Hill’s Chemistry for Changing Times

Fifteenth Edition

Lecture Outlines
Lecture 3
Chemical Bonds

David Maynard,
California State University, San Bernardino

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Stable Electron Configurations (1 of 3)
Fact: Noble gases, such as helium, neon, and argon are
inert; they undergo few, if any, chemical reactions.
Theory: The inertness of noble gases results from their
electron structures; each (except helium) has an octet of
electrons in its outermost shell.
Deduction: Elements become less reactive when they alter
their electron structures to that of a noble gas.

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Stable Electron Configurations (2 of 3)
Sodium can lose a valence electron. After doing so, its core
electrons are configured like the noble gas neon.

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Stable Electron Configurations (3 of 3)
Chlorine can gain an electron, and in doing so, its electron
structure becomes like argon.

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Lewis (Electron Dot) Symbols (1 of 2)
G. N. Lewis developed a
method of visually representing
the valence electrons as dots
around the symbol of an atom.

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Lewis (Electron Dot) Symbols (2 of 2)
Table 4.1 Lewis Dot Symbols for Selected Main Group Elements

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Octet Rule
In chemical reactions, atoms tend to gain, lose, or share
electrons so as to have eight valence electrons. This is
known as the octet rule.

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Sodium Reacts with Chlorine
(Theory) (1 of 2)

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Sodium Reacts with Chlorine
(Theory) (2 of 2)
Na+ ions and Cl– have opposite charges and attract each other.
The resulting attraction is an ionic bond.
Ionic compounds are held together by ionic bonds and exist
as crystal lattice.

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Octet Rule
Metals lose electrons to take on the electron structure of the
previous noble gas. In doing so, they form positive ions
(cations).

Nonmetals tend to gain electrons to take on the electron

structure of the next noble gas. In doing so, they form
negative ions (anions).

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Octet Rule
Table 4.2 Symbols and Names for Some Simple (Monatomic) Ions

Group Element Name of Ion Symbol for Ion

1A Hydrogen Hydrogen ion H superscript
+ plus
H
1A Lithium Lithium ion L i +superscript plus
Li
1A Sodium Sodium ion N
Naa +superscript plus

+
K superscript plus
1A Potassium Potassium ion K
M 2+
g superscript 2 plus
2A Magnesium Magnesium ion Mg
CCa 2+
a superscript 2 plus
2A Calcium Calcium ion
AAl 3+
l superscript 3 plus
3A Aluminum Aluminum ion
3−
N superscript 3 minus
5A Nitrogen Nitride ion N
5A Phosphorus Phosphide ion P3 −
P superscript 3 minus

OO 2−
superscript 2 minus
6A Oxygen Oxide ion
SS 2−
superscript 2 minus
6A Sulfur Sulfide ion

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Octet Rule
Table 4.2 [continued]

Group Element Name of Ion Symbol for Ion

7A Fluorine Fluoride ion −
F superscript minus
F
7A Chlorine Chloride ion −
C l superscript minus
Cl
7A Bromine Bromide ion Br −
B r superscript minus

7A Iodine Iodide ion −

I superscript minus
I
1B Copper Copper(I) ion (cuprous ion) C u superscript
+ plus
Cu
1B Copper Copper(II) ion (cupric ion) 2+
C u superscript 2 plus
Cu
1B Silver Silver ion A g superscript
+ plus
Ag
2B Zinc Zinc ion Z n superscript
2+ 2 plus
Zn
8B Iron Iron(II) ion (ferrous ion) F e superscript
2+ 2 pus
Fe
8B Iron Iron(III) ion (ferric ion) F e superscript
3+ 3 plus
Fe

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Formulas and Names of Binary Ionic
Compounds (1 of 5)
Cation Charge: The charge of a cation from the
representative elements is the same as the family number.
The name of a cation is simply the name of the element.
Examples:

Na+ = sodium ion

Mg2+ = magnesium ion

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Formulas and Names of Binary Ionic
Compounds (2 of 5)
Anions: The charge of an anion from the representative
elements is equal to the family number minus eight.
The name of an anion is the root name of the element plus
the suffix -ide.
Examples:
Cl− = chloride ion
O2− = oxide ion

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Formulas and Names of Binary Ionic
Compounds (3 of 5)
To name binary ionic compounds, simply name the ions.
Examples:
NaCl = sodium chloride

MgO = magnesium oxide

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Formulas and Names of Binary Ionic
Compounds (4 of 5)
Many transition metals can exhibit more than one ionic
charge. Roman numerals are used to denote the charge of
such ions.
Examples:
Fe2+ = iron(II) ion
Fe3+ = iron(III) ion
Cu2+ = copper(II) ion
Cu+ = copper(I) ion

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Formulas and Names of Binary Ionic
Compounds (5 of 5)
Commonly Encountered Ions

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Covalent Bonds
Many nonmetallic elements react by sharing electrons
rather than by gaining or losing electrons.

When two atoms share a pair of electrons, a covalent bond

is formed.

Atoms can share one, two, or three pairs of electrons,

forming single, double, and triple bonds.

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Names of Binary Covalent
Compounds (1 of 3)
Binary covalent compounds are named by using a prefix to denote the
number of atoms.
Table 4.4 Prefixes That Indicate the Number of Atoms of an Element in
a Covalent Compound
Prefix Number of Atoms
Mono- 1
Di- 2
Tri- 3
Tetra- 4
Penta- 5
Hexa- 6
Hepta- 7
Octa- 8
Nona- 9
Deca- 10
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Names of Binary Covalent
Compounds (2 of 3)
Binary covalent compounds have two names:
1. First name = prefix + name of first element
(Note: If the first element has only one atom, the prefix
mono- is dropped.)
2. Second name = prefix + root name of second element +
suffix -ide

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Names of Binary Covalent
Compounds (3 of 3)
Examples:

SBr4
Sulfur tetrabromide

P2O3
Diphosphorus trioxide

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Electronegativity
Electronegativity is a measure of an atom’s attraction for
the electrons in a bond.

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Polar Covalent Bonds
When two atoms with differing electronegativities form a
bond, the bonding electrons are drawn closer to the atom
with the higher electronegativity. Such a bond exhibits a
separation of charge and is called a polar covalent bond.
Bond polarity can be represented on a Lewis structure with
either the partial symbol or with the arrow as shown below:

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Bond Polarity (2 of 2)
The difference in electronegativity between two bonded
atoms can be used to determine the type of bond. Use the
table below as a rule of thumb.

Electronegativity Difference Bonding Type

< 0.5 Nonpolar covalent
0.5–2.0 Polar covalent
> 2.0 Ionic

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Polyatomic Ions (1 of 2)
Polyatomic ions are groups of covalently bonded atoms with a charge.
Table 4.5 Some Common Polyatomic Ions
Charge Name Formula
+
N H 4 superscript plus
1+ Ammonium ion NH 4

H3O+
H 3 O plus
1+ Hydronium ion
1− HCO3−
H C O 3 superscript minus
Hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) ion
HSO4−
H S O 4 superscript minus
1− Hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate) ion
− minus, or C 2 H 3 O 2 −
C H 3 C O 2 superscript superscript minus
1− Acetate ion CH3CO2 (or C2H3O2 )
NO2 −
N O 2 superscript minus
1− Nitrite ion
−
N O 3 superscript minus
1− Nitrate ion NO 3

CN−
C N minus
1− Cyanide ion
OH−
O H minus
1− Hydroxide ion
H2PO4 −
H 2 P O 4 superscript minus
1− Dihydrogen phosphate ion
MnO4 −
M n O 4 superscript minus
1− Permanganate ion

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Polyatomic Ions (2 of 2)
Table 4.5 [continued]

