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 “Alexander, a gander of Menanders pole.”

v. 178. vol. ii. 9.

and because the following passage occurs in a poem by some

imitator of Skelton, which is appended to the present edition;

“Wotes not wher to wander,

Whether to Meander,
Or vnto Menander.”

The Image of Ipocrisy, Part Third.

v. 437. wake] i. e. watching of the dead body during the night.

v. 441. He shall syng the grayle]—grayle, says Warton (correcting
an explanation he had formerly given), signifies here “Graduale, or
the Responsorium, or Antiphonarium, in the Romish service.... He
shall sing that part of the service which is called the Grayle, or
graduale.” Obs. on the F. Queen, ii. 244. ed. 1762. See too Du Cange
in v. Gradale, and Roquefort in v. Gréel.
v. 442. The owle, that is so foule]—foule, i. e. ugly. The Houlate,
(in the poem so called, by Holland), says,

“Thus all the foulis, for my filth, hes me at feid.”

Pinkerton’s Scot. Poems, iii. 149.

v. 444. gaunce] i. e. gaunt.

v. 445. the cormoraunce] i. e. the cormorant.
v. 447. the gaglynge gaunte] In Prompt. Parv. is “Gant birde.
Bistarda.” ed. 1499. Palsgrave gives “Gant byrde,” without a
corresponding French term. Lesclar. de la Lang. Fr., 1530. fol. xxxv.
(Table of Subst.). Our author in his Elynour Rummyng has—

“In came another dant,

Wyth a gose and a gant.”

v. 515. vol. i. 111;

where gant is plainly used for gander. In the present passage,

however, gaunte must have a different signification (“The gose and
the gander” being mentioned v. 435), and means, I apprehend,—
wild-goose: Du Cange has “Gantæ, Anseres silvestres,” &c.; and see
Roquefort in v. Gans. But Nares, MS. note on Skelton, explains
gaunte—gannet.
Page 64. v. 449. The route and the kowgh] The Rev. J. Mitford
suggests that the right reading is “The knout and the rowgh,”—i. e.
the knot and the ruff.
v. 450. The barnacle] i. e. The goose-barnacle,—concerning the
production of which the most absurd fables were told and credited:
some asserted that it was originally the shell-fish called barnacle,
others that it grew on trees, &c.
v. 451. the wilde mallarde] i. e. the wild-drake.
Page 65. v. 452. The dyuendop] i. e. The dabchick or didapper.
v. 454. The puffin] A water-fowl with a singular bill.
v. 455. Money they shall dele, &c.] According to the ancient
custom at funerals.
v. 458. the tytmose] i. e. the titmouse.
v. 460. The threstyl] Or throstle, is properly the missel-thrush: see
note on v. 424. p. 129.
v. 461. brablyng] i. e. clamour, noise—properly, quarrel, squabble.
v. 462. The roke] i. e. The rook.
 —— the ospraye
That putteth fysshes to a fraye]

—fraye, i. e. fright. It was said that when the osprey, which feeds on
fish, hovered over the water, they became fascinated and turned up
their bellies.
v. 464. denty] i. e. dainty.
v. 468. The countrynge of the coe]—countrynge; see note, p. 92:
coe, i. e. jack-daw; “Coo birde. Monedula. Nodula.” Prompt. Parv. ed.
1499.
v. 469.

The storke also,

That maketh his nest
In chymneyes to rest;
Within those walles
No broken galles
May there abyde
Of cokoldry syde]

The stork breeds in chimney-tops, and was fabled to forsake the

place, if the man or wife of the house committed adultery. The
following lines of Lydgate will illustrate the rest of the passage:
 “a certaine knight
Gyges called, thinge shameful to be tolde,
To speke plaine englishe, made him [i. e. Candaules] cokolde.
Alas I was not auised wel beforne,
Vnkonnyngly to speake such langage,
I should haue sayde how that he had an horne,
Or sought some terme wyth a fayre vysage,
To excuse my rudenesse of thys gret outrage:
And in some land Cornodo men do them cal,
And some affirme that such folke haue no gal.”

Fall of Prynces, B. ii. leaf lvi. ed. Wayland.

Page 65. v. 478.

