Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

Answers 8 x=±
3
4
x = 7, y = 5
1 Algebra 9

Prerequisite knowledge Exercise 1B

1 a 357 b 381 1 a ∨-shaped graph, vertex = ( −2, 0), y-intercept = 2
c 133 remainder 27 ⎧⎪ x + 2 if x ù − 2
⎛5 ⎞ y=⎨
2 Straight line, gradient 2, crossing axes at ⎜ , 0 ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ ⎪⎩ −( x + 2) if x , − 2
and (0, −5).
b ∨-shaped graph, vertex = (3, 0) , y-intercept = 3
Exercise 1A ⎧⎪ x − 3 if x ù 3
a −1,
5
b −2, 3 c −6,
22 y=⎨
⎪⎩ 3 − x if x , 3
1
2 3
d −15, 3 e −20, 40 f 7 c ∨-shaped graph, vertex = (10, 0), y-intercept = 5
9 11 7 23 ⎧ 1
2 a , b −1, 3 c , ⎪⎪ x − 5 if x ù 10
7 3 4 6 2
d 1, 3 e 2 f −7, 3 y=⎨
⎪ 5 − 1 x if x , 10
1 3 ⎪⎩ 2
3 a −1, − b −3, c 2, 4
3 5
6 12 2 a
d −4, − e −7, 1 f 0, x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 13
y 5 4 3 2 3 4 5
310 4 a ±3
b −1, 2,
1
2
( −1 − 33 ) ,
1
2
( 33 − 1 ) b ∨-shaped graph, vertex = (3, 2), y-intercept = 5
⎛ 3⎞
c −2, ±1 c Translation ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
d 3 − 1, 1 + 5
e 1, 2, 1 − 3, 1 + 3 ⎛ −1 ⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
3 a Translation ⎜ b Translation ⎜
f 0, 2, 6 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎟ ⎝ −2 ⎟⎠
⎛ 0⎞
8 16 c Reflection in x-axis, translation ⎜ ⎟
5 a x = 0, y = 4 or x = − , y = ⎝ 2⎠
3 3 d Stretch, stretch factor 2, with y = 0 invariant,
5 15
b x = −1, y = 3 or x = − , y = ⎛ 0⎞
2 2 translation ⎜ .
4 6 ⎝ −3 ⎟⎠
6 x = or x = ⎛ −2 ⎞
e Reflection in x-axis, translation ⎜ .
5 5 ⎝ 1 ⎟⎠
7 a x = ±2, x = ±3 f Stretch, stretch factor 2, with y = 0 invariant,
⎛ 0⎞
b y reflection in x-axis, translation ⎜ ⎟
6 ⎝ 5⎠
4 a ∨-shaped graph, vertex = ( −1, 2)
b ∨-shaped graph, vertex = (5, −2)
c ∧-shaped graph, vertex = (0, 2)
d ∨-shaped graph, vertex = (0, −3)
e ∧-shaped graph, vertex = ( −2, 1)
–6 –4 –2 O 2 4 6 x f ∧-shaped graph, vertex = (0, 5)
c x=0 5 3 ø f( x ) ø 14
 Answers

6 a, b y 3 a −2 ø x ø 1 b −2 , x , 6
8
5
c x ø − or x ù 3
3
6 7 1
4 a øxø3 b x.
(0, 5) 3 3
4 c x ù1
4 8
5 a x,− or x . 4 b x , 2 or x .
2 3 3
1
(2, 1) c xù d 3,x,7
2
–2 –1 O 6 x
9
1 2 3 4 5 e x ø 2 or x ù 8 f 1, x ,
5
c x = 1 or x = 5 5 5
6 x,− or x .
4 4
7 a, b y
4
3 Exercise 1D
2
(0, 2) 1 a x 2 + 3x − 1 b x 2 − 5x + 7
1 c 3x 2 − 4x + 2 d x2 − 2x + 5
(2, 0)
e −5x 2 + 3x − 4
–3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
f −6x 3 − 6x 2 − 6x − 19
c x = ±1
2 a Quotient = x 2 + x + 4, remainder = −8
8 a y
6 b Quotient = 6x 2 + 19x + 38, remainder = 70
5 1 5
5 c Quotient = 4x 2 + x + , remainder = 311
2 4 4
4
d Quotient = −2 x 2 + 3x + 9, remainder = −36
3
e Quotient = x + 3 , remainder = −10 x − 4
2
1 f Quotient = 5x 2 − 7 , remainder = 15 − 13x

–3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 x
3 a Proof b Proof
b x=±2 4 a Proof
b ( x − 2)(2 x − 3)( x + 7)
Exercise 1C 1 4
5 a Proof b ± , −
1 3,x,7 2 3

2 a y
6 a Proof b Proof
5 1
4 y = |2x – 1| 7 −3, , 5
2
3 y = 4 – |x – 1|
2 Exercise 1E
1
1 Proof
–4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 5 x 2 Proof
–1

2 3 a = −4
b x,− or x . 2 1− b
3 4 a=
3
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

5 a = −2, b = 1 4 ±5, ± 3

6 a p = −1, q = −6 b Proof 5 a a=6

7 −4, 0, 1 b (3x + 1)(2 x + 3)( x − 4)

8 a p = −7, q = −6 6 a (3x − 1)(2 x + 3)( x − 5)

1
b ( x + 1)( x + 2)( x − 3) and ( x + 1)( x + 3)( x + 4) b ± , ±5
3
9 a p = −19, q = 30 7 a = −10, b = 8
b ( x − 1)( x + 2)( x − 5)( x + 3)
8 a Quotient = x − 3, remainder = 2 x − 6
10 a ±2, 5 b −7, − 1, 3 b Proof
5 1
c − , 2, 3 d −4, −2, 9 a Quotient = 4x 2 + 4x − 3, remainder = 5
2 3
1 3 1
e −3, ±2, 1 f − , 1, 4 b − , −1, ,1
2 2 2
11 Proof
10 a k=7
12 0, k ,5 b
1
2
( −7 − 41 ) ,
1
2
( −7 + 41 ) , ( 7 − 53 ) ,
1
2

Exercise 1F
1
2
(7 + 53 )
31
1 a 6 b 8 c 4 d − 11 a a=6
4
2 a a=5 b b=8 b (2 x − 1)( x + 3)( x − 2)( x + 1)
2
312
3 a = 2, b = 2 12 a a=7 b −5, , 2
3
4 a = 4, b = 0 13 a 33
b Quotient = 2 x + 13 , remainder = 41x − 15
5 a a = 6, b = −14
14 a a = 3, b = −10 b 3x − 4
b (3x − 4)(2 x + 1)( x + 2)
5 1
15 a a = −21 b − , − , 2
6 a p = 14 b 57 3 2
7 a a = 5, b = −15 16 a a = −3, b = −11
−7 + 53 −7 − 53 b (2 x − 1)( x + 2)( x − 3)
b 2, ,
2 2
5 17 a a = 2, b = −16 b −18
8 a k= b −36
2
18 a Quotient = 5x 2 − 8x + 9
9 2550
b Proof
10 a = 2, b = −4, c = −2. 1
19 a k = −29 b −2, , 9
1 4
c ±3, ±
End-of-chapter review exercise 1 2
4 2 a a = 3, b = 50
1 − , 20
3 7
b Quotient = 2 x − 3, remainder = 56 − 4x
4
2 x ø − or x ù 2 3
5 21 a a = −11, b = 30 b −2, , 5
5 2
3 1, x ,
3 22 i x + 2, 3x + 4 ii Proof
 Answers

1 3 3 1 4
23 i −16 ii − , ,3 e −2 f g − h −
2 2 2 2 3
24 i a = 2, b = − 6 1 5
6 a 3 b c d −4
ii (2 x + 3)( x − 1)( x − 3) 3 2
5 2 9
e −6 f g h
2 Logarithmic and exponential 7
2
f −1( x ) = 3 + 2 x −1
3 2

functions 1
8 a 3 b −3,
Prerequisite knowledge 2
1 9 log 4 3, log2 2, log 3 4, log 2 3, log 3 9, log 3 20, log 2 8
1 a b 4 c 1
25
1
2
5
Exercise 2C
7 5 15
− 1 8x
3 a 2x 2 b x2 c 1 a log 2 77 b log 6 5 c log5 2
5 27 d log 3 2 e log 2 18 f log 4 8
Exercise 2A
2 a 3 b 2 log6 10 c 2 + log2 3
1 a 2 = log10 100 b x = log10 200
c x = log10 0.05 3 a log5 4 or 2 log5 2
2 a 1.72 b 2.40 b log 3 4 or 2 log3 2
3
c −0.319 4 23 , 2 −2 , −
2
3 a 10 000 = 10 4
b x = 10 1.2
7 3
5 a 3 b c −1 d −
−0.6
c x = 10 4 2
x−2 313
4 a 75.9 b 575 6 y=
x2
c 0.0398 1
a 2 b −4 c 1.5 7 z=
5 1 − 3 y3
1 a 5y b 2+y
d e 21 f 0.5 8
3 3 3 3
6 −1
f ( x ) = log10 ( x + 3) c y−3 d
2 y
1
7 10 10 9 a 3+x b −y
2
1
c 4x + y d 2x − y − 1
Exercise 2B 2
9
1 a 2 = log5 25 b 4 = log2 16 10 a 3 b −
2
1 1 5
c −5 = log3 d −10 = log 2 c 16 d
243 1024 3
e x = log8 15 f y = log x 6 11 x = 2 log3 2 − 2 log2 5,
g b = log a c h 5 y = log x 7 y = log 2 5 − 2 log 3 2,
2 a 2 =83
b 3 = 81
4
c 8 =1 0 z = log 2 5 − log 3 2
1 1
d 16 2 =4 e 83 =2 f 24 = y
g a0 = 1 h xy = 5 Exercise 2D
46
1 a 10 b 3.5 c − d 54
3 a 8 b 9 c 1 d 7 9
41 9 3 3
4 a 4 b 11 c 3 2 a b c − d
2 7 10 2
1 1
5 a 3 b 2 c d −3 3 a 5 b 10 c 3, 6 d
2 4
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

5 Exercise 2F
4 a 8 b 12 c d 4
3
5 a 8, 32 b 0.1, 1000 log 5 log 7
1 a x, b xù
log 2 log 5
1 2
c , 25 d 2 2,
3125 2 log 3 log 0.3
c x, d x.
1 2 log 0.8
6 a x = 3, y = 27 b x= , y =1 log
2 3
625 25 1
c x = 4, y = −12 d x= ,y= 2 a x.5 −
4 2 log 8
7 log10 x = 3, log10 y = −2 1 ⎛ log 20 ⎞
b x. ⎜ − 5⎟
2 ⎝ log 3 ⎠

Exercise 2E ⎛ 3 ⎞
1 ⎜ log 2
c xø − 1⎟
1 a 1.80 b 5.13 c 0.946 2 ⎜ log 5 ⎟
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
d 3.64 e 3.86 f 1.71
4
g 0.397 h 0.682 i −0.756 log
d x.3− 7
j 6.76 k −0.443 l −15.4 5
log
6
2 a Proof b 1.26
log 2
3 a −0.322 b 1.11 c 1.83 3 x , 0 or x .
log 5
d 1.03 e 3.21 f 0.535 4 Proof
314
4 2, 3 5 a 61 b 1

5 a 0.431, 0.683 b 0, 2.32

c 0, 1.77 d 0.792, 1.58 Exercise 2G
6 2, 2.58 1 a 20.1 b 14.9
c 2.23 d 0.135
7 a 2.81 b 1.46
c 0.431, 1.29 d 0.792, 0.161 2 a 1.10 b 0.336
c −0.105 d −1.90
8 a 1.58 b −0.792, 0.792
c 1.58, 2.32 d 1.37 3 a 2 b 3 c 30 d 2
1
9 a 1.77 b 0.510 c 1.98 4 a 5 b 15 c 4 d
3
10 0, 20 0.8 5 a 2.89 b 1.61 c 1.08 d 2.89
1
11 a 1.29, 1.66 b 1.63 c 1.91, 2.91 6 a ln13 b ln 7
3
1
d 0.834 e −0.515 f 1.87 c (1 + ln 6) d 2[ln(4) − 3]
2
g ±1.89 h ±2.81
7 a x . ln10
12 a 13.5 b 1.45 1
b xø (2 + ln 35)
5
13 0, 1, 2
1
c x , − (3 + ln5)
2
 Answers

8 a 148 b 0.0183 3
4 a log10 y = x+2
c 405 d −0.432 2
3
x
9 a 1.22 b 5.70 c 1.41 b y = 100 × 10 2
d 0.690 e 1.16 f 1.08 5 a ln y = 3 ln x − 2
x3
1 b y=
10 a y= e2
x−2 ln 3 ⎛ ln 3 ⎞
2 6 Gradient = , y-intercept = ⎜ 0,
b y= 2
ex − 1
ln5 ⎝ 2 ln5 ⎟⎠
7 a ln m
11 a ln 3 b ln 2, ln 3 4

c ln ⎛ ⎞
5
d ln 7
⎝ 2⎠
3
x−2⎞
12 f ( x ) = ln⎛
−1
⎝ 5 ⎠
2
13 0.151
5 1
14 a x = e, y =
e
1
b x = 2 ln 2, y = − ln 2
5 O 10 20 30 40 50 t