Charge Name Formula

2− 2 minus
2−
C O 3 superscript
Carbonate ion CO3
2− 2− 2 minus
S O 4 superscript
Sulfate ion SO4
2− CrO4 2−
C r O 4 superscript 2 minus
Chromate ion

2− HPO4 2−
H P O 4 superscript 2 minus
Hydrogen (monohydrogen) phosphate ion

2− C2O4 2−
C 2 O 4 superscript 2 minus
Oxalate ion

2− 2− 2 minus
C r 2 O 7 superscript
Dichromate ion Cr2O7
3− 3 − 3 minus
P O 4 superscript
Phosphate ion PO4

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Writing Formulas Using Polyatomic
Ions (1 of 2)
When writing formulas for compounds containing polyatomic
ions, it may be necessary to use parentheses to denote the
proper number of the ions.

Example:
Calcium nitrate
Ca2+     NO3 −
Ca(NO3 )2

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Writing Formulas Using Polyatomic
Ions (2 of 2)
When naming compounds with polyatomic ions, simply
name the ions in order.

Example:
(NH4 )2SO4
Ammonium sulfate

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Rules for Sketching Lewis Structures
1. Count valence electrons.
2. Sketch a skeletal structure.
3. Place electrons as lone pairs around outer atoms to fulfill
the octet rule.
4. Subtract the electrons used so far from the total number
of valence electrons. Place any remaining electrons
around the central atom.
5. If the central atom lacks an octet, move one or more lone
pairs from an outer atom to a double or triple bond to
complete an octet.

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Sketching Lewis Structures
Table 4.6 Number of Bonds Formed by Selected Elements

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Odd Electron Molecules: Free Radicals
An atom or molecule with an unpaired electron is known as
a free radical.
Examples include:

NO N O2 C l O2

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR Theory
The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (V S E P R) predicts the shape
of molecules based on repulsions of electron pairs on central atoms.

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR Theory

Table 4.7 Bonding and the Shapes of Molecules

Number of Number of Number of Molecular Shape Examples of Ball-and-Stick
Bonded Atoms Lone Pairs Electron Sets Molecules Models
B e C l 2, and H g C l 2, and C O 2, and H C N. Spheres are bonded in a line. B e
BeCl2 HgCl2 CO2 C l 2.
2 0 2 Linear
HCN
B F 3, and A l B r 3, and C H 2 O. Two spheres are bonded below and at
angles to a central sphere, and
another sphere is directly above the
3 0 3 Trigonal Planar BF3 AlBr3 CH2O central sphere. B F 3.

C H 4, and C B r 4, and S i C l 4. Three spheres are bonded below and

at angles to a central sphere. Another
sphere is directly above the central
4 0 4 Tetrahedral CH4 CBr4 SiCl4 sphere. C H 4.

N H 3, and P C l 3. Three spheres are bonded below

and at angles to 1 sphere. N H 3.
Trigonal
3 1 4 NH3 PCl3
Pyramidal
H 2 O, and H 2 S, and S C l 2. Two spheres are bonded down and
at angles to a central sphere. H 2
2 2 4 Bent H2O H2S SCl2 O.

S O 2, and O 3. Two spheres are bonded down and

at angles to a central sphere. S O
2.
2 1 3 Bent SO2 O3

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Shapes and Properties: Polar and Nonpolar
Molecules
In order for a molecule to be polar, two conditions must be
met:
1. It must have polar bonds.

2. The bonds must be arranged such that a separation

of charge exists.

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Shapes and Properties: Polar and
Nonpolar Molecules (2 of 4)

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Shapes and Properties: Polar and
Nonpolar Molecules (4 of 4)

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Chemical Vocabulary

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Green Chemistry
Through an understanding
of chemical bonding,
molecular geometries, and
intermolecular forces, we
can design and develop
new medicines, molecules,
and materials that benefit
society and, at the same
time, have minimal impact
on the environment and
human health.

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved