Kuldeep
22HMT3173
Name: Aashima
Roll No: 22HMT3101
Mathematical Modelling
Mathematical modelling: Key Concepts and Objectives
1. Definition of key terms
• Model: A representation of a system or phenomenon used to
understand and make predictions about it.
• Mathematical Model: A mathematical description or
representation of a real-world problem or system, using
mathematical structures like equations, functions and
variables.
• Mathematical Modelling: The process of formulating and
analyzing a mathematical model to understand, interpret, or
predict real-world phenomena
2. Purpose and Process of Mathematical Modelling
• Purpose:
• Mathematical modeling serves as a tool to represent real-
world systems, processes, or phenomena through
mathematical expressions, equations, or simulations. The
purpose of mathematical modeling includes:
• Understanding Systems: It helps in understanding complex
systems by breaking them down into simpler, more
manageable mathematical components.
• Prediction: Models can be used to predict future behavior or
outcomes based on current data or known inputs, which is
valuable in fields like engineering, economics, biology, and
physics.
• Optimization: Mathematical models are used to optimize
processes, such as minimizing cost, maximizing efficiency, or
improving decision-making in various industries.
• Problem Solving: They provide a framework for solving real-
world problems by offering insights into how different variables
interact and what factors drive certain outcomes.
• Decision Making: Models assist in making informed
decisions, especially when outcomes are uncertain or multiple
factors need to be considered.
• Simulation and Experimentation: Models allow for simulated
experiments, which are often more cost-effective, safer, or
quicker than real-world experimentation, especially in
hazardous or complex situations.
PROCESS:
Step 1: State the question to be answered
Step 2: Select the modelling approach
Step 3: Define variables and parameters
Step 4: State the assumption
Step 5: Formulate the model
Step 6: Solve the model and state the solution
Step 7: Verify the model
Step 8: Refine the model
PRACTICAL 1
BACTERIAL GROWTH
Example of Mathematical Modelling- Bacteria growth
Day 0: 500 bacteria
Day 1: 525 bacteria
Day 2: 551 bacteria
a0: bacteria initially
an: no. of bacteria on nth day
n: no. of days since start
r: growth rate
Q1 On which day will the bacteria count reach 600?
Q2 Find a0 if we need 900 bacteria on day 3?
Day Actual Population Predicted Population
0 500 500
1 525 525
2 551 551
3 575 579
4 598 608
5 610 638
6 620 670
Q.1
Q.2
Practical – 2
PROPORTIONALITY
Proportionality: The Variable y is said to be proportional to the
variable x if there exists a nonzero constant c( called the constant
of proportionality) such that
y = cx
Hooke’s Law : Which relates the force applied to a spring to the
distance if it stretched or compressed. Hooke’s Law simply states
that
d=kF
where F is the Force applied to the spring, d is the distance
stretched or compressed and k is the constant related to the
stiffness of the spring
Ex 1 Suppose that we hang a bucket from a spring, fill the bucket
with varying amounts of sand, and measure the distance the
spring is stretched.
Steps To First Plot Scatter plot:
1) Enter the data given above on the excel spreadsheet
2) Click on the Insert tab
3) In the Charts section of the ribbon, click on Scatter, and
select the type in the upper left-hand corner called Scatter
only with Markers. Next we will format it.
4) To add axis titles, click on the Layout tab. Select Axis Titles in
the Labels section of the ribbon. Select Primary Horizontal
Axis Title and then Title Below Axis. Type the name of the
horizontal axis and press Enter. For the Primary Vertical Axis
Title, select Rotated Title
5) To change the min and max values on the axes, right-click on
a number on one of the axes and select Format Axis. Next to
Minimum: and Maximum: select Fixed and enter the
appropriate value. Press Close. Do the same to the other
axis.
6)
Steps to estimate the slope of the line that “fits” these points
• We write x, y points and assume slope. We’ll start by 0,0
origin points and then add 40( maximum point) on x line.
• For y point we’ll write the formula =G8*E9
•
• Next we will add these points on the graph
• Right-click anywhere on the graph and choose Select
Data... Press Add and format the window Press OK twice.
This adds the two points to the graph.
•
To connect these two points with a straight line, right-click
on one of the points and select Format Data Series.
Select Line Colour, choose Solid Line, and the desired
colour. Press Close.
• Changing the value of slope in cell, the graph of the line
automatically changes
Steps to move the line so it fits better fits the data and find
the slope of the line.
a) Insert a scroll bar by selecting the Developer tab. In
the Controls section of the ribbon, select Insert.
Under ActiveX Controls, select the Scroll Bar on the
right-hand side of the first row and draw a horizontal
bar anywhere on the worksheet.
b) Right-click on the scroll bar and select Properties.
Set the Linked Cell to H8 and the Max to 1000.
c) Add formula on slope line on G8 to calculate the
slope of the line using the scroll bar.
d) Unclick the design Tab
e) Slide the scroll bar and forth until the line “ fits” the
data.
Conclusion: We see that the data do indeed lie very
near a straight line, so Hooke’s law is verified (at
least in this example). The constant of
proportionality is approximately 0.195. Therefore, if
we know the amount of weight w on the spring we
can approximate the distance the spring has been
stretched, d, by d = 0.195w
Boyle’s Law:
Another well-known proportionality relationship is Boyle’s law
which relates the pressure of a gas to its volume at a constant
temperature,
V = k/P
where V denotes the volume of the gas, P denotes its pressure,
and k is a constant. To test Boyle’s law, a student measures the
pressure of a gas at different volumes while keeping the
temperature of the gas constant
Ex 2:
Volume
Pressure(P) 1/P (V)
27.24 0.036711 50
30.36 0.032938 45
34.01 0.029403 40
38.73 0.02582 35
45.5 0.021978 30
54.35 0.018399 25
68.03 0.014699 20
90.53 0.011046 15
135.73 0.007368 10
The steps will be as previously
• In the data that the data do lie very near a straight line as
expected. To estimate the slope of this line, we will simply
pick one of the data points and calculate the slope of the
line through the origin and the point. Let’s choose the
right-most point (0.036711, 50). The slope of a line
through this point and the origin is
• In the developer tab when taking maximum 1500 since
the slope is coming out to be 1362 and graph is lying
before the points, so we have take maximum bigger for
making the line go above the point.