The estryge, that wyll eate

An horshowe so great]

—estryge, i. e. ostrich: horshowe, i. e. horse-shoe.—In

Struthiocamelus, a portion of that strange book Philomythie, &c., by
Tho. Scot., 1616, a merchant seeing an ostrich, in the desert, eating
iron, asks—
 “What nourishment can from those mettals grow?
The Ostrich answers; Sir, I do not eate
This iron, as you thinke I do, for meate.
I only keepe it, lay it vp in store,
To helpe my needy friends, the friendlesse poore.
I often meete (as farre and neere I goe)
Many a fowndred horse that wants a shooe,
Seruing a Master that is monylesse:
Such I releiue and helpe in their distresse.”

Sig. E 7.

v. 482. freat] i. e. gnaw, devour.

Page 66. v. 485. at a brayde] Has occurred before in our author’s
Bowge of Courte; see note, p. 109. v. 181; but here it seems to have
a somewhat different meaning, and to signify—at an effort, at a
push. “At a brayde, Faysant mon effort, ton effort, son effort, &c.”
Palsgrave’s Lesclar. de la Lang. Fr., 1530. fol. ccccxxxviii. (Table of
Aduerbes). “I Abrayde, I inforce me to do a thynge.” ... “I Breyde I
make a brayde to do a thing sodaynly.” Id. fols. cxxxvi. clxxii. (Table
of Verbes).
v. 487. To solfe aboue ela]—solfe, i. e. solfa: ela, i. e. the highest
note in the scale of music.
v. 488. lorell] i. e. good-for-nothing fellow (see Tyrwhitt’s Gloss. to
Chaucer’s Cant. Tales): used here as a sportive term of reproach.
v. 491.

The best that we can,

To make hym our belman,
And let hym ryng the bellys;
He can do nothyng ellys]
“Sit campanista, qui non vult esse sophista, Let him bee a bellringer,
that will bee no good Singer.” Withals’s Dict. p. 178. ed. 1634.
Page 66. v. 495.

Chaunteclere, our coke,

...
By the astrology
That he hath naturally, &c.]

So Chaucer;

“But when the cocke, commune Astrologer,

Gan on his brest to beate,” &c.

Troilus and Creseide, B. iii. fol. 164.—

Workes, ed. 1602.

See also Lydgate’s Warres of Troy, B. i. sig. D v. ed. 1555; and his
copy of verses (entitled in the Catalogue Advices for people to keep
a guard over their tongues), MS. Harl. 2255. fol. 132.
v. 499. cought] i. e. caught: compare the first of our author’s
Balettys, v. 19. vol. i. 22.
v. 500. tought] i. e. taught. “Musyke hath me tought.” Hawes’s
Pastime of pleasure, sig. G iiii. ed. 1555.
v. 501. Albumazer] A famous Arabian, of the ninth century.
v. 503.

—— Ptholomy
Prince of astronomy]

The celebrated Claudius Ptolemy, an Egyptian: “Il fleurit vers l’an

125 et jusqu’à l’an 139 de l’ère vulgaire.” Biog. Univ.—In The
Shepherds Kalendar (a work popular in the days of Skelton) a
chapter is entitled “To know the fortunes and destinies of man born
under the xii signs, after Ptolomie, prince of astronomy [i. e.
astrology].” “Astronomy, and Astronomer, is the Art of, and the
foreteller of things done and past, and what shall happen to any
person, &c.” R. Holme’s Ac. of Armory, 1688. B. ii. p. 438.
v. 505. Haly] Another famous Arabian: “claruit circa A. C. 1100.”
Fabr. Bibl. Gr. xiii. 17.
v. 507. tydes] i. e. times, seasons.
v. 509. Partlot his hen] So in Chaucer’s Nonnes Preestes Tale;
Lydgate’s copy of verses (entitled in the Catalogue Advices for
people to keep a guard over their tongues), MS. Harl. 2255. fol. 132;
and G. Douglas’s Prol. to the xii Booke of his Eneados, p. 401. l. 54.
ed. Ruddiman, who conjectures that the name was applied to a hen
in reference to the ruff (the partlet), or ring of feathers about her
neck.
Page 67. v. 522. thurifycation] i. e. burning incense.
Page 67. v. 524. reflary] As I have already noticed, should
probably be “reflayre,”—i. e. odour. See Roquefort’s Gloss. de la
Lang. Rom. in v. Flareur, and Suppl. in v. Fleror; and Cotgrave’s Dict.
in v. Reflairer. In The Garlande of Laurell our author calls a lady
“reflaring rosabell.” v. 977. vol. i. 401.
v. 525. eyre] i. e. air, scent.

“Strowed wyth floures, of all goodly ayre.”

Hawes’s Pastime of pleasure, sig. D iiii. ed.

1555.

See too The Pistill of Susan, st. viii.—Laing’s Early Pop. Poetry of
Scot.
 v. 534. bemole] i. e. in B molle, soft or flat. So in the last stanza of
a poem by W. Cornishe, printed in Marshe’s ed. of Skelton’s Workes,
1568;

“I kepe be rounde and he by square

The one is bemole and the other bequare.”

v. 536.

Plinni sheweth all

In his story naturall]

See Historia Naturalis, lib. x. sect. 2.

v. 540. incyneracyon] i. e. burning to ashes.
v. 545. corage] i. e. heart,—feelings.
Page 68. v. 552. the sedeane] Does it mean subdean, or
subdeacon?
v. 553. The quere to demeane] i. e. to conduct, direct the choir.
v. 555. ordynall] i. e. ritual.
v. 556. the noble fawcon] “There are seuen kinds of Falcons, and
among them all for her noblenesse and hardy courage, and withal
the francknes of her mettell, I may, and doe meane to place the
Falcon gentle in chiefe,” Turbervile’s Booke of Falconrie, &c. p. 25.
ed. 1611.
v. 557. the gerfawcon] “Is a gallant Hawke to behold, more huge
then any other kinde of Falcon, &c.” Id. p. 42.
v. 558. The tarsell gentyll] Is properly the male of the gosshawk;
but Skelton probably did not use the term in its exact meaning, for
in the fifth line after this he mentions “the goshauke.” It is commonly
said (see Steevens’s note on Romeo and Juliet, act ii. sc. 2.) to be
called tiercel because it is a tierce or third less than the female. But,
according to Turbervile, “he is termed a Tyercelet, for that there are
most commonly disclosed three birds in one selfe eyree, two Hawkes
and one Tiercell.” Booke of Falconrie, &c. p. 59. ed. 1611.
v. 560. amysse] i. e. amice—properly the first of the six vestments
common to the bishop and presbyters. “Fyrst do on the amys, than
the albe, than the gyrdell, than the manyple, than the stoole, than
the chesyble.” Hormanni Vulgaria, sig. E iiii. ed. 1530.
Page 68. v. 561. The sacre] A hawk “much like the Falcon Gentle
for largenesse, and the Haggart for hardines.” Turbervile’s Booke of
Falconrie, &c. p. 45. ed. 1611.
v. 563. role] i. e. roll.
v. 565. The lanners] “They are more blancke Hawkes then any
other, they haue lesse beakes then the rest, and are lesse armed
and pounced then other Falcons be.” Turbervile’s Booke of Falconrie,
&c. p. 47. ed. 1611.
—— the marlyons] Or merlins,—the smallest of the hawks used by
falconers.
v. 566. morning gounes] i. e. mourning-gowns.
v. 567. The hobby] “Of all birdes of prey that belong to the
Falconers vse, I know none lesse then the Hobby, unles it be the
Merlyn.” Turbervile’s Booke of Falconrie, &c. p. 53. ed. 1611.
—— the muskette] i. e. the male sparrow-hawk. “You must note,
that all these kind of hawkes haue their male birdes and cockes of
euerie sort and gender, as the Eagle his Earne ... and the Sparrow-
hawke his Musket.” Id. p. 3. “The male sparrow hawke is called a
musket.” The Countrie Farme, p. 877. ed. 1600.
v. 568. sensers] i. e. censers.
—— fet] i. e. fetch.
v. 569. The kestrell] A sort of base-bred hawk.
—— warke] i. e. work, business.
 v. 570. holy water clarke] See note, p. 94. v. 21.
Page 69. v. 590. And wrapt in a maidenes smocke] Spenser seems
to have recollected this passage: he says, that when Cupid was
stung by a bee, Venus

—— “tooke him streight full pitiously lamenting,

And wrapt him in her smock.”

See a little poem in his Works, viii. 185. ed. Todd.

v. 595. Lenger] i. e. Longer.
v. 600.

—— the prety wren,

That is our Ladyes hen]

So in a poem (attributed, on no authority, to Skelton) entitled

Armony of Byrdes, n. d., and reprinted entire in Typogr. Antiq. iv.
380. ed. Dibdin;

“Than sayd the wren

I am called the hen
Of our lady most cumly.”

p. 382.

Wilbraham, in his Cheshire Gloss., p. 105, gives the following

metrical adage as common in that county;

“The Robin and the Wren

Are God’s cock and hen,
The Martin and the Swallow
Are God’s mate and marrow.”
In the Ballad of Kynd Kittok, attributed to Dunbar, we are told that
after death she “wes our Ledyis henwyfe,” Poems, ii. 36. ed. Laing.—
An Elysium, very different from that described in the somewhat
profane passage of our text, is assigned by the delicate fancy of
Ovid to the parrot of his mistress, in the poem to which (as I have
before observed, p. 120,) Skelton seems to have had an eye;

“Colle sub Elysio nigra nemus illice frondens,” &c.

Amor. ii. 6. 49.

Page 69. v. 609. asayde] i. e. tried—tasted: compare our author’s

Elynour Rummyng, v. 397. vol. i. 108.
v. 610. Elyconys] i. e. Helicon’s.
Page 70. v. 616.

As Palamon and Arcet,

Duke Theseus, and Partelet]

See Chaucer’s Knightes Tale, and Nonnes Preestes Tale.

v. 618.

—— of the Wyfe of Bath,

That worketh moch scath, &c.]

See Chaucer’s Wif of Bathes Prologue.—scath, i. e. harm, mischief.

v. 629. Of Gawen] Son of King Lot and nephew of King Arthur.
Concerning him, see the Morte d’Arthur (of which some account is
given in note on v. 634),—Syr Gawayn and the Grene Knyȝt, in MS.
Cott. Nero A. x. fol. 91,—Ywaine and Gawin, in Ritson’s Met. Rom.
vol. i.,—the fragment of The Marriage of Sir Gawaine, at the end of
Percy’s Rel. of A. E. P.,—The Awntyrs of Arthure at the Terne
Wathelyn, in Laing’s Early Pop. Poetry of Scot., (the same romance,
from a different MS., under the title of Sir Gawan and Sir Galaron of
Galloway, in Pinkerton’s Scot. Poems, vol. iii.),—The Knightly Tale of
Golagrus and Gawane, reprinted at Edinburgh in 1827 from the ed.
of 1508, (the same romance, under the title of Gawan and Gologras,
in Pinkerton’s Scot. Poems, vol. iii.),—and the romance of Arthour
and Merlin, from the Auchinleck MS., published by the Abbotsford
Club, 1838.
I had written the above note before the appearance of a valuable
volume put forth by the Bannatyne Club, entitled Syr Gawayne; A
collection of Ancient Romance-Poems, by Scotish and English
Authors, relating to that celebrated Knight of the Round Table, with
an Introduction, &c., by Sir F. Madden, 1839.
—— syr Guy] In The Rime of Sire Thopas, Chaucer mentions “Sire
Guy” as one of the “romaunces of pris.” For an account of, extracts
from, and an analysis of, the English romance on the subject of this
renowned hero of Warwick, see Ritson’s Met. Rom. (Dissert.) i. xcii.,
Warton’s Hist. of E. P. i. 169. ed. 4to., and Ellis’s Spec. of Met. Rom.
ii. I must also refer the reader to a volume, issued by the Abbotsford
Club (while the present sheet was passing through the press),
entitled The Romances of Sir Guy of Warwich, and Rembrun his son.
Now first edited from the Auchinleck MS. 1840.
Page 70. v. 631.

—— the Golden Flece,

How Jason it wan]

A boke of the hoole lyf of Jason was printed by Caxton in folio, n. d.