15 −
1
,xø3 b m0 = 50 , k = 0.02
2 c 35 days
8 a ln(T − 25) = − nt + ln k
315
Exercise 2H b k = 45, n = 0.08
1 a ln y = ax + b, Y = ln y, X = x, m = a, c = b c i 70 °C
b log y = ax − b, Y = log y, X = x, m = a, ii 34 minutes
c = −b iii 25 °C
c ln y = −b ln x + ln a, Y = ln y, X = ln x,
m = −b, c = ln a
End-of-chapter review exercise 2
log 7
d ln y = x ln b + ln a, Y = ln y, X = x, 1 x.
log 2
m = ln b, c = ln a
q2
2 p=
e x = −by + ln a, Y = x , X = y, m = −b,
2 2
3+q
c = ln a
log ⎛ ⎞
3
a
f ln y = − ln x +
ln 8
, Y = ln y, X = ln x, ⎝ 2⎠
b b 3 x,−
log 8
a ln8
m=− , c= 4 20.1
b b
2 log 2 − log 3
g ln x = − y ln a + ln b, Y = ln x, X = y, 5 − 1,
log 2
m = − ln a, c = ln b 4
h ln y = −bx + ln a, Y = ln y, X = x, 6
3
m = −b, c = ln a 7 K = 7.39, m = 1.37
2 a = 66, n = −0.53 8 i Proof ii 0, 1.58

3 k = 9.5, n = 0.42 9 9.83

 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

10 i ( x + 2)(4x + 3)(3x − 2) Exercise 3A

1
2 1 a 2 b 2 c −
ii 3 y = , y = −0.369 3
3
11 3.81 d 2 e 2 f − 3
2
12 22.281 g − h − 3
3
1
13 0.438 2 a 2 b c 2
3
2 ln 3
14 a 1 2
ln5 d − e − f − 2
3 3
⎛ 2 ln 3 ⎞
b ⎜ 1, − 1 2
⎝ ln5 ⎟⎠ g h
3 3
15 K = 1.73, b = 1.65
3 a 70.5°, 289.5° b 51.3°, 231.3°
c 199.5°, 340.5° d 41.4°, 318.6°
3 Trigonometry π 5π
4 a , b π
Prerequisite knowledge 6 6
c 0.464, 3.61 d 2.76, 5.90
1 a y
3
5 a 28.2°, 61.8° b 37.8°, 142.2°
2
c 22.5°, 112.5° d 24.1°, 155.9°
1
O
6 a 60°, 180° b 35.9°, 84.1°
90 180 270 360 x
–1 c 2.82, 5.96
316 b y d −2.28, −1.44, 0.865, 1.71

7 a −150°, − 30°, 30°, 150°

b −109.5°, − 70.5°, 70.5°, 109.5°
O c −112.6°, 112.6°
90 180 270 360 x
d −180°, 0°, 180°
e −135°, 45°
f −60°, 60°
c y
1 8 a 48.2°, 180°, 311.8°
b 31.0°, 153.4°, 211.0°, 333.4°
O
90 180 270 360 x
c 19.5°, 160.5°, 203.6°, 336.4°
d 60°, 180°, 300°
–1
e 107.6°, 252.4°
3 2 3 f 27.2°, 152.8°
2 a b − c −
2 2 3
3 a 31.0°, 211.0° 9 a 41.8°, 138.2°
b 13.3°, 22.5°, 103.3°, 112.5°
b 30°, 150°, 270°
c 45°, 60°, 120°, 135°
d 97.2°, 172.8°

2π 4π
10 a , π,
3 3
7 π 11π
b ,
6 6
 Answers

11 a i y vi
y
6
3
4
2
2
1
O
π
– π 3π
– 2π x O
–2 2 2 π
– π 3π
– 2π x
–1 2 2
–4
–2
–6
–3

ii y
π 5π 9π 13π
b x= , x= , x= , x=
8 8 8 8
12 a Proof b Proof
c Proof d Proof
O 13 a Proof b Proof c Proof
π
– π 3π
– 2π x
2 2 d Proof e Proof f Proof
g Proof h Proof
14 a 48.2°, 180° b 45°, 63.4°, 161.6°

iii y
Exercise 3B
6
3 1
4 1 cos x − sin x 317
2 2
2 2 1
2 a 1 b c
O
2 2
π
– π 3π
– 2π x 3 3
–2 2 2 d e 1 f
2 3
–4
6+ 2 2− 6
–6
3 a b 2+ 3 c
4 4
6− 2 6− 2
iv y d −2 + 3 e f
4 4
6 6+ 2
g −2 + 3 h
4 4
2 4+3 3
4
10
O
π
– π 3π
– 2π x 5 Proof
–2 2 2
33 16 33
–4 6 a b c −
65 65 56
–6
77 36 13
7 a b c
v y 85 85 84
6

O π
– π 3π 2π x
–
2 2
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

t−2 1
8 8 (1 + cos 4x )
2t + 1 2
1 9 a Proof
9
2 b sin 3x ≡ 3sin x − 4 sin3 x
1
10 a b 2
3 10 35.3°, 60°, 120°, 144.7°
3
11 a b −0.2
2 11 a Proof b 4
2π π π 2π
12 a Proof b −30°, 150° 12 a Proof b − , − , ,
3 3 3 3
13 a 19.1°, 199.1° b 70.9°, 250.9° 5π π π 5π
13 a Proof b − , − , ,
c 5.9°, 185.9° d 150°, 330° 6 6 6 6
14 a Proof
14 a 38.4°, 111.6° b 18.4°, 116.6°
c 16.0° d 35.0° b sin 3θ ≡ 3sin θ − 4 sin3 θ , cos 2θ ≡ 1 − 2 sin2 θ

e 18.4°, 26.6° f 74.1° c Proof

5 −1
15 22.5°, 112.5° d
4
16 Proof 2π 4π
15 ,θ ,
p2 + q 2 − 2 3 3
17 16 210° ø θ ø 330°
2
17 Proof
Exercise 3C
1 a sin56° b cos 68° c tan 34° 18 a Proof
318
24 7 b 0° , x , 45° or 120° , x , 135°
2 a b −
25 25
19 45° , θ , 135° or 225° , θ , 315°
24 44
c − d −
7 117 Exercise 3D
336 336
3 a b − 1 a Proof b Proof c Proof
625 527
7 24 d Proof e Proof f Proof
c d
25 7 g Proof h Proof
24 336
4 a − b 2 a Proof b Proof c Proof
25 625
d Proof e Proof f Proof
24
c d 2 g Proof h Proof
7
1 3 a Proof b Proof
5
3
6 a 14.5°, 90°, 165.5°, 270° 4 Proof
b 60°, 300° 5 Proof
c 48.6°, 131.4°, 270°
6 Proof
7 a 30°, 150°
b 33.6°, 180° Exercise 3E
c 30°, 150° 1 a 17 sin(θ − 28.07°) b 64.1°, 172°
d 33.2°, 90°, 146.8° 2 a 13 cos(θ + 56.31°) b 12.6°, 234.8°
e 39.2°, 90°, 140.8°
3 a 17 sin(θ − 28.07°) b 38.2°, 197.9°
f 24.9°, 98.8°
c 34
 Answers

4 a 2 13 sin( θ − 56.31 °) b 80.9° 5 41.8°, 138.2°, 194.5°, 345.5°

c 49, −3 6 a Proof b 30°, 330°
5 a 5 sin(θ + 53.13°) b 103.3°, 330.4° 7 a Proof
c −2 b 61.3°, 118.7°, 241.3°, 298.7°
π
6 a 2 cos⎛ θ − ⎞ b Proof ii 18.4°, 26.6°
⎝ 3⎠ 8 i Proof

7 a 4 5 sin(2θ + 26.57°) 9 a Proof b 35.8°, 125.8°

b 66.9°, 176.5°, 246.9°, 356.5° 10 i R = 10, α = 18.43°
1 ii 34.6°, 163.8°, 214.6°, 343.8°
c
8
11 a Proof
8 a 3 cos(θ + 54.74°) b 70.5°, 180°
2
1 b i
c 2
6 ii 15°, 75°
π 23π
9 a 2 cos⎛ θ + ⎞ b
⎝ 4⎠ 12 12 a Proof
c − 2økø 2 b 2 13 cos(θ − 56.31°)
10 a 10 sin(θ − 71.57°) b 32.3°, 290.8° c 52
c 1 + 10, 80.8° 13 i R = 2 13, α = 56.31°
ii 80.9°, 211.7°
11 a 3 cos(θ − 41.81°) b 41.8°
iii 60, 8
c 302.6° 319
12 a Proof b 5 sin(θ + 53.13°) 14 i Proof ii Proof
c 115.3°, 318.4° iii 0.322, 0.799, − 1.12

13 a 3 sin(θ + 60°) b 84.7°, 335.3° 15 a Proof

b 60°, 104.5°, 255.5°, 300°
14 a 10 + 5, 10 − 5
16 a Proof b 21.8°, 161.6°
b 18.4°, 45°, 198.4°, 225° 17 a Proof b 5 sin(2 x + 36.87°)
c 71.6°, 161.6°
End-of-chapter review exercise 3
1 y Cross-topic review exercise 1
2
1 ,x,4
5
2 0.631, − 0.369
3 7
3 i x= ii 0.222
O 6
45 90 135 180 x
–3 2
4 i −2, ii −0.569
5
5 A = 8.5, b = 1.6

6 i 1.77 ii ±1.77
2 131.8° 7 i n = 1.50, C = 6.00
15 ii n ln x + ln y = ln C is linear in ln y and ln x.
3 −
8
4 0°, 131.8°, 228.2°, 360° 8 −0.405, 1.39
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

9 θ = 135°, φ = 63.4° or θ = 53.1°, φ = 161.6° 4

b 3

10 i
2 4
− , ii −0.161 ( 1 − 2x ) 2
3 5 3 x − 5 y = 16
3 1
11 i a = −16 ii , − ,3
2 2 4 (0, 2) maximum, (2, −2) minimum
12 i a = −4, b = 6
ii quotient = 2x − 4, remainder = −2 Exercise 4A
a (6x − 2)( x − 2)4 b 5(2 x + 1)2 (8x + 1)
13 i R = 10, α = 71.57° 1
ii 61.2°, 10.4° 3x + 4 3x + 9
c d
2 x+2 2 x+5
14 i Proof
ii ( x − 2)(4x + 1)2 x 2 (7 x − 3)
e
2x − 1
iii 2
(13x 2 + 2)( x 2 + 2)2
15 i a = 6, b = −3 f
2 x
ii ( x + 1)(4x + 1)(2 x − 1) g ( x − 3)( x + 2)4 (7 x − 11)
16 i a = −17, b = 12 h 2(2 x − 1)4 (3x + 4)3 (27 x + 14)
4
ii x = −3, x = , x = 1 i 2(3x 2 + 1)(15x 2 − 30 x + 1)
3
17 i a = 1, b = −10 2 −1.5
ii quotient = x − 1, x = 1, x = 2, x = −4 3 16x + y = 32
320
18 i a = 19, b = −36 4 5
ii ( x + 2)( x + 3)(5x − 6), 0.113 3
5 −1, ,3
5
19 i quotient = x 2 + 2x + 1, remainder = 5x + 2 1
6 −
ii p = 7, q = 4 3
iii x = −1 7 a y

2 9
20 i ii −
3 20 8
21 i 29 sin(2θ + 21.80°)
y = (x – 1)2(5 – 2x) + 3
ii 13.1°, 55.1°, 193.1°, 235.1° (1, 3)
1 (2, 4)
iii
116
22 i a = 2, b = −5 O x

ii a Proof b 2
b 109.5° Exercise 4B
11 1
4 Differentiation 1 a −
( x − 4)2
b
(2 − x )2
Prerequisite knowledge 2( x 2 − x + 3) 11
6 1 c d
1 a 15x 2 + 3 + (2 x − 1)2 (2 − 5x )2
x x
2(8x + 1) 20 x 3
5 4 1 e − f −
b x − 4x − 2 ( x + 4)3 ( x 2 − 1)3
2 2x
2 a 12(3x − 5)3
 Answers

13x 2 + 30 x − 35 4 a xe x + e x b 3x 2 e 3x + 2 xe3x
g
( x 2 + 2 x + 5)2
e x (2 x + 1)
c e −2 x (5 − 10 x ) d
2( x + 4)(2 x 2 + 12 x − 1) x
h −
( x 2 + 1)4 e6 x (6x − 1) e −2 x (4x + 1)
e f −
1 x2 2x x
2
4 3e x
g h 3xe3x + 3e6 x + e3x
3 ( −6, −7), (1, 0) (e + 2)2
x

2 x 2 e x + 5xe x + 2 xe2 x − e x − 2
4 (2, 1), (8, −5) i
(e x + 2)2
y = 9x − 4 4
5 5 −
9
−5x − 1 x+4 ⎛ −1, − 1 ⎞
6 a b 6
2 x (5x − 1)2 3
⎝ e⎠
(2 x + 3) 2
7 y = 3x + 3, ( −1, 0)
x( x + 1)2
5( x − 1)2 (5x + 13)
c − 3 d 3
( x 2 − 1) 2 2( x + 2) 2 8 (3, − e3 ) minimum
7 3
9 (1, e2 ) minimum
8 3y = x + 7
10 a x = 0 minimum, x = 2 maximum
9 a −3, 1, 5 b Proof
1 5
b 9, − , − 321
3 3 1 1
11 x = 1− , x = 1+
2 2
Exercise 4C
⎛ 1 , 2⎞
1 a 5e5 x b −4e −4 x 12
⎝2 ⎠
c 12e6 x d −15e −5 x 13 Proof
x
e 2e 2 f 2e2 x− 7 14 3 + 3 ln 3
−3 3e x
2+
2
g 2 xe x h
2 x
5 ex Exercise 4D
i + 2e −2 x j 6e3x 1 1
2 1 a b
x x
k 3e2 x − e −2 x 10 xe x − 10
2
l
2 2x
2 a y c d
y=1 2x + 1 x +1 2

4 1
O 2 x e f
2x − 1 2( x − 3)
y = 1 – e2–x 5 1
g h 3−
x+3 x
1 – e2 2 1
i 5− j
2x − 1 x ln x
1 1 + 5x
b y = −x + 2 k l
x ( x − 2) x(5x + ln x )
3 0.0283 grams per year
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

2 Possible justification: ln 3x = ln 3 + ln x and 1 1 1

g − −
ln 7 x = ln 7 + ln x x − 3 x + 4 x −1
d d 1 2 1
(ln 3x ) = (ln 3 + ln x ) = 0 + and h − −
dx dx x x +1 x − 2
d d 1 1 2 1 1
(ln 7 x ) = (ln 7 + ln x ) = 0 + i + − −
dx dx x x + 2 2x − 1 x x + 5
4x 9x 2 + 2
a 1 + ln x 11 a b
3 b 2 x 2 (1 + 3 ln x ) 2x2 − 1 3x 3 + 2 x
2x 2x − 4
c + ln(2 x + 1) d 3(1 + ln 2 x ) c
2x + 1 ( x + 1)( x − 5)
1 1 − ln5x 12 −5
e + ln(ln x ) f
ln x x2
2
g − Exercise 4E
x(ln x )2
1 a cos x b 2 cos x − 3sin x
3x − (3x − 2)ln(3x − 2)
h
x 2 (3x − 2) c −2 sin x − sec 2 x d 6 cos 2x
2(4x − 1) − 4(2 x + 1)ln(2 x + 1) e 20 sec 2 5x
i
(2 x + 1)(4x − 1)2 f −2(3sin 3x + 2 cos 2 x )
4 a π
h 2 cos⎛ 2 x + ⎞
y 3
x= y = 1n(2x – 3) g 3sec 2 (3x + 2)
2 2 ⎝ 3⎠
π
322 i −6 sin⎛ 3x − ⎞
1
⎝ 6⎠
2 a 3sin2 x cos x b −15 sin 6x
O
1 2 3 4 5 x
c 2 sin x(1 + cos x ) d 4 sin x (3 − cos x )3
π π
–1 e 12 sin2 ⎛ 2 x + ⎞ cos⎛ 2 x + ⎞
⎝ 6⎠ ⎝ 6⎠
π π
–2 f −12 cos3x sin x + 8 tan⎛ 2 x − ⎞ sec 2 ⎛ 2 x − ⎞
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
2
b
7 3 a x cos x + sin x

5 −8 b 5(cos 3x − 3x sin 3x )
c x 2 sec 2 x + 2 x tan x
6 2 + 4 ln10, 3 + 2 ln10
d cos2 2 x(cos 2 x − 6x sin 2 x )
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
sec x( x tan x + 1)
7 ⎜⎝ e , − 2 e ⎟⎠ , minimum e 15 tan 3x sec 3x f
x sec x − tan x
2
1 + 2 cos x
⎛ e, 1 ⎞ , maximum g h
8
⎝ e⎠ x2 ( 2 + cos x )2
(3x − 1) cos x − 3sin x
9 y = 5x − 5 i
(3x − 1)2
5 3 j −6 cot 2x cosec 3 2 x
10 a b −
2(5x − 1) 3x + 2 k 3(1 − 2 x cot 2 x ) cosec 2 x
1 5 2 1
c + d − 2
x x +1 2x + 3 x − 1 l
sin 2 x − 1
3 2 1 1 1
e − f + − 4 a cos x esin x b −2 sin 2 xe cos 2 x
3x − 1 x x x−2 x+4
 Answers

c 3sec 2 3 xetan 3x e 18x 2 y2

dy
+ 12 xy3 f 2y
dy
+x
dy
+y
dx dx dx
d (cos x + sin x )e(sin x − cos x ) dy dy
g 3x 2 − 7 x − 7 y + 3 y2
e (cos x − sin x )e x dx dx
dy dy
f (2 cos 2 x + sin 2 x )e x h x cos y + sin y − y sin x + cos x
dx dx
g e x (cos x − 3sin x ) x 3 dy
i + 3x 2 ln y
y dx
h x 2 (3 − x sin x )e cos x
dy
j −2 x sin 2 y + cos 2 y
i −tan x dx
dy dy
j x cot x + ln(sin x ) k 5 + e x cos y + e x sin y
dx dx
2(sin 2 x + cos 2 x ) dy
k − l −2 x sin y e cos y + 2e cos y
e 2 x +1 dx
(1 − 2 x ) sin 2 x + 2 x cos 2 x 5 − 2 xy
l 3x 2 + 2 y
e2 x 2 a − b
2x + 3 y2 x2 + 2 y
5 1
4x + 5 y y(2 − ln y )
c − d
6 2 3−6 5x + 2 y x
2 y(e x y2 + 1) y
π π e − f −
7 , 3e x y 2 + 2 2 xy2 + x
6 3
y4 y(5xy + 1)
8 Proof g h
2 − 3xy3 x(2 − 5xy )
11
9 a tan x sec x b −cot x cosec x 3 − 323
25
c −cosec 2 x 4 3
10 Proof 1 9
5 y= x−
4 4
11 y = −13.3x + 12.9
3 5
6 y= x+
12 0.464, 2.03 8 8
7 a Proof b ( −1, 5), (1, −5)
π
13 x = , maximum
4 8 a (4, 18), (4, −2) b Proof
π c y = 4x + 2
14 x=
8
9 a Proof b (1, 2)
π
15 x= , minimum 44
12 10 −
21
π 5π 7π
16 x= maximum, x = minimum, x = 11 (6, −3), ( −2, 0)
6 6 6
11π
maximum, x = minimum
6 12 5x − 8 y = 1
17 0.452
13 e −1
Exercise 4F
14 ( −4, −8) minimum, (4, 8) maximum
dy dy
1 a 5 y4 b 3x 2 + 4 y
dx dx
1 dy dy Exercise 4G
c 10 x + d cos y
y dx dx 1 2 − 2 sin 2θ
1 a b
3t cos 2θ
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

sin 2θ 4 cos 2θ 12 i Proof ii (5.47, 0.693)

c d
1 − cos 2θ 3sec 2 θ
sin θ sin 2θ 13 i Proof ii k = 5, c = 68
e − f
sec 2 θ sin θ − 2 sin 2θ
g
2 sec 2 θ
h − e 2t − 1 5 Integration
sin 2θ
i
1 2 −t
t e (t + 3) j 2et ( t + 3) Prerequisite knowledge
2 1 a 6 cos 2 x + 5 sin x b 5e5 x− 2
5(1 − t ) 4
k l 2
t2 t c
2x + 1
1
2 −3, 2 Proof
3
3 3 3
Exercise 5A
4 (2, 4) 1 2x 1 −4 x
1 a e +c b − e +c c 2e3x + c
2 4
5 x+y=2 1
x
d 8e 2 + c e −2e−x + c
b ⎛ e 4 , 2 − 1⎞
4
6 a Proof
⎝ e ⎠
1 2x+4 1 3x −1
f e +c g e +c
7 a Proof b (1, 2) 2 3
1 8x − 3
8 a Proof b 6, minimum h −2e2 − 3x + c i e +c
4
1 5 x 3x
9 y=− x+4 2 a x − e−x + c b e (e + 8) + c
324 2 4
10 a Proof b (1, 2) c Proof e 4x
c x − e2 x + +c d x − 2e −2 x + c
4
11 a Proof b Proof 1 −2 x x
e e (e − 4) + c f x − 2e−2 x + 4e−x + c
2
End-of-chapter review exercise 4 1 6 1 2
3 a (e − 1) b (e − 1)
1 i Proof ii (1, 6) 3 4
2 15 1
2 i 4 ii c d e(e6 − 1)
25 8 2
Proof ii Proof 4 1
3 i e 4e − f ( −3 + 4e + e2 )
−6 −2 e 2
iii (e , 4e + 3) 1
g ( −17 + 6e2 + 8e3 + 3e 4 )
4 i 5 ii −3 12
19 25 9 1 2
5 i 5x + 4 y − 6 = 0 ii Proof h − − + 2e2 i − −
2 2e2 2 2e 4 e2
6 i Proof ii Proof iii ( −3, −2) 4 y = 3e2 x − 2e − x + 1

7 y = 8.66x − 2.53 5 y = 5e −2 x + 2 x − 2
8 i Proof ii 0.294, 1.865 1⎛
4 − 3 + e⎞
1
6
iii −
13 2 ⎝ e ⎠
9 3
9 5x − 9 y + 22 = 0 7 4e 2 − 4
1 1
10 i − 3
ii x = 8 a Proof b 1 + 2e3
2
1 − x (x + 1) 2
9 a 7 − 2e −2 a − 5e − a b 7
dy
11 = − cos t
dx
 Answers

6 − 7 ln 2 π
a y = 5 − 2 cos⎛ 2 x − ⎞
10
6
⎝ 2⎠
11 a 1 b Proof
π
b x + 2 y = 10 − 2 3 +
3
Exercise 5B π
1 7 + 3
1 a 6 ln x + c b ln x + c 2
2 21
1 8
c ln(3x + 1) + c d 3 ln(2 x − 5) + c 4
3
e
5
− ln(2 − 3x ) + c f
3
ln(5x − 1) + c 9 a
1
2
( 3 − 1) b Proof
3 10
2 a ln
7
2
b
1
2
ln 3 10 a
1
2
( 3− 2) b Proof
3 13 1 17
c ln d ln
2 3 2 9 Exercise 5D
3 7
e − ln f −ln 9 3 3
2 3 1 a x + sin 2 x + c
5 14 27 2 4
3 a 12 + ln b ln
3 5 25 b 2 x + 2 sin x + c
c 4 + ln81 1 1
c x− sin 6x + c
4 a A=2 b Proof 2 12
d 2 tan x − 2 x + c
5 a Quotient = 3x + 10 , remainder = 50
e 2 tan 3x − 6x + c
b Proof 3 1 1
f x + sin 2 x + sin 4x + c
6 y = x 2 + 3 ln( x + e) − 3 ln 2e 8 4 32
325
π 3 π
7 k = 4e − 3 2 2 a − b 2 3−
6 8 6
8 (2 ln 2, 2 ln 2 − 3) 3 π 2+π
c + d
8 6 16
Exercise 5C
1 1
e
1
6
( 2π − 3 3 ) f
1
6
(3 3 − π)
1 a − cos 3x + c b sin 4x + c
3 4
c
x
−2 cos + c
3
d − cos 2x + c
3 a
1
24
( 2π − 5 3 ) b
1
24
( 6 + 2π + 3 3 )
2 2
5 1 1 5π 9
e sin 3x + c f tan 2x + c c (2 + 5 π ) d − − 3
3 2 8 3 4
2 3
g − sin(1 − 5x ) + c h − cos(2 x + 1) + c
2
5 2 e
1
24
( 2 π + 11 3 ) f
5 3
4
i tan(5x − 2) + c
5 4 a Proof b Proof
3
2 a b 1 5 a Proof b Proof
8
3 6 a Proof b Proof
c d 2
2
7 a Proof b Proof
3 5π
e 1− f −4
4 2 8 a Proof b Proof
3 a x cos x b
1
6
( 3π − 3 ) 9 π⎛2+
5π ⎞
3 π ⎝ 4 ⎠
4 y=x+ cos 2 x −
2 4
10 a Proof c Proof
5 y = 3sin 2 x + 2 cos x − 2 x + π − 3
b Proof
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

Exercise 5E 14 i Proof ii x sin x iii 1

1 a 5.22 b 17.09 c 0.92 15 i Proof ii Proof
d 5.61 e 0.40 f 7.68

2 1.55 6 Numerical solutions of equations

3 a 6.76 Prerequisite knowledge
35
b Over-estimate since the top edges of the strips 1 a b −48.7505 …
27
all lie above the curve
c 0.223130 d 5.405 465
y
y − 13 y+7
2 a x= b x=
4 3
1+ y
c x= 5
27
3 Proof
O π x
2π
4 x = 2, x = 5
4 1.77, under-estimate since top edges of the strips
5 a y
all lie below the curve
5 4.07, over-estimate since top edges of the strips
all lie above the curve 1

O x
End-of-chapter review exercise 5
326 1 Proof

12 + ln ⎛
81 ⎞
2
⎝ 25 ⎠
b y
3 1.81, under-estimate since top edges of the strips
all lie below the curve
1
4
12
O 2π x
5 Proof
–2
1
6 a (19 − 15e −2 k − 4e −3k ) –4
6
19
b
6
7 Proof c y

8 a A = −20 b Proof
9 i Proof ii Proof –2 O 2 4 6 x
4 3x
10 a 12e x + e +c b Proof
3
5 1
11 i Proof ii π+
8 4 –16

12 i Proof ii Proof
1
iii − cot x + c
2
1 1 1
13 i tan 2 x + x + sin 4x + c
2 2 8
ii ln(16e20 )
 Answers

y 2 a y
6 a 20
y = x3 + 5x2

10

–5 O x
y = 5 – 2x
0.5

O x
3 points of intersection, so 3 roots.
y
b b Let f( x ) = x 3 + 5x 2 + 2 x − 5 = 0 then
f(0) = 0 3 + 5(0)2 + 2(0) − 5 = −5 and
O 1 2 x f(2) = 23 + 5(2)2 + 2(2) − 5 = 27. Change of
sign indicates presence of root.
3 a y

y = x3

c y 1

327
–1 O 1 x

1
O x y = 1 – 5x
–1 2π

One point of intersection so one solution only

of x 3 + 5x − 1 = 0.
b Let f( x ) = x 3 + 5x − 1 then
Exercise 6A f(0.1) = 0.13 + 5(0.1) − 1 = −0.499 and
1 a y y = x² f(0.5) = 0.53 + 5(0.5) − 1 = 1.625. Change of
sign indicates presence of root.
4 a y y = 3x – 4
y = ln(x + 1)

–1 O 4 x
y = √1 +x 3
1

–1 O x –4

b 2 points of intersection so 2 roots.

c Let f( x ) = x 2 − 1 + x = 0 then
f( −1) = ( −1)2 − 1 + ( −1) = 1 and b ln( x + 1) = 3x − 4 in 2 places and so
f(0) = (0) − 1 + 0 = −1. Change of sign
2 ln( x + 1) − 3x + 4 = 0 has 2 roots.
indicates presence of root.
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

5 a y One point of intersection for −0.5 ø x ø 0.5

y = ex
and so only one root in this domain.
y=x+6
8 a y

6
y = sin x

1 –π O x
–2π
–6 O x

y = 2x + 3
Graphs intersect at 2 points, so 2 roots. π
One point of intersection for −2π , x , −
b Let f( x ) = e x − x − 6 then 2
sin x
f(2.0) = e2 − 2 − 6 = −0.610 … and and so only one root of 1 = on this
2x + 3
f(2.1) = e2.1 − 2.1 − 6 = 0.0661 … Change of domain. Also, should x be less than −2 π or
sign indicates presence of root. π
should x be greater than − , the line and
2
6 a Let f( x ) = ( x + 2)e5 x − 1 = 0 curve will not intersect again and so this is the
then f(0) = (0 + 2)e 0 − 1 = 1 and sin x
only point of intersection of y = and
2x + 3
f( −0.2) = ( −0.2 + 2)e −1 − 1 = −0.337 … y = 1.
Change of sign indicates presence of root. sin x
b Let f( x ) = − 1 = 0 then
b y
y = e5x 2x + 3
sin( −2)
f( −2) = − 1 = −0.09070 … and
328
1
−4 + 3
sin( −1.9)
–2 O x f( −1.9) = − 1 = 0.1828 … Change of
y=
1 −3.8 + 3
x+2 sign indicates presence of root.
9 a y

y = x3 + 4x
Graphs intersect at 1 point, so 1 root only.
7 a Let f( x ) = cos −1 2 x − 1 + x = 0 then
f(0.4) = cos −1(0.8) − 1 + 0.4 = 0.0435 … and 4
−1
f(0.5) = cos 1 − 1 + 0.5 = −0.5. Change of O
–5 5 x
sign indicates presence of root. y = 7x + 4

b y One point of intersection for 0 ø x ø 5 and so

only one root.
π
b Let f( x ) = x 3 − 3x − 4 then

3π/4 f(2) = 2 3 − 3(2) − 4 = −2 and

f(3) = 33 − 3(3) − 4 = 14
π/2
Change of sign indicates presence of root.

π/4
y=1–x

–1 –0.5 O 0.5 1 x
 Answers

10 a y 13 a y
y=x+4 y = cosec x

4
x y = sin x
y=2
1 π 2π x
O
–4 O x

Two points of intersection, so two roots. 2 points of intersection for 0 , x , 2 π and so

b Let f( x ) = 2 − x − 4 = 0 then
x
2 roots.
f(2.7) = 22.7 − 2.7 − 4 = −0.2019 … and b Let f( x ) = cosec x − sin x
f(2.8) = 2 − 2.8 − 4 = 0.1644 … Change of
2.8
3π 3π 3π
f ⎛ ⎞ = cosec − sin =0
sign indicates presence of root. ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 2
3π
11 a y = 4.71 correct to 3 significant figures.
2
y = cot x 14 a f( x ) = 20 x 3 + 8x 2 − 7 x − 3 and so
f(0.5) = 20(0.5)3 + 8(0.5)2 − 7(0.5) − 3 = −2
y = x2
and f(1) = 20 + 8 − 7 − 3 = 18. Change of sign
indicates presence of root.

b y
O π x
329
y = (5x – 3)(2x + 1)2
2

One point of intersection so one root.

b Let f( x ) = cot x − x 2 then
O x
f(0.8) = cot 0.8 − 0.82 = 0.3312 … and
f(1) = cot1 − 12 = −0.3579 … Change of sign –3
indicates presence of root.
12 a y c Proof
y=x
4 3
πr
15 a 800 = 3 + πr 2 (20)
2
y = tan 2x b f( r ) = πr 3 + 30 πr 2 − 1200 = 0 and
f(3) = −266.946 … and f(4) = 509.026 …
O π 2π x Change of sign indicates presence of root.
Or a suitable pair of graphs drawn.
3 points of intersection for 0 , x , 2π and so Exercise 6B
3 roots.
1 a 1.1338, 1.1085, 1.1276, 1.1133, 1.1240
b Let f( x ) = x − tan 2 x = 0 then
b 1.12, f(1.115) = (1.115)3 + 5(1.115) − 7
f(2.1) = 2.1 − tan 4.2 = 0.3222… and
= −0.0388 … , f(1.125) = (1.125)3 + 5(1.125) − 7
f(2.2) = 2.2 − tan 4.4 = −0.8963… Change of
sign indicates presence of root. = 0.0488 … Change of sign indicates presence
of root.
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

2 a f(1) = ln(2) + 2 − 4 = −1.306 … 11 a y

6
f(2) = ln(3) + 6 − 4 = 3.0986 … Change of 3x
()
y = 2– – 1
5
sign indicates presence of root. 4
A
b 1.535 3
2
3 a Proof
1
b 0.7231, 0.6142, 0.6584, 0.6387, 0.6472,
–4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
0.6435, 0.6451, 0.6444, 0.6447 so 0.64 –1
–2
4 a Proof b 0.5382 –3
y=x –4
5 a Proof b Proof
–5
π
c → 0.234 48, 0.240 34, 0.24169, 0.242 00,
15 ln( xn + 1)
b e.g. xn =
0.242 07 → 0.242 ln(1.5)
π c A(3.94, 3.94) → OA = 5.6
or → 0.24656, 0.24311, 0.242 33, 0.24215,
12
0.24210 → 0.242 12 a 33 − 3r b Proof
or 0.2 → 0.232 24, 0.23982, 0.24157,
c Proof
0.24197, 0.242 06, 0.242 09 → 0.242
d 8 → 8.058 69, 8.032 00, 8.04419, 8.038 63,
6 a 0.6325, 0.8345, 0.7416, 0.7885, 0.7658, 8.04117, 8.040 01, 8.040 54, 8.040 30, 8.040 41,
0.7771, 0.7716, 0.7743, (0.7730, …) → 0.77
(8.040 36, 8.040 38), … → 8.040
b x 3 + 5x 2 + 2 x − 5 = 0 e The radius of the cone that would give a
330
7 a Proof b x n +1 = 41+ xn container of the required volume
c 1.2574, 1.2258, 1.2214, 1.2208, 1.2208… → 1.22 xn 3 + 1
13 e.g xn +1 = → α = 0.39,
7
a xn +1 = sin −1 ⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟ or xn +1 =
1 1
8
⎝ xn ⎠ sin xn xn +1 = 3 7 xn 2 − 1 → β = 6.98

b x = sin −1 ⎛ 2 ⎞ → 0.4605 …, which leads to

1 14 a Proof b Proof
⎝x ⎠
c 0.9082 … , 0.9015 … , 0.9069 … , 0.9026 … ,
inverse sine of a value . 1.
0.9061 … , 0.9032 … , 0.9055 … , 0.9037 … ,
1 0.9052 … , 0.9040 … , 0.9049 … , → 0.90
c x= → 1.00125, 1.089 70, 1.06210,
sin x
d e.g. xn +1 = tan −1 ⎛⎜
1 ⎞
→ 0.9063 … ,
1.070 04, 1.067 69, 1.068 38, (1.06818, 1.068 24, ⎝ sin xn ⎟⎠
1.068 22) → 1.068 0.9038 … , 0.9048 … , 0.9044 … ,
0.9045 … , 0.9045 … , → 0.90
9 a 2.0794, 2.1192, 2.1390, 2.1489, 2.1538, 2.1563,
2.1575, 2.1581 → 2.16 Exercise 6C
b x =e −4
2 x
1 a Proof
10 a Proof 3 x
b e.g. xn +1 = + n with x1 = 1.5 → 1.574 681,
2 e2 x n

b 1 → 1.5, 1.2603, 1.3713, 1.3186, 1.3434, 1.3317, 1.567 522, 1.568184, 1.568122,
1.3372, 1.3346, 1.3358, 1.3352, … → 1.34 1.568128 → 1.5681
or 1.4 → 1.3053, 1.3497, 1.3287, 1.3386,
1.3339, 1.3361, 1.3351, 1.3356, … → 1.34
or 1.2 → 1.4007, 1.3050, 1.3499, 1.3286,
1.3386, 1.3339, 1.3361, 1.3351, 1.3356, … → 1.34
 Answers

2 a Proof 6 a Proof b Proof

b e.g. 1.5 → 1.432164, 1.407 497, 1.398 602, c e.g. 1.5 → 1.3083, 1.3689, 1.3495, 1.3557,
1.395 404, 1.394 256, 1.393844, 1.393696, 1.3537, 1.3543, (1.3541), … → 1.35
1.393643 → 1.394 d −1.35
c (8, −6) ⎡ ln(3x + 5) e6 x ⎤
a
7 a ⎢ + = 0.6
3 a Proof ⎣ 3 3 ⎥⎦ 0
π b 0.2 → 0.164 717 … , 0.165896 … ,
b e.g. x1 = → 1, 0.9093, 0.9695, 0.9330, 0.9567,
4 0.165857 … , (0.165858 …), → 0.166
0.9419, 0.9514, 0.9454, 0.9493 → 0.95
8 a Proof
4 a Proof b Proof
b 1 → 1.06366, 1.072 02, 1.07311, 1.07324,
c 0.3 → 0.257 594, 0.273768, 0.267 462, 1.07327 → 1.073
(0.269 900, 0.268 954, 0.269 321,
0.269179) → 0.27 9 a Proof
d 0.007 30 correct to 3 significant figures 3π
b f(θ ) = θ − cos −1 = 0 → f(0.8) =
32θ
End-of-chapter review exercise 6 3π
0.8 − cos −1 = −0.11882 … , f(1.2) =
1 a 1.5 → 1.5397, 1.5546, 1.5606, 1.5632, 1.5643, 32(0.8)
1.5647, 1.5649, 1.5650, 1.5650, … → 1.57 3π
1.2 − cos −1 = 0.1475 … Change of
32(1.2)
6⎛ ⎛ x4 + 1 ⎞
x + 3 ⎞ → 7x = 6 ⎜
1
b x= → sign indicates presence of root.
7⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x 3 ⎟⎠ 331
c 1 → 0.99715, 0.996 22, 0.995 92, 0.99582,
7 x = 6x + 6 → x = 6 → α =
4 4 4 4 6
0.995 79, 0.995 78, 0.995 78, … → 0.996
2 a 1, 2 b Proof
c e.g. 1.5 → 2.1985, 1.7717, 2.0039, 1.8688, 10 a e.g. f( x ) = e x − 2 − sin x = 0 → f(0.155) =
1.9445, (1.9011, 1.9256, 1.9117, 1.9196) → 1.9 e 0.155 − 2 − sin 0.155 = 0.00364 …
f(0.165) = e 0.165 − 2 − sin 0.165 = −0.00463 …
3 a Proof
Change of sign indicates presence of a root.
b f( x ) = e2 x+1 − 14 + x 3 = 0 → f(0.5) =
e2(0.5)+1 − 14 + (0.5)3 = −6.4859 … → f(1) = b e.g. e x − 2 = sin x (take logs to base e) →
e2(1)+1 − 14 + (1)3 = 7.08553 … change of sign x − 2 = ln(sin x ) → x = 2 + ln(sin x ) →
indicates presence of root. q = 2 + ln(sin q ) when x = q.
c Proof c e.g. 2 → 1.9049, 1.9431, 1.9290, 1.9344,
ln(14 − xn 3 ) − 1 (1.9324, 1.9332, 1.9329, 1.9330, 1.9329,
d e.g. xn +1 = with 1.9329) → 1.93
2
x1 = 0.75 → 0.804 230, 0.800 597, 0.800 858, 11 a Proof
0.800 839, 0.800 840, … → 0.8008
b e.g. 1.2 → 1.294 39 … , 1.234 93 … , 1.27370 … ,
4 a 1 → 1.1825, 1.1692, 1.1662, 1.1657, 1.248 93 … , 1.264 98 … , 1.254 67 … ,
1.1656, … → 1.17 1.26133 … , 1.257 04 … , (1.25981 … ,
b Proof
1.258 02 … , 1.25917 … , 1.258 43 … ,
5 a Proof b 3 and 4 1.258 91 … , …) → 1.26
c 3 → 3.098 61, 3.130 95, 3.14134, 3.144 65,
12 a Proof
3.145 70, 3.146 04, 3.14614, 3.14618, … → 3.146
d x = 5 y = 3.146, y = log5 3.146 = 0.71 b Proof
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

π π
c e.g. f( x ) = sec x − ⎛ − x ⎞ ⎛ + x ⎞
dy
9 i = e −2 x (sec 2 x − 2 tan x ) = e −2 x (1 − tan x )2
⎝2 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠ dx
π π ii e −2 x . 0 and (1 − tan x )2 ù 0
f( −0.215) = sec( −0.215) − ⎛ + 0.215 ⎞ ⎛ − 0.215 ⎞
⎝2 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠ 1
iii x = π
= 0.00495... 4
10 i Proof
π π
f( −0.205) = sec( −0.205) − ⎛ + 0.205 ⎞ ⎛ − 0.205 ⎞
⎝2 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠ ii a 2 2 b 3
= −0.00928...
11 ( −3a, − a )
Change of sign indicates presence of root.
12 i Proof ii Proof iii 1.54
d 1 → 0.4102, 0.6822, 0.6936, 0.6913, (0.6918, 1 1
13 i Proof ii y = − x +
0.6917, 0.6918, …) → 0.69 2 2
11 5
13 a Proof 14 i − 3 ii −
2 6
b 0.2 → 0.30889, 0.314 70, 0.315 09 15 i Proof ii Proof
0.315 11 → 0.315
iii Proof iv Proof
14 a [ x ln x − x ]
a
1
=5 16 i Proof ii (2, 3) iii −
3
8
b 5 → 5.592 01, 5.572 41, 5.572 39, 17 i a=9 ii 8e − 14
5.572 39 → 5.572
18 i Proof ii ( −2, − 1), (0, 1.44)

332 19 i Proof ii 0.678

Cross-topic review exercise 2 20 i a x − 3e −2 x
+c
1 Proof 3 sin 2 x 3x
b + +c
4 2
π π ii 4.84
2 ,
6 3
21 i y
3 i Proof ii (ln 3, −2)

4 i Proof ii 2 x − 5 y + 8 = 0

5 a 0.11
b x + 4e − x − 2e −2 x + c x
O
6 i y

ii Proof iii Proof iv 1.26

22 i y

y = cosec x
O x

y = x(π – x)
ii Proof iii 4.84
O
π x
7 i Proof ii Proof
8 i Proof ii Proof
iii a 0.66
ii 1.854 b 2.48
 Answers

23 i
5 Exercise 7B
2 4 2 5 3
ii a Proof b ( −5.15, − 7.97) 1 a + b −
x+3 x−2 x − 4 2x
24 i Proof 7 6
c −
x − 1 3x + 1
ii a 1.11, 2.03
1 1
1 d −
b 3 2( x − 3) 2(3x − 5)
2 2 3 4
e + −
25 i Proof x x − 1 2x + 1
3 1 2 2 1
ii a −0.572, 0.572 b π+ f − +
32 4 2x + 3 x + 2 x − 3
26 i Proof ii Proof 2 4
2 a −
27 i 0.362 or 20.7°, 1.147 or 65.7° x + 2 ( x + 2)2
3 4 2
ii 33 b + −
2 x + 1 x + 1 ( x + 1)2
28 i Proof ii Proof iii 2.728
2 3 1
c − + −
29 i Proof ii a = 2, b = −1 x x − 1 ( x − 1)2
iii 4 − 3 2 5 4 1
d + −
2 x − 3 2 x + 1 (2 x + 1)2

7 Further algebra e
3
−
3
+
16( x + 2) 16( x − 2) 4( x − 2)2
3

Prerequisite knowledge 2 2 7
f − + + 333
9( x + 2) 9( x − 1) 3( x − 1)2
1 a A = 6, B = −3, C = −9
2 3
3 a −
b A = −1, B = −
5
,C =4 x x2 + 1
3 3 2
b +
2 a 1 + 14x + 84x 2 2x + 1 x2 + 5
1 2
b 243 − 810 x + 1080 x 2 c −
3x + 5 2 x 2 + 1
3 Quotient = x − 5, remainder = −11 7 3
d −
2 x + 5 3x − 5
2

3 2
Exercise 7A 4 a 2+ −
x −1 x + 2
20 3 7 7
1 a 4+ b 2− b 1+ −
2x − 5 3x + 2 4( x − 2) 4( x + 2)
1 7 2 3x − 1
c 2x2 − x + − c −4 + + 2
2 2(2 x + 1) x − 4 x +1
4x + 7 7 1 2
d x+2− 2 d 2+ + −
x + 2x + 3 2 x x − 1 ( x − 1)2
30 x + 11 6 5 A = 2, B = −3, C = 4, D = −1
e 7x + 2 + 2 f x2 + 1 −
x −5 x2 + 1
6 a (2 x − 1)( x − 2)( x + 1)
2 A = 1, B = 4, C = 12, D = 29
5 3 1
b − +
3 A = 1, B = −1, C = 6, D = −6, E = 5 2x − 1 x − 2 x + 1

4 A = 2, B = 3, C = −1, D = 6 7 a (2 x + 1)( x − 3)2

2 1 3
b − +
2 x + 1 x − 3 ( x − 3)2
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

8 a a = −4, b = −3 8 a = 2, b = −5
b (2 x + 1)( x + 3)( x − 1) 1
9 a a=−
6 32 10 2
c − + 3 3 5 15 4
x + 3 2x + 1 x − 1 b 1+ x + x2 + x3 + x
1 1 2 2 4 16
9 a −
x x+2 10 a = −9, a = 5
3 1 1 3n 2 + 5
b − − or
2 ( n + 1) n + 2 2(n + 1)( n + 2) 11 a a = 8, n = −3 b −5120 x 3
3
c
2
Telescoping series, Sn = ⎡⎢ −
1 1 1 1 ⎤ Exercise 7D
10 + ,
2 ⎣ 2 n + 1 n + 2 ⎦⎥
1 1 3 2 1 3
1 1 a − x+ x − x , x ,2
S∞ = 4 4 16 8
4
1 2 4 2 8 3 5
b + x+ x + x , x ,
5 25 125 625 2
Exercise 7C 1 1 2 1
c 3− x− x − x3 , x , 9
1 a 1 − 2 x + 3x 2 − 4x 3 , x , 1 6 216 3888
1 1 2 5 3 8
1 d 2+ x− x + x , x ,
b 1 − 3x + 9x 2 − 27 x 3 , x , 4 32 768 3
3
1 4 4 8 2 40 3
c 1 + 8x + 40 x 2 + 160 x 3 , x , e + x+ x + x , x ,3
2 27 27 81 729
3 3 5 1 16 84 2 64 3 5
d 1− x + x2 − x3 , x , 2 f − − x− x − x , x ,
334
2 2 4 125 625 3125 3125 2
1 2 1 3 1
e 1+ x − x + x , x , 1 1 2 3 4
2 2 2 2 a − x + x , x , 2
5 1 4 4 16
f 1 − x − x2 − x3 , x ,
3 3 1 1 4 8
1 b 2 − x2 − x , x ,
g 2 + 16x + 96x 2 + 512 x 3 , x , 4 32 3
4
1 15 3 2 15 3 4
h 1 − 9x + 42 x 2 − 152 x 3 , x , c 9 3− x + x , x , 3
2 2 8
5 2 1
i 1 + 2x + x + 4x 3 , x , 25 23 2 67 3
2 2 3 2− x+ x + x
6 72 2592
2 a 1 − 3x 2 + 6x 4 , x , 1 1 1 1
4 a + x + x 2 , 1 − 6x + 27 x 2
2 2 4 4 1 2 4 8
b 1− x − x , x ,
3 9 2 1 11 97 2 1
1 b − x+ x , x ,
c 1 − 6x + 6x , x ,
2 4 2 4 8 3
2 75 125 3
15 3 75 4 5 a = 2, b = , x
3 2 + 3x + 5x +
2
x + x 16 8
2 4
6 a = −2
4 a Yes, (3x − 1)−2 = ( −1)−2 (1 − 3x )−2 = (1 − 3x )−2
2 4 8
b No, 2 x − 1 = −1 1 − 2 x and −1 is not a 7 a 1− + 2 − 3 b Proof
x x x
real number. x x2 x3 x 4
c − + −
5 −1 − 6x − 24x 2 − 80 x 3 2 4 8 16
2 x
d , 1 gives x , − 2 or x . 2 , , 1 gives
6 Proof x 2
−2 , x , 2 . The two ranges do not overlap.
177
7 k=
2
 Answers

Exercise 7E 12 2−
9
−
23
2 3 5(2 x − 1) 5( x + 2)
1 a −
1 − x 1 + 2x 13 k = 16
b −1 + 8x − 10 x 2 + 26x 3 1 3 12
14 i + +
x + 1 x − 3 ( x − 3)2
2 1 3
2 a + − 4 4 4
1 − 3x 1 − x (1 − x )2 ii − x + x2
b x + 10 x 2 + 43x 3 3 9 3
1 3x − 1
5 3x − 1 15 i − + 2
3 a + x−2 x +3
1 − x 1 + 2x2
1 5 17 2
b 4 + 8x + 7 x 2 − x 3 ii + x+ x
6 4 72
6 5 1 2x + 1
4 a 1+ + 16 i − +
1 + 2 x 2 − 3x 1 + x 1 + 2x2
237
b
8 ii 3x − 3x 2 − 3x 3
3 3
5 a −
x−4 x+3 8 Further calculus
7 7 91 2 Prerequisite knowledge
b − + x− x
4 48 576 2
+1
1 a 3 cos 3x b 2 xe x
5 1 3
6 a + − 5
x + 1 x − 2 ( x − 2)2 c d 2 sec 2 2 x + 5 sin x
5x − 3
15 69 2
b − 6x + x 1 5 x +1 x 1 335
4 16 2 a e +c b − sin 4x + c
5 2 8
End-of-chapter review exercise 7 c
5
ln(3x − 2) + c d
1
tan 3x + c
3 3
1 1 + 8x + 40 x 2 + 160 x 3
3 1 7x 3
3 a + b −
40 3 2( x + 3) 2( x − 1) x +2 x
2
2 1 − 2 x − 4x 2 − x
3 5 5 5 1 1
c − + d 3− +
3 2 − 7 x + 18x 2 x x − 1 ( x − 1)2 x +1 x − 2

3 2 Exercise 8A
4 1 + 2x − x
2 2 5
1 a b
5
3
1− x +
27 2 135 3
x − x 4x + 1
2
25x 2 + 1
2 8 16 3 1
c d
5 5 15 2 x2 + 9 x2 − 2x + 2
6 + x+ x
2 2 8 2x 2
e f
1 5 75 2 x4 + 1 5x 2 + 2 x + 1
7 + x+ x x
2 16 256 2 a + tan −1 x
x2 + 1
8 16
8 A=− , B = −4, C = 2 x − (4x 2 + 1) tan −1 2 x
3 3 b
x 2 (4x 2 + 1)
9 A = 5, B = 3, C = −2
c ex ⎛ 2 + tan −1 x ⎞
1
⎝ x +1 ⎠
2 5x − 3
10 + 3 x − 4y = 2 − π
x x2 + 1
11 A = 3, B = −1, C = 2, D = −2 3+ π
4
5
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

Exercise 8B e
20
f
5
( π + 2)
tan −1 ⎛ ⎞ tan −1 ⎛ ⎞
1 x 1 x 9 32
1 a b π
3 ⎝ 3⎠ 4 ⎝ 4⎠ g
1
6
( 2π − 3 3 ) h
2
tan −1 ⎛
1 1 3x ⎞
c tan −1(2 x ) d
2 12 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 5 π
3 ⎛ 2 3x ⎞ 6 ⎛ 6 ⎞
e tan −1 ⎜ f tan −1 ⎜ x
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
4
6 6 6
15
π π 6 π
2 a b c π 7
12 4 9 3
3 2π 2 6
8 6e −
e
Exercise 8C
Exercise 8E
1 a 2 ln( x 3 − 1) + c b ln(1 + sin x ) + c
1 ⎛ x ⎞
1 a ln +c
c 2 ln( x 2 − 5x + 1) + c d ln(sin x ) + c 2 ⎝ 2−x⎠
1 b 3 ln( x + 2) − ln(1 − x ) + c
e − ln(2 − x 2 ) + c f ln(1 + tan x ) + c
2 c 2 ln(2 x 2 − 9x − 5)
1 ⎛ 3⎞
2 a ln b ln5 d ln( x − 3) + 2 tan −1 x + c
2 ⎝ 2⎠
1 ⎛ 5⎞ 1 ⎛ 7⎞ 2
c ln d ln e 5 ln( x + 1) + ln(2 − x ) + +c
2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2−x
336 1 f 2 x − 3 ln( x − 1) + ln( x + 4) + c
e ln 2 f ln 3
2
3 100
Proof 2 a ln b ln10
27
4 Proof 9 3 7
c ln d ( π − 4 ln 3)
16 10
5 p= e2 − 1 π 1
e + ln 2 f ( π + ln 4)
4 4
1 9 3
g + ln 4 h 2 ln −
Exercise 8D 6 4 2
9 1
i ln −
1 x2 − 3 + c 2 3
16 12
3 3 a 1 + ln b 4 − ln c 2 − ln 2
3x + 2 1 5 5
2 a − +c b − (1 − 2 x 2 ) 2 + c
6( x + 2)3 6 4 Proof

sin6 x 2 x
3
5 Proof
c +c d (e + 2) 2 + c
6 3
6 Proof
1 1
e x + − ln(5x + 1) + c
5 5
5 3
Exercise 8F
2 2
f (3x − 1) 2 + (3x − 1) 2 + c 1 a 3xe x − 3e x + c
45 27
π b x sin x + cos x + c
3
4 1 2 1
c x ln 2 x − x 2 + c
2 b 18 ln 3 − 16 2 4
4 a 1 1
3 d sin 2 x − x cos 2 x + c
d 4 2
ln( 3 + 2 2 )
3 2 2
c
2
 Answers

1 4 1 4 ⎛ −1 15
e x ln x − x +c 1 ⎞ ii 4 ln 2 −
⎜ e , − 3e ⎟
12 i 3
4 16 16
f 2 x ln x − 4 x + c ⎝ ⎠
13 i x= 2 3
ii p = 3.40
1
2 a (π − 2)
18 Cross-topic review exercise 3
1 3
b ln16 − ln 2 −
2 4 1 1 + 15x + 135x 2 + 945x 3
1 2
c (e + 1) d ln 27 − 2
4 3
5 2 8 2 π
e − 3 f 9
9 9e 25
1 3 4 − 6x + 6x 2 − 5x 3
3 a 2(ln 2 − 1) 2
b ( π2 − 8)
32 1 1 3 2
1 2 4 + x+ x
c π −42
d e 2 8 64
4
5 π−2
1
e 2 f (1 + e π )
2 3 3 15 3
6 1+ x + x2 + x
1 2 8 16
4 a (1 + 2e3 ) b π
9 7 Proof
1 26
c d 2− 4 8 i 1 + 2 x + 6x 2 ii 5
2 e
1 2 3 2
5 π(e 4 − 5) 9 i a= ii 1 − 2 x + x
4 2 2
1 337
10 i Proof ii 8 + 2 ln
2
End-of-chapter review exercise 8 11 Proof
1 1 −1
1 − e 12 a Proof b Proof
4 2
2 4(ln 4 − 1) 13 a Proof b 6.56

14 14 i Proof ii 2e2 − 10
3 3 4x
9 15 i + ii Proof
2 − x 4 + x2
4 i Proof ii Proof
16 i Proof ii 1.94
1 3
5 i Proof ii π− 1 3 1
3 2 17 i + −
3 − x 2(1 + 2 x ) 2(1 + 2 x )2
6 i Proof ii 15 ln5 − 4 4 8 1 2
ii − x+ x
1 1 3 9 27
7 i − ii Proof 2 1 3
x +1 x + 3 18 i − +
1 − x 2 − x (2 − x )2
iii Proof
9 5 39 2
1 ii + x+ x
8 a 3x + tan 2 x + c 4 2 16
2 3 6x + 1
19 a − 2
1 ⎞
π 3 − ln⎛⎜ x − 1 2x − 1
1 1
b ⎟
8 2 ⎝ 2⎠ b −2 + 3x − x 2 + 9x 3
9 i Proof ii Proof 1 15
20 a A= , B = 4, C = 2, D = −
2 2
10 i 5 −1 ii 24 − 8e
b Proof
11 Proof
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1
21 i ⎜⎝ e , − 2e ⎟⎠ ii
9
(2e3 + 1)
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

22 i Proof ii
11 Exercise 9B
96
1
1 a ( −3 j + 7 k ) b λ =3
5 cos(θ − 0.6435)

23 i 58
ii a 1.80, 5.77 2 a d =2 b ON = 6 i + 4 j + 2 k
b 2 tan(θ − 0.6435) + c
2 2 1
c i+ j+ k
3 3 3
9 Vectors
Prerequisite knowledge 3 a i

AD
⎛ −6 ⎞ ⎛ 2
= d − a = ⎜ −6 ⎟ − ⎜ 2
⎞ ⎛ −8
⎟ = ⎜ −8
⎞
⎟
1 36.7° (correct to 1 decimal place) ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠
3 2
2 a y = x −1 b y = − x−6 = 128 = 8 2,
2 3
3 a 4 cm b
61
2

AB
⎛ 13 ⎞ ⎛ 2
= b−a = ⎜ 5 ⎟ −⎜ 2
⎞ ⎛ 11 ⎞
⎟ = ⎜ 3 ⎟
4 (2, 12) ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
= 112 + 32 + 42 = 146,
Exercise 9A
   ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 13 ⎞ ⎛ −8
BC = c − b = ⎜ −3 ⎟ − ⎜ 5 ⎟ = ⎜ −8
⎞
⎟
⎛ 5⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
1 a AB = ⎜ BC = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ −3 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠
 ⎛ 10 ⎞
b AC = ⎜
= 8 2,
⎝ −1 ⎟⎠
338
  ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ −6
DC = c − d = ⎜ −3 ⎟ − ⎜ −6
⎞ ⎛ 11 ⎞
⎟ = ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎛ −7 ⎞
2 a EF = ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
  ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞ = ⎛ −7 ⎞
b DF − DE = ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ = 112 + 32 + 42 = 146
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
3
      
QR = PR − PQ = PR + QP = QP + PR QED
ii Opposite sides are parallel and equal in
length.
 
4 a XY = b − a and BC = 2 b − 2a = 2( b − a )
b i

  1  ⎜ ⎟ 1 ⎜
⎛ 2⎞
OM = OA + AB = 2 +
⎛ 11 ⎞ ⎛ 7.5 ⎞
3 ⎟ = ⎜ 3.5 ⎟
BC is a scalar multiple of XY , therefore BC is 2 ⎜ ⎟ 2⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
parallel to XY . ⎝ 0⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
so M (7.5, 3.5, 2)
  
1
b k=
2 1
ii OP = OB + BD
⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ 3
5 a ⎜ 2 ⎟ b ⎜ 4⎟ ⎛ 13 ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ −6 ⎞ ⎛ 13 ⎞ ⎤
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 1 ⎢ ⎥
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ =⎜ 5 ⎟ + ⎢ ⎜ −6 ⎟ − ⎜ 5 ⎟ ⎥
⎜ ⎟ 3 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
6 a i q+s−p ii p − 2q − r − s ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎥⎦
b For example, angle AHC = 45° (Interior angle of ⎛ 13 ⎞ ⎛ −19 ⎞ ⎛ 20 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ 1⎜ ⎟ 1⎜
a regular octagon = 135° and angle GHC = 90° ) = 5 + −11 = 4 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ 3⎜ ⎟ 3⎜ ⎟
and the exterior angle (at A) is 45° and so the line ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ −4 ⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎠
segments AB and HC are parallel.
so P ⎛
20 4 8 ⎞
, ,
k = 1+ 2 ⎝ 3 3 3⎠

7 Proof
 Answers

2 i + 6 j − 4k = 4 + 36 + 16 = 56 = 2 14 ⎞ = 88.7° correct to
BOA = cos −1 ⎛⎜
1

4 a
⎝ 34 54 ⎟⎠
= 1 + 4 + 25 =

b OA 30,
1 decimal place.
OB = 9 + 16 + 1 = 26 and 30 + 26 = 56
1 3 6a + ( −2)(4) + (5)( −2) = 0 a = 3
c × 30 × 26 = 195
2
4 a 5 k 2 − 3( k + 2) − (7 k + 9) = 0
5 16 + ( q − 2)2 = 22 and so q = 2 ± 6.
5 k 2 − 10 k − 15 = 0 k 2 − 2 k − 3 = 0


6 a 25 cm ( k + 1)( k − 3) = 0 → k = −1 or k = 3

 
b ON = 9.6 i + 20 j + 4.2 k ⎛
⎛ 10 ⎞ 2⎞
7 4 + 25 + a = 1 + (1 + a ) + ( −3) so a = 9.
2 2 2 b OP = −3 , OQ = ⎜
⎜ ⎟ 4⎟

8 a
  1
OP = λOQ and using the y-component, λ = .  
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 23 ⎠
⎜ ⎟
⎝ −1 ⎠
4 OP ⋅ OQ = 10(2) + ( −3)(4) + (23)( −1) = −15
1
Hence, −6 k = (2 k + 13), k = −
1
and

OP = 10 + ( −3) + 23 = 638,
2 2 2
4
1
2
1
checking 8(1 + k ) = ( −32 k ) gives k = − .

OQ = 2 + 4 + ( −1) = 21
2 2 2
4 2 −15 ⎞
→ θ = cos −1 ⎛⎜
 ⎛ 3⎞ ⎝ ⎟ = 97.4°
638 21 ⎠
b OP = ⎜ −2 ⎟ = 3i − 2 j + 4k and
⎜ ⎟  

NP = 2 j + 3k and MP = −3i − 2 j + k and so
⎝ 4⎠ 5
 
 
 ⎛ 12 ⎞
OQ = ⎜ −8 ⎟ = 12 i − 8 j + 16 . 

NP ⋅ MP = 2( −2) + 3(1) = −1, NP = 13,
⎜ ⎟ MP = 14
339
⎝ 16 ⎠

c PQ = 9 i − 6 j + 12 k and
NPM = cos −1 ⎛⎜
−1 ⎞
⎝ 13 14 ⎟⎠
= 94.2509 … = 94.3°

PQ = 92 + ( −6)2 + 122 = 3 29 6 a ⋅ j = (4)(0) + ( −8)(1) + (1)(0) = −8
⎛ 0⎞ a = 42 + ( −8)2 + 12 = 81 = 9 , j = 1
9 Home is the null displacement ⎜ 0 ⎟ . Total θ = cos −1 ⎛
−8 ⎞
= 152.733 … = 152.7° correct to
⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 9 ⎠
⎛ 13 ⎞ ⎝ 0⎠
1 decimal place.
vector sum is ⎜ 8 ⎟ so to get home the
⎜ ⎟ 7 a ⋅ b is a scalar and the dot product is a product of
⎝ 0 ⎠
⎛ −13 ⎞ two vectors.
displacement is ⎜ −8 ⎟ . The distance home is
⎜ ⎟ 8

 
a OM = 2 i + 4 j + 4 k, NG = −4i + 3 j + 4 k
⎝ 0⎠
10 169 + 64 = 153 cm , correct to the nearest cm. b

 
OM ⋅ NG = 2( −4) + 4(3) + 4(4) = 20,

 
OM = 6, NG = 41, cos ⎛
20 ⎞ −1
= 58.6°
Exercise 9C ⎝ 6 41 ⎠


correct to 1 decimal place.
1 a a ⋅ b = 0, a ⊥ b AM = −77 i + 30 j + 36 k and
b θ = cos −1 ⎛⎜
12 ⎞ = 81.4°
9

DB = 77 + 36 = 85 so
2 2
⎝ 13 2 19 ⎟⎠  1  1
AN = 60 j + BD = 60 j + ( −77 i + 36 k )
c e ⋅ f = 0, e ⊥ f 5 5
  =−
77
i + 60 j +
36
k
2
 
OB ⋅ OA = ( −5)(1) + (0)(7) + (3)(2) = 1
OA = 34 , OB = 54 
 
5 5

AM ⋅ AN = −77 ⎛ −
77 ⎞
+ 30(60) + 36 ⎛
36 ⎞
= 3245


AM = 25 13
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3


AN = 3889
  ⎛
OA + tAB = ⎜
0⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ t
4 ⎟ + t ⎜ −3 ⎟ = ⎜ 4 − 3t
⎞
⎟ and so
MAN = cos −1 ⎛⎜
3245 ⎞ = 54.7° correct to ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 25 13 3889 ⎟⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ −2 + 8t ⎠
1 decimal place. x=t
y = 4 − 3t
10 a
 ⎛ −3 ⎞

AN = ⎜ 1.5 ⎟ , AN =
3 14 z = −2 + 8t
⎜ ⎟ 2 1
⎝ 4.5 ⎠ b Oxy plane → z = 0, −2 + 8t = 0, t =
4
cos −1 ⎛ ⎞ = 74.5° correct to
4.5
⎝ 3 × 1.5 14 ⎠
1 3 13
→x = , y = 4− = → ⎛ 1 13
, , 0⎞
4 4 4 ⎝4 4 ⎠
1 decimal place.
6 a r = ( μ + 4) i + ( μ − 7) j + (3μ ) k

b

 ⎛
MN = ⎜
−3 ⎞
0⎟
→ r = 4 i − 7 j + μ ( i + j + 3k ) → direction is
⎜ ⎟ i + j + 3k which is not a scalar multiple of
⎝ 4.5 ⎠
c
 
  ⎛
PN ⋅ MN = 0, PN = ⎜
3 ⎞
1.5 ⎟ ,
6 i + j + 3k, so the lines are not parallel.

b cos −1 ⎛⎜
16 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = 44.7° correct to 1 decimal
⎝ 4.5 − p ⎠ ⎝ 11 46 ⎟⎠
 ⎛
3( −3) + 4.5(4.5 − p ) = 0, p = 2.5, OP = ⎜
0
0
⎞
⎟
place.
⎜ ⎟ ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ 5⎞ ⎛ 4⎞
⎝ 2.5 ⎠
7 a ⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ −3 ⎟ + t ⎜ −1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
Exercise 9D ⎝ z⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ −3 ⎠
1 a r = − j + 5 k + λ (2 i + 6 j − k )
340 b r = λ (7 i − j − k ) b

BA ⋅ d
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 4⎞
= ⎜ 4 ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ −1 ⎟
L2
c r = 7 i + 2 j − 3k + λ (3i − 4 k ) ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −3 ⎠
2 a x = 2λ b x = 7λ = 1(4) + (4)( −1) + (0)( −3) = 0
y = −1 + 6λ y = −λ
z =5−λ z = −λ
8 a
 ⎛ −3 ⎞
  ⎛ 0⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞
AB = −2 so OB + tAB = −1 + t ⎜ −2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
c x = 7 + 3λ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ −3 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ −3 ⎠
y=2
z = −3 − 4λ  ⎛ –3t + 3
b ON = ⎜ –2t + 1
⎞
 ⎛ –3t + 2
⎟ , and then CN = ⎜ –2t − 1
⎞
⎟
3 Direction of line through 9 i + 2 j – 5 k and ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ –3t + 5 ⎠ ⎝ –3t + 2 ⎠
i + 7 j + k is, for example, 8 i – 5 j – 6 k. The
direction of this line is a scalar multiple of

Since CN is perpendicular to L,
16 i − 10 j − 12 k and so the lines are parallel.
( −3t + 2 ) ( −3 ) + ( −2t − 1 ) ( −2 ) + ( −3t + 2 ) ( −3 ) = 0
4 a x = 2+t b x = 2t 5
22t − 10 = 0, so t = ,
y = 13 + t y = 10 + 5t 11
z = 1− t z=0  ⎛ 3⎞
⎜ ⎟
ON = 1 +
⎛
5 ⎜
−3 ⎞
−2 =⎟
⎛ 18 ⎞
1 ⎜
1 ⎟
c x = 1 + 2t
⎜ ⎟ 11 ⎜ ⎟ 11 ⎜ ⎟
y = −3 + 3t ⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ −3 ⎠ ⎝ 30 ⎠
z = 4t

5
 ⎛ 1⎞
a AB = ⎜ −3 ⎟ so
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 8⎠
 Answers

Exercise 9E 19 ⎞
b cos −1 ⎛⎜ = 62.3923 … ° = 62.4°
1 a Skew ⎝ 41 41 ⎟⎠
correct to 1 decimal place
b Parallel
4
c Intersecting (8, 5, 15) 5 a 8 − 4 + 5p = 0 → p = −
5
d Intersecting (5, − 1, 3) b i r = −3i + j + 5 k + λ (7 i − j − k )
2 p = −80, P (5, − 3, 16) ii Proof
6 a 6
3 a 4 i − 3k, − 8 i + 4 j, 12 j + 5 k
b r = −4i + 6j − 6 k + λ ( −2i − 14 j + 2 k )
b 55.8°, 72.3°, 51.9° c −5 i − j − 5 k
c 13, 4 14, 3 17 d 50.6°
a r = 3i + 7 j + 9 k + λ (4 i + 4 j + 5 k )
 
4 ⎛ −2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
AB ⋅ CB = ⎜ −4 ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ −4 ⎟

b Proof 7 a
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠
5 a AB = −2 i + 2 j + 4 k
= ( −2)(2) + ( −4)( −4) + (6)( −2) = 0
b e.g. r = i + 5 k + λ ( −2 i + 2 j + 4 k )
10 ⎞
−1 ⎛
= 56.938 … ° = 56.9° correct
 ⎛ −10 ⎞
 ⎛ −2 ⎞
 
AD = ⎜ 20 ⎟ and BC = ⎜ 4 ⎟ , AD = 5BC .
⎝ 2 6 14 ⎟⎠
c cos ⎜ b
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 10 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
to 1 decimal place
The lines AD and BC are parallel.
d (0, 1, 7)
 ⎛ −1 ⎞
c OE = ⎜ 12 ⎟ r = − i + 12 j + 4 k + λ ( i − 10 j + 3k )
341

End-of-chapter review exercise 9 ⎜ ⎟

⎝ 4⎠
a cos −1 ⎛⎜ ⎞ = 47.2466 … ° = 47.2°
40 8 a 36.3°correct to 1 decimal place.
⎝ 2 14 62 ⎟⎠
1
b Point of intersection is (4, 0, 1)
correct to 1 decimal place
b r = 2 i + 3 j + 7k + λ (2 i − 5 j − 13k ) 

c Foot of perpendicular is N(3, 2, 4) and
EN = −2 i − j = 2 2 + 12 = 5
2
 
a Not perpendicular as
OA ⋅ OB = ( −2)(1) + (0)( −1) + (6)(4) = 22 ≠ 0  ⎛ −9.5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
 ⎛ −4.5 ⎞
PS = ⎜ −6 ⎟
b i
 ⎛ 3⎞
AB = ⎜ −1 ⎟
9 a PQ =
⎜
4
⎟
⎝ 2.5 ⎠
⎜ ⎟
⎝ −7.5 ⎠
⎜ ⎟
⎝ −2 ⎠ b R( −5, 0, − 1)
ii r = −2 i + 6 k + λ (3i − j − 2 k ) c Proof and side length = 7.5 2
d T (2, 1, 1.5)

 

c (4, –2, 2)
3 a AH = −9 i + 15 j + 12 k, NH = 2.5 i + 15 j + 6 k e i e.g. r = v + λ ( t − v )
⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞
cos −1 ⎛ ⎞ = 37.6695 … ° = 37.7°
274.5
b
⎜ 1069 ⎟ r = ⎜ 17.5 ⎟ + λ ⎜ −16.5 ⎟
⎜⎝ × 15 2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎠ ⎝ −13.5 ⎠ ⎝ 15 ⎠
correct to 1 decimal place ii Proof
c e.g. r = 9 i + λ ( −9 i + 15 j + 12 k ) iii Right, squared-based pyramid
4 a n=7
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

10 a When λ = −1 the position vector given is P. s3

c = sin(t + 5) + C
3
b 185
d ln V = 2t + c or V = 0
c 143.0° correct to 1 decimal place
e ln y + 1 = ln x + C or y = −1
d Foot of perpendicular is ( −3, 29, − 4) so
f − cos y = (1 − x ) sin x − cos x + C
perpendicular distance is 67.
11 a r = 7 i + j + 6 k + λ ( 3i + 4 j − 5 k ) 2 a y = 5etan x
5
b P (4, − 3, 11) and r = −5 j + 7 k + μ (4 i + 2 j + 4 k ) y2 2 y 2 x3

54
b − = −x−
2 5 3 5
c PQ =6
3 y = ln(e x + 1)
12 a p = 2, q = −1
b 7 i + 4 j + 8k dy
4 a = 5 y3x
51 ⎞ dx
c cos −1 ⎛⎜ = 17.8584 … ° = 17.9°
⎝ 29 99 ⎟⎠
1
b y2 =
6 − 5x 2
correct to 1 decimal place. 1 1
5 a +
3(2 − x ) 3( x + 1)
10 Differential equations 2(e3t − 1)
b i x= ii x→2
Prerequisite knowledge e3t + 2
6 Proof
1 w = 0.02 r 3
x 2
60e 4 7 x= 1
342 2 y= x 6 − e4
sin t

1+ 3e 4
x2
1 8 ye y + 1 − e y + 1 = − ln x + C
3 a ln 3x − 1 + c 2
3
⎛1 π⎞
y = tan⎜ tan −1⎛ ⎞ + ⎟
x
b − ln cos x + c 9
⎝2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4⎠
c − xe − x − e − x + c 10
1
ln 1 − 2 y = 2 + B
x
4
2
7
( ln x − 2 − ln 3x + 1 ) + c 11 x=e 2
t+
1
sin 2t

5 a y 1 t
e +C
2
12 a
2
x3 1 t 5t 2 1
= e + −
2
b
3 2 2 6
3
13 y=
2 − x2
1
1 14 k = ln 7 , ln(3x 2 + x 4 ) = t ln 7 + ln 2
2
O x
15 a ln ln x + C
b k = 12 b y = B ln x where B = eC

Exercise 10A 16 48 hours (to the nearest hour)

x4
1 a y= − 6x + C
4 Exercise 10B
b A = πr + C 2
dh
1 a = − kh2 where k > 0
dt
 Answers

dn 37
b = kn where k > 0 9 Approximately or 74%
dt 50
dv dL
c = − kv ( v + 1) where k > 0 10 = k where k is a positive constant;
dt dt
dV L = 0.3t + 20
d = − kV where k > 0
dt
11 a 7.47 minutes correct to 3 significant figures
dC
e = kC 3 where k > 0 b 24 °C
dt
dv k
f = t where k > 0 12 a
dn
= k n where k is a positive constant;
dt dt
e2
dx 2 n = kt + C
2 a = − k x where k > 0
dt b 9
b t = 600 − 240 x c t = 11 ⇒ n = 12100 and t = 12 ⇒ n = 14 400
c 176 seconds correct to 3 significant figures
13 a 0.458 hours correct to 3 significant figures
dA b Unlimited growth, unrealistic
3 a = kA where k is a positive constant
dt
b Proof
End-of-chapter review exercise 10
c $334 correct to 3 significant figures
y = − ln⎛ − e2 x + e2 x − x 2 e2 x ⎞
5 1 x 1
1
dx ⎝4 4 2 2 ⎠
4 a = k (100 − x ) where k is a positive
dt t 343
constant 2500e 2
2 a x= t
− kt
b x = 100 − 75e 4 + e2
c 86.9 °C
b As t → ∞, x → 2500
d 100 °C
5 a Proof 3 y 4 = 17e 4 x − 1
dh dV dh −36
b = × = dy
dt dt dV πh2 4 a = kx y ; 24 y = 93 − 5x 2
dx
π ⎛ h3 ⎞
c t= ⎜ 1125 − ⎟ b 5
36 ⎝ 3 ⎠
d 85.9 seconds correct to 3 significant figures 5 a 10(ln 10 − x − ln 5 − x ) + C
dP
6 a = kP where k is a positive constant b i Proof
dt
t
b Proof 10(e 10 − 1)
ii x = t
c 5.42 minutes correct to 3 significant figures 2e 10 − 1
dr 3.92 iii 5 grams
7 a =
dt r
6 y5 = xe x − e x + 1025; y = 4.06 correct to
r = ( 5.88t − 1.568 )
3 2
b 3 significant figures
c V = 10.3 cm 3 correct to 3 significant figures 7 a
1
y4 − 1 + C
2
8 At about 6.34 pm
1
b y 4 − 1 = 2 x + ln x + 2 − 2
2
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

dh 3 A
8 a = k (8 − h ) where k > 0;
dt
⎛ 1 ln 0.8 ⎞ t
h = 8 − 7.5e⎝ 5 ⎠

b As t → ∞, h → 8

1
9 y=− ln(2 − e3x )
3
dx
10 a = − kxt B C
dt
kt 2
b ln x = − +C
2
π 3π
c 47.4 seconds correct to 3 significant figures 4 a − ,
4 4
11 a
1
5
( ln P − ln 5 − P )+C b 2.29 radians correct to 3 significant figures
5 a 5
15e5t
b P= b 0.927 radians correct to 3 significant figures or
2 + 3e5t
c As t → ∞, P → 5 53.1° correct to 1 decimal place
c −2 i + 11j
12 73.4 million correct to 3 significant figures

1 Exercise 11A
13 a − cos x 2 + c
2 2
344 1 a 12i b i
y2 1 3
b = − cos x 2 + 1
2 2 c (3 10 )i d 13i

ln(1 − 3 ln cos x ) 2 a 8 b (9 + 2 2 )i
14 y=
3
5
c 29 d
dx 15 ⎛ 3x ⎞ 6
15 a = k (2000 − x )x, t = ln
dt 2 ⎝ 2000 − x ⎠ 3 a
8
i 7
b i
b 30.3 hours correct to 3 significant figures 5 2
1
c i
x2 − 4 2
16 y=
x2 + 4
Exercise 11B
θ 1
17 ln x + 2 = − sin 4θ + ln 2 , x = 1.09 correct 1 a 6 − 5i b 4+i
2 8
to 3 significant figures 1 13
c 11 + 7i d − − i
5 5
2 a −1 ± ( 2 3 )i b −2 ± i
11 Complex numbers
1 3
c ± i d 3±i 6
Prerequisite knowledge 2 2
1 a 3a − 2bx b 2 a 2 − abx − 3b 2 x 2 4 14 5 7
e − ± i f − ± i
3 3 4 4
2 a −2 2 b −1
3 a x = 3, y = −1 b x = 1, y = 3
c 2− 3
c x = 1, y = 2
4 a 5 + 5i b 41
 Answers

c 40 − 42i d 28 − 96i ⎛ 2π ⎞
e (41, −1.79) f ⎜ 2, − ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠
e 5 − 2i f −1 + i
g (3, 0.730) h (25, − 2.86)
1 5
g 5−i h − i
2 2
i ⎛ 2 k, − π ⎞
1 2 6 ⎝ 4⎠
5 a Proof b z= − i
5 5 4 a 10 ( cos(1.89) + i sin(1.89) )
6 a z + 49 = 0
2
b z − 2 z + 26 = 0
2 10 ( cos(0.322) + i sin(0.322) )
c z 2 − 4 z + 13 = 0 d z 2 + 5 z + 14 = 0 10 ( cos ( −1.25) + i sin( −1.25) )
b AC is a straight line, midpoint O as z1 = z3 .
1 3
7 x= , y= π
Angle AOB = π − tan −1 (3) − tan −1 ⎛ ⎞ = .
1
2 2
⎝ 3⎠ 2
8 1 + 2i Triangles AOB and AOC are isosceles, since
z1 = z2 and z2 = z3 . QED.
9 z 2 − 10 z + 28 = 0
3 3 3
10 3.2 − 2.4i amps 5 a + i b 1.91 + 4.62i
2 2
1 3 2 3 2
Exercise 11C c − d − i
2 2 2
All angles are given in radians correct to 3 significant 73
6 z2 = , arg z 2 = 3.02
figures where rounded. 97
iπ iπ
1 a Im(z) −
C B 7 a 5e 6 b 2e 4 345
2
5 πi
1 −
2e 12
c
5
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 5
Re(z)
–1 5 3 5
A 8 a= , b=
–2 2 2
9 a r2 b cos 2θ + i sin 2θ
b ( − u )* = −5 − 2i 10 a Proof b Proof
2 a Im(z)

5 P Exercise 11D
4 All angles are given in radians correct to 3 significant
figures where rounded.
3
1 a 1
2
b z2 = i, z3 = −1 and real
1
2 a z = 7, z = 4 + i 3, z = 4 − i 3
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
O
1 Re(z) 11 −25 + i 3 −25 − i 3
–1
b z=− , z= , z=
8 16 16
Q
6
3 (cos1.78 + i sin1.78),
b −3 + 2i 2
⎛ π⎞ 6
(cos( −1.78) + i sin( −1.78))
3 a (13, 2.75) b ⎜ 5, ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ 2
c (17, 1.08) d (61, − 0.181) 4 z = 3, z = 5i, z = −5i
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

5 x = 8, y = 3 b Im(z)

6 z = −0.5, z = 3 + i, z = 3 − i
7 z = 3i, z = −3i, z = 1 + 2i, z = 1 − 2i O Re(z)

8 a −5 + i, 5 − i
b −3 − i 2, 3 + i 2
(0, −3)
3 3 −π
–
c 2 −i , − 2+i 3
2 2
d 4 − 3i, − 4 + 3i
e 1 + i 5, − 1 − i 5
c Im(z)
π −3 π 7
2 i 2 i
f e4 , e 4
2 2 6

9 a z =2−i b p = 37, q = −40 5

c Im(z) 4
3
2
2
1 B
1
C
O
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Re(z) –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 Re(z)
–1 A –1

–2 –2
346
d Im(z)
1 15 5
10 a = 16, b = −1, z = 4i, z = −4i, z = + i,
2 2 4
1 15
z= − i
2 2 3

Exercise 11E 1

π
1 a A half-line from (2, − 3) at an angle of –1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Re(z)
12 –1
radians.
–2
b The region to the right of the perpendicular
–3
bisector of the points (0, 6) and (10, 0)
Im(z)
c A circle, centre ( −6, 1), radius 7. 3 5 1±i√15
5π 4
d A half-line from (0, 0) at an angle of
12 3
radians.
2
2 a Im(z)
7 1

6
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 5 Re(z)
5 –1
4
–2
3
–3
2
1 –4
–5
–1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Re(z)
–1
 Answers

4 Im(z)
8 Im(z) z = 12 + 5i
y = –4
15
10
O Re(z)
5

–15 –10 –5 O 5 10 15 Re(z)

(0, –4) –5
–10
–15
(0, –8)
9 Im(z) z = 1 + 2i
5 Im(z) (x – 3)2 + (y + 6)2 =9

–3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Re(z)
–1
π
–
4
–2
(–1, 0) O Re(z)
–3

–4

–5
10 a ( x − 5)2 + ( y − 5)2 = 25
–6
b Im(z)
–7

–8

–9
347
–10

6 Im(z) No

O Re(z)
5π O
Re(z)
6
(–4, –2) π
c Least arg z = 0 , greatest arg z =
2
(0, –5)
End-of-chapter review exercise 11
All angles are given in radians correct to 3 significant
figures where rounded.
Im(z) 1 a −0.1 − 1.7i
7 least = 6√5
greatest = 10√5
b w = 1 − 5i, w = 1 + 5i
20
c Im(z)
7

6
10
5

3
O 10 Re(z) 2

–4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 Re(z)
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

2 a zz* = k 2 + 36,
z
=
( k 2 − 36) − 12 ki 6
⎛ π⎞
a ⎜ 8, − ⎟ b 2 2e ( − π4 ) i
z* k 2 + 36 ⎝ 6⎠

b uw = 8e
( − 712π ) i, u = 2e( − 712π ) i 7 a w = −1 + i
w b i Im(z)
3 a Im(z) Isosceles triangle
P
2

–1 O 1 Re(z) π–
3
–1 (3, 3)

–2
Q

⎛ ⎞
2 ⎜ cos⎛ π ⎞ + i sin⎛ π ⎞ ⎟
u 3 3 O Re(z)
b =
w ⎝ ⎝4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎠
1 ii z = 4 + ( 3 + 3 ) i
4 a x= , y=3
2
8 a x = −3, y = 2 or x = 3, y = − 2
b Im(z) Right-angled
C 5 B
b i Proof
4
3 1 i 1 i
ii z1 = 3, z2 = − + , z3 = − −
2 2 2 2 2
348
1 9 a z2 = 3 + 2i
–3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 1 3 1 3
–1 Re(z) b z=− , z= − i, z = + i
3 6 2 6 2
–2
–3 10 a i f ( −3) = 0
–4 1 15
A
ii z = 1, z = −3, z = − + i,
–5 4 4
1 15
z=− − i
21 20 4 4
c i − i
29 29 b i Im(z)

ii cos ( −0.761 ) + i sin ( −0.761 )

(–1, √3)
5 a z1 = −2 3 + i, z2 = −2 3 − i
b Im(z)

A 1
O Re(z)

–2√3 O Re(z) π
ii Min. arg z =
2
–1 π π π 5π
B iii Max. arg z = + + =
2 6 6 6
11 a i z 2 + 3z + 4 = 0
Reflection in the real axis
ii z1 = 2
c z1 = z2 = 13 , arg z1 = 2.86, arg z2 = −2.86
 Answers

1+ i 3 1− i 3 16 i
3 1
+ i ii −
3 1
+ i
b i z = −1, z = , z=
2 2 2 2 2 2
ii Im(z)
Cross-topic review exercise 4
1 B ⎛ −5 ⎞ ⎛ 6⎞
1 a r=⎜ 0⎟+λ ⎜ 7⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
C ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
–1 O 1 2 Re(z) b i m = −2

A ii Proof
–1
2 y2 = 4( x 2 − 1)

3 a p = −2, q = −25
Equilateral
14
b i ( −10 i + j − 5 k )
12 a Proof 42
z ⎛ z ⎞ ii Angle POQ = 90°; 63 5
b = 1, arg ⎜ ⎟ = −0.841
z* ⎝ z* ⎠
π
c 3z 2 − 4 z + 3 = 0 4 i z = 2 , arg z = or 30° or 0.524 radians
6
13 a k = −1 b arg z = 0.862 ii a 3 3 + i
3 i
14 i 7 − 2i b +
2 2 349
1
πi Im(z) iii Im(z)
ii 6.69e 4 3
6 2 B(1, √3)
×
5 y=x 1 ×A(√3, 1)
4 ×
O 1 2 3 4 5
3 P y= 1 x+2 –1
Re(z)
√3
2
5 x= 2 sin 2θ − 1
1

O
–1
3 6 Re(z)
6

⎛ 4⎞
a OS = ⎜ −3 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
–2 ⎝ 0⎠
b 33, 26
15 i u = −2 − 2i, v = 1 + 2i
c 65.8°, 114.2° correct to 1 decimal place
ii Im(z)
2 2 11
7 i − + i
π 5 5
4
1 ii Im(z)
3π 4
4
3
–2 –1 O 1 2 3 Re(z)
2×
–1 1

–2 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2
Re(z)

π
Least z − w = 3sin ⎛ ⎞ − 1 =
3 2
−1
⎝4⎠ 2
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

π π
Least z = 3sin⎛ ⎞ =
8 i u = 8 or 2 2, arg u = or 45° 3 2
4 ⎝ 4⎠ 2
ii Im(z) Im(z)
3 O Re(z)
2
1 × 3
× –π
4
–1 O 1 2 3 4 5
–1
Re(z)

iii z = 8 − 1 = 7
iii Circle, centre 3 − 3i, radius 1.
Im(z) Im(z)
3
2 –1 O 1 2 3 4
1 –1
Re(z)
1 √8 –2
|z|
–3 ×
–1 O 1 2 3 4 5
–1 –4
Re(z)

9 i Proof Greatest z = 32 + ( −3)2 + 1 = 3 2 + 1

ii − ln(20 − x ) = 0.05t − ln 20 Im(z)

iii 7.9 –1 O 1 2 3 4
–1
Re(z)
iv t becomes very large, x approaches 20 –2
265 –3 ×
350 10 a r = −2 i + j − k + μ ( i + 3k ) b
5 –4
−0.57 x + 3.80
11 i ln R = ln x − 0.57 x + 3.80 R = xe
17 a m = −1, m = −4
1
ii R = e −1+ 3.80 = 28.850...
0.57 b m = −3
π
i
12 i 9e 3 c AB and CD do not intersect.
π π 5
i i − πi − πi
ii re iθ = 3e 6 or re iθ = 3e 6 = 3e 6 18 i Proof
13 y = 4(2 + e3x )2 ii −6 ø p ø 2

14 a ⎛ −7 ⎞ b 50.1° Im(z)
⎜ 3⎟ 4
⎜ ⎟
⎝ −13 ⎠
3π
ln y = ln x − x 2 + 1 + ln 2 and y = 2 xe − x +1
2
15 . –
4 π
–
4
16 i u =3 O
–4 4
ii Half-line from (0, − 3) Re(z)
Im(z)
2
1

–1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1
Re(z)
–2 π
–
4
–3
 Answers

iii w* = 2 − 4i 26 i The roots are: −3 + i 2 and 3 − i 2.

Im(z)
6 ii w − (1 + 2i) = 1: circle, centre (1, 2) radius 1
3
4 arg( z − 1) = π : half-line, above and to the left
4

×
of the point (1, 0)
2
Im(z)
3
×
–4 –2 O 2 4 6 8 10 Re(z)
2 ×
–2

–4 1
×

3– π
4
–6 ×
–2 –1 O 1 2 3
Re(z)
z−5 = 5 –1

3e −1
16 x 2
19 y= b Least w − z = 2 −1
3−e
2
16 x

20 i Proof 27 a Proof
5 5
5 5 5 b m = −4
2 2 1 2 60 H 2 − 60 h 2
ii h =− H 2t + H 2 t =
5 150 5 5 c 73.2°
H2
1
iii t = 49.3933... = 49.4 1800e 2
t
351
28 i N = 1
21 a r = 2 i + 5 j + 7 k + λ (7 i − 6 j − 9 k ) t
5+ e2
b 127.0° ii 1800

22 i Im(z) 29 i The roots are: − 3 + i 2 and − 3 + i 2 .

2 ×C
ii Circle, centre (0, 3), radius 2. Greatest
B
1 × value of arg z = 2.3005... = 2.30 correct to
3 significant figures.
×
–1 O 1 2 3 4 Im(z)
Re(z) 6
–1 ×A

4
OABC is a parallelogram.
×
u*
ii = 0.8 + 0.6i iii Proof 2
u
23 i Second root is 1 − ( 2 )i .
–4 –2 O 2 4
ii Other two roots are −1 ± i . Re(z)
24 a h=3 dV
30 i = 80 − kV
10 dt
b ( j + 3k )
10 4 − 4e −15 k n

ii kn +1 = ; 0.14
c 94.9° 25
iii V = 540 cm 3 correct to 2 significant figures, V
d r = 5 i + 4 j + λ (5 i − 3k )
80
approaches the value given by = 570 cm3
y3 2 10 k
25 = 2 xe3x − e3x + , y = 2.437... = 2.44 correct to 2 significant figures.
3 3 3
correct to 3 significant figures
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

Pure Mathematics 2 3 a = 7, b = −12

Practice exam-style paper 4 −101.9°, 78.1°

1 Proof 5 2 11
1 5 2x − 1
2 xø or x ù 1 6 a +
5 x − 2 x2 + 5
3 1.46 27 17 x 117 x 2
b − − −
10 20 200
4 a p = −17 b 71 dy
7 a = sin 2 x + 2 x cos 2 x
5 a 1 → 1.2003, 1.1794, 1.1895, 1.1849, 1.1871, dx
1.1861, (1.1865, 1.863), ... → 1.19 π
b
4
8x 2 8
b Answer x = obtains sec x = 8 a u = 2 + i, w = 3 + 9i
3 sec x 3
3 b A(1, − 1), B (1, 1), C (0, − 2); BC = 10
cos x = → 1.186 399 6
8
1 9 a p = ±3
6 a (2t + 1)(1 − 2e2t ) b y = 2x − 1
2 b i r = 5i + 2 k + λ ( i − 6 j + k )
ii Proof
7 a 10 sin(θ + 36.87)° b 7.56°, 98.7° 10 a Proof
c 13 b Proof
8 a Proof b Proof c 0.1 → 0.077 19, 0.071 46, 0.069 98, 0.069 59,
352
0.069 49, 0.069 46 → 0.069
Pure Mathematics 3 d 90.5 °C
Practice exam-style paper
1 2.652
2 Proof