Sustainable Development

INTRODUCTION
1.​ Sustainable Development is defined as development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs.
2.​ It includes social development and economic opportunity on one hand and the
requirements of the environment on the other. I
3.​ It is based on improving the quality of life for all, especially the poor and deprived
within the carrying capacity of the supporting ecosystems.
4.​ “any activity that is expected to bring about economic growth must also consider its
environmental impacts so that it is more consistent with long term growth and
development.”
5.​ Large dams, major highways, mining, industry, etc. can seriously damage
ecosystems that support the ecological health of a region
6.​ Forests are essential: renewable re- sources, reducing carbon dioxide levels, ETC.
If not > s impairs future human development., depletes biodiversity.
7.​ Toxic and Nuclear wastes can become serious economic problems as getting rid of
them is extremely costly.
Thus the economic benefits of a project must be weighed against the possible
environmental costs before a project is permitted.

1.​ Environmental
> Environmental sustainability focuses on the conservation of biodiversity without
foregoing economic and social progress.
>The foundations of environmental sustainability are safeguarding water, saving
energy, reducing waste, using recyclable packaging, limiting or eliminating the use of
plastics, using sustainable transport, reusing paper, and protecting flora and fauna.
>EXAMPLE) A great example of environmental sustainability is the Swedish city of
Stockholm, which is noted for investing in sustainable infrastructure, its low
emissions, and for having excellent air quality with pollution levels below average.
 The city has thus achieved a balance between economic development and
environmental protection.

2.​ ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY

>When a company is set up, a structure is created that involves expenses and
revenues. Once a balance is struck between both factors, the company earns profit.
Economic sustainability refers to the organisation’s ability to manage its resources
and responsibly generate profits in the long term.
>EXAMPLE) Unilever, which in the year 2010 rolled out a strategy to achieve a
balance between sustainability and the company’s economic performance by
increasing package recycling, promoting the use of recycled materials, and
responsible consumption awareness campaigns.

3.​ SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY

> In any community in which economic activities are carried out in a specific
environment, we find three interconnected forms of sustainability: environmental,
economic, and social.
> social sustainability in particular has the goal of strengthening the cohesion and
stability of specific social groups.
>EXAMPLE) The Gigante Group contributes funds and resources to a range of social
causes, such as school materials for collaborators, and grants to improve visual
health.

GLOBAL WARMING
1.​ CLIMATE CHANGE
> The average temperature in many regions has been increasing in recent
decades. The global average surface temperature has increased by 0.6° +
0.2° C over the last century.
> Many countries have experienced an increase in rainfall, particularly in the
countries situated in the mid to high latitudes.
> the frequency and intensity of droughts have been observed to increase in
recent decades. Episodes of El Niño, which creates great storms, have been
more frequent, persistent
>The earth is continuously losing its ability to balance itself due to the
imbalances created by human activities.
> studies have shown that in the near future, the global mean surface
temperature will rise by 1.4° to 5.8°C. Warming will be greatest over land
areas, and at high latitudes. The projected rate of warming is greater than has
occurred in the last 10,000 years
>The frequency of weather extremes is likely to increase leading to floods or
drought. There will be fewer cold spells but more heat waves.
> The frequency and intensity of El Niño is likely to increase.
>Global mean sea level is projected to rise by 9 to 88 cm by the year 2100.
The most vulnerable regions are the Nile delta in Egypt, the
Ganges-Brahmaputra delta in Bangladesh, and many small islands including
the Marshall Islands and the Maldives.
 >Human societies will be seriously affected by extremes of climate such as
droughts and floods. A changing climate would bring about changes in the
frequency and/or intensity of these extremes.
>To a large extent, public health depends on safe drinking water, sufficient
food, secure shelter, and good social conditions.
> Fresh water supplies may be seriously affected, reducing the availability of
clean water for drinking and washing during drought and floods.
>Water can be contaminated and sewage systems may be damaged. The
risk of spread of infectious diseases such as diarrhoeal diseases will
increase. This may affect the distribution of vector species which in turn will
increase the spread of disease, such as malaria and filariasis, to new areas
which lack a strong public health infrastructure. The seasonal transmission
and distribution of many diseases that are transmitted by mosquitoes and by
ticks may spread due to climate change.

2.​ GLOBAL WARMING {SHOULD SUM UP ALL}

{Not much written, so you can pick points from climate change like- rise in
temp, rise in sea level, etc.}
>About 75% of the solar energy reaching the Earth is absorbed on the earth’s
surface which increases its temperature. The rest of the heat radiates back to
the atmosphere. Some of the heat is trapped by greenhouse gases, mostly
carbon dioxide. As carbon dioxide is released by various human activities, it is
rapidly increasing. This is causing global warming.
>The average surface temperature is about 15°C. This is about 33°C higher
than it would be in the absence of the greenhouse effect. Without such gases
most of the Earth’s surface would be frozen with a mean air temperature of
-18°C.
>Human activities during the last few decades of industrialisation and
population growth have polluted the atmosphere to the extent that it has
begun to seriously affect the climate. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has
increased by 31% since pre-industrial times, causing more heat to be trapped
in the lower atmosphere.
>Many countries have signed a convention to reduce greenhouse gases
under the United Nations Convention on climate change, but currently these
measures have not proven to be effective.

3.​ ACID RAIN{sulphur and nitrogen dioxide}

> When fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are burned, chemicals
like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are produced. These chemicals react
with water and other chemicals in the air to form sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and
other harmful pollutants like sulphates and nitrates. These acid pollutants
spread upwards into the atmosphere and are carried by air currents to finally
return to the ground in the form of acid rain, fog, or snow.
>Acid pollutants also occur in dry form, when it rains these may mix with
water and evaporate in the atmosphere. Known as acid deposition.
>Motor vehicles are the prime contributors of nitrogen oxide.
 >When the acids in acid rain come in contact with material it will react by
giving up its hydrogen atoms. This can lead to corrosion or destruction of
infrastructure.

EFFECTS:
>Acid rain dissolves and washes away the essential nutrients that the plants
would need. Additionally, it also does the same with toxic materials such as
aluminium freeing them into the water causing the effect of acid rain to be
more destructive.
> Indirectly it affects the plants by removing the essential nutrients from the
soil, however the more direct adverse effect is caused by creating a hole in
the waxy part of the leaves which makes them vulnerable to insects and
pests. Moreover these holes in the waxy coating can make those spots dead
ie. leaving less room for photosynthesis.Taller plants in the tropical/ mountain
regions are most vulnerable. Forest plants are more vulnerable than farming
crops.
> It affects the acidity of the soil as discussed above,but also increases the
acidity in the water. Some aquatic animals can only adapt to a limit of acidic
water, beyond which it may die. Moreover, there would be aquatic animals
which consume these toxins, when this animal is eaten by a human or other
animal these toxins are then transferred to them. This mean, it poses a
significant threat to the food web or the food chain by endangering more than
one animal, disrupting the whole ecosystem in the longer run.
>Acid rain and dry deposition of acid also destructs the infrastructure of new
and old alike, such as the yellowing of the Taj Mahal.
>Acid rain also contributes to the presence of urban smog.

SOLUTIONS
>Using cleaner fuels instead of fossil fuels, in vehicles, industries etc. This will
help in reduction of carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide etc into the environment
hence controlling the acid rain.
>If the soil has been affected by the acid rain then farmers can use powdered
limestone in a prescribed way in order to neutralize the acidity of the soil.
> If pollutants have already entered the atmosphere, the damage can be
controlled by using scrubbers in the smokestack industries.
> In the catalytic converters, these pollutants go through a process wherein
they are covered with a metal coating thus reducing the damaging effects.

4.​ OZONE LAYER DEPLETION

>Ozone is a type of oxygen which is formed using 3 atoms of oxygen. This
occurs due to the reaction between sunlight and oxygen.
> It forms a layer about 25-30 km thick in the atmosphere and this is highly
toxic if inhaled. The process is slow and natural.
> It is highly toxic and poisonous, and at ground level it is considered to be a
pollutant, as it causes a number of respiratory problems.(asthma, bronchitis)
>At ground level it also causes harm to the vegetation.
>Although being extremely toxic, it is also a very important layer in the
atmosphere. It absorbs all the harmful UV rays coming from the sun without
 which the risk of certain diseases like cataracts, skin cancer, skin problems
increase.
> In the 1980s, scientists noticed that the use of chlorofluorocarbons had
been damaging the layer of the Ozone in the atmosphere. Back then, CFCs
were used in fridges and other gadgets. CFCs were virtually indestructible
apart from when it reached the stratosphere, where they broke down to form
chlorine. The chlorine reacts with oxygen which breaks down the composition
of ozone, rendering them unable to absorb the harmful UV radiations.
>There has been consistent thinning of the ozone layer especially in the
regions over Antarctica and Australia.
>Currently, most of the countries have banned CFCs but the threat of other
chemicals and compounds such as used in fertilizers remain a threat to the
ozone layer.
>In 1987, The Montreal Protocol was signed among the countries where they
agreed on total ban of CFCs by 2000. After 2000 the ozone layer was
expected to recover by the year 2050.

5.​ NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS

>Nuclear energy was initially researched as an alternative to fossil fuel, in the
form of clean and cheap energy.
> write briefly about Hiroshima nagasaki. A single nuclear attack causes
immediate loss of life. The remnants of radioactivity-> generations of diseases
such as early deaths, genetic mutations, cancers etc decades after the
destruction.

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW & ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS IN INDIA

THE INDIAN WILDLIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972

>The wildlife act provides the state wildlife advisory board, under which the
regulation of hunting and trading of wild animals and products is supervised.
>Under this act the state wildlife advisory board can also set up national parks
and sanctuaries. It hold the authority to judicially penalize violations of these
acts.
>This act was amended to make provision for capture and transportation of
wild animals.
>This was again amended to make provisions for wild plants and regulation of
zoos.
>key Features of the act
#Defines wildlife related terminology
#Appointed the wildlife advisory board, the wildlife warden, etc. Clarification
about their duties and authority
#Listing of endangered animals, and prohibition of hunting.
# Trade and commerce only allowed for selected species, banned for
scheduled species.
#Listing and protection of endangered plants.
#Constitution of central zoo authority.
This act has been adopted by all Indian states. This act gives authority to
officers to punish the offenders. Under this- conservative projects for lion,
tigers and brown antlered deer have been started.

THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974

>Setting up of the central and state pollution control board under this act.
6. To control the abatement of water pollution through investigation and
research related to problems related to water pollution.
7. The functions of State Pollution Control Boards are similar to those of
Central Pollution Control Board but they are to be executed at state level, and
these are governed by the directions of CPCB.
8. The board advises the state government the location of any industry that
might pollute a stream or a well.
9. The board is authorized to take samples from industrial streams, well or
trade effluent or sewage, and it lays down the standards for effluents.
10. The board is licensed to take legal samples of trade effluents in
accordance with the prescriptions in the act. In the presence of the occupier
or his agent, the collected sample is divided into two parts, sealed and signed
by both parties. Further, it is sent to some recognized lab for analysis. If the
samples cross maximum permissible limits, then consent is refused to the
unit.
11. Industries have to apply for consent from the board in a prescribed format,
providing all technical details along with a prescribed fee. After application
analysis of the effluent is carried out, then consent is provided for a fixed
duration.
12. The board suggests efficient methods for utilasation, treatment, and
disposal of trade effluents
1. To lay down the standards for a stream or well, and in consultation with the
State Government concerned to modify or annul those standards.
2. To plan and cause the executed a nationwide programme for the
prevention, control, and abatement of water pollution.
3. To prepare manuals, codes, or guides related to the treatment and
disposal of sewage and trade effluents. Also, collection, compilation,
publication of technical and statistical data related to water pollution, and the
measures devised for its effective prevention and control.
4. To advise the central government on any matter concerning the prevention
and control of water pollution.
5. To provide technical assistance and guidance to the SPCBs and coordinate
their activities.

THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION ACT) 1981

1. Counsel the central government on any matter related to the improvement
of air quality and prevention, control, or abatement of air pollution.
2. Plan and cause to execute a nation-wide programme for the prevention,
control, or abatement of air pollution.
3. Provide technical assistance and guidance to the SPCBs and coordinate
their activities.
4. Prepare manuals, codes or guides related to the prevention, control or
abatement of air pollution and collect, compile, and publish technical as well
as statistical data related to air pollution and the measures devised for its
effective prevention, control, or abatement.
5. Lay down standards for the quality of air. The functions of the SPCBs also
include inspection of any control equipment, industrial plant or manufacturing
process, and to take steps for the prevention, control, or abatement of air
pollution. The units identified as polluting industries should obtain approval
before their establishment or/and continuing their operations. The SPCBs, in
consultation with the state governments, wherever necessary, can exercise
the following powers
. 6. Declare certain areas within the state as air pollution control area and
prohibit the use of certain fuels or appliances in that control area.
7. Set standards for the emission from automobiles and disallow discharge of
the emission of any air pollutant beyond the permissible limit.
8. Approach court for restraining persons from causing air pollution and
restrict certain industrial plants
9. Form authority to enter and inspect the premises of the polluters to take
samples of air

FOREST CONSERVATION ACT 1980

This Act was passed to prevent deforestation, which results in ecological
imbalance and environmental deterioration. It prevents even the State
Governments and any other authority dereserve a forest which is already
reserved. It prohibits forestland to be used for non-forest purposes, except
with the prior approval of the Central Government. The Salient features of
Forest Act are: 1. The state government can use the forests only for forestry
purposes. For non-forest purposes like mining or for monoculture of the
economically important trees the state government has to take prior approval
of central government. 2. Provisions for conservation of all types of forests
and for this purpose there is an advisory committee which recommends
funding for it to the central government. 3. Immediate halt to any illegal forest
activity within a forest area. 1992 Amendment in the Forest Act In 1992, a few
amendments were made in the Act which made arrangements for permitting
some non-forest exercises in forests, without cutting trees or restricted cutting
with advance endorsement of central government. These activities involve
setting of transmission lines, seismic reviews, investigation, drilling, and
hydroelectric tasks. The last action includes large-scale destruction of forests,
for which earlier endorsement by the central government is necessary.
1. Under this Act, investigation or review in wildlife sanctuaries, national
parks, etc. is absolutely prohibited without prior endorsement by central
government, even if no tree-felling is included.
2. Cultivation of cash crops like tea, coffee, spices, rubber, and plants are
included as non-forestry activity and not permitted in reserve forests.
3. The central government has to endorse even the cultivation of fruit-bearing
trees, oil-yielding plants, or plants of medicinal value in the forest area.
This is on the grounds that recently presented species in the forest area may
cause an imbalance in the forest ecology. In case the species to be planted is
a local species, then no pior clearance is required. 4. Tusser cultivation (a
kind of silk-yielding insect) in forest areas by tribals is a method for their
livelihood. It is treated as a forestry activity as long as the host trees are not
some specific trees like Asan or Arjun. This is done so as to dishearten
monoculture rehearses in the woodland which are otherwise wealthy in
biodiversity. 5. Plantation of mulberry for rearing silkworm is viewed as a
non-forest exercise. The explanation is same as described previously. 6.
Mining is a non-forestry activity and prior endorsement of central government
is required. For a case involving T.N. Godavarman Thirumulkpad vs.
Association of India (1997), the Supreme Court guided all on-going mining
exercises to be stopped quickly in any forest area of India if it had not been
endorsed in advance by the central government. 7. Removal of stones, bajri,
rock, and so on from riverbeds situated inside the forest zone falls under
non-forest activity. 8. Any proposition sent to the central government for
non-forest action must have a cost benefit analysis and Environmental Impact
Statement (EIS) of the proposed exercise regarding its ecological and
socio-economic effects. Consequently, the Forests (Conservation) Act has
made abundant arrangements for the preservation and security of forests and
prevention of deforestation.

THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT, 1986

This act defines environment as ‘water, air and land and the interrelationship
which exists among and between water, air and land, and human beings,
other living creatures, plants, micro- organism and property’. It defines
hazardous substance as ‘any substance or preparation which, by reasons of
its chemical or physiochemical properties or handling, is liable to cause harm
to human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organism, property or
the environment. Fig 3 This Act empowers the Central Government to: 1.
Coordinate actions of the state governments, officers, and other authorities
under the Act or any other law which is relatable to the objects of the Act. 2.
Plan and execute a nation-wide programme for the prevention, control, and
abatement of environmental pollution. 3. Lay down standards for the emission
or discharge of environmental pollutants from various sources and setting
maximum permissible limits. 4. Identify areas in which any industry,
operations or processes, or class of industries, operations, or processes shall
not be carried out. 5. Prevent accidents mediateding environmental pollution
by laying down safeguards and setting procedures for remedial measures
after such accidents. NOTES Self-Instructional Material 61 © Department of
Distance & Continuing Education, Campus of Open Learning, School of Open
Learning, University of Delhi Environmental Science: Theory into Practice–II
NOTES 62 Self-Instructional Material 6. Identify materials, substances, and
manufacturing processes, which can cause environmental pollution. 7. Carry
out and sponsoring investigations and researches related to the problems of
environmental pollution. 8. Inspect for any premises, plant, equipment,
machinery, manufacturing or other processes, materials or substances as a
source of pollution, and giving order to authorities to take steps for the
prevention, control, and abatement of environmental pollution. 9. Establish or
recognise environmental laboratories and institutions. 10. Prepare manuals,
 codes, or guides relating to the prevention, control and abatement of
environmental pollution, and publication of information related to
environmental pollution. The Central Government may organise an authority
or authorities to make rules covering the following matters. 11. The
permissible standards of air, water or soil quality for various areas and
purposes. 12. The permissible limits of various environmental pollutants
(including noise) for different areas. 13. The procedures, safety methods,
prohibitions, and restrictions for the handling of hazardous substances in
different areas.

HUMAN COMMUNITIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

1.​ INTRODUCTION
>Human population growth is a very prominent factor when it comes to
environmental degradation. The consistent rise in the human population has caused
considerable social, economical and environmental impact. These include:
deforestation, land degradation, excess carbon emissions, etc. The current human
population is almost 8 billion people, in the decades to come it is expected to rise
well over 11 billion. This would cause scarcity of resources, and hence exploitations
and unethical use of natural resources shall increase.
>REASONS;
*Boosts in the agricultural sector due to technological advancements and facilities
have been able to keep up with and complement the increased population. Lower
death rates can be attributed to the boost in the medical sector.
* Increased Life expectancy from the last century, as well as a low mortality rate.
*Scientific and technological advancements have been able to support the reason for
a long life for a human.
* advancement in the industrial sector also plays a significant role in population, as
then families can now support more children.
*Lack of birth control and family planning knowledge among some strata of the
society.

1.​ IMPACTS OF HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH ON ENVIRONMENT, HUMAN

HEALTH, AND WELFARE
a.​ Urbanization
b.​ Industrialization
c.​ Deforestation
d.​ Biodiversity loss
e.​ Land degradation
f.​ Generation of waste
g.​ Loss of freshwater/ water shortage
h.​ Climate change
i.​ Depletion of natural resources
j.​ Increased carbon emissions

MEASURES TO CONTROL
 1.​ Awareness about birth control and family planning
2.​ Minimal age requirements for marriage, and for women in India should be
raised to more than 18 years old.
3.​ Better standard of living through more job creation
4.​ Incentive given on a specific number of children, or upon taking birth control
measures.
CARBON FOOTPRINT
1.​ It is the amount of carbon emission that occurs due to an occurrence of
anthropogenic activities.
2.​ The measurement can be as broad as a carbon footprint measured for a nation, and
as narrow as measured for a human being.
3.​ The measurement takes into account, for an individual, the amount of carbon
emissions throughout the day for a few days must be calculated. Even small activities
like using the toaster to toast bread to bigger ones such as driving a car.
4.​ Our carbon footprints can be reduced by using eco friendly methods such as
recycling, EVs, eating and promoting organic foods, etc.

RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION OF DEVELOPMENTAL PROJECT AFFECTED

PERSONS AND COMMUNITIES
1.​ Displacement of human populations occurs due to several reasons, but most
probably due to some developmental activities such as construction of dams,
it can also happen during times of natural disaster. It may happen due to
natural disasters, or disasters caused by political situations. Sometimes it
even happens because a particular area has been declared as biosphere
reserve or national parks etc.
2.​ These misplaced groups of people are protected under the National policy of
resettlement and rehabilitations, 2004. However this policy has never been
effective due to delays in the administrative structure, or other reasons.
3.​ Resettlement and rehabilitation of families during the time of developmental
activities; is an integral part of EIA and EMP.
4.​ During developmental projects the resettlement plans are always
implemented after the consultations with the state government. This
relocation however comes at a great cost to these people, they may lose their
means of living or may not be able to earn so much, it puts an economical as
well as social(if family and friends are relocated elsewhere) and financial
pressure on them. Along with the state government the stakeholders and
representatives of the relocated groups are also consulted.

CNG USAGE IN DELHI

Delhi has been ranked amongst the top most 20 polluted cities in the world. There has been
a persistent problem of pollution in the past decade which sharply rises during the colder
months and during the Diwali- season. The main cause of pollution has been through water,
the pollutants in the yamuna river and air pollution from vehicular usage. This has posed a
significant risk to the health of vulnerable groups of people, those already suffering from lung
related issues, elderly or very young children. An increased number of public and private
vehicles has also been attributed to the cause.
The delhi govt has mandated the introduction the use of CNG in vehicle, and as well as
pollution check on every private vehicle.

In 1998, the SC mandated all the public transport to be run on CNG.

Advantages of using CNG: CNG may be generated and used for bulk storage and pipeline
transport of renewable energy and also be mixed with biomethane, itself​ derived​
from biogas from landfills or anaerobic digestion. This would​ allow​ the use of CNG
for mobility without increasing the concentration of carbon in the atmosphere. It would also
allow continued use of CNG vehicles currently powered by non-renewable fossil fuels that do
not become obsolete when stricter CO 2 emissions regulations are mandated to combat
global warming. Limitations of using CNG: The use of CNG vehicles faces several limitations
such as fuel storage and infrastructure available for delivery and distribution at fuelling
stations. CNG must be stored in high pressure cylinders only and this cylinder takes up more
space than gasoline or diesel tanks. Other limitation include relatively price and
environmental insensitivity.

MOVEMENTS
1.​ BISHNOI MOVEMENT
Occurred in the 1700s, in a village in Marwar, Rajasthan. King's Men were ordered by
the king to cut down trees. Amrita devi, along with other Bishnoi people from her
village would not want their sacred and beloved trees to be cut down. In a way of
resistance they hugged the trees. In doing so, more than 300 bishnoi were killed.
This place is worshipped even today, it contains several sacred trees.

2.​ CHIPKO MOVEMENT

In the 1970s, in the state of Uttaranchal was the village of now- tehri garhwal. There
was a contract signed by commercial dealers which gave them the right to trees, and
probably followed with deforestation. Sunderlal Bhaguna who taught a lot of villagers
about the effect of deforestation, soil erosion etc stood firm on his ground and
disagreed to accept the contract. Him along with several women would tie a sacred
thread over the trees, bark and hug them in a form of protest- hence the chipko
movement. They demanded that the right to the trees should be granted to the
villagers only. Later, a committee was set up by the then-CM of Uttaranchal to
discuss the disagreement. Which was later ruled out in the favour of the villagers

3.​ SAVE SILENT VALLEY MOVEMENT

In 1978, the planning commission approved the building of an hydroelectric project.
This was planned to be built in the Silent valley of kerala- an evergreen forest. This
movement was opposed by many NGOs throughout Kerala, the most prominent one
being- KSSP. In June 1983, after a lot of pressure from environmental activists the
government under Indira Gandhi had to relent and finally give up the project as well
as granted protection to the silent valley.
Location- Palakkad district

4.​ APPIKO MOVEMENT

Uttara Kannada and Shimoga districts of Karnataka State, this was an innovative
movement often called the chipko movement of the south. This movement was also a
 resistance to the contractors who would cut trees to make space for their own
developments. This movement was widespread, a surprise as it was driven by
community feelings and not a leader. It consisted of spread of awareness and
knowldege through plays, enactments, songs etc. the later part consisted of
afforestation of seemingly barren lands.

5.​ NARMADA BACHAO ANDHOLAN (NBA)

Initially started as protest again relocation and displacement, turned into
environmental cause and stuff. World bank withdrew from the project. The proposed
height was 120m, activist wanted not more than 88m. In 2008 supreme court ordered
that the damn would be made upto 90m only. Noe financed through borrowing and
funds from the state govt.

BIODIVERSITY
It is the abbr of biological diversity, diversity at every level from genes to ecosystem
.
Endangered species are those species whose existence are in danger due to human
activities.
They are further classified into 4 categories:
a.​ Vulnerable
b.​ Rare
c.​ Intermediate
d.​ Threatened
The government takes many measures and steps to protect these endangered species.
Such as, by protecting them through laws, banning poaching/ trading, setting up special
areas for them, such as reservation or national parks.
Some of the endangered species include the royal bengal tiger, gharial, red panda, Rhino
etc.
These animals have greatly been affected by human activities, there are certain plants as
well which have been impacted by human activities.
Indian wild ass, angular Kashmiri stag, golden langur, pigmy hog, etc.
 1.​ Biodiversity is threatened by the sum of all human activities. It is useful to group
threats into the categories of habitat destruction, invasion by non native species,
overhunting, pollution, and climate change.
2.​ . Habitat loss presents the single greatest threat to world biodiversity, and the
magnitude of this threat can be approximated from species-area curves and rates of
habitat loss. The spread of non-native species threatens many local​ species
​ with​ extinction,​ and​ pushes​the​ world’s​biota​ towards​ a
​ more​ homogeneous and widely distributed subset of survivors.
3. Climate change threatens to force species and ecosystems to migrate towards higher
latitudes with no guarantee of suitable habitat or access routes.
4. Many species have gone extinct, some naturally and others because of human​activities
​ i.e.​ deforestation,​ desertification,​and​ destruction​ of​ wetlands and
coral reefs.
5. Habitats that are vulnerable to greater species extinction are referred to as fragile
habitats. Coral reefs, oceanic islands, mountain tops, and habitat islands are considered as
fragile habitats
In situ- by protecting the animal/ plant in its natural habitat. It can also happen by clearing
the area of the predators. Advantage- they are retained in their own environment which
makes them easier to sustain and grow.
Ex situ- removing it from unsafe/threatened habitat. Since these have been removed from
their natural habitat, there is bound to be some missing component from their natural habitat
such as symbiotic relationship, or the ability to strengthen their immune system may weaken.
Plants and animals living in ex situ ground have no natural defenses against diseases and
pests.
Invasive species are non-native organisms (plants, animals, or pathogens)
that, when introduced to a new environment, can thrive and spread,
potentially causing harm to the ecosystem, economy, or human health

. asiatic lion not invasive.

The Montreal Protocol and the Kyoto Protocol are two separate international agreements
addressing environmental issues, but with different focuses. The Montreal Protocol
focuses on protecting the ozone layer by phasing out ozone-depleting substances,
while the Kyoto Protocol addresses climate change by setting emissions reduction
targets for greenhouse gases, primarily for developed nations. [1, 2, 3]

Montreal Protocol: CFCs

●​ Focus: Protecting the ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of
ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). [4, 4, 5, 5]
●​ Key substances: CFCs, halons, and other chemicals used in refrigerators, air
conditioners, and aerosols. [5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
●​ Goal: Reduce the concentration of ODSs in the atmosphere to allow the ozone layer
to recover. [4, 4, 5, 5]
●​ Success: Widely considered a success due to its near-universal ratification and
effective implementation. [2, 2]
 ●​ Mechanism: Sets specific timelines for phase-out of different ODSs, including a
10-year phase-out for developing countries. [11, 11]
●​ Impact: Has significantly reduced the amount of ODSs in the atmosphere and has
helped the ozone layer recover. [1, 2, 2, 4, 11, 11]

Kyoto Protocol: GHGs

●​ Focus: Addressing climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. [3]

●​ Key gases: Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons,
perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride. [12, 13]
●​ Goal: Reduce greenhouse gas emissions for developed countries to meet specific
targets. [1, 3]
●​ Challenges: Faced political and economic opposition from some nations, particularly
the United States. [14, 15]
●​ Mechanisms: Includes flexible market mechanisms, such as emissions trading, and
a compliance system. [16]
●​ Outcomes: While some countries achieved their targets, the protocol did not result in
a universal agreement and faced challenges in achieving its goals. [16, 17]
●​ Relationship to the Paris Agreement: The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, has
largely superseded the Kyoto Protocol as the primary global agreement on climate
change, although the Kyoto Protocol technically remains in force. [17, 18]
for​ animals,​ protecting​ villagers​ by​ putting electric fence, etc. are
the main reasons for such happenings. As the​ compensation​by​ government​ is
​ not​ enough,​ conflicts​ occur​ between​ forest department and
villagers