(about 1475), being a translation by that venerable typographer
from the French of Raoul le Fevre. A copy of it (now before me) in
the King’s Library, though apparently perfect, has no title of any sort.
Specimens of this prose-romance, which is not without merit, may
be found in Dibdin’s Biblioth. Spenc. iv. 199.—The story of Jason is
also told by Chaucer, Legend of Hipsiphile and Medea; by Gower,
Conf. Am. Lib. v.; and, at considerable length, by Lydgate, Warres of
Troy, B. i.
v. 634.

Of Arturs rounde table,

With his knightes commendable,
And dame Gaynour, his quene,
Was somwhat wanton, I wene;
How syr Launcelote de Lake
Many a spere brake
For his ladyes sake;
Of Trystram, and kynge Marke,
And al the hole warke
Of Bele Isold his wyfe]

—warke, i. e. work, affair.—Concerning the various romances on the

subject of Arthur, Lancelot, Tristram, &c. see Sir F. Madden’s
Introduction to the volume already mentioned, Syr Gawayne, &c.—
In this passage, however, Skelton seems to allude more particularly
to a celebrated compilation from the French—the prose romance of
The Byrth, Lyf, and Actes of Kyng Arthur, &c., commonly known by
the name of Morte d’Arthur. At the conclusion of the first edition
printed in folio by Caxton (and reprinted in 1817 with an Introd. and
Notes by Southey) we are told “this booke was ended the ix. yere of
the reygne of kyng Edward the Fourth by syr Thomas Maleore,
knyght”.... “Whiche booke was reduced in to Englysshe by Syr
Thomas Malory knyght as afore is sayd and by me [Caxton] deuyded
in to xxi bookes chaptyred and emprynted and fynysshed in thabbey
Westmestre the last day of July the yere of our lord mcccclxxxv.”
In the Morte d’Arthur, the gallant and courteous Sir Launcelot du
Lake, son of King Ban of Benwyck, figures as the devoted lover of
Arthur’s queen, Gueneuer (Skelton’s “Gaynour”), daughter of King
Lodegreans of Camelard. On several occasions, Gueneuer, after
being condemned to be burnt, is saved by the valour of her knight.
But their criminal intercourse proves in the end the destruction of
Arthur and of the fellowship of the Round Table. Gueneuer becomes
a nun, Launcelot a priest. The last meeting of the guilty pair,—the
interment of Gueneuer’s body by her paramour,—and the death of
Launcelot, are related with no ordinary pathos and simplicity.
The same work treats fully of the loves of Sir Trystram, son of
King Melyodas of Lyones, and La Beale Isoud (Skelton’s “Bele
Isold”), daughter of King Anguysshe of Ireland, and wife of King
Marke of Cornwall, Trystram’s uncle.—(Trystram’s wife, Isoud La
Blaunche Maynys, was daughter of King Howel of Bretagne).—The
excuse for the intrigue between Trystram and his uncle’s spouse is,
that their mutual passion was the consequence of a love-potion,
which they both drank without being aware of its nature.
“In our forefathers time,” observes Ascham, somewhat severely,
“when Papistrie, as a standing poole, couered and ouerflowed all
England, fewe bookes were red in our tonge, sauing certayne
bookes of Chiualrie, as they sayd for pastime and pleasure, which,
as some say, were made in Monasteries, by idle Monkes, or wanton
Chanons: as one for example Morte Arthur: the whole pleasure of
which booke standeth in two speciall pointes, in open mans
slaughter, and bolde bawdrye: in which booke, those bee counted
the noblest knights, that doe kill most men without any quarell, and
commit fowlest aduoulteries by sutlest shifts: as Sir Launcelote, with
the wife of king Arthure his maister: Sir Tristram, with the wife of
King Marke his uncle: Syr Lamerocke, with the wife of king Lote, that
was his own aunte. This is good stuffe, for wise men to laugh at, or
honest men to take pleasure at. Yet I knowe, when Gods Bible was
banished the Court, and Morte Arthure receaued into the Princes
chamber.” The Schole Master, fol. 27. ed. 1571.
Page 71. v. 649.

—— of syr Lybius,
Named Dysconius]
See the romance of Lybeaus Disconus (Le beau desconnu), in
Ritson’s Met. Rom. ii.; also Sir F. Madden’s note in the volume
entitled Syr Gawayne, &c. p. 346.
v. 651.

