Society for American Archaeology (SAA) Citation Style Guide

SAA
citation styleused in many archaeology publications, but even if you have no
is
plans to use this style again, it is valuable to learn how to follow style guides and
check for formatting. This is the most recent version of SAA style.

3.4 In-Text Reference Citations

Some basic style notes for in-text citations:

+ SAA is parenthetical (in-text citations appear in brackets like this, before the period).

+ SAA does not use footnotes or endnotes for citations.

+ In-text citations must include page numbers if
you are directly quoting, and should be
included if paraphrasing a very specific idea that you want to
highlight.

+ In-text citations do not need to include page numbers

entire book, article, or other piece of media.
if you are generally referring to an

+ All sources cited in the text must appear in the final list of references at the end of the
paper

+ It is best to place citations at the end of a sentence, unless the reference is worked into
the sentence itself.

3.4.1 Simple citation

(Wylie 1991) or Wylie (1991)

Note: For authors with two surnames, as is usually the case in Spanish-speaking
countries, use both surnames in
the citation.

3.4.02 Two authors

(Lipe and Varien 1999) or Lipe and Varien (1999)

3.4.3 Three or more authors

(Cobean et al. 1991) or Cobean and others (1991)

Note 1: Use of “et al.” is limited to parenthetical in-text citations. The only time all
names should be

senior author of more than one jointly authored item in the same year.
in
listed for a reference with three authors a text citation is when a person is

SAA Style Guide December 2023

 Example: Barnosky, Anderson, and Bartlein (1987) and Barnosky, Grimm, and
Wright (1987) would appear as shown, not as Barnosky and colleagues (1987a, 1987b).
For four or more authors, include as many names as needed up to the first
different author followed by et al.
Example: (Barnosky, Anderson, Bartlein, et al. 1987) and (Barnosky, Anderson,
Grimm, et al. 1987).

Note 2: Whereas the use of et al. is permissible in parenthetical in-text citations, in the
References Cited, all names must be listed following the senior author’s name (up to 10; see
3.12.2). Note that “et al.” and all other Latin abbreviations appear only within parentheses within
the main text. Outside of parentheses, this can be written out as “et alia” (a gender-neutral
construction) or “and colleagues” or “and others.”

3.4.4 Several authors cited in one place or several references by same author

(Ashmore 1986; Coe 1965; de Montmollin 1988; Fox 1987, 1991; Freidel 1986; Freidel and
Schele 1986; Freidel et al. 1990)

Note: Use semicolons to separate works by different authors and commas to separate
distinct, chronologically ordered works by the same author. References are always ordered
alphabetically within strings by author. Note that de Montmollin is alphabetized here under “d,”
as the name would also be alphabetized in the References Cited section.

3.4.5 Two or more references by same author or authors in same year

In these cases, references must be labeled “a,” “b,” and so on based on their appearance in the
manuscript, not based on alphabetical order. Thus, a “b” reference must never appear before an
“a” reference.

(Jones and Brown 1972a, 1972b) or Jones and Brown (1972a, 1972b)

Note: When an individual or individuals have both authored and edited (or compiled)
publications with the same date, and both are cited, the edited (or compiled) volume is to be
distinguished in citation as follows.
Example: (Adams, ed. 1977) or Adams (ed. 1977). Edited (or compiled) volumes are so
identified in the text only when potential ambiguity occurs. The authored publication precedes
the edited (or compiled) one in both citation and reference.
Example: (Flannery 1976; Flannery, ed. 1976) or Flannery (1976) and Flannery
(ed. 1976)

3.4.6 Two authors, same surname, same year published

(J. Smith 1982; N. Smith 1982) or J. Smith (1982) and N. Smith (1982)

SAA Style Guide December 2023 21

 Note: When two authors with the same surname and the same year published are cited,
the first initial of each author is added to prevent ambiguity. Same surname but different year
published does not require the first initial (see below).

