i

L,AB ,A1C1'1'VITY ~~ I

( 'TOPIC~ Relations and Function s

[I f

@:bieative ►
To verify that the relation R in the set L of all lines in a plane,
defined by R = ti, m) : / II m} is an equivalence relation. M1l1tl1I R,qulr,'d -=
(P roc ad ur ~ ►
1

A piece of plywood, some pieces 1

of wire (8), nails, white paper,
Take a piece of plywood of convenient size and paste a white paper on it.
glue. l
Fix the wires randomly on the plywood with the help of nails such that
some of them are parallel, some are perpendicular to each other and
some are inclined as shown in Fig. 2.1.

Fig. 2.1

(De monstrat ion ►

1. Let the wires represent the lines / 1, /2, .... , /g.
2. /1is perpendicular to each of the lines /2, /3, 14.
[See Fig. 2. \ -l
3. /6 is perpendicular to h.
4. /2 is parallel to 13, / 3 is parallel to /4 and,/s is parallel to lg.
5 . (/2, /3), (/3, /4), (/5, /g) E R ,

(Observat ion ►
l. In Fig. 2.1, every line is parallel to itself.
• ✓
·:. the relation R = {(/, m): / II m} ___ reflexive relation (is/is not)
✓
2. In Fig. 2.1, observe that /2 II 13. ls /3 II /2? (Yes/No)
✓
(/2,/3) e R ⇒ (/3,/2) _ _ R (i/e)
✓
Similarly, /3 II /4. Is /4 II /3 ? (Yes/No)
Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII / 3
 ✓
(/3, /4) ER ⇒ (/4, /3) _ _ _ R ((e / E)
✓
and (1 , Ix)
5
E R ⇒ (/s, /5) _ _ _ R ((e I E)

I
✓·
:. the rel ati on R _ __ sym
me tric rel ati on (is / is no t)

J . In Fig. 2.1 , ob ser ve tha t/ ✓

2 II /3 and /3
I
I II /4. Is 12 II /4 ? (Y es/ No )
✓
:. (/2, /3) ER and (/3, /4) E
R ⇒ (/2, /4) _ _ _ R (El f£)
. •
S1m1 larly, /3 I /4 and /4 II /2 . Is /3 II /2 ? ✓
(Y es/ No ) Th is ac ~i vi{an j e ·[ epe_,
tak in g s me ~o re w1
✓ 1
{/3, /4) E R, (/4, /2) E R ⇒ (/3, /2) - - - R ( El (e) dif fer e pg sit ion s.

Thus, the relation R_ ✓

· __ transitive relation (is /is no t)
Hence, the relation R is reflex
ive, symmetric and transitive.
Th us, R is an eq uiv ale nc e rel
ati on .
(Applic ati on ►

This activity is useful in under

standing the concept of an eq uiv
ale nc e rel ati on .
 LA I A1CT)EVITY -
( TOPIC & Relatio ns and Functi ons

( Objective= ►
To demonstrate a function which is not one-one but is onto.

y ( Procedure ►
Material Required ====
J
1. Paste a plastic strip on the left hand side of the cardboa rd and fix Cardboard, nails, strings, adhesive
three nails on it as shown in the Fig. 3 .1. Name the nails on the strip and plastic strip.
as I, 2 and 3.
2. Paste another strip on the right hand side of the cardboard and fix two nails in the
plastic strip as shown in
Fig. 3.2. Name the nails on the strip as a and b.
3. Join nails on the left strip to the nails on the right strip as shown in Fig. 3.3.
X X

•1
y y

•2

Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2 Fig. 3.3

( Demonstration ►

1. Take the set X = {l, 2, 3}

2. Take the set Y = {a, b}
3. Join.(co rrespon dence) element s ofX to the element s ofYas shown in Fig. 3.3.

( Observation ►
1. The image of the element 1 of X in Y is _ __
The i_µlage of the element 2 of X in Y is _ __
The image of the element 3 of X in Y is _ __
:. , Fig. 3.3 represen ts a function from X ➔ Y.
✓
2. Every element in X has not a unique image in Y, therefor e, the function is _ _ _
. (one-one/ not one-one) ·
( ·: 2, 3 have the same image).

Lab Manual In Mathematics-XII / 5

 3. The pre-image of each element of yin
X- --------
✓
(ex ists / doe s not exis t) Demo~strate the.. sa activity b'
cha ngm g the nu er of the elt\ I
✓
.-. the function is _ _ _ . (on to/ not onto
) -
men ts of the s X and Y
.
U
L

(App lica tion ~ ►

This activity can be used to dem ons trat e
the concept of one-one and onto functio ns.
 ( TOPIC'& Inverse Trigonometric Functions

~1: ( Object ive ►

To ctraw the graph of sin 1.r, using the graph of sinx and demonstrate
the concept of mirror reflection (about the line y =x). ardboard, white chart paper, ruler,
coloured pens, adhesive, pencil,
eraser, cutter, nails and thin wires.
( Procedvre ►
r. Take a cardboard of suitable dimensions, say, 30 cm x 30 cm.
J. On the cardboard, paste a white chart paper of size 25 cm x 25 cm (say) .
.3 . On the paper, draw two lines X'OX, Y'OY mutually perpendicular to each other and regard them as rectangular
axes [See Fig. 5.1].

y
(2)

(1)

I
2
7[ 7t 7[ 7t

. ' 6 4 3 2
. .
2
(3)
-I
.. . I'
•• . 3
.. l'4

(4)
Y'
Fig. 5.1

4. Graduate the axes approximately as shown in Fig. 5. I by taking unit on x-axis= 1.25 times the unit ofy-axis.
5, Mark approximately the points

f, f),. .,[} sin f) in the coordinate plane and at each point fix a nail.
[~ ,sin~), [ sin

Lab Manual In Mathematics- XII/ 9

 C: j

. ocess on the o th er s1
·de of the x-axis marking the points (-% ,sin[-% ll•H• H\\ sin
LAI
6. Repeat the above pr "
' 1

....•/-r sin/-?)) . '

approximately and fix nails on these pom ts as NI , N 2 • N 3.
' ' N'
4 .
Also fix a nail at O .

1t 1t
. X · tO
t the graph ofsinx from - - to -2 ·
_ Join the nails with the help of a tight wire on both sides of -axis ge
7 . 2 ( Ob!
. . . ) (3 3)
s. Draw the graph of the lme y = x (by plottmg the pomts ( l, 1), (2, 2 , , , ·· · e tc · and fixing a wire on thes~
To
~
. d ~
~
9. From the nails N 1, N2, N3, N4 , draw perpendicular on the line y = x an pro duce these
.
lines such that length of
perpendicular on both sides of the line y = x are equal. At these points fix nails, I I, l2, I 3, 4-
•
IO. Repeat the above activity on the other side of X-axis and fix nails at r;,r;.I~, I~ •
11 . Join the nails on both sides of the liney =x by a tight wire that will show the graph 1
ofy = sin- x.
(Demonstration ►
Put a mirror on the line y = x, The image of the graph of sin x in the mirror will represe nt the graph of sin- l .,
showing that sin- 1xis mirror reflection of sin x and vice versa.
I

(Observation ►
'
The image of point N1 in the mirror (the line y = x) is
----
The image of point N2 in the mirror (the line y = x) is _ _ __
The image of point N3 in the mirror (the line y = x) is
----
The image of point N4 in the mirror (the line y = x) is
----
The image of point N; in the mirror (the line y = x) is ---'-- --
The image of point N; in the mirror (the line y = x) is - - -
-
The image of point N; in the mirror (the line y = x) is
----
The _image of point N~ in the mirror ( the line y = x) is
The unage of the graph of sin· x in y = x is the graph of - - - -
the graph of , and the image of the graph of sin- Ix in y =xis
(App lication ~
Similar activitie s can be perform ed for dr .
awmg the graphs of cos- Ix tan- I
, x, etc.

- ------ - -----
 11
tAB .ACTIYfTY- '., ,I
===;; ; ; ; ;:; ;....-...!~~~~~~~~-
( TOPIC :c:,._ Limit and Continuity
(Objective ►
To find ana/yticnlly the limit of a function/(x) al x = c and also
to check the continuity of the function al that point.
M,111/1/ R1qui1" =
1. Paper
(Procedure ► 2. Pencil
3. Calculator
x 2 -16
X .c4
I. Consider the function given by/(x) = x- 4 '
[
10, x=4
1· Take some points on the left and some points on the right side of c (= 4) which are very near to c.
J. Find the corresponding values of/(x) for each of the points considered in step 2_ above. .
4· Record the values ofpoints on the left ~nd right side of c as x and the correspondmg values off(x) m the foi
ofa table.

(Demonstration ►

1. The values of x andf(x) are recorded as follows:

Table 1 : For points on the left of c (= 4).
I 3.9 ·3.999 3.9999 3.99999 3.999999 3.9999999
X 3.99 n

f(x) 7.9 · 7.99 ' 7.999 7_9999 · 7.99999 7.999999 7.9999999

I I I

2. Table 2: For points on the right of c (= 4).

I
I I 4.01
X 4.1 4.001 . 4.0001 4.00001 4.000001 · 4.0000001
f(x) 8.1 8.01 8.001 8.0001 . 8.00001 8.000001 8.0000001
l j I

. ( Observation ►
1. The value off(x) is approaching to_· _ _ _ , a8: x ➔, 4 from the left.
2. The value off(x) is approaching to , asx ➔ 4 from the right.
3. :. Iim /(x) = and lim f(x) =
x-4- ---- X-->4+ ----

4. Therefore, lim f (x) = ' · ,f(4) =

· . x-+4 ----
✓
5. Is limf(x)= /(4) _ _ _ ? (Yes/No)
x-+4
✓
limf(x), :. thefunciionis· ____ atx=4. (continuous/notcontinuous)
6. Since/(c)# x-+c

(Application ►
This activity is useful in understanding the concept of limit and continuity of a function at a point.

Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII/ 20

I -r:

LAB ACTIVIT Y - ] 1

( TOPIC a Applications of Derivatives

(Increasing and Decreasing Functions)
(Db1ectrve ►

To understand the concepts of decreasing and increasing

functions. Pieces of wire of different lengths,
piece of plywood of suitable size,
(Procedure ► white paper, adhesive, geometry box,
trigonometric tables.
1. Take a piece of plywood of a convenient size and paste a white
paper on it. ·
to represent x-axis and
2. Take two pieces of wires of length say 20 cm each and fix them on the white paper
y-axis.
representing two
3. Take two m~re pieces of wire each of suitable length and bend them in the shape of curves
functions and fix them on the paper as shown in the Fig. 13.1.
y

Y'
Fig. 13.1
to the curves at different
4. Take two straight wires each of suitable length for the purpose of showing tangents
points on them.

(Dem!Jnstration ►
the curve at the point say
I. Take one straight wire and place it on the curve (on the left) such that it is tangent to
P1 and making an angle a 1 with the positive direction ofx-axis.
2. a 1 is an obtuse angle, tan a 1 is negative, i.e., the slope of the tangent at P1(derivat
ive of the function at P1) is
negative.
the same wire, at P2 and
3. Take another two points say P2 and P3 on the same curve, and make tangents, using
P3 making angles a 2 and a3 , respectively with the positive direction of x-axis.
tan a 3 are both negative,
-L Here again a 2 and a3 are obtuse angles and therefore slopes of the tangents tan a 2 and
i.e., derivatives of the function at P2 and P3 are negative.
5. The function given by the curve (on the left) is a decreasing function.

Lab Manual 1n Mathematics-XII/ 31

 6• On the cu rv e (on the rig . . , the oth er str aig ht wi res
ht) . tak e thr ee po int s Q, , form tange~ts ~
ea ch of the se po int s ma kin . 0 2, Q3. ar1<l us ing .t"
g an gle s p 1. p • f\ • res pe e dir ec tio n of x-a xis , as sh
2 3 cti ve ly with th e po si iv ow n •nth
fig ure . 13,. 132. PJ are all
. . ac ute an gle s. \
the de nv atw es of the fun . . .. Tl1 us the fun ctt.on giv · by this cu rv e (on th
cti on at the se po int s are pos1t1ve. en
rig ht) is an inc rea sin g fun ' \ (
cti on.
(O bs er va tio n ~

1• a, = 12 0° . > 90
° a 2 = 13 5° > 90 °, a =
I
3 150° > 90°, tan a, = - r:;3 ,
·•P
(ne ga tiv e), tan a.2 = -1 , (negative),
tan a3 = - .J j. ne ga tiv e. Th us the fun
cti on is de cre asi ng .

2. /3, = 30 0 < 90 0, /32 =·45

0, < 900, /33 = 600, < 900
tan /31 = ~ , (positive), tan
/32 = I, (p os iti ve ), tl/.n /33 = ✓3 ,
po sit ive . Th us , the fu nc tio
n is inc rea sin g.
p pl1c Qt1 on ~

Th is ac tiv ity ma y be us efu

l in ex pla ini ng ~e co nc ep
ts of de cre asi ng an d inc rea
sin g fu nc tio ns . ,
f. ~ lr •
 t
l
I ,A,8 1■"1,c Tll
. lrJfrJ1
I, T1
Y' I I I -
15 I /

CfOPrc ~ Appll catlo n• of Deriv atives (Abso lute Max•·ma and Minim·a)

M•l•tl•I lllq11/rJ
( ObJeo tlvo ► Drawin g board, white c ~ P3Per.
adhesi ve, geometrY ~ sket(.r.
To underi .tnnd the concepts of 11bsolu1 0 n,o~imum and minim um values
pens, calcula tor.
ofn functio n in a s i vcn clo1>cd int crvul throug h its graph.

: I
I -~y
{Proc edure ► •I
-i -··,~ - -- - ·22- - -r--- -

I. Let us fix a white ch1u1 pupcr of conven ient size on a drawin g

I :l,
I I I ,
"
I

·z~
I
'I l r
I -
I I/ :, ,, I
I
I J. ._, -
board using ad hes ive. -~-I. - -- - I- - ' '
~ 8- 1.---.----4- --
'1; / ! • •t :
2. Draw two n1utually perpen dicula r l.incs X'OX and Y'OY on the ,I 11, ;1
: 1• L
t ~
I
I -
I:, I If i
square d paper. Regard these us two rectang ular axes. i.e. x-axis II• . fl, -
t.
I A

a.nd y -ax is . I: li I 1 ' i

r~
I --
i I 1/ , I I, I
l
'
j
3. Mark tJ1e two axes as shown in Fig. 15.1. /. .'
l_/ K --
1 1 1 ,.
I111!
I ,I ~ ~ !-
l I'
,
i
, ..
., I

4. Let' the given functio n be/(x) = (4x2 - 9) (x 2 - 1) in the interva l

I f 11 i i.' :i; '.
·- p,i
- - - -\ ~-
[-2. 2]. i ' I
J
-~
'

lT;-T
·rn~1--,-T; ..
5. Taking differe nt values of x in [- 2, 2], find the values off (x) .:
.
! - j
~
a'
:/ ..
-•
- \\
:i-,
and plot the ordere d pairs (x,f(x) ). I!/ r!,, ;.:: ; 11
I
'J1• .
-
,
P· ~
-- -~ -
/,
.

r i 11/, .
'1 I I
I
T
r - ~

- • ;:~ · 1 1
1.21)

~Tu :~:a- - ,, -o.-,.. .-t:

; '. ·- -·'
6. Find the graph of the fimction by joinin g the plotted points by a I - 1 J , I I I
.
' ,'
·- -
-f~ iI
.
j; :. I
~
D ,.
free hand curve as shown in the fjg, 15. J. -.
2 --
I I I I'
.. ,2 - - . __ "t"
I
I
I Ii! !. j
- 2 2
I ,f

Ii '1' j Ii I; iiI I
I
;
-
,1, I·. i
![:.I l
..
-·
j i
..
•,I, ,I'
., I
I :,
I
.
I p

t
Demo nstra tion ► Fig,. 15.1
I. Table of ordere d pairs satisfy ing/(x ) is given below :
X 0 ± 0.5 ± 1.0 1.25 1.27 ± 1.5 ±2
f(x) 9 6 0 - l.55 -1.56 21
0
2. Plot these points on the graph paper and join the points by a free hand
curve, the curve obtain ed is shown i,
the figure. J 5.1.

bserv ation ►
1. The absolu te maximum value orf(x) is
2. Absol ute minimum value off(x) is - - - at x = - - -
at x =
---
(A ppllcot lo n I'.>
This activity is useful for explnin ing the concepts orubso lutc muxim um/min
imum val ue of a f~ ~ :x-£ "'-:·
Consid er/(x) = (4x2 - 9) (.r2 - I)

J(x) = 0 gives the values ofx as ± ¾and± I. Both these values of x lie in the given closed inier.rai (- 2. 21-
/' (x) = ( 4x 2
- 9) 2\' + 8x (x2 - I) = l 6x3 - 26x = 2x (8x2 - 13)
i

/' (x) = 0 gives x = 0, x = ± J¥ = ± l .~7. These two values of x lie in [-2, 2).
The function has local maxima/minima atx = O andx = ± 1.27, respectively.