Of Quater Fylz Amund,

...
... how they rode eche one
On Bayarde Mountalbon;
Men se hym now and then
In the forest of Arden]

The English prose romance on the subject of these worthies came

originally from the press of Caxton, an imperfect copy of his edition
n. d. folio, being in Lord Spencer’s library; see Dibdin’s Ædes
Althorp. ii. 298: and that it was also translated from the French by
Caxton himself, there is every reason to believe; see Dibdin’s Bibliog.
Decam. ii. 438. According to the colophon of Copland’s ed., this
romance was reprinted in 1504 by Wynkyn de Worde; see Typ.
Antiq. ii. 116. ed. Dibdin. Copland’s edition has the following title:
The right plesaunt and goodly Historie of the foure sonnes of Aimon
the which for the excellent endytyng of it, and for the notable
Prowes and great vertues that were in them: is no les pleasaunt to
rede, then worthy to be knowen of all estates bothe hyghe and
lowe, m.ccccc.liiii. folio.
The names of the brothers were “Reynawde, Alarde, Guycharde,
and Rycharde, that were wonderfull fayre, wytty, great, mightye, and
valyaunte, specyally Reynawde whiche was the greatest and the
tallest manne that was founde at that tyme in al the worlde. For he
had xvi. feete of length and more.” fol. i. ed. Copl. The father of this
hopeful family was Duke of Ardeyne.
Bayarde—(properly a bay horse, but used for a horse in general)
—“was suche a horse, that neuer was his like in all the world nor
neuer shall be except Busifal the horse of the great Kinge Alexander.
For as for to haue ronne. xxx. myle together he wolde neuer haue
sweted. The sayd Bayard thys horse was growen in the Isle of
Boruscan, and Mawgys the sonne of the duke Benes of Aygremount
had gyuen to his cosin Reynawde, that after made the Kynge
Charlemayne full wrothe and sory.” fol. v. Reynawde had a castle in
Gascoigne called Mountawban; hence Skelton’s expression, “Bayarde
Mountalbon.” A wood-cut on the title-page represents the four
brothers riding “eche one” upon the poor animal. “I,” says
Reynawde, relating a certain adventure, “mounted vpon Bayarde and
my brethern I made to mount also thone before and the two other
behynde me, and thus rode we al foure vpon my horse bayarde.” fol.
lxxxii.
Charlemagne, we are told, made peace with Reynawde on
condition that he should go as a pilgrim, poorly clothed and begging
his bread, to the holy land, and that he should deliver up Bayard to
him. When Charlemagne had got possession of the horse,—“Ha
Bayarde, bayarde,” said he, “thou hast often angred me, but I am
come to the poynt, god gramercy, for to auenge me;” and
accordingly he caused Bayarde to be thrown from a bridge into the
river Meuse, with a great millstone fastened to his neck. “Now ye
ought to know that after that bayarde was caste in the riuer of
meuze: he wente vnto the botom as ye haue herde, and might not
come vp for bicause of the great stone that was at his necke whiche
was horryble heuye, and whan bayarde sawe he myghte none
otherwise scape: he smote so longe and so harde with his feete
vpon the mylle stone: that he brast it, and came agayne aboue the
water and began to swym, so that he passed it all ouer at the other
syde, and whan he was come to londe: he shaked hymselfe for to
make falle the water fro him and began to crie hie, and made a
merueyllous noyse, and after beganne to renne so swyftlye as the
tempest had borne him awaie, and entred in to the great forest of
Ardeyn ... and wit it for very certayn that the folke of the countrey
saien, that he is yet alyue within the wood of Ardeyn. But wyt it
whan he seeth man or woman: he renneth anon awaye, so that no
bodye maye come neere hym.” fol. cxlv.
 Page 71. v. 661. Of Judas Machabeus] “Gaultier de Belleperche
Arbalestrier, ou Gaultier Arbalestrier de Belleperche, commença le
Romans de Judas Machabee, qu’il poursuiuit jusques à sa mort....
Pierre du Riez le coutinua jusques à la fin.” Fauchet’s Recveil de
l’origine de la langue et poesie Françoise, &c., p. 197.
v. 662.—of Cesar Julious] In the prologue to an ancient MS. poem,
The boke of Stories called Cursor Mundi, translated from the French,
mention is made of the romance

“Of Julius Cesar the emperour.”

Warton’s Hist. of E. P. i. 123, note, ed. 4to.

v. 663.

—— of the loue betwene

Paris and Vyene]

This prose romance was printed by Caxton in folio: Here begynneth

thystorye of the noble ryght valyaunt and worthy knyght Parys, and
of the fayr Vyēne the daulphyns doughter of Vyennoys, the whyche
suffred many aduersytees bycause of theyr true loue or they coude
enioye the effect therof of eche other. Colophon: Thus endeth
thystorye of the noble, &c. &c., translated out of frensshe in to
englysshe by Wylliam Caxton at Westmestre fynysshed the last day
of August the yere of our lord mcccclxxxv, and enprynted the xix day
of decembre the same yere, and the fyrst yere of the regne of kyng
Harry the seuenth.
Gawin Douglas tells us in his Palice of Honour, that, among the
attendants on Venus,
 “Of France I saw thair Paris and Veane.”

p. 16. Bann. ed.

Page 71. v. 665. duke Hannyball]—duke, i. e. leader, lord.—So

Lydgate;

“Which brother was vnto duke Haniball.”

Fall of Prynces, B. ii. leaf xlv. ed. Wayland;

and in a copy of verses entitled Thonke God of alle, he applies the

word to our Saviour;

“The dereworth duke that deme vs shalle.”

MS. Cott. Calig. A ii. fol. 66.

v. 667. Fordrede] i. e. utterly, much afraid.

“To wretthe the king thai were for dred [sic].”

Seynt Katerine, p. 170,—Turnbull’s Legendæ

Catholicæ (from the Auchinleck MS.).

v. 668. wake] i. e. watch,—besiege.

v. 673.

Of Hector of Troye
That was all theyr ioye]

See the Warres of Troy by Lydgate, a paraphrastical translation of

Guido de Colonna’s Historia Trojana: it was first printed in 1513. See
too the Recuyel of the Historyes of Troy. Compare Hawes;

“Of the worthy Hector that was all theyr ioye.”

The Pastime of pleasure, sig. P iii. ed. 1555.

v. 677.

—— of the loue so hote

That made Troylus to dote
Vpon fayre Cressyde, &c.]

See Chaucer’s Troilus and Creseide.

Page 72. v. 682. Pandaer] Or Pandare as Chaucer occasionally
calls Pandarus.
—— bylles] i. e. letters: see Chaucer’s Troilus and Creseide.
v. 686. An ouche, or els a ryng] “Nouche. Monile.” Prompt. Parv.
ed. 1499. “Ouche for a bonnet afficquet.” Palsgrave’s Lesclar. de la
Lang. Fr., 1530. fol. li. (Table of Subst.). “He gaue her an ouche
couched with perles, &c.... monile.” Hormanni Vulgaria, sig. k iii. ed.
1530.—Concerning ouche (jewel, ornament, &c.), a word whose
etymology and primary signification are uncertain, see Tyrwhitt’s
Gloss., to Chaucer’s Cant. Tales, v. Nouches, and Richardson’s Dict.
in v. Ouch.—Here, perhaps, it means a brooch: for in the third book
of Chaucer’s Troilus and Creseide, Cressid proposes that Pandarus
should bear a “blew ring” from her to Troilus; and (ibid.) afterwards
the lovers
 “enterchaungeden her ringes,
Of which I can not tellen no scripture,
But well I wot, a broche of gold and azure,
In which a Rubbie set was like an herte,
Creseide him yaue, and stacke it on his sherte.”

Chaucer’s Workes, fol. 164. ed. 1602.

After Cressid becomes acquainted with Diomede, she gives him a

brooch, which she had received from Troilus on the day of her
departure from Troy. Id. fols. 179, 181. In Henrysoun’s Testament of
Creseide (a poem of no mean beauty), Cressid, stricken with leprosy,
bequeathes to Troilus a ring which he had given her. Id. fol. 184.
Page 72. v. 700. That made the male to wryng] So Skelton
elsewhere;

“That ye can not espye

Howe the male dothe wrye.”

Colyn Cloute, v. 687. vol. i. 337.

“The countrynge at Cales

Wrang vs on the males.”

Why come ye nat to Courte, v. 74. vol. ii. 29,

and so Lydgate;
 “Now al so mot I thryue and the, saide he than,
I can nat se for alle wittes and espyes,
And craft and kunnyng, but that the male so wryes
That no kunnyng may preuayl and appere
Ayens a womans wytt and hir answere.”

The prohemy of a mariage, &c.,—MS. Harl.

372. fol. 50.

I do not understand the expression. In Palsgrave’s Lesclar. de la

Lang. Fr., 1530, besides “Male or wallet to putte geare in,” we find
“Mayle that receyueth the claspe of a gowne in to it ... porte,” fol.
xlvi. (Table of Subst.).
v. 702. The song of louers lay]—lay seems here to mean—law.

“Of louers lawe he toke no cure.”

Harpalus (from pieces by uncertain authors

printed with the poems of Surrey),—Percy’s
Rel. of A. E. P. ii. 68. ed. 1794.

Page 73. v. 716. kys the post] So Barclay;

“Yet from beginning absent if thou be,

Eyther shalt thou lose thy meat and kisse the post,” &c.

Egloge ii. sig. B iiii. ed. 1570.

The expression is found in much later writers: see, for instance,

Heywood’s Woman Kilde with Kindnesse, sig. E 2. ed. 1617.
v. 717. Pandara] So in Chaucer (according to some copies);
 “Aha (quod Pandara) here beginneth game.”

Troilus and Creseide, B. i. fol. 147,—Workes,

ed. 1602.

Page 73. v. 719. But lyght for somer grene] See note, p. 115. v.
355.
v. 727. ne knew] i. e. knew not.
v. 728. on lyue] i. e. alive.
v. 732. make] i. e. mate.
v. 735. proces] i. e. story, account. So again in this poem
“relation” and “prosses” are used as synonymous, vv. 961, 969; and
in our author’s Magnyfycence we find

“Vnto this processe brefly compylyd.”

v. 2534. vol. i. 308.

and presently after,

“This treatyse, deuysyd to make you dysporte.”

v. 2562. p. 309.

The 15th chap. of the first book of Lydgate’s Fall of Prynces is

headed “A processe of Narcissus, Byblis, Myrra,” &c.
v. 736.—of Anteocus] Whom Chaucer calls “the cursed king
Antiochus.” The Man of Lawes Prol. v. 4502. ed. Tyr. His story may
be found in Gower’s Confessio Amantis, lib. viii. fol. clxxv. sqq. ed.
1554.
v. 739.
 —— of Mardocheus,
And of great Assuerus, &c.]

“Even scripture-history was turned into romance. The story of Esther

and Ahasuerus, or of Amon or Hamon, and Mardocheus or Mordecai,
was formed into a fabulous poem.” Warton, note on Hist. of E. P. ii.
178. (where some lines of the romance are quoted from a MS.) ed.
4to.
v. 741. Vesca] i. e. Vashti.
v. 742. teene] i. e. wrath: see the Book of Esther.
v. 745. Of kyng Alexander] See Weber’s Introduction, p. xx. sqq.,
and the romance of Kyng Alisaunder in his Met. Rom. i.; also The
Buik of the most noble and vailȝeand Conquerour Alexander the
Great, reprinted by the Bannatyne Club, 1831.
v. 746.—of kyng Euander] As the lady declares (v. 756) that she
was slightly acquainted with Virgil, we may suppose that her
knowledge of this personage was derived from The Recuyel of the
Historyes of Troy, and Caxton’s Boke of Eneydos.
Page 74. v. 751. historious] i. e. historical.
v. 752. bougets and males] i. e. budgets and bags.
v. 754. sped] i. e. versed in.
v. 760. mo] i. e. more.
v. 766. Phorocides] i. e. Pherecydes.
v. 767. auncyente] i. e. antiquity.
Page 74. v. 768. to diffuse for me] i. e. too difficult for me to
understand. “Dyffuse harde to be vnderstande, diffuse.” Palsgrave’s
Lesclar. de la Lang. Fr., 1530. fol. lxxxvi. (Table of Adiect.).
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