3.4.7 Two authors, same surname, different years published

(Smith 1982; Smith 1987) or Smith (1982), Smith (1987)

3.4.8 Government agency, company, or similar entity as author

(United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service [USDA, SCS] 1975)

Note: State the complete name of the agency, company, etc., as with any other citation,
but if the citation will occur more than once in the text, then abbreviate names to their commonly
accepted acronyms and place in brackets. Subsequent citations in the text will be, for example,
(USDA, SCS 1975) or USDA, SCS (1975).

3.4.9 Citation with pages, figures, or tables specified

(Smith 1977:3), (Jones and Wilson 1971:Figure 2), (Johnson et al. 1970:Table 1), (Taylor
1964:23, 72–78) or Smith (1977:3), Jones and Wilson (1971:Figure 2), Brown (1968:533–534),
Johnson et al. (1970:Table 1), Taylor (1964:23, 72–78)

Note: Use a colon to separate date of publication from additional information. There
should be no space between the colon and additional information. Page numbers must always be
given when direct quotations are used in the text, when other authors’ ideas are directly
paraphrased, or when specific ideas or data are referenced from a long text. Always use full page
range numbers in a citation, e.g., 312–315, not 312–15. Never use ff. or passim (though it is
permissible to use “ff.” as an abbreviation for folios). Spell out and capitalize such words as
Figure, Table, Plate, etc. If citing a figure, table, etc., do not include the page number on which it
occurs unless additional, separate textual information from that page is being cited as well.

3.4.10 Multivolume set

(Thwaites 1896–1901:17:88–92, 19:197) or Thwaites (1896–1901:17:88–92, 19:197)

Note: In this example, “17” and “19” refer to the volume numbers. Volume number
should be cited as Arabic numerals even if the original series uses Roman numerals.

3.4.11 Forthcoming book or article in journal issue in press

(Kelly 2024) or Kelly (2024)

SAA Style Guide December 2023 22

 Note: Everything has a date. Never use “n.d.” or “in press” with in-text citations. Give
date either of manuscript completion (in the case of a manuscript that is “on file” somewhere) or
of manuscript submission or anticipated publication date for an item that has been accepted for
publication. Also see Subsection 3.12.21 below.

3.4.12 No author specified

Cite the group or agency issuing the report or the publisher.

(United Nations 1963), (Committee on Ethics 1977) or United Nations (1963),

Committee on Ethics (1977)

Note: Also see Subsection 3.12.6 below.

3.4.13 Primary-source materials (e.g., unpublished archival materials including

administrative records, letters, etc.)
Citations for much primary-source material will be archive specific, so it is impossible to devise
a rote formula for citation. It is important to include the name of the archive, title of the work (if
named), nature of the material (e.g., letter [optional]), collection name, identification number
(legajo, fascicle, folio, etc.), date (if known; note use of day/month/year format), and geographic
location of material. Consider the following examples:

(Archivo General de la Nación, Lima [AGN], Juzgado de Aguas 3.3.7.23, f. 3v); note that
subsequent citations would use only the acronym AGN and the shortened “Aguas” (e.g., AGN,
Aguas 3.3.4.39, 3.3.9.9)

(Archivo General de Indias, Seville [AGI], Papeles de Cuba, legajo 2365, f. 345);
subsequent citation = (AGI, Cuba, legajo 2365, f. 523)

(McHenry County Courthouse, Woodstock, Illinois [MCC] 1880: Deed Book [DB] 1:5);
subsequent citation = (MCC 1890:DB 2:10)

(Raimond Quenel, Etienne Govreau, and Marie Louise Quenel to de Gruys Verloins, sale
of property, 8 February 1752, Kaskaskia Manuscripts [KM], Office of Randolph County Clerk,
Chester, Illinois); subsequent citation = (KM 52:2:8:1)

(F. Boas to E. B. Howard, letter, 9 May 1935, Boas Papers, American Philosophical
Society, Philadelphia)

Note: Primary-source citations appear only in the text and are not duplicated in the
References Cited section. If you are citing primary-source material from a published source,
you must follow conventional citation rules in the text and in the References Cited. It is
preferable to cite Latin American codices by the editor of the particular edition of the codex used
(unless the actual document was consulted), e.g., (Dibble 1980) for the sixteenth-century Codice
Xolotl. See corresponding example in Subsection 3.12.3.

SAA Style Guide December 2023 23

 3.4.14 Earlier edition specified
In cases where many years (typically at least 100) separate the original publication of an item
and a reprinted edition, and where it is important to the author’s argument to indicate the use of
period sources, the original date of publication should be placed in brackets following citation, in
usual fashion, of the reprint edition.

(Cobo 1956 [1653]:169)

(Russell and Erwin 1980 [1865])

Note: See corresponding examples in Subsection 3.12.5.

3.4.15 Newspapers

(Weekly Missouri Courier [WMC], 7 July 1838:[page numbers, if available])

Note: After first mention, simply use WMC with date (day/month/year format) and page.
Also see Subsection 3.12.12.

3.4.16 Personal communication, no publication involved

(Katharina Schreiber, personal communication 1990) or Katharina Schreiber (personal

communication 1990)

Note: Give full name and date. Personal communications should be used sparingly and
should never be used when a published citation is available for the same information. Written
permission to use any information provided in a personal communication must be obtained from
the person(s) providing it. Personal communication citations appear only in the text and are not
duplicated in the References Cited section.

3.4.17 Indigenous and Traditional Knowledge

(D. Goodfish Cardinal 2004) or D. Goodfish Cardinal (2004)

Note: See Section 3.12.16 for how to cite in the References Cited section of the
manuscript.

3.4.18 Web pages and electronic documents

Treat web pages, electronic documents, and open data as published data, but cite the
document accordingly as a single- or multiple-authored document or as one produced by a group
or agency (no author specified). For example:

SAA Style Guide December 2023 24

 3.12 References Cited

Some basic style notes:

+ The References list appears at the end of your paper, typically on a

separate page

+ The References list is always alphabetical by the last name of the first
author oreditor

+ The References list is not numbered or bulleted

+ References are formatted with a hanging indent after the first line

+ References by the same author should be

listed in chronological order of
publication

+ in your References list must appear in the text of your paper

Any resources

+ Journal names and all titles must be written in full, no abbreviations

+ If the location of the publisher is not clearly listed, you can search online
for further information

+ Note that a DOI or "accessed from" is not typically included

| have highlighted the sections for the most commonly referenced sources

3.12.1 Book, single author

Joyce, Rosemary. 2000. Gender and Power in Prehispanic Mesoamerica. University of

Texas Press, Austin.

Morales Padron, Francisco. 1971. Historia del descubrimiento y conquista de América. 2nd
ed. Editora Nacional, Madrid.

Restall, Matthew. 1997. The Maya World: Yucatec Culture and Society, 1550-1850. Stanford
University Press, Palo Alto, California.

SAA Style Guide December 2023 33

 3.12.2 Book, multiple authors

Hampton, David R., Charles E. Summer, and Ross A. Weber. 1978. Organizational Behavior
and the Practice of Management. 3rd ed. Scott Foresman, Glenview, Illinois.

Note: Place only the first author’s name in reverse order and always use serial commas
when two or more authors are included (up to 10; if more than 10, list ONLY first seven
followed by et al.). This example also illustrates how to treat a later edition. For ordinal number
of edition, use 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc., with no superscripts, and set off numbered editions with
periods. Also note whether an edition is revised or if it is a facsimile edition.

3.12.3 Edited or compiled book (editor or compiler as “author”)

Dibble, Charles E. (editor). 1980 [sixteenth century]. Codice Xolotl. Universidad Autónoma
de México, Mexico City.

Singleton, Theresa A. (editor). 1985. The Archaeology of Slavery and Plantation Life.
Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.

3.12.4 Translated book

Bonavia, Duccio. 1985. Mural Painting in Ancient Peru. Translated by Patricia J. Lyon.
Indiana University Press, Bloomington.

3.12.5 Reissued or reprinted book

When it is desirable to indicate the original publication date of a book together with the reissue
or reprint date (see Subsection 3.4.14 above), the following format should be used.

Russell and Erwin Manufacturing Company. 1980 [1865]. Illustrated Catalog of American
Hardware of the Russell and Erwin Manufacturing Company. Russell and Erwin
Manufacturing Company, New Britain, Connecticut. 1980 facsimile ed. Association for
Preservation Technology, Ottawa.
Note: Corresponding citation in the text would be: (Russell and Erwin 1980 [1865]).

