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 Term 1 of 150

What is the habitat range for organisms in Phylum Stramenopila?

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They form the basis of many coastal food They inhabit marine and freshwater
5
webs, such as kelp beds and temperate environments, soils, snow, and sea
6
reefs, and some are harvested ice, ranging from single-celled
7 commercially for algin. diatoms to giant kelp.
8

10 It helps to trace genetic and Internal transport systems and organs are
11 developmental ancestry, establishing crucial for larger animals to efficiently
12 relationships among different taxa. move materials throughout their bodies.
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 Term 2 of 150

What is the human significance of sponges?

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Sponges are sources of medicinal
5 They are major primary producers in the
bioactive compounds with anti-
6 world's oceans, contributing to about 50%
cancer, anti-inflammatory, and
7
of primary production.
antibiotic properties.
8

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10 Sponges can reproduce asexually through An endoskeleton is a complex internal
11 'pinching' or budding, and freshwater skeleton found in vertebrates, but can also
12 sponges form gemmules to survive harsh be simple microscopic spicules in
13
conditions. poriferans.

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 Term 3 of 150

What traditional use does Hoodia gordonii have?

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To increase physical strength and
5 To improve skin health and appearance.
endurance.
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7

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To treat stomach pain and eye
9 To enhance memory and cognitive
infections, and as an appetite
10
function.
suppressant.
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Term 4 of 150
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18

19 What unique feature distinguishes Hexactinellida sponges?

20

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 Hexactinellida sponges have a
Protista contain sub-cellular organelles
syncytial tissue structure, replacing
such as a nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum,
Hide question list ectoderm/endoderm, and lack
and vacuoles, but lack embryonic tissue
contractile ability due to absent
layering.
porocytes.
1

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Deposit feeders are often found in Heterotrophs can be classified as grazers,
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sediment-rich environments where they herbivores, predators, carnivores,
5
can access particulate organic matter. scavengers, omnivores, and parasites.
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12 Term 5 of 150

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14 What is the role of Dicyemida in the life cycle of Rhombozoa?
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 It ensures that the earliest applicable
Muscles interact with a support structure
published name is considered the correct
(skeleton) to facilitate movement.
name.

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1 Dicyemida are vermiform adults that

Excretion involves getting rid of wastes
2 attach to the nephridia of
and is closely associated with
cephalopods and obtain nutrients
3 osmoregulation.
from the host's urine.
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6 Don't know?

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10 Term 6 of 150

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What types of organisms are classified under Mesozoa?
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18 Mesozoa includes phyla such as Mesozoa includes phyla such as
19 Orthonectida, Rhombozoa, Eumetazoa, Orthonectida, Rhombozoa,
20 and Monoblastozoa. Placozoa, and Monoblastozoa.
 Mesozoa includes phyla such as
Mesozoa includes phyla such as Porifera,
Orthonectida, Rhombozoa, Placozoa, and
Cnidaria, Placozoa, and Monoblastozoa.
Eumetazoa.

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Term 7 of 150
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6 What is binomial nomenclature?
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Binomial nomenclature is a technique for Binomial nomenclature is a system for
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identifying chemical compounds. naming geological formations.
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Binomial nomenclature is a formal
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Binomial nomenclature is a method for system for naming species,
17
classifying ecosystems based on climate. consisting of two parts: the genus
18 name and the species identifier.
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 Term 8 of 150

What distinguishes the 'animal-like' protists?

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They are often called 'Protozoa' by They are classified as plants in scientific
5
zoologists. taxonomy.
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They are exclusively found in marine They are known for their ability to
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environments. photosynthesize.
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16 Term 9 of 150

17
18 What is nitrification in the nitrogen cycle?
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20

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 Nitrification is the process where
bacteria such as Nitrosomonas and Nitrification is the process where bacteria
Nitrobacter convert NH4+ to NO2- convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
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and NO3-.

1
2 Nitrification is the conversion of nitrogen Nitrification is the process where plants
3
gas into ammonia by lightning. absorb nitrogen from the soil.

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Term 10 of 150
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What are cladograms?
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Trees generated from phylogenetic
18 Maps that display the geographical
classification that show evolutionary
19
distribution of species.
relationships.
20
 Diagrams that represent the economic Graphs that illustrate the population
value of different species. growth of various species.

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1
2 Term 11 of 150

3
4 What is the common name for organisms in the phylum Tardigrada?
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9

10 Hemichordates, which include acorn or

Dinoflagellates.
11 tongue worms.
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14 Tardigrads or water bears. Euglenids or euglenoids.

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Term 12 of 150
 What are the main characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

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1 Prokaryotic cells do not have

2 membrane-bound organelles, a Prokaryotic cells have complex organelles
3 nucleus, or cytoskeleton, and they and a defined nucleus.
lack linear chromosomes.
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Prokaryotic cells can form multicellular Prokaryotic cells are larger than
7
organisms with specialized functions. eukaryotic cells and have linear DNA.
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14 Term 13 of 150

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16 What are the health impacts of Apicomplexa?
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 The four major groups are Polycystina
Exoskeletons do not grow with the body
(Radiolaria), Phaeodaria, Heliozoa, and
and require molting to allow for growth.
Acantharia.

Hide question list Causes serious diseases in animals Outer pellicle with alveolar sacs and
and humans, including malaria and fibrous epiplasm; contractile vacuole for
1 toxoplasmosis. osmoregulation.
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3 Don't know?
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Term 14 of 150
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What is the body structure of choanoflagellates?
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13 Give this one a go later!
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They have a collar and a single
16 To minimize diffusion distance by using
flagellum for water flow and
17 moving fluids for transport.
propulsion.
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 The prosopyle connects the incurrent They are characterized by 'ray feet' called
canal to the choanocyte chamber, axiopoda that radiate from their body like
facilitating water flow. rays of the sun.
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Term 15 of 150
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7
What does the term 'biogenically deposit minerals' refer to in the context of
8 early animals?
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14 Diffusion is used for respiration in both

It indicates that Protista is a diverse group
Platyhelminthes and Porifera, while
15 with multiple evolutionary origins.
Mollusca has a dedicated gill.
16

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18
It refers to the first known group of
19
The ICZN classification and binomial animals that deposited minerals like
20 nomenclature. silicate and calcium carbonate for
structural support.
 Don't know?

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Term 16 of 150
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2
What did Ernst Haeckel believe about evolution?
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6 Give this one a go later!

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He suggested that evolution only occurs He claimed that evolution is solely driven
9 in isolated environments. by environmental changes.
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12 He believed evolution leads to
13 He argued that evolution is a random progressive perfection, culminating
14 process without direction. in the development of 'higher'
15 species, which is a false notion.

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17 of 150
 Term

What is the nutritional mode of green algae?

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3

4 The peritoneum is a thin layer of cells

Many are bioluminescent, using a
derived from mesoderm that encloses the
5 luciferin-luciferase system.
true coelom.
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They allow classification into lower-order They are photoautotrophs and store
9
categories such as genera and species. starch in their chloroplasts.
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16 Term 18 of 150

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18 What is the significance of chemosynthetic ecosystems?
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20

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 Sponges are usually sequentially They are unique ecosystems that rely
hermaphroditic, releasing eggs and sperm on chemical energy instead of
into the water for external fertilization. sunlight.

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1 Heterotrophic animals must locate, select, Oral ciliature (used in feeding) and
2 capture, ingest, and digest food. somatic ciliature (used in locomotion).

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Term 19 of 150
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How long can Riftia pachyptila grow?
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Up to 3 meters (9 feet 10 inches). Approximately 5,500 described species.
18

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Approximately 630 million years ago. Using cilia with microtubular roots.
 Don't know?

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Term 20 of 150
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2
What are direct deposit feeders and how do they obtain nutrients?
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6 Give this one a go later!

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Grazers feed on plant matter, while herbivores specifically consume plant material.
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Direct deposit feeders ingest bulk quantities of sediment, digest usable material, and
12 excrete the rest; examples include many annelids (especially oligochaetes) and
13 molluscs.
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16 Leuconoid sponges have complex folding of the choanoderm, further thickening of the
17 mesohyl, and multiple excurrent canals leading to oscula, allowing for larger body sizes.
18

19
20 Pinocytosis is the process where soluble nutrients and small particles are brought into the
cell through invagination of the cell membrane, forming pinocytotic vesicles.
 Don't know?

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Term 21 of 150
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What are the two sites of digestion in animals?
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6 Give this one a go later!

8
Outer pellicle with alveolar sacs and Feeding strategies include heterotrophy,
9 fibrous epiplasm; contractile vacuole for photoautotrophy, mixotrophy, and
10 osmoregulation. parasitism.
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12
13 Placozoa have a simple, double layer of Digestion can occur
14 cells and can consist of as few as 20-30 extracorporeally (outside the body)
15
cells up to a few thousand. or intracellularly (within a cell).

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17 Don't know?

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22 of 150
 Term

What do sclerocytes secrete in Porifera?

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1 Give this one a go later!

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Sclerocytes secrete hard calcite or Many can switch between
silica spicules. photoautotrophy and heterotrophy.
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Some Protista use contractile vacuoles to
8 They form spherical colonies of single
regulate osmotic pressure and expel
9 cells connected by cytoplasmic strands.
excess water.
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Term 23 of 150
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17
18 What is the ecological success of Porifera attributed to?
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20

Give this one a go later!

 It provides a standardized set of rules for The two orders are Dicyemida and
naming in Zoology. Heterocyemida.

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They produce collagen protein fibrils and Their plasticity of size, shape, and
1 maintain the mesohyl. body construction.
2

3 Don't know?
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Term 24 of 150
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9

10 What is the common name for organisms in the phylum Platyhelminthes?

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Platyhelminths, which are exclusively Platyhelminths, which are known for their
16
marine organisms. hard shells.
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18

19
Platyhelminths, which include Platyhelminths, which include insects and
20
flatworms, flukes, and tapeworms. arachnids.
 Don't know?

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Term 25 of 150
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What are benthos and how are they categorized?
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6 Give this one a go later!

8
Benthos are organisms living on the bottom (epifauna) or within sediments (infauna),
9 and can also include epilithic, epipelic, and other categories.
10

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12 It is a harmful parasite causing amoebic dysentery, second only to malaria in terms of human
13 fatalities, killing an estimated 100,000 people annually.
14

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16 Ostia (body pores), choanocytes (with microvilli and flagella), spongocoel (large internal
17 space), and osculum (body opening).
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20 Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, a nucleus, a cytoskeleton, linear
chromosomes, an acetylcholine/cholinesterase-based nervous system, special cell-to-cell
junctions, and connective tissue based on collagen.
 Don't know?

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Term 26 of 150
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3 What is the role of the peritoneum in coelomates?

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6 Give this one a go later!
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The peritoneum is a thin layer of
9 The relationship is based on ribosomal
cells derived from mesoderm that
10 DNA sequences.
encloses the true coelom.
11
12
13
Review definitions of important terms Excretion involves getting rid of wastes
14 related to taxonomy and systematics using and is closely associated with
15 Brusca & Brusca. osmoregulation.
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27 of 150
 Term

What are the characteristics of leuconoid sponges?

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1 Give this one a go later!

2

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Dicyemida are vermiform adults that attach to the nephridia of cephalopods and obtain
nutrients from the host's urine.
5
6
7
Taxonomy, Systematics, Taxon (Taxa), Characters, Homologue/Homology/Homologous,
8
Nomenclature, Phylogeny, Phylum (Phyla), Phenotype, Genotype.
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Arthropods, which include trilobites, crabs, shrimps, spiders, scorpions, insects, and more.
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Leuconoid sponges have complex folding of the choanoderm, further thickening of the
15
mesohyl, and multiple excurrent canals leading to oscula, allowing for larger body
16 sizes.
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18
Don't know?
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 Term 28 of 150

How do organisms in Phylum Mollusca differ in body plan?

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1
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2
3

4 They have a bigger, 3D form with They overcome the disadvantages of

bilateral symmetry and complex, hydrostatic skeletons but compromise
5
differentiated organs. flexibility.
6

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They have silicon spicules with less than 6 The four major groups are Polycystina
9
rays and/or spongin, and are the most (Radiolaria), Phaeodaria, Heliozoa, and
10 common and diverse class. Acantharia.
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Term 29 of 150
17
18
19 What is the role of Archaeocytes in Porifera?
20

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 Desmosomes are points of intercellular
Trypanosomes are agents of disease,
contact that suggest mechanisms of cell
causing conditions like Sleeping sickness
Hide question list adhesion and communication, typically
in humans and Nagana in hoofed animals.
found in higher animals.

2
3 They reveal the beginnings of higher
They move throughout the mesohyl,
metazoan body plans, including cell
4 deliver nutrients, and can
communication, division of labor, and
5 differentiate into specific cell types.
specialized functions.
6

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12 Term 30 of 150

13

14 What type of organisms does the kingdom Protista include?

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Give this one a go later!
18
19
20 The kingdom Protista includes only The kingdom Protista includes only
prokaryotic organisms. multicellular organisms.
 Unicellular organisms that can be The kingdom Protista consists solely of
heterotrophic and/or autotrophic. fungi and plants.

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3
Term 31 of 150
4
5
6 What advantages do internal or external hard skeletons provide?
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9
Give this one a go later!
10

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12 They occupy almost every habitat on
They must be based on type specimens,
Earth and have sheer abundance and
13 type species, or type genera.
biomass.
14

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16
They overcome the disadvantages of They represent various degrees of
17
hydrostatic skeletons but branches, with higher categories being
18 compromise flexibility. nearer to the base of the tree.
19
20
Don't know?
 Term 32 of 150

What types of cells are found in the dorsal and ventral layers of Placozoa?
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2 Give this one a go later!

3

4
They reveal the beginnings of higher metazoan body plans, including cell communication,
5
division of labor, and specialized functions.
6

7
8
The complexity of stimuli and response is advantageous and relates to the animal's lifestyle,
9
such as being a predator or prey.
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1) Water moves past the feeding structures, 2) Food and other particles are removed from the
13 medium and moved to the mouth, 3) Food particles are sorted and selected by size.
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16 The dorsal layer has flattened, monociliate cells with lipid droplets, while the ventral
17 layer has columnar monociliate cells that can invaginate for feeding.
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 Term 33 of 150

How are input signals from sense organs relayed to muscles?

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1
2 Give this one a go later!
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4
Via longitudinal nerve chords and By their uses: Nutritional, Medicinal,
5
finer distributed nerves. Mystical, Recreational, and Lethal.
6
7

8
It is sometimes referred to as the 'Latin Some organisms may be pelagic early in
9
name'. life and become benthic later.
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Term 34 of 150
16

17
18 What are the disadvantages of an exoskeleton?
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20

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 Exoskeletons do not grow with the The pinacoderm forms the external
body and require molting to allow surface and is covered in dermal pores
for growth. (ostia).
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1 It has several thousand cells in a 2-layered They are characterized by 'ray feet' called
2 plate, lacks anterior-posterior polarity, axiopoda that radiate from their body like
3
and moves by ciliary motion. rays of the sun.

4
5 Don't know?

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Term 35 of 150
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How do Protista perform gas exchange and nutrient assimilation?
12

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15 Give this one a go later!

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By allowing the comparison of structural They are sensitive to external stimuli, often
18
variety among animals to deduce their using sensory cilia, but lack a nervous
19 evolutionary relationships. system.
20
 Nutrient assimilation, excretion, and Excretion involves getting rid of wastes
gas exchange occur by diffusion and is closely associated with
through the cell surface. osmoregulation.

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1
2

3 Term 36 of 150

4
5 How does Apicomplexa feed?
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7

8
Give this one a go later!
9

10

11 The apical complex secretes

Asexually by transverse binary fission or
12 substances for entry into host cells,
sexually by conjugation and exchange of
followed by ingestion via
13 micronuclei.
microspores.
14

15
16
Some animals use tentacles or tube feet
17 Locomotion is via cytoplasmic extensions
to capture larger particles, often in
18 called reticulopodia.
conjunction with mucous.
19
20
Don't know?
 Term 37 of 150

How do Protista feed through engulfing methods?

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2 Give this one a go later!

3

4
Specimens that share basic characteristics
5 Feeding occurs via pinocytosis or
(morphological or genetic) are grouped
6 phagocytosis, as seen in amoeba
into species, related species into genera,
7 engulfing particles.
etc.
8
9

10 By having multiple smaller choanocyte

Suspension feeders typically sort food
11 chambers, they increase the surface area
particles by size after capturing them from
12 for water contact, enhancing feeding
the water.
13 efficiency.

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15 Don't know?

16

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 Term 38 of 150

What distinguishes Phylum Dinoflagellata?

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2 Give this one a go later!
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Asymmetry, radial symmetry (spherical, Considered algae, with about 4000
5
biradial, pentaradial), and bilateral species, and characterized by a
6
symmetry. pellicle and two flagella.
7

8
9
They are multicellular, photosynthetic Causes serious diseases in animals and
10 (autotrophic), and develop through humans, including malaria and
11 embryonic tissue layering. toxoplasmosis.
12
13 Don't know?
14

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16

17
Term 39 of 150
18

19
20
What is the role of coccolithophores in the environment?
 Give this one a go later!

Germ layers give rise to all organs within developing embryos. Eumetazoa undergo changes
Hide question list in embryonic development to allow for more complex body types.

2 Coccolithophores are significant primary producers, can be seen from space, and
3 contribute to the biogeochemical cycle.

4
5
6 Sponges are dominant biota in many benthic marine habitats, important for benthic-pelagic
coupling and providing physical habitat.
7
8
9
Placozoa have a simple, double layer of cells and can consist of as few as 20-30 cells up to a
10
few thousand.
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12

13 Don't know?

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16

17 Term 40 of 150

18
19
What are chemoreceptors sensitive to?
20
 Give this one a go later!

Chemical signals, with general Bauplan refers to the body plan and
sensitivity and specific receptors. functional attributes of an organism.
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1
They are characterized by 'ray feet' called
2 Differences such as blood/no blood and
axiopoda that radiate from their body like
3 those that fly/those that do not fly.
rays of the sun.
4
5
Don't know?
6
7

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Term 41 of 150
10

11
12 What taxonomic category comes after Kingdom?
13

14

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16 Give this one a go later!
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Species. Phylum.
19
20

Population. Genus.
 Don't know?

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Term 42 of 150
1

2
3 What are choanocytes and their function in Porifera?
4
5
6 Give this one a go later!
7
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9
Choanocytes are specialized cells Dermal pores allow water to enter the
that pump water through the body sponge, leading to incurrent canals and
10
and can change form and function. choanocyte chambers.
11
12

13
Archaeocytes are involved in
14 Orthonectida predominantly reproduce
phagocytosis, capturing partially digested
15
asexually, but also have separate sexual
food from choanocytes for final digestion
individuals.
16 in food vacuoles.
17
18 Don't know?
19
20
 Term 43 of 150

How do foraminifera obtain their food?

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1 Give this one a go later!

2

3
4
There are discrepancies between
They were classified as plants until their
classifications based on phylogenies and
5 ability to create internal water currents
those based solely on body plan
6 was noticed.
characteristics.
7

8
9
They are heterotrophic and feed by
10
They are often called 'Protozoa' by
phagocytosis, being herbivorous,
zoologists.
11 carnivorous, or omnivorous.
12
13 Don't know?
14

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16

17
Term 44 of 150
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19
20
What are spicules and spongin?
 Give this one a go later!

Mode of living (e.g., parasitic, free-living), mode of feeding (e.g., suspension feeders, grazers),
Hide question list and habitat (e.g., pelagic, benthic).

2 Syconoid sponges have simple folding of the pinacoderm and choanoderm, with a thicker
3 mesohyl, incurrent canals, and choanocyte chambers.

4
5
6 Spicules are microscopic crystalline structures (siliceous or calcareous) that provide
structural support, while spongin is a fibrous framework of collagen.
7
8
9
Deep-sea animals have unique features adapted to survive and find food in extremely deep
10
and energy-poor environments.
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12

13 Don't know?

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17 Term 45 of 150

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19
What is the nutritional mode of Eukaryotes in general?
20
 Give this one a go later!

They are exclusively heterotrophic, relying They are primarily decomposers that feed
on other organisms for nutrition. on dead organic matter.
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1
They can be autotrophic
2 They can only be autotrophic, using
(photosynthesis, chemosynthesis) or
3 sunlight for energy.
heterotrophic.
4
5
Don't know?
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7

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Term 46 of 150
10

11
12 What is the role of germ layers in embryonic development?
13

14

15
Give this one a go later!
16

17
18 Germ layers give rise to all organs within developing embryos. Parazoa undergo changes in
embryonic development to allow for more complex body types.
19
20
 Germ layers give rise to all organs within developing embryos. Eumetazoa undergo
changes in embryonic development to allow for more complex body types.

Germ layers give rise to all organs within developing embryos. Mesozoa undergo changes in
Hide question list
embryonic development to allow for more complex body types.

2 Germ layers give rise to all organs within developing embryos. Diploblasts undergo changes
3
in embryonic development to allow for more complex body types.

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5 Don't know?

7
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9 47 of 150
Term
10
11
What is suspension feeding?
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15 Give this one a go later!

16

17
Suspension feeding is the removal of food particles suspended in the surrounding
18 medium (usually water) through capture, trapping, or filtration mechanisms.
19
20
 The mesohyl is an extracellular collagen-like gel that contains various cell types and
structural elements.

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The science of documenting diversity and developing natural classifications that reflect
1 evolutionary history.
2
3

4 Bioturbation by deposit feeders helps in the turnover of sediment or soil and the recycling of
5 nutrients, contributing to ecosystem health.
6

7 Don't know?
8
9

10
11
Term 48 of 150
12

13
What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
14
15
16

17 Give this one a go later!

18
19
Each cell has a nucleus, a pair of flagella, a It shows how indigenous knowledge is
20
single large chloroplast, and an eye spot. preserved and made accessible.
 Eukaryotic and unicellular organisms that A nerve cell (sensory and motor
are not plants, animals, or fungi. nerves)

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2
3 49 of 150
Term
4
5
What is the focus of this course regarding the Kingdom Metazoa?
6

7
8
9 Give this one a go later!

10
11
The course will focus on the plant The course will discuss the evolution of
12 kingdom. mammals only.
13

14
15 The course will focus mostly on the
The course will cover only vertebrates.
16 invertebrate Metazoa (animal) phyla.
17
18 Don't know?
19
20
 Term 50 of 150

What is the significance of morphological or genetic divergence in

Hide question list phylogenetic trees?

2
Give this one a go later!
3

4
5 It is represented on the horizontal
It is indicated by the color coding of
6 axis, showing the degree of change
branches in the tree.
over time.
7
8
9
It is measured by the size of the organisms It is shown through the length of the
10
represented on the tree. branches in the tree.
11
12
Don't know?
13

14
15
16
Match term to definition 51-100 of 150
17
18 Select a definition to match it with its term
19
20

What is the feeding mechanism of sponges?

 Give this one a go later!

Sponges are suspension feeders that utilize phