nation

CHAPTER-15
DEMOCRACY
I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1 The word Democracy is derived from the word __________. (Greek word Demokratia
meaning ‘Rule of the people’)
2 The party that commands majority in the legislature and looks after the administration
is called _________ party. (Ruling)
3 The minimum age to vote in India is __________ years. (18)
4. The elections conducted once in five years in a routine manner is termed as _______
elections. (general)
II Answer the following questions briefly:
5.What are the advantages of democracy?
Answer: The advantages or merits of democracy are as follows:
(a) It protects the rights and independence of the people through an independent
judiciary.
(b) It is based on the principles of equality and provides an opportunity to people to
involve themselves in decision making and framing laws.
(c) People elect representatives and the government of their choice.
(d) Decisions are taken after debate and discussions. Decisions are based upon public
opinion.

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(e) Opposition checks the misuse of power by the government.

(f) The fundamental rights provide an opportunity for the development of the personality
of an individual.
(g) It develops nationalism, patriotism, and respect to people and creates unity in the
midst of diversity.
6.Mention the different types of Government.
Answer: The types of Government are as follows:
(a) Monarchy
(b) Dictatorship
(c) Military Dictatorship
(d) Communist Government.
7.How is direct democracy different from indirect democracy?
Answer: Direct democracy: -
(a) The people directly participate in electing their government, making policies and laws
for their own progress and development.
(b) It is practiced only in countries of small size and population.
(c) It becomes more effective through referendum and initiative.
Indirect democracy: -
(a) The people elect their representatives through periodical elections and send them to
legislative bodies.
(b) It is most suitable in bigger nations like India, USA and such other nations.
(c) The representatives involved in the process of law making and also control the
administration.
8. What is universal adult franchise?
Answer: In India voting right is provided to all people aged eighteen and above, regardless
of caste, qualifications, creed, religion, language and gender. This is called universal adult
franchise.
9. List out the essential factors for the success of democracy
Answer: Factors essential for the success of democracy are as follows.
(a) People should have an urge to protect democracy.
(b) People must always be vigilant.

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(c) Tolerance is one of the basic qualities needed for the success of democracy. They must
work with the spirit of give and take.
(d) Success of democracy depends upon good leadership. He must possess the qualities of
service. Patriotism and spirit of sacrifice.
(e) Efficient opposition party keeps the governments alert.
(f) Well informed and educated electorate contributes to the success of democracy.
(g) Success of democracy depends upon the role of the people. People must compulsorily
vote and elect efficient and non-corrupt leaders.
(h) Free, fearless and unbiased press contributes to the success of democracy
(i) Well-organized, efficient and responsible local bodies strengthen democracy.
10 Why is efficient opposition party an essential factor in democracy?
Answer: Efficient opposition party keeps the government alert. It checks the Ruling party
from becoming dictatorial.
11 Mention the Characteristics of Democracy?
Answer: 1. Democracy is based on the consent of the people.
2. It is representative government where people elect their representatives and they
make laws.
3. It is based on the principle of universal adult franchise.
4. Elections are held at regular interval in a free and fair manner.
5. Citizens enjoy fundamental rights, hence there is scope for individual development.
6. The government is responsible to the people.
7. People have the right to change and challenge the government.
8. There is rule of law and government’s powers are limited constitutionally
12 Why are periodical elections necessary in democracy?
Answer: In democracy people are the ultimate source of sovereignty and government
derives its power from them. Therefore, periodical elections are held to provide an
opportunity to the people to choose better representatives through elections.
13 The success of democracy depends on the votes. Discuss.
Answer: Success of democracy or government depends upon the voter. So, voter must not
come under the influence of caste, creed, and money or muscle power while voting. The
voter must be careful while choosing a candidate. He must choose the candidate with
good qualities and capabilities.

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CHAPTER-16
LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1 The Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act that is in force now was passed in the year_______.
(1985)
2 The body of the village council in which all the voters of the village can participate is
_______. (Grama sabha)
3 The President of Grama Panchayats are chosen to Taluk Panchayats on the basis of
_______ system. (lottery)
4 The officer appointed by the Government to look after the day to day executive work of
Zilla Panchayat is called __________ (Chief Executive officer)
5 The total number of City Corporations in Karnataka including Bangalore is ________ . (8)

II Answer the following questions briefly:

6. What are the objectives of Local Self Government?
Answer: Objectives of the Local Self Government are as follows:
(a) to involve the local people in solving the problems of their own locality.
(b) to provide the knowledge of administration to common people.
(c) to help in decentralizing powers and make the administration become more efficient.
(d) to train or develop leadership qualities among people at the grass root level.
7.How is the local body of your area formed?
Answer: According to this Panchayat Raj Act 1985, local bodies are created through direct
elections.
8.Mention the functions of your local body.
Answer: Some of the functions of the local bodies are as follows:
(a) to maintain and protect the panchayat property.
(b) to prepare the annual budget
(c) to undertake health and family welfare programs.

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(d) to plan and undertake the developmental works like laying of roads, electrification,
housing and supply of drinking water, etc.
(e) to encourage and implement the secondary adult and Informal education programmes.
(f) to provide facilities for the distribution of essential commodities like food grains,
kerosene, etc.
(g) to encourage and execute agricultural extension programs, animal husbandry, khadi,
handicraft industries, etc.
(h) to plan and implement the welfare schemes for the benefit of SC, ST, weaker sections,
Women and children.
9. What are the sources of income of your local body?
Answer: The main sources of income of the local bodies are as follows:
(a) Amount collected through water cess, health cess, education cess, library and reading
room cess.
(b) Amount collected through building tax, vacant land tax, taxes and business
establishments, markets, entertainment houses and advertising bodies.
(c) Taxes collected from the tourist spots.
(d) Rental and lease amount collected on their properties.
(e) Financial grants from the state government.
10. List out the members who have right to vote and those who have no right to vote in
the local bodies.
Answer: The members of the Zilla Panchayats at district level, Taluk Panchayat at Taluk
level and Grama Panchayat at village level are selected through elections. The members
who have no right to vote in the local bodies are as follows: (a) The Chief Executive Officer
of the Zilla Panchayat.
(b) The five nominated members of the city corporation.
11. Mention the need for constituting standing committees in local bodies.
Answer: The Standing Committees are constituted to establish and strengthen the local
bodies to have efficient administration.
12. List out the group of members who have been provided reservation in the local
bodies.
Answer: Reservation is provided to SC, ST, back ward communities and women in the local
bodies.
13 What should be the population to classify an area as town or city.

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Answer: An area with a population between 20,000 and 50,000 is considered a town.
Similarly, an area with a population between 50,000 and 3 lakhs is considered as a city.
14 What are three tiers of Panchayat Raj in Karnataka?
Answer: The three tiers of Panchayat Raj in Karnataka are
(1) Zilla Panchayat at district level
(2) Taluk Panchayat at Taluk level and
(3) Grama Panchayat at village level.
SOCIOLOGY
CHAPTER–17
MAN, AND SOCIETY
I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. Man is a _________ animal. (Social)
2 Formal education is provided by the _________. (school)
3 The Father of Sociology is ___________. (Auguste Comte)
4. Man to become a human being _________ is necessary. (Socialization)
5 Human beings express their feelings through __________. (Gestures and Language)
II Answer the following questions in 2/3 sentence each:
6 How is man a social being?
Answer: Man is a social being. He desires to live with others around him. Society is
necessary for man's existence. That is the reason human society has been called a web of
social relations and man is a social being.
7. What is socialisation?
Answer: If we have to become members of the society, we have to live amidst society. lf
we do not live among people, we will not be able to learn language, study, play games,
experience a thought process or the body language that we have learnt now. This process
of learning is called socialization.
8. Describe Kamala, the one who was found in Midnapura.
Answer: Kamala, a girl who was found in Midnapore in 1920, had spent 9 years among the
animals in the forest. She used to walk on all four legs like an animal and ate raw flesh.
9.Name some early sociologists.

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Answer: Auguste Comte, the father of sociology. Herbert Spencer was the British
sociologist.
III Answer the following questions in 4/5 sentences each:
10. Explain ‘Man is a social being’.
Answer: The relationship between man and society is unique. There is neither society
without man, nor man without society. That is the reason many sociologists are of the
opinion that man is the creation of society and society that of man. Man is a social animal.
He desires to live with others around him. Society is necessary for the development of all
of us, because social relationships are necessary for man's existence. That is the reason
human societies have been called a web of social relationships, and man a social being.
11 Explain the relationship between human beings and language.
Answer: Our languages have words such as father, mother, brother, sister, etc., including
relations between human beings. Thus, language is needed to understand specific
relationships and feelings perfectly. Just imagine how the world would be without
language. There would be no textbooks, schools, mass media or civilization. Human
society would be just like animal society. While studying society language is treated as a
very important aspect of the society.
12 What are the differences between human society and animal society?
Answer: (a) The human brain is well-developed. It is due to development of this brain, its
perception and creativity that we see as civilized human society. But animals’ lives are
limited to indulgence in food, fear and pleasure.
(b) Man knows languages, whereas animals do not. If there was no development of
language in the world, then human society would have been just like animal society.
13 What does Sociology deal with?
Answer: Sociology deals with human society. Among all living beings on earth, it is only
human beings who have complete awareness about the existence. They contemplate over
their goal, and purpose in life. It is due to this that innumerable questions arise in man's
mind. Why man is called a social being? Is man God's creation? Why are there differences
between groups? Why does society undergo constant change? In order to find answers to
such questions, and to study human society in a scientific manner, sociology was
originated.

CHAPTER–18
MAN, AND CULTURE
I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

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1 Culture means _________. (good behaviour)

2 Conventions are activities _________________________. (We engage in again and again
in our daily lives)
3 We get to see unity ________ in India. (in diversity)
II Answer the following in a sentence each:
4 What is culture?
Answer: Culture is that complex system involving knowledge, the arts, morality, law,
customs, abilities and talents that we learn being members of society.
5 Give examples of the cultural diversity in your environment.
Answer: Bangalore is one of the best examples of cultural diversity. We get to see people
dressed in various kinds of clothes, people belonging to different races and people
conversing in different languages.
6 What are customs and traditions?
Answer: Culture is made up of beliefs, values, rules, social conventions and morals. These
can be collectively being called customs and traditions.
7Give examples for customs and traditions.
Answer: Conventions and moral codes are a part of customs and traditions.
III Answer the following in four-five sentences each:
8 Give an example of a convention.
Answer: Conventions are the activities we engage in again and again in our daily lives. We
engage in eating, sleeping, greeting and other similar activities according to the prevailing
conventions without giving much thought to them. These activities are inseparable parts
of culture. For example, we do not ask our teacher everyday how we have to sit down, to
eat or sit in the class; we would have learnt them just through practice of conventions.
Conventions enable us to do our daily duties without any hesitation.
9.Explain cultural diversity.
Answer: There cannot be same kind of culture in any society. There will be different
cultures depending on the religions and life styles followed by the people. Even when
cultures vary, they can influence one another deeply. For instance, the chudidaar worn by
women is a kind of dress which has come from Moghuls to us. In the same manner, the
trousers and shirts that we wear, the English language that we speak come to us from the
British. In India, we get to see a pluralistic culture consisting of hundreds of tribes,
thousands of castes, many races and hundreds of languages. That is why India is said to
have unity in diversity.

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10 Describe the various aspects of culture.

Answer: Culture is shaped by the geographical features, traditions and needs of that
particular society. That is why we cannot call one culture good and another bad. Culture is
transmitted from one generation to another. Culture is subject to change constantly. As
we can observe, the style of dressing, hairstyles, food habits have changed a lot over the
past ten years. Thus, the culture of one society differs from that of another society.

CHAPTER–19
SOCIOLOGY IN DAILY LIFE
I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1 We express our feelings through ____________. (language)
2 Sociology enables us to study every subject without any __________. (Prejudice)
3 Social interaction is _____________________. (to interact with others)
II Answer the following questions:
4 How does sociology enable us to understand the society in our daily lives?
Answer: Sociology provides us with the right information needed for our daily lives. It
enables us to study all subjects without any prejudices.
5 Give an example to illustrate the importance of language.
Answer: We learn the language that is suitable for our environment, or else it will be
difficult to lead our lives. Sometimes we use a different kind of communication to satisfy
our needs. If we do not know language, we cannot converse with anyone.
6 What is role-consciousness?
Answer: The performance by every person of his role, like a teacher, a mother, father,
doctor, etc., is known as role consciousness.
III Answer the following in four-five sentences each:
7.Describe the relationship between language and society.
Answer: We interact (use language) with many people in our daily lives which is called
social interaction. We cannot lead our daily lives without communication. The language
that we speak depends on the area we reside in. We learn the language that is suitable for
our environment, or else it will be difficult to lead our lives. Sometimes we use a different
kind of communication to satisfy our needs. If we do not know language, we cannot
converse with anyone. On such occasions, we express our feelings through body language
or facial expressions.

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8 Explain role consciousness with an example.

Answer: The performance by every person of his role as a teacher, doctor, brother,
mother, sister, etc., is known as role consciousness. Every individual adopts many roles
according to his age and conditions. For example, as the teacher enters the classroom, he
may ask many questions. Through these questions, he tests whether we have studied at
home or not. We also ask questions about the topics we have not understood and get
clarifications. We expect the teacher to do his/her duty and guide us in our studies.

CHAPTER–20
KINDS OF SOCIETIES

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1 The members of the hunting society used _____________ weapons. (stone)
2 In farming _________ is used for ploughing. (Plough and animal)
3 Division of tasks according to skills is called ______________. (Division of labour)
II Answer the following questions:
4. What is meant by ‘Cattle-rearing’ society?
Answer: The society which rears herds of cattle for its livelihood is a cattle-rearing society.
5. What do you mean by ‘Farming society’?
Answer: The society which depends on cultivation of vast areas of land for livelihood is
called a farming society.
6. What is meant by ‘Industrial society’?
Answer: The society which depends on industries that manufacture products with the use
of science and technology is called an industrial society.
7. What are the kinds of societies?
Answer: The different kinds of societies are (1) Hunting and food gathering society (2)
cattle rearing society (3) Farming society (4) industrial society
III Answer the following in four-five sentences each:
8. Describe the life style in the hunting and food-gathering society.
Answer: The life style or features of hunting and food gathering society are as follows:
(1) It is the simplest, the oldest and it comprises of very small and not more than 40-50
people and scattered group of people.

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(2) They are nomads. They use weapons made of stone and hunt wild animals for food.
They gather fruits, seeds, roots, vegetables, etc.
(3) They do not have any desire to earn wealth. They share with one another whatever
they get.
(4) There are no categories of the rulers and the ruled here.
9. Mention the features of the cattle-rearing society.
Answer: Features of the cattle rearing society are as follows:
(1) They are comparatively big and consist of several hundreds to thousands of people.
(2) They are found usually on grasslands, hilly regions, deserts and areas not suitable for
agriculture.
(3) In this society, the one who possesses the largest number of cattle becomes more
powerful than the others. He is considered rich and becomes the leader of the group.
10 Explain the features of the farming society.
Answer: The features of the farming society are as follows:
(1) With the invention of the plough, the production of food too increased. It increased
much more when animals were used to draw the plough.
(2) With the permanent settlement of people, villages took shape.
(3) Since increased food production was possible in the fields, it was not necessary for
everyone to work there throughout the day. Therefore, majority of the people engaged
themselves in other activities like art and culture.
11 Describe the features of the industrial society.
Answer: The features of the industrial society are as follows:
(1) New inventions transformed the society totally - the steam engine, internal
combustion engine, electrical energy, nuclear energy and others have brought wide
ranging social and economic transformation.
(2) Many people Migrate to cities where industries are established. Therefore, the
population in cities increases.
(3) Division of labour is seen in all aspects of work.

GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER-21
THE EARTH – OUR LIVING PLANET

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I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1 The total geographical area of the Earth is __________ Sq. Kms. (510 million)
2 The shape of the Earth is __________. (Geoid)
3 The equatorial and polar diameters of the Earth is ____________ and ____________
Kms. (12756, 12714)
4 The 23½0 North latitude is called as ____________. (Tropic of Cancer)
5 The Indian Standard Time is based on ____________ longitude. (82½ East)
II Answer the following questions briefly:
6. Why is the Earth called ‘Living Planet’?
Answer: The Earth is the home for all forms of life like plants, animals and human beings
because of its suitable distance from the Sun, range of temperature, life supporting gases,
atmosphere, water cycle, etc. It is the only planet that supports life that is why it is called
'Living Planet'.
7. Why are the Northern and Southern hemispheres called Land and Water Hemispheres?
Answer: The Northern Hemisphere has 60% of land and 40% of water. Therefore, it is
called the 'Land Hemisphere.
The Southern Hemisphere has 81% of water and 19% of land in the Southern Hemisphere.
So, it is called the 'Water Hemisphere'
8. What are latitudes and longitudes?
Answer: Latitude- is a horizontal imaginary line which joins all the places which have the
same angular distance north or south of the equator. It is measured in degrees.
Longitude- The imaginary vertical lines that intersect equator at right angle joining the
north and south are called longitudes.
9. Mention the difference between local time and standard time.
Answer: Local Time: The time according to the longitude of a place or according to the
position of the Sun at the place is known as the Local time. This is based on the local
meridian passing over that place. When the Sun is shining vertically over the longitude it is
12 noon at that place. All places situated on the same meridian have the same local time.
Every longitude has its own local time.
Standard Time: To avoid much confusion that arises from following the local time which
differs from place to place, many countries follow uniform time throughout the country.
Such uniform time is based on the central meridian of the country or the meridian on
which the most important city is located. This uniform time which is followed throughout
a country is called Standard Time of that country.

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10. What is the International Date Line?

Answer: The circum navigation of the world brought a new problem in keeping the correct
date and day in the week for the travellers. Therefore, a line passing through 180-degree
meridian diametrically opposite to the GMT (Greenwich Meridian Time) was adopted as
the point where circumnavigation should make adjustments. This line is supposed to pass
Pacific Ocean along the 1800 meridian but makes short detours in order to avoid land
masses. This is known as the International Date Line because the date and day is changed
whenever people cross this line by ships or airplanes.
III Define the following:
11. Unique planet: The Earth is called a Unique Planet because of its features. It is the only
planet that supports life. The Earth is the home for all forms of life like plants, animals and
human beings because of its suitable distance from the Sun, range of temperature, life
supporting gases, atmosphere, water cycle, etc.
12. Size of the Earth: The Earth is the fifth largest planet in the Sun's family. The diameter
of the earth is approximately four times greater than the Moon and it is around 107 times
less than that of the Sun. The total geographical area is 510 million sq. kms.
13. Geoid: The shape of the earth is often described as Geoid, which literally means 'Earth
shaped', or 'Oblate spheroid'. The earth is flattened at the poles and bulges at the
equator. The equatorial diameter of the Earth is 12756 kms and the Polar diameter is
12714 kms, Equatorial circumference 40,008 kms. The difference of 42 kms in diameter is
the proof for regarding the Geoid shape of the Earth.
14. Continents: The land bodies of the Earth are known as Continents. There are seven
continents, namely Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. Antarctica, Europe
and Australia. The continents are land masses of large size. Asia is the largest continent
and Australia is the smallest continent in the world.
15. Prime Meridian: Lines of longitude are called Meridians (‘meri'-mid and 'dian'-day)
because all places along the same meridian of longitude experience noon or mid-day at
the same time. The meridian passing through Greenwich (England) has been chosen as
Prime Meridian. It is marked as 00 longitude.
16. Indian Standard Time: In India, 82½ East longitude is considered as the Standard
Meridian of the country. It passes through Allahabad of Uttar Pradesh. The time based on
this Meridian is called the Indian Standard Time (IST). It is five hours and 30 minutes
ahead of GMT.
CHAPTER - 22
LITHOSPHERE
I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

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1. The continental crust is also called ________________. (SlAL)

2. Vast basin shaped volcanic mouth is ____________. (Caldera)
3. The most destructive earthquake waves are ____________. (surface waves)
4. Stalactities and Stalagmites are most common in ____________. (lime stone region)
5. The Beaches are formed by __________________ work. (sea waves)
II Answer the following questions:
6. Mention the three major layers of the interior of the Earth.
Answer: The three major layers of the interior of the Earth are (1) The Crust (2) The
Mantle and (3) The Core.
7. Name the types of volcanoes on the basis of frequency of eruption.
Answer: On the basis of frequency of eruption volcanoes are classified into three types.
They are-
(1) Active Volcanoes, (2) Dormant Volcanoes and (3) Extensive Volcanoes.
8. Mention the important earthquake zones of the world.
Answer: The important earthquake zones of the world are- (1) The Circum-Pacific Belt-
Regions around the Pacific Ocean (New Zealand, Philippines, Japan, USA, Peru, etc.) (2)
The Mediterranean Belt- Regions around the Mediterranean Sea. (3) The Himalayan Belt-
The Siwalik regions of India.
9.What is weathering? Name the three main types of weathering.
Answer: Weathering is the wearing away or breaking down or gradual disintegration of
rocks by agents like temperature, rainfall, wind etc., present in the atmosphere. The three
types of weathering are as follows-
(1) Mechanical weathering, (2) Chemical weathering and (3) Biological weathering.
10. Name the landforms associated with the work of river.
Answer: The important landforms in the middle course of the river are Alluvial fans and
Meanders. The important land forms in the Lower Course of the river are flood Plains,
Natural Levees, Oxbow lakes, Deltas.
IV Define the following:
16. Aqueous rocks: Sedimentary Rocks are also called aqueous rocks because they are
formed in the water bodies like lakes, seas, and ocean beds.
17.‘Pacific ring of fire’: Pacific ring of fire is a region of Volcanoes. The regions are The
Coastal margins of the Pacific Ocean consisting of Philippines, Japan, USA, Central
America, South America, etc.

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18.Mechanical weathering: When the rock is broken and disintegrated without any
chemical alteration, the process is called Physical weathering or Mechanical weathering.
The important processes of mechanical weathering are Granular disintegration, Block
disintegration and Exfoliation. The agents of mechanical weathering are temperature,
wind, frost, etc.
19.Carbonaceous rocks: Coal is called carbonaceous rock. Organic sediments are derived
by the accumulation of remains of organisms, such as shells of marine organisms, remains
of plants and animals, Example Carbonaceous rocks are coal and limestone.
20. Tsunami: Tsunami is a large sea wave occasionally experienced along the coasts of
Japan and in other regions caused by underwater earthquake. In Japanese language
'Tsunami' means 'harbour waves'.
21. Continental glacier: Continental glacier are extensive ice sheets found in polar regions
E.g. Greenland and America.
22. Hot spring: Whenever warm or hot water comes out naturally it is called hot spring or
thermal spring. They are usually found near the volcanic regions.
23.Carbonaceous rocks: Organic sediments are those derived by the accumulation of
remains of organisms, such as shells of marine organisms, remains of plants and animals
eg., Limestone (Calcareous rocks) and Coal (Carbonaceous rocks).

CHAPTER–23
ATMOSPHERE

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The two major gases of the atmosphere are __________ and ______. (nitrogen, oxygen)
2. The lowest layer of the atmosphere is ____________. (Troposphere)
3. The average air pressure of the atmosphere at the sea level is_____. (1013.25mb)
4. Westerlies is also known as ____________. (Trade winds)
5. The scientific study of weather is ____________. (Trade winds)

II Answer the following questions:

6. What is atmosphere?

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Answer: Atmosphere is a thin layer of gases, dust particles and water vapour surrounding
the earth. This layer of gases forms protective boundary between the outer space and the
earth's surface.
7. Name the important layers of the atmosphere.
Answer: (a) Troposphere, (b) Stratosphere, (c) Mesosphere, (d) Thermosphere (e)
Exosphere.
8. What is the significance of ozone layer?
Answer: Ozone layer absorbs ‘ultraviolet rays’ of the sun and protects all forms of life on
the earth.
9.What is Doldrum? Where is it found?
Answer: The Equatorial low-pressure belt is called Doldrums. This region gets direct rays
of the Sun almost throughout the year. This is a calm region with very little wind so it is
called Doldrums. Doldrums means belt of calmness. This region lies between 0° to 5°
North and South of the equator.
10. Name the different types of planetary winds.
Answer: There are three types of planetary winds. They are- (a) Trade winds, (b) Anti-
trade winds and (c) Polar winds.
11. What are local winds? Give any two examples.
Answer: Periodic winds are the result of variation in local temperature, pressure, humidity
which in turn are attributed to the formation of air currents, crossing mountain ranges,
valleys and other relief barriers. The important periodic and local winds are Land breeze,
Sea breeze, Mountain breeze, valley breeze, etc.
12.Mention the different types of clouds.
Answer: The different types of clouds are- the Stratus, the Cumulus, the Cirrus and the
Nimbus clouds.
13. Distinguish between weather and climate.
Answer: Weather: The atmospheric condition of a smaller area at a particular time is
called weather. For example, cloudy, sunny, fine weather, etc.
Climate: Climate is the average condition of the atmosphere over a long period of time of
a larger area. Example- Equatorial climate, Tropical climate, etc.
III Define the following:
14. Ionosphere: Thermosphere is called Ionosphere as the gaseous atoms are ionized due
to very high temperature. The ions found in this layer help in reflecting radio waves.

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15. Normal lapse rate: It is the decreasing rate of temperature with the increase of
altitude. The rate of decrease is 1° C for every 165 meters or 6.4° for every 1000 meters of
height.
16. Torrid zone: Torrid Zone is the zone of high temperature. This region is found between
O° or equator and Tropic of Cancer (23½° N) in the north and the Equator and Tropic of
Capricorn (23½° S) in the south. This region receives direct rays of the sun.
17. Horse latitudes: Sub-tropical high-pressure belts that lie between 30° and 35° north
and south of the equator are high pressure belts. The North sub-tropical high-pressure
belt that lies between 30° and 35° north are also called 'Horse latitude'.
18. Orographic rainfall: Orographic rainfall is also called 'Mountain rainfall' or 'Relief
rainfall'. When moisture laden air is obstructed by a mountain barrier, the air is forced to
rise up. As the air rises upwards, it cools and gets saturated. Further cooling of this air
causes condensation resulting in orographic rainfall.
19. Climatology: The scientific study of climate is called Climatology.

CHAPTER–24
HYDROSPHERE
I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. The average depth of the continental shelf is ______________. (100 fathoms)
2. One fathom is equal to ______________ ft. (six)
3. The deepest place in the Pacific Ocean is ________________. (The Challenger deep of
Mariana Trench)
4. The average salinity of the ocean water is________________. (35 parts of 1000 (35/)
PPT)
5. __________ tides occur during full moon. (Spring)
II Answer the following questions:
6. What is hydrosphere?
Answer: 71% of the total area of the Earth is surrounded by water. This is called
hydrosphere.
7. Mention the four major parts of the ocean floor.
Answer: (1) Continental Shelf (2) Continental slope (3) The Deep sea plain and (4) The
Ocean deep.

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8. State the difference between ocean currents and tides.

Answer: Ocean currents are the regular movement of ocean water from one region to
another. Tides are the periodic rise and fall in the sea or ocean level.
9.Distinguish between spring tide and neap tide.
Answer: Spring tide: Spring tide takes place when the earth, the moon and the sun are in
the same straight line. E.g. New Moon and Full Moon. When the spring tides take place,
high tides are the highest and the low tides are the lowest.
Neap Tide: Neap tides occur on the first quarter and last quarter days in the phase of the
Moon. During neap tides the sun and the earth are in the same straight line and moon in
the right angle to the earth. In this type of tides the high tides are not very high and low
tides are not very low.
10. How can we conserve the oceans?
Answer: We can conserve oceans through following methods:
(1) Oil transportation should be done through pipelines.
(2) Nuclear waste should not be dumped into sea or ocean.
(3) Petro-chemical industries in the coastal regions must avoid dumping effluents into the
sea or ocean.
(4) Dumping of any waste near the ports and harbours must be controlled.
(5) Ore deposition and mineral exploitation along the coast must be controlled.
(6) Exploitation and destruction of beaches must be controlled.

IV Define the following:

16. Continental shelf: Continental shelf is the shallow area along the sea coast. This part is
bordered by the sea coast on one side and continental slope on the other side. The
average depth of the continental shelf is 100 fathoms.
17. Salinity: Salinity is the percentage of salts dissolved in the sea or ocean water. The
average salinity of the ocean water is 35 parts per thousand.
18. warm and Cold currents:
Warm currents originate and flow from the equatorial regions to sub-polar regions.
Cold currents originate in the Polar Regions and flow towards the equatorial region.
19. High tide and Low tide: High tide, also known as Flood tide and Low tide also known as
Ebb tide. On the water bodies of the earth there are alternate high tides and low tides.
Between one high tide and a low tide the time is 6 hrs, 13 minutes. Between one high tide

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and another, the time gap is 12 hrs, 26 minutes. In 24 hrs, 52 minutes there are 2 high
tides and 2 low tides.
20. Benguela current: Benguela current is the cold currents of South Atlantic Ocean.
21. Tides: Tides are the periodic rise and fall in the sea or ocean level. They occur due to
gravitational attraction by the moon, gravitational force by the sun, rotation of the earth
and centrifugal force of the earth.

CHAPTER – 25
BIOSPHERE
I Answer the following questions:
1. What is Biosphere?
Answer: Biosphere is a part of the earth where life exists. It is the fourth component of
the earth and it is the totality of all living things on earth.
2. Define ecology?
Answer: Ecology is the study of the interaction of living organisms with their physical,
chemical and biological environment.
3. Name the different types of environmental pollution.
Answer: (1) Air pollution, (2) Water pollution, (3) Soil pollution and (4) Noise pollution.
4. What are the measures to control water pollution?
Answer: (a) Industrial effluents must be treated,
(b) Drinking water sources must be kept clean,
(c) Sewage treatment plants,
(d) Disposal of waste on the water bodies must be controlled, etc.
5. What is Bio-diversity?
Answer: The variety of flora (plants) and fauna (animals) in a region is known as
biodiversity.
II Define the following:
6. Biosphere: Biosphere is a part of the earth where life exists. It is the fourth component
of the earth and it is the totality of all living things on earth.
7. Ecological imbalance: In a natural environment, there is a perfect balance between the
various organisms living together in the biosphere. This is known as ecological balance.
When this balance is disturbed due to various reasons, it leads to ecological imbalance.

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8. Global warming: The temperature of the earth is increasing slowly over the years. For
the last few years global temperature has increased. This phenomenon is termed as
Global warming.
9. Greenhouse effect: The energy that the earth receives from the sun has to be balanced
by the radiation emitted from the earth's surface. The use of fossil fuel is increasing green
house gases in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases trap the heat
radiated from the earth. Thus, increasing of greenhouse gases is causing an increase of
temperature. This is called 'Greenhouse effect’
10. Ozone depletion: In recent years the use of air conditions, refrigerators, sprays and
deodorants are destroying the ozone due to the synthetic chemicals released into the
atmosphere, primarily 'chlorofluorocarbons'(CFC). The ozone depletion has caused the
ozone hole.
11. Acid rain: Acid rain contains high amounts of acids particularly sulphuric acid and
carbon monoxide. It is caused when the rain drops pass through the polluted atmosphere.
The rainfall with poisonous acids kills marine organisms. Acid rain is damaging forests,
agricultural crops, old buildings, monuments, etc.
ECONOMICS
CHAPTER–26
MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMICS
I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. The word ‘Economics’ originates from the Greek root words_________ and
__________. ('okos', 'nomos')
2. Kautilya who was in the Mauryan court, wrote the book____________. (Arthashastra)
3. The quality of the goods and services which can satisfy man’s wants is called
___________. (Utility)
4 The physical and intellectual work that is done in return for money is called
____________. (labour)
II Answer the following in a sentence each:
5. What is Economics?
Answer: Economics is a subject which studies daily economic activities of man.
6. Who is identified as the ‘Father of Economics’?
Answer: Adam Smith is identified as the 'Father of Economics'.
7. What are Economic Activities?
Answer: All the activities that man engages in to earn money and to utilize money are
called economic activities.

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8. A student buys a pen and writes with it. What kind of economic activity is this?
Answer: Consumption.
III Answer the following in three or four sentences each:
9. What are man’s economic activities?
Answer: Man makes use of his skills and labours to earn money and satisfies his wants by
utilizing that money. In order to earn money and wealth, and thereby satisfy his wants,
man engages himself in various activities. These activities are called economic activities.
10. Why do we need to study Economics?
Answer: a) It helps to understand and solve problems of poverty, unemployment,
economic inequality, etc.,
b) It helps to solve the problem of what to produce, how to produce, whom to produce,
etc.,
c) Economics identifies the reason for the rise and fall of prices and the results of such
fluctuations.
d) Economics suggests ways to make use of limited resources with care and efficiency.
11 How has the meaning of Economics changed from time to time?
Answer: The subject matter of Economics has been changing from time to time. Earlier it
meant as 'house hold management' Over the years the scope of economics has widened
to national and international levels. Today economics deals with the activities such as
production, consumption, exchange and distribution, etc.

CHAPTER-27
BASIC CONCEPTS OF ECONOMICS
I Answer the following:
1. What is demand in economics?
Answer: Demand is the quantity of economic goods that can be brought at a fixed price at
a given time. Generally, when the price increases, the demand for it decreases.
2. What is the influence of demand in the field of production?
Answer: Demand has a great influence in the field of production. When there is an
increasing demand, generally production, employment, income and supply increases.
3. What is distribution?

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Answer: Distribution is a very important economic activity. The important function of

distribution is to distribute the goods produced involving the interaction of the factors of
production.
4. How can distribution be done effectively?
Answer: This distribution takes place in the rate of the role played by each factor of
production. It should balance the demand and supply without bringing an obstacle to
production. Special importance should not be given to any factors of production nor
should any of them be neglected.
5.Mention the differences between national income and per capita income?
Answer: National income: refers to the total value of goods and services produced
annually in a country.
Per Capita Income: If the national income is divided by the total population of the Nation
we get the per capita income.
5. What is the importance of labour?
Answer: It is the innate quality of man to work hard to accomplish and to improve the
standard of living. This effort might be physical or mental.
II Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
7. The production decreases when the demand__________ (increases)
8. Goods and services used for the satisfaction of wants are___________ (consumption)
9.If the national income is divided by the nation’s total population we get_________ (per
capita income)
10. Workers involved in carrying materials loading and unloading the cargo are
called_________ (physical labour)
11. Workers involved in teaching the students, belong to _________workers. (mental
labour)
CHAPTER-28
BUSINESS STUDIES
MEANING AND IMPORTANCE
I Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
1 The best example for Entrepot trade is ______. (Singapore)
2 Cottage industries are mainly concentrated in ______. (villages)
3 The manufacture of chemicals is carried out in ______ industries. (small scale)
4.The sole objective of business should be earning ______ profit. (reasonable)

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5 To safeguard the quality of goods _________ institution has been started. (Bureau of
Indian Standard)
II Answer each of the following questions in two to four sentences:
6 Which are the different types of mobile shops?
Answer: Mobile traders do not have a fixed place to carry on their trade. The important
types of mobile shops are Hawkers, Peddlers, Street vendors and Market vendors.
7.Who are wholesalers?
Answer: Wholesale traders buy goods in large quantity from producers and sell them to
the retailers in small quantities. Generally, they deal with one or two types of goods.
8 Name the three types of foreign trade.
Answer: The three types of foreign trade and are (a) Import (b) Exports and (c) Entrepot.
9 Mention the important goods produced by cottage and small-scale industries.
Answer: Some of the important goods produced by cottage and small-scale industries are
carpentry, smithy, carpet, weaving, pottery, blanket making, stone carving, etc.
10 Which organizations overcome the hindrance of place and risk?
Answer: To overcome the hindrance of place the service of transportation are used. Road
transport, Railways, water transport and air transport are different media.
11 Mention the antisocial activities of traders to earn more profit.
Answer: To earn more profits, some anti-social practices are followed. They are
adulteration, charging excess or abnormal rates, using false weights and measure, creating
artificial scarcity by hoarding the goods and carrying out black marketing, etc.
12 What are the steps taken by the government to overcome the anti-social practices in
business?
Answer: The steps taken by the government to overcome the antisocial practices in
business are
a) The government has Public Distribution System.
b) To maintain the standard of goods and essential commodities. Bureau of Indian
standard ISI and AGMARK marks are printed on commodities to certify their quality.
III Answer each of the following questions in eight to ten sentences:
13 What are the economic objectives of business?
Answer: The sale objective of business includes earning reasonable profit that is sufficient
to enable the business to cover the costs and the business man lead a normal comfortable
life. Business supplies goods and services to the consumers and thus creates consumers. It

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uses the available resources to produce the goods that are sufficient to consumers. It
produces such goods that are required from time to time according to changes that take
place. It brings changes in production by adopting new techniques. It also enables the
consumers to know about the changes in products through advertisement.
14 What are the social objectives of business?
Answer: Business produces goods and supplies the goods that are required for the
development of a nation. It provides employment to many and pays them fair wages and
salaries and helps them to improve their standard of living. Business contributes its share
to the 3 8th Std Social Science Notes economic development of a nation by paying rates,
taxes and duties. Business also contributes a fair share for the social welfare of the nation
by starting and running of schools, colleges, hospitals and also by maintaining public
gardens.
15. Mention the services rendered by retail traders.
Answer: Retailers carry out their trade at places where consumers Iive. They render
various services to the consumers. Some of them are-
a) They are the last connecting link in the distribution of goods.
b) They supply variety of goods to meet the demand of the consumers.
c) They store the goods to meet the demand of the consumers.
d) They take the risk of loss in business or loss of goods.
e) They grade the goods and supply according to the tastes of the consumers.
f) They provide credit facilities to the consumers; give more information about newly
available goods in the market.
g) Suggest alternative goods if the particular goods are not available.
16. List out the different retail traders and write two/three sentences on each of them.
Answer: The important types of retailers are
(a) Permanent shops and
(b) Itinerant traders.
(a) Permanent shops: They are opened at a fixed place and carry out trade.
b) Itinerant or Mobile traders: They do not have fixed place to carryon their trade. The
important among them are –
(1) Hawkers- they carry goods on their heads, move from' door to door' and sell their
goods, e.g. vegetables, fruits.

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(2) Street tradersthey display goods in busy street corners and sell them to the
consumers.
(3) Market sellers- weekly markets take place at villages or towns once in a week. The
surrounding villagers bring the goods which they have grown or produced and sell them
17. Explain briefly the two types of Industries.
Answer: The two types of industries are- (1) Primary industries and (2) Secondary
industries.
(1) Primary industries: These industries produce goods by using the natural resources. E.g.
agricultural, fishing, dairy farming, mining, etc. These industries are further divided as-
(a) genetic industries and (b) extractive industries.
(a) Genetic industries are engaged in reproduction of different crops, plants and animals.
E.g. horticulture, dairy farming, poultry fanning.
(b) Extractive industries- are engaged in extracting different raw materials and ores from
the earth. E.g. extraction of ores, drilling of oil, etc.
(2) Secondary Industries: They are labour oriented industries. They are further divided
into a) Manufacturing and b) Construction industries.
a) Manufacturing industries are engaged in converting raw materials or semi finished
products into finished products. Eg- converting iron ore into steel.
b) Construction industries- are engaged in construction of roads, canals, bridges, etc.
18 What is the need of foreign trade to a country?
Answer: No country I in the world is self-sufficient in all the natural resources. Some
countries have plenty of natural resources. Using the available natural resources, they
produce more goods than they require and the excess is exported to other countries. In
the same way some countries have deficit of some natural resources and, depend on
other. Countries for their requirement and import them. Thus, there is a great need for
foreign trade. The need for foreign trade is increasing day by day. It also helps to foster
friendship among the counties.

CHAPTER-29
EMERGENCE OF DIFFERENT BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS
I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1 The concern that is owned and managed by a single person is called ______. (Sole
trading)

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2 The Indian Partnership Act was passed in the year ______ to regulate the affairs of the
partnership firms. (1932)
3 The Maximum number of partners in a firm which carries out banking business is
______. (ten)
4 The Head of the Hindu undivided family business is known as ______. (Karta)
5 The only business concern under private business organization found in India is ______.
(Hindu undivided family business)
II Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each:
6. Which are the small-scale business organizations?
Answer: Small Scale organizations under private sector are
a) Sole trading concern, b) Partnership firm and c) Hindu undivided family firms.
7. How do sole trading concerns help the consumers?
Answer: Sole trading concerns directly come into contact with the consumers. They
understand the likes and dislikes of the customers and supply goods accordingly.
7. What are partnership firms?
Answer: In the partnership firms, two or more persons join together and carry out the
business. The Partnership act defines the partnership firms as the relation between the
persons to have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them
acting for all.
8. Who are sleeping dormant partners?
Answer: The sleeping dormant partners contribute capital but, do not take active part in
day-to-day transactions of the firm. The profits and losses are shared in proportion to
their capital contribution.
9. How is the dissolution of partnership firm easy?
Answer: Partnership forms can be dissolved easily. An) partner can apply for dissolution
by giving fourteen days’ notice or with the consent of all the partners it can be dissolved.
III Answer the following questions:
10. Mention any four merits of sole trading concerns.
Answer: 1) No legal formalities are required to commence the business.
2) It can be started by own capital.
3) The owners enjoy all the profits and bear all the losses.
4) They directly come into contact with the consumer.

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5) They render social service also.

11. Mention any four limitations of sole trading concerns.

Answer: 1) Capital is limited and they cannot expand the business.
2) Since it is run by a single person the managerial ability is limited.
3) All losses are to be borne by a single person.
4) Life of the sole trading concerns may be short, with the death or insolvency of the sole
trader.
13 How are partnership firms started? Explain briefly.
Answer: Partnership firm Act was passed in 1932. According to the section 4 of
partnership act the partnership firm is defined as the relation between the persons who
have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for
all. The maximum number of partners is fixed to ten if they carry out the banking business
and twenty in case of carrying out general business.
14 Who are the different types of partners?
Answer: (1) Active partners- they take active part in carrying out day-to-day affairs. They
contribute fixed amount of capital, and share profits and losses in proportion to their
capital contribution.
(2) Sleeping partners-they contribute capital but do not take active part in day-to-day
transactions of the firm. The profits and losses are shared in proportion (0 their capital
contribution.
(3) Nominal Partners- they neither contribute capital not take active participation in day
to day transactions of the firm. They are not entitled for any share in profit but are liable
for business losses.
(4) Minor partners- are those who have not yet attained the age of 18 years. A minor
cannot become a partner but by mutual agreement of partners, he can be admitted as a
partner.
15. Mention any four merits of partnership firms.
Answer: (1) Easy to form-no legal formalities are required for the formation of partnership
firm.
(2) More capital-Partnership is formed by more than two persons, so the capital
investment is more.
(3) Better efficiency-Division of labour can easily be adopted so there is better managerial
ability and efficiency.

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PERSEVERANCE IS THE SECRET OF ALL TRIUMPHS 8TH ENGLISH MEDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES. DIGITAL SOCIAL SCIENCE

(4) Credit worthiness-the liability of partners is unlimited so it leads to increase in credit

worthiness.
(5) Sharing of business loss- the entire partners share the profit and loss.
16. Mention any four demerits of partnerships firms.
Answer: (1) The disunity among the partners may hamper business and it leads to
disputes.
(2) Since the' number of partners is limited, the capital contribution is also limited.
(3) Liability is unlimited, so it discourages many people to join as partners.
(4) Reckless and foolish decisions of some partners may lead to heavy setbacks.
(5) Partnership firms lack continuity, the death or insolvency of one partner may lead to
dissolution.
17. What are the advantages of registering a partnership firm?
Answer: (1) A Registration firm can file a suit in the court of law against third party. But it
is not possible in case of an unregistered firm.
(2) A registered firm can file a case against the other partners against the loans they owe
to the firm.
(3) However, third parties can file a case against an unregistered firm for the recovery of
loans.
(4) Any partner can file a case against the firm or other partners for the dissolution of the
firm or the settlement of accounts.
18 Explain briefly about “Hindu undivided family business”.
Answer: Hindu undivided family businesses are found only in India. They are in
accordance with 'Hindu Law'. They are the firms which consist of all the male members of
the Hindu family, descendants from a common male ancestor. Only three successive
generations of male members namely sons, grandsons and great grandsons acquire the
birth right or interest in the ancestral property. The eldest or senior most member of the
family manages the business and he is called 'Karta'. The liability of Karta is unlimited.

CHAPTER–30
LARGE SCALE BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS
I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1 The formation of co-operative societies is regulated as per The Indian Co-operative Act
of _________. (1912)

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2 The first co-operative society in the world was started by _________in_________

country (Robert Owen, in England)
3 The maximum number of members in co-operative societies is _________. (10)
4 The co-operative societies come into existence after receiving
_________from____________. (application, promoters)
5 The First co-operative society was stated in Karnataka at_________. (in 1906 at
‘Kanaginahala’ in Gadag Taluk now a District.)
6 The first stage of the formation a Joint stock company is_________. (Promotion stage)
7 The most important documents required to start Joint companies are
_________and_________. (Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association)
8 The Multinational companies were first started in_________ (country).( U.S.A)
9 The examples of multinational companies with Indian origin are
_________and_________. (WIPRO, INFOSYS)
10 The first share market was started in India at_________. (in 1875 at Mumbai)
II Answer the following questions:
11. Give four examples of public utility service companies.
Answer: Public Utilities are government undertaking but they are established to provide
essential products or services to the Public. They do not intend to earn profits. Some of
the public utility services are cooking gas, water, electricity, railways, posts, telegraph, etc.
12. Mention any six features or characteristics of co-operative societies.
Answer: 1. They are voluntary organizations.
2. The membership is open to all adults (above 18 years) irrespective of caste, religion,
creed and gender inequality.
3. There is no upper limit for membership.
4. There is democratic management. All the members attend the General Body Meeting
and each member has one vote irrespective of share of capital invested (not less than
6.25%) Profit is distributed inproportion to the share of their capital equally among all the
members.
5. Their status and management are supervised by the
6. One portion of the profit is transferred to general fund.

13. Mention the different types of co-operative societies.

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Answer: 1. Credit Co-operative societies.

2. Marketing Co-operative societies.
3. Producers Co-operative societies.
4. Consumers Co-operative societies.
5. Farmers Co-operative societies.
6. House building Co-operative societies.
7. Co-operative societies for different services such as – supply of drinking water,
improvement of education, etc.
14. List out the merits and demerits of co-operative societies.
Answer: Advantages of Co-operative societies: It is easy to form Cooperative societies.
There is no need for heavy capital. There is no discrimination among the members. All the
members have equal rights and responsibilities.
Demerits of Co-operative societies: The societies have limited capital resource. So large
scale business is not possible. It is very difficult to get suitable staff. There are chances of
mismanagement and misuse of money; corruption and favouritism.
15. Which are the stages to formulate Joint Stock Companies?
Answer: 1 Promotion / Formation
2 Registration or Incorporation
3 Capital subscription / Collection of share capital.
4 Commencement of business
16. Mention the advantages of Joint stock companies.
Answer: 1. The liability of shareholders is limited. That means when company incurs any
loss or unable to clear the debts to the creditors, the liability of shareholders is limited to
the extent of their share amount.
2. There is no limit for shareholders in the public limited companies, hence there is a
possibility of raising more capital.
3. The shares in public limited companies are freely transferable. It encourages the public
to come forward or invest their money in companies.
4. A Public Joint Stock company has a perpetual succession. The death or insolvency of
any director or member does not lead to the dissolution of the company for there is legal
protection for the company.
17. What are the advantages of multinational companies to home country?

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Answer: 1. They obtain raw materials from host countries at low prices.
2. They may also obtain the technological and administrative skills from host countries.
3. They export raw materials and finished products to host countries thus their profit is
more.
4. It is possible to earn ample income through profit, royalty and through administrative
agreements with host countries.
5. They create more employment opportunities in the home country.
18. What are the important functions of stock exchanges?
Answer: In India the first share market was started in 1875 at Mumbai and even today, it
is one of the prestigious stock markets in the world. The other stock exchanges are
secondary share markets. Only the shares and debentures of listed out Joint stock
companies can enter into these stock exchanges. Nowadays Kolkata and Bangalore stock
exchanges facilitate to carry out their business through electronic media. All the stock
exchanges are controlled by a Board called Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI)

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