CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

Q1- what is constitution? why it is important for a country?

A constitution is the fundamental set of principles and laws that establish the legal basis
of a state, organization, or other entity, and govern how it is to be run. It provides the
foundational framework for a nation's governance, defining the structure of power,
fundamental rights, and guiding principles. The importance of a constitution for a country
lies in its ability to promote stability, prevent the abuse of power, provide a clear
framework for decision-making and policy implementation, foster social cohesion, and
uphold the rule of law. It also safeguards citizens' liberties, maintains order, and serves as
a cohesive national identity, fostering stability and democracy. Ultimately, a constitution is
vital for a democratic society, providing a solid foundation for a just and harmonious
nation. It determines the relationship of the citizens with the government, protects and
provides basic rights to all citizens, and specifies how the government would be elected
and who will have the power and responsibility to take important decisions. Additionally, a
constitution is important as it provides a set of basic rules that allow for minimal
coordination amongst members of society, specifies who has the power to make
decisions in a society, and sets limits on what a government can impose on its citizens.In
summary, a constitution is a political framework based on which the principles or laws of a
country are formulated, and it plays a crucial role in the governance and stability of a
nation.

Q2-write in detail the history of evolution of constitution of India.

The evolution of the Constitution of India can be traced back to the early 20th century
when India was under British colonial rule. The Government of India Act of 1919 and 1935
were the primary laws that governed India before independence. The Indian National
Congress, which was the main political party at the time, demanded a constituent
assembly to draft a constitution for India. The British government agreed to this demand,
and the Constituent Assembly was formed in 1946. The drafting committee, headed by Dr.
B.R. Ambedkar, was responsible for drafting the Constitution of India. The Constitution was
adopted on November 26, 1949, and came into effect on January 26, 1950. The
Constitution of India is a unique document that reflects the diversity of India and its
people. It is the longest written constitution in the world, consisting of 395 articles, 8
schedules, and 22 parts. The Constitution of India is based on the principles of democracy,
secularism, and socialism. It provides for a federal system of government, with powers
divided between the central government and the state governments. The Constitution of
India has been amended several times since its adoption, with the most recent
amendment being in 2021. The Constitution of India is a living document that has evolved
over time to meet the changing needs of the country and its people.

Q3-Explain the salient features of the constitution of India.

The Constitution of India is the fundamental legal framework of the country, establishing
the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions, as well as
setting out fundamental rights, directive principles of state policy, and the duties of
citizens. Some of the salient features of the Constitution of India include:
Lengthiest Written Constitution: The Constitution of India is the longest written
constitution in the world, consisting of 395 articles, 8 schedules, and 22 parts.
Preamble: The Constitution begins with a preamble that outlines the aims, goals, and
fundamental precepts of the Constitution, which directly and indirectly influence its key
elements.
Secularism: The Constitution of India establishes a secular state, prohibiting the
government from identifying itself with or being controlled by any religion. It guarantees
every citizen the right to profess and practice their chosen religion.
Federal System with Unitary Bias: The Constitution combines elements of federalism and
unitarism, creating a unique system that balances the powers of the central and state
governments.
Parliamentary Form of Government: The Constitution of India adopts a parliamentary
form of government, with the executive, legislature, and judiciary working together under
the sovereignty of the people.
Rule of Law: The Constitution of India establishes the rule of law, ensuring that all
government actions are taken in accordance with established laws and regulations.
Integrated and Independent Judiciary: The Constitution ensures a strong and
independent judiciary, with the power to review and strike down legislative and executive
actions that violate fundamental rights.
Fundamental Rights: The Constitution of India guarantees a range of fundamental rights
for all citizens, promoting equality, liberty, and dignity.
Directive Principles of State Policy: The Constitution of India includes directive principles
of state policy, which provide guidelines for the government's actions in areas such as
social, economic, and political welfare.
Duties of Citizens: The Constitution of India outlines the duties of citizens, promoting a
sense of responsibility and unity among the population.

Q4-Write down the preamble of constitution of India and explain in the

details context.

The preamble of the Constitution of India is as follows:

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA,
having solemnly resolved to constitute India
into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;
and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and
the unity and integrity of the Nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this 26th day of
November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE
TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION
The preamble of the Constitution of India reflects the collective aspirations and objectives
of the people of India at the time of its adoption in 1949. Let's break down the key
elements:
Sovereign: India is declared as a sovereign nation, indicating its independence and
freedom from external control.
Socialist: The term socialist underscores the commitment to achieving social and
economic equality, reducing disparities among different sections of society.
Secular: India is declared a secular state, emphasizing the principle of religious neutrality
in governance and ensuring equal treatment of all religions.
Democratic: The adoption of a democratic system implies governance by elected
representatives, reflecting the will of the people.
Republic: India is declared a republic, indicating that the head of state is elected, rather
than being a hereditary position.
The preamble further outlines the objectives of the Constitution:
Justice: Social, economic, and political justice for all citizens.
Liberty: Ensuring freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship.
Equality: Guaranteeing equal status and opportunities to all citizens.
Fraternity: Promoting a sense of brotherhood and unity among the diverse people of
India.
The preamble serves as a guiding philosophy for the Constitution, providing a moral
compass for the nation's governance and legal framework. It reflects the framers' vision
for a just, inclusive, and democratic society.

Q5-what do you mean by citizenship?explain the fundamental right of

citizen of a india.

Citizenship refers to the status of being a member of a particular country and having the
associated rights and responsibilities. In India, fundamental rights are constitutional
guarantees granted to citizens. Some key fundamental rights include:
1.Right to Equality: Ensures equal treatment before the law and prohibits discrimination
on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
2.Right to Freedom: Includes freedom of speech and expression, freedom to assemble
peacefully, freedom to form associations, and the right to move freely throughout the
country.
3.Right against Exploitation: Prohibits forced labor and child labor.
4.Right to Freedom of Religion: Guarantees the freedom of conscience and the right to
freely profess, practice, and propagate religion.
5.Cultural and Educational Rights: Safeguards the rights of minorities to establish and
administer educational institutions and preserves their language, script, and culture.
6.Right to Constitutional Remedies: Provides citizens the right to move to the court for
the enforcement of their fundamental rights through writs like habeas corpus,
mandamus, and certiorari.
These rights collectively aim to ensure the dignity, freedom, and well-being of Indian
citizens, fostering a just and equitable society.

Q6-Explain RTI or RTE.

RTI (Right to Information): RTI is a fundamental right that allows citizens in India to request
information from public authorities. The Right to Information Act, enacted in 2005,
empowers citizens to seek information from government bodies to promote
transparency and accountability. Citizens can request information on various matters,
and public authorities are obligated to respond within a specified time frame.
RTE (Right to Education): RTE is a fundamental right that ensures every child in India has
the right to free and compulsory education. The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory
Education Act, passed in 2009, mandates that children aged 6 to 14 years have the right
to access quality education. The act outlines specific norms and standards for schools,
including infrastructure and teacher-student ratios, to ensure a conducive learning
environment for all children.

Q7-Explain the judicial system of India. Role of supreme court High court
and subordinate court and their powers and functions.

India's judicial system is structured hierarchically with three main levels: the Supreme
Court, High Courts, and Subordinate Courts.
1. Supreme Court:
Role:
Guardian of the Constitution: The Supreme Court is the ultimate interpreter and guardian
of the Indian Constitution. It ensures that laws and actions comply with constitutional
provisions.
Final Court of Appeal: It acts as the highest court of appeal, hearing cases from lower
courts and tribunals..
2.High Courts:
Role: Each state in India has a High Court, and Union Territories may share a High Court.
Powers and Functions:
Appellate Jurisdiction: Hears appeals from lower courts within its jurisdiction.
Writ Jurisdiction: Ensures protection of fundamental rights through writs like habeas
corpus, mandamus, etc.
Supervisory Role: Exercises superintendence over all courts and tribunals within its
jurisdiction.
3.Subordinate Courts:
Role: These are the lower courts beneath the High Courts and are established at the
district level.
Powers and Functions:
Original Jurisdiction: Try cases involving civil and criminal matters.
Execution of Decrees: Enforces judgments and orders passed by higher courts.
Magisterial Powers: Magistrates handle criminal cases and maintain law and order.

Q8.What is election commission of India?Explain the role of chief election

commissioner.
The Election Commission of India (ECI) is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for
administering election processes in India at the national and state levels. It ensures free and fair
elections for the Lok Sabha (House of the People), State Legislative Assemblies, and the offices of
the President and Vice President in the country.
The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) is the head of the Election Commission of India.
The role of the Chief Election Commissioner includes:
1.Conducting Elections: The CEC oversees the entire electoral process, from the
announcement of election schedules to the declaration of results.
2.Enforcing Election Laws: The CEC ensures that all electoral laws and rules are followed by
political parties, candidates, and voters.
3.Supervision and Direction: The CEC provides leadership and direction to the Election
Commission's activities, ensuring a smooth and impartial electoral process.
4.Decision-making: The CEC, along with other Election Commissioners, makes crucial
decisions related to the conduct of elections, such as the deployment of security forces,
monitoring campaign activities, and addressing electoral disputes.
5.Independence and Impartiality: The CEC is expected to uphold the principles of
independence and impartiality, ensuring that elections are conducted without any bias or
influence.
6.Registration of Political Parties: The Election Commission, under the guidance of the CEC,
is responsible for registering political parties and allocating symbols to them.

Q9. Explain consumer protection act and process of filling a complaint by a

consumer.

The Consumer Protection Act is designed to safeguard consumers' rights and interests. It
outlines various provisions to address issues like product defects, unfair trade practices,
and deficient services.
To file a complaint as a consumer:
1.Document the Issue: Keep records of relevant documents like bills, receipts, and
communication with the seller or service provider.
2.Contact the Seller/Service Provider: Attempt to resolve the issue directly with the seller
or service provider. Many problems can be resolved through communication.
3.Visit Consumer Forum: If the issue persists, approach the appropriate consumer forum
based on the value of the claim. These forums are typically at the district, state, and
national levels.
4.Prepare Complaint: Draft a clear and concise complaint stating the facts, relief sought,
and supporting documents.
5.Submit Complaint: Submit the complaint along with required documents to the
consumer forum. Pay the prescribed fee, if any.
6.Case Admission: The forum reviews the complaint and may admit or reject it. If
admitted, a copy is sent to the opposite party, and a hearing date is set.
7.Hearing: Both parties present their case before the forum. The consumer has the right
to be heard, present evidence, and cross-examine witnesses.
8.Decision: The forum delivers a judgment. If the opposite party is found at fault, the
forum may order compensation, replacement, or other appropriate relief.
9.Execution of Order: If the opposite party fails to comply with the forum's order,
consumers can seek assistance for the execution of the order.

Q10-write the short note on the following:

President of India:
The President of India is the ceremonial head of the Republic of India and the supreme
commander of the Indian Armed Forces. This office is largely a symbolic position with
executive powers that are exercised in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister
and the Council of Ministers. The President is elected by an electoral college, which
includes the elected members of both houses of Parliament, as well as the elected
members of the Legislative Assemblies of States and Union territories.

The President's term is five years, and an individual can serve a maximum of two terms.
The President's role includes addressing the nation on important occasions, appointing
the Prime Minister, and performing various ceremonial duties. The President also has the
power to grant pardons, suspend, remit, or commute sentences of persons convicted of
crimes.

Vice President of India:

The Vice President of India is the second-highest constitutional office in the country. The
Vice President is elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both houses of
Parliament. Unlike the President, the Vice President's role is largely ceremonial, with the
primary duty of presiding over the sessions of the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of
Parliament).
In the absence of the President, the Vice President acts as the President. However, the
Vice President cannot exercise the powers of the President if the latter is unable to
discharge their functions due to resignation, removal, death, or otherwise. The Vice
President serves a term of five years and is eligible for re-election.
In addition to presiding over the Rajya Sabha, the Vice President may also perform
various diplomatic and representational functions. The role is pivotal in ensuring the
smooth functioning of the parliamentary system and providing continuity in the absence
of the President.

Council of Ministers in India:

The Council of Ministers in India is a group of individuals appointed by the President of
India to assist and advise in the administration of the government. It is headed by the
Prime Minister and consists of Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State, and Deputy Ministers.
The Council of Ministers is responsible for formulating and implementing government
policies and decisions.

Prime Minister of India:

The Prime Minister of India is the head of the government and is appointed by the
President. The Prime Minister leads the Council of Ministers, coordinates government
policies, and represents India in international forums. The Prime Minister plays a crucial
role in the formulation and execution of key decisions and is accountable to the Lok
Sabha (House of the People).

Attorney General of India:

The Attorney General of India is the chief legal advisor to the government and is
appointed by the President. The Attorney General provides legal counsel to the
government on constitutional matters and legal issues. This position is essential for
maintaining the rule of law and upholding the legal interests of the state.
Lok Sabha:
The Lok Sabha, or the House of the People, is one of the two houses of the Indian
Parliament. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by the people of India, and it is the
lower house of Parliament. The Lok Sabha plays a crucial role in the legislative process,
including the passage of laws, budget approval, and discussions on national issues.

Rajya Sabha:
The Rajya Sabha, or the Council of States, is the upper house of the Indian Parliament.
Members of the Rajya Sabha are not directly elected by the people but are elected by
the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies and by the members of the
Electoral College for Union Territories. The Rajya Sabha reviews and suggests
amendments to legislation initiated by the Lok Sabha.

Goods and Services Tax (GST):

GST is a comprehensive indirect tax that was introduced in India to replace multiple taxes
levied by the central and state governments. It is a destination-based tax on the
consumption of goods and services and aims to create a unified and simplified taxation
system. GST has had a significant impact on the Indian economy, promoting ease of
doing business and reducing tax cascading.