In cases where a century or less separates the original date of publication from the reprint
or reissue date, use this format:

Densmore, Frances. 1970. Chippewa Customs. Reprinted. Ross and Haines, Minneapolis.
Originally published 1929, Bulletin No. 86, Bureau of American Ethnology,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

Note: The corresponding text citation would be (Densmore 1970).

SAA Style Guide December 2023 34

 3.12.6 Book or other item, no author

SCS Engineers. 1986. A Survey of Household Hazardous Waste and Related Collection
Programs. SCS Engineers, Reston, Virginia.

Secretaría de Programación y Presupuesto (SPP). 1981. Carta edafológica. Thematic map,

1:1,000,000. SPP. Mexico City.

US Government Printing Office. 1967. Style Manual. US Government Printing Office,

Washington, DC.

3.12.7 Multivolume set

Beals, Ralph L., and Joseph A. Hester Jr. 1974. Indian Land Use and Occupancy in
California. 3 vols. Garland, New York.

Biggar, Henry P. (editor). 1929. The Works of Samuel de Champlain, Vol. 3. Champlain
Society, Toronto.

Thwaites, Reuben G. (editor). 1896–1901. The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents. 73
vols. Burrows Brothers, Cleveland, Ohio.

Note: The name of the set is italicized, and the volume number follows, set off by a
comma, to specify reference to a single volume. The reference must be unequivocal about
whether a particular volume or the entire set is referenced, and which volume in each case. See
Subsection 3.4.10 for citation format for single volumes when more than one is cited.

3.12.8 Titled volume/monograph in a series

Thomas, David H. 1983. The Archaeology of Monitor Valley: 2. Gatecliff Shelter.

Anthropological Papers Vol. 59, No. 1. American Museum of Natural History, New
York.

Hack, John T. 1942. Prehistoric Coal Mining in the Jeddito Valley, Arizona. Papers of the
Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 35, Pt. 2. Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Madsen, David B., and James F. O’Connell (editors). 1982. Man and Environment in the
Great Basin. SAA Papers No. 2. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, DC.

Parsons, Jeffrey R. 1971. Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Texcoco Region, Mexico.
Memoirs No. 3. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Note: Italicize the title of the volume/monograph and list the series name, publisher, and
place of publication in the format given above. Note that in the first two examples no comma

SAA Style Guide December 2023 35

precedes “Vol.” because these examples are not volumes in the true sense (as in Subsection
3.12.7 above), but rather are distinct numbered monographs in a series (not a set).

3.12.9 Article in a journal

New in 2023: Include issue numbers whether or not journal is paginated continuously
(sequentially paged) throughout the volume. Note also that all journals employ all digits in page
references. List all authors (up to 10; if more than 10, list first seven followed by et al.).

Ashmore, Wendy. 1991. Site-Planning Principles and Concepts of Directionality among the
Ancient Maya. Latin American Antiquity 2(3):199–226.

Barile, Kerri S. 2004. Race, the National Register, and Cultural Resource Management:
Creating an Historic Context for Postbellum Sites. Historical Archaeology 38(1):90–
100.

Hogg, Alan G., Quan Hua, Paul G. Blackwell, Mu Niu, Caitlin E. Buck, Thomas P.
Guilderson, Timothy J. Heaton, et al. 2013. SHCAL13 Southern Hemisphere
Calibration, 0–50,000 Years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55(4):1889–1903.

Prieto-Olavarría, Cristina, Horacio Chiavazza, and Brigida Castro de Machuca. 2020.

Cerámica híbrida, huarpes y etnogénesis en una ciudad colonial meridional (Mendoza,
Argentina). Latin American Antiquity 31(3):458–476.

3.12.9a Article in a special issue of a journal (or whole special issue)

Waters, Michael R. 2000. Alluvial Stratigraphy and Geoarchaeology in the American

Southwest. In “North American Geoarchaeology: Dedicated to C. Vance Haynes, Jr.,”
edited by Andrea K. L. Freeman and Vance T. Holliday. Special issue,
Geoarchaeology, 156):537–557.

Freeman, Andrea K. L., and Vance T. Holliday (editors). 2000. “North American
Geoarchaeology: Dedicated to C. Vance Haynes, Jr.” Special issue, Geoarchaeology
15(6):503–608.

3.12.10 Article, group author

Royal Society Conference of Editors. 1968. Metrification in Scientific Journals. American

Scientist 56(2):159–164.

3.12.11 Article in a magazine, no author

The Indian Homeland. 1991. US News and World Report, July 8:27–28.

SAA Style Guide December 2023 36

 Note: Discount the initial article when alphabetizing. For an authored article in a
magazine, follow the format for an article in a journal, but use the date, month, and page
numbers as specified here. This format also applies to encyclopedia entries that lack an author;
authored encyclopedia entries can be treated as chapters in an edited volume.

3.12.12 Item in a newspaper

When nonauthored items appear:

Weekly Missouri Courier (WMC) [Palmyra, Missouri]. 1838. [short description of what is
being cited, e.g., “Advertisement placed by J. H. and A. A. Stirman.”] 7 July:[page
numbers, if paginated].

When authored items appear:

Noble, John W. 2002. When Humans Became Human. New York Times, February 26:D1,
D5.
or
Noble, John W. 2002. When Humans Became Human. New York Times, February 26.
https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/26/science/when-humans-became-human.html,
accessed May 26, 2020.

3.12.13 Chapter in edited book or monograph

Manzanilla, Linda. 1999. The Emergence of Complex Urban Societies in Central Mexico:
The Case of Teotihuacan. In Archaeology in Latin America, edited by Gustavo G.
Politis and Benjamin Alberti, pp. 93–129. Routledge, London.

Note: Multiple editors are listed in full (up to 10; if more than 10, list first seven followed
by et al.).

Sánchez, Luís Alberto. 2000. Panamá: Arqueología y evolución cultural. In Artes de América
Central en las colecciones del Museo Barbier-Mueller de Barcelona: Nicaragua, Costa
Rica, y Panamá, edited by Michael J. Snarskis, Silvia Salgado González, and Luís
Alberto Sánchez, pp. 115–145. Museo Barbier-Mueller Art Precolombí, Barcelona.

Bartel, Brad. 1985. Comparative Historical Archaeology and Archaeological Theory. In

Comparative Studies in the Archaeology of Colonialism, edited by Stephen L. Dyson,
pp. 8–37. BAR International Series 233. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.

3.12.14 Chapter in edited volume in a series

Weaver, Sally M. 1978. Six Nations of the Grand River, Ontario. In Northeast, edited by
Bruce G. Trigger, pp. 525–536. Handbook of North American Indians Vol. 15, William
C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

SAA Style Guide December 2023 37

 Note: The same reference format is used for articles in the Handbook of Middle
American Indians and the Handbook of South American Indians.

Kohl, Philip L. 1987. The Use and Abuse of World Systems Theory: The Case of the Pristine
West Asian State. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 11, edited
by Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 1–35. Academic Press, San Diego, California.

Note: When the volumes are individually titled, the volume title is italicized; otherwise,
the series name is italicized. The editor’s name follows the volume title or series name and
volume number and is followed by the inclusive page numbers.

3.12.15 Article in conference proceedings, transactions, or annual reports series

Gruhn, Ruth, and Alan L. Bryan. 1977. Los Tapiales: A Paleoindian Site in the Guatemalan
Highlands. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 121:235–273.

3.12.16 Indigenous and Traditional Knowledge

To better allow recognition and citation of Indigenous and Traditional knowledge that comes in
the form of oral teachings we offer the following guidance, adapted from work by Lorisia
MacLeod.
There is no single standard when sharing information communicated by Indigenous and
Traditional authorities. Here, we provide a template with an example of information
communicated by individuals during a research project and examples of collective authorship.
Citations should indicate where unpublished field notes, recordings, or other primary
documentation may be housed.
Best practices ask that you review the citation for interview data with the people who
were interviewed to ensure that you have identified them correctly and have permission to share
information. When you submit your manuscript, please include a note conveying that permission
to the editor, and note cited or uncited community collaborations in the acknowledgments.

Last name, First name, Middle initial [may use Indigenous name and/or name in Latin
Script]. Year. Topic/subject of communication if applicable. Nation/Community.
Treaty Territory (if applicable). City/Community they live in (if applicable). Month
Date.

Cardinal, D. Goodfish 2004. Lake Cree Nation. Treaty 6. Lives in Edmonton. Oral teaching,
personal communication, April 4.

Riley, Ramon, Ramos Albert, and Abner Tessay. 2016. Western Apache Reuse of
Archaeological Sites. White Mountain Apache Tribe. Meeting held at Nohwike’
Bágowa, the White Mountain Apache Cultural Center and Museum, with T.J.
Ferguson, Maren Hopkins, and Sarah Herr. Whiteriver, Arizona, May 19. Meeting
notes on file at Desert Archaeology Inc., Tucson, Arizona.

SAA Style Guide December 2023 38

 Bureau de Nionwentsïo. 2022. A’kwatatia/Nous Parlons. Le Territoire de la Nation
Huronne-Wendat: Des Origines aux Luttes Contemporaines. Bibliotheque et archives
nationales du Quebec, Quebec et Bibliotheque et archives Canada, Ottawa.

Wadsworth, William, Kisha Supernant, Ave Dersch, and the Chipewyan Prairie First Nation.
2021. Integrating Remote Sensing and Indigenous Archaeology to Locate Unmarked
Graves: A Case Study from Northern Alberta, Canada. Advances in Archaeological
Practice 9(3):202–214.

Note: Indigenous and Traditional knowledge communicated through existing film or

recordings can be cited as archived materials (see sections 3.12.23 and 3.12.25). For additional
background and examples please visit the University of Alberta library:
https://guides.library.ualberta.ca/c.php?g=715568&p=5112574.

3.12.17 Paper or poster presented at a meeting

Odewale, Alicia. 2017. Digging in Our Mothers’ Gardens: Unearthing Formations of Black
Womanhood. Paper presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Society for Historical
Archaeology, Dallas, Texas.

Note: Written permission from the author(s) of a presented paper must be obtained before
it may be cited. Use Arabic numerals for the number of the conference, congress, etc., as is used
in the name, and be sure to include the location.

3.12.18 A book review

Potter, Parker B., Jr. 1992. Review of Reading Material Culture: Structuralism, Hermeneutics,
and Post-Structuralism, edited by Christopher Tilley. American Antiquity 57(3):556–557.

3.12.19 Contract and proprietary reports

Use the following format only for reports that are not published as a part of any series. When a
series is identified (e.g., Archaeological Series, Arizona State Museum; Research Series,
Arkansas Archeological Survey), follow the format for volumes/monographs in a series given in
Subsections 3.12.8 and 3.12.14 above. Otherwise, cite by author(s), editor(s), or compilers, as
appropriate; date of completion or submission; and title. Follow that with the name of the
institution through which the report was prepared, and then the “client” that paid for the report
(e.g., agency, institution, or other client). Occasionally these will be the same; if so, indicate that
clearly. Contract numbers should be given when available, and National Technical Information
Service (NTIS) numbers when appropriate. In an effort to alleviate the problem of
nonavailability of “gray” literature, indicate where copies may be obtained. Cite only materials
that are publicly available. Authors should make special efforts to obtain all the listed
information for their citations, even when some is not given in the publication.

SAA Style Guide December 2023 39

 Archaeological Services Inc. 2012. The Archaeology of the Mantle Site (AlGt-334): Report
on the Stage 3-4 Mitigative Excavation of Part of Lot 22, Concession 9, Town of
Whitchurch-Stouffville, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario. Report on file at the
Ontario Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Sport, Toronto.

Matternes, Hugh B., Valerie Davis, Julie Coco, Staci Richey, and Sarah Lowry. 2012. Hold
Your Light on Canaan's Shore: A Historical and Archaeological Investigation of the
Avondale Burial Place (9BI164), Volume I: Report of Investigation. Submitted to
Georgia Department of Transportation, Contract No. TOOELENV060077. Copies
available from New South Associates, Stone Mountain, Georgia.

3.12.20 Dissertation or thesis

If you consult a dissertation or thesis, use the following examples to determine the appropriate
format. Note: Use the designation “Master’s thesis” or otherwise in place of “PhD dissertation.”
For dissertations or theses not accessible through University Microfilms or a service such
as Proquest, use the following format (if you access a dissertation or thesis online, cite as you
would any electronic document and include the URL in the reference).

Author. Year. Title. PhD dissertation, Name of Department (e.g., Department of

Anthropology), Name of University, Location of University.

Marek-Martinez, Ora Viola. 2016. Archaeology For, By, and With the Navajo People: The
Nihookáá Dine’é’ Bila’ Ashdla’ii Way. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology,
University of California, Berkeley.

For dissertations or theses accessed through University Microfilms or a service such as

Proquest, examples could include:

Dungan, Katherine Ann. 2015. Religious Architecture and Borderland Histories: Great Kivas
in the Prehispanic Southwest, 1000 to 1400 CE. PhD dissertation, Department of
Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson. Proquest (ATT 3746452).

Moore, Jerry D. 1985. Household Economics and Political Integration: The Lower Class of
the Chimu Empire. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of
California, Santa Barbara. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

3.12.21 In-press manuscript (article or book)

These formats should be used only if a manuscript has been accepted for publication. Note:
Material submitted but not yet accepted for publication (i.e., still under consideration) should be
referenced in manuscript form (see Subsection 3.12.22).

Fisher, Chelsea. 2024. Walking Rural at Tzacauil. Ancient Mesoamerica, in press.

SAA Style Guide December 2023 40

 Hare, Timothy, and Marilyn Masson. 2024. Walking through the Urban Maze of Mayapán.
In Maya Urbanism, edited by Damien Marken and Charlotte Arnauld, in press.
University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

Note: Use this format when it is certain that the item will be published in the year cited.

If articles are available online before they are in print (e.g., FirstView at Cambridge
University Press), please include DOI number.

Birch, Jennifer, Sturt W. Manning, Samantha Sanft, and Megan Anne Conger. 2021. Refined
Radiocarbon Chronologies for Northern Iroquoian Site Sequences: Implications for
Coalescence, Conflict, and the Reception of European Goods. American Antiquity, in
press. https://doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2020.73.

Chirinos Ogata, Patricia, and Daniel Saucedo Segami. 2020. Towards an Archaeology of the
Japanese Diaspora in Peru. International Journal of Historical Archaeology, in press.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10761-020-00562-8.

3.12.22 Unpublished manuscript

Unpublished manuscripts should be cited sparingly and require written permission from the
author(s), or in cases where materials are held by a repository, permission from the repository.
Cite the year in which the manuscript was written. Never use “n.d.” If a date is not available,
give a best estimate (e.g., ca. 1962, ca. 1970s). All updates should be furnished as available (i.e.,
if an unpublished manuscript is accepted for publication).
If you are referencing your own unpublished material, or a copy of someone else’s
unpublished material that is in your possession, give com plete information about where a copy
may be obtained, including, for example, university department name, university and city branch
if more than one, and city and state names if they cannot be determined from university name.

Note: It is not acceptable to use the format “Ms. in possession of author.”

Kent, Susan. 1992. The Organization of Storage Areas: A Cross-Cultural Perspective.

Manuscript on file, Anthropology Program, Old Dominion University, Norfolk,
Virginia.

If you are referencing materials such as field notes, reports, etc., that are on file in a
repository, consider the following examples:

Borchers, Perry E. (supervisor). 1971–1975. Restoration Drawings of the Pueblo of Walpi

and The Pueblo of Walpi at the Southwestern End of the First Mesa, Hopi Reservation,
Arizona. Drawings on file, Historic American Buildings Survey, National Park Service,
Washington, DC.

Wagner, G. N. 1990. Autopsy Protocol for Walter Weir. Manuscript on file, Office of the
Armed Forces Medical Examiner, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Washington,
DC.

SAA Style Guide December 2023 41

 Note: If the material is untitled, give it a brief description (write with sentence-style
capitalization).

Dellinger, Samuel C. 1932. Original unpublished field notes from the Ozark bluff shelters.
Manuscript on file, University of Arkansas Museum, Fayetteville.

3.12.23 Web pages, electronic documents, blogs, social media, and film/TV
Use the following format to reference web pages and electronic documents:

Glascock, Michael D. 2001. Archaeometry Laboratory at MURR. Electronic document,

http://archaeometry.missouri.edu/index.html, accessed April 12, 2016.

Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory. 2001. XRF Information. Electronic

document, http://www.obsidianlab.com, accessed April 12, 2010.

AITC (@AITC_DC). 2017. “Take a peek behind the scene of AITC.” Twitter, December 6,
5:45 a.m. https://twitter.com/AITC_DC/status/938403987585486848, accessed January
26, 2018.

Iowa Archaeology (iowaarchaeology). 2016. “Hey, #iowacity! Someone sent word that
there’s a rattata hanging out near the OSA. See if you can catch it!” Instagram, July 16.
https://www.instagram.com/p/ BH77qgpBUI9/?taken-at=550586378, accessed August
4, 2016.

Miller, Sarah. 2018. “Great day at the Capitol supporting Florida Archaeology! See you all
next year:)” Facebook, January 29. https://www.facebook.com/semiller88/posts/
10156307465918606?pnref=story, accessed January 30, 2018.

Society for Black Archaeology. 2020. Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter.
Vimeo, June 25. Columbia Center for Archaeology. https://vimeo.com/433155008,
accessed December 15, 2020.

Supernant, Kisha. 2017. On Canada 150. Metis Archaeologist (blog), June 30.
https://metisarchaeologist.wordpress.com/, accessed December 7, 2020.

Danforth, Mike, and Ian Chillag. 2015. F-Bombs, Chicken, and Exclamation Points. How to
Do Everything (podcast), April 15. http://www.npr.org/podcasts/510303/how-to-do-
everything, accessed May 18, 2020.

Cuarón, Alfonso (director). 2013. Gravity. Warner Bros. Pictures, Burbank, California. Blu-
ray Disc 2014, 1080p HD.

Tiley, Mark (director). 2022. Ghosts of a Drowned World. Ancient Apocalypse, Episode 4. ITN
Productions and Netflix Inc. https://www.netflix.com/title/81211003, accessed April 18,
2023.

SAA Style Guide December 2023 42

 3.12.24 Article published online
If there is also a print version and page numbers are known:

Hamilakis, Yannis. 2003. Iraq, Stewardship, and “The Record”: An Ethical Crisis for
Archaeology. Public Archaeology 3(2):104–111.
https://doi.org/10.1179/pua.2003.3.2.104.

If online publication precedes print publication and page numbers are unknown:

Chirinos Ogata, Patricia, and Daniel Saucedo Segami. 2020. Towards an Archaeology of the
Japanese Diaspora in Peru. International Journal of Historical Archaeology, in press.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10761-020-00562-8.

3.12.25 Item in institutional repository

White, Elizabeth Jane Bridges. 2015. Beyond Empire: Vijayanagara Imperialism and the
Emergence of the Keladi-Ikkeri Nayaka State, 1499‒1763 C.E. Deep Blue.
http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/111540, accessed November 11, 2015.

In this example, Deep Blue is the name of the University of Michigan institutional open
access archive. The archive should be noted.
Note: Use this only if the article/paper is unpublished; otherwise cite the published
version so that the author is given credit by citation tracking software.

3.12.26 Born digital

Evans, Tim N. L. 2015. A Reassessment of Archaeological Grey Literature: Semantics and

Paradoxes. Internet Archaeology 40. https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.40.6.

3.12.27 Datasets

Marwick, Ben. 2017. Research Compendium for the 1989 Excavations at Madjebebe
Rockshe[l]ter, NT, Australia. Figshare.
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1297059.v4, accessed June 7, 2023.

Note: The generic format is [author(s) or organization name], [publication year], [title of
dataset], [publisher or data repository name], [persistent unique identifier to the online location
of the data], [date accessed].

SAA Style Guide December 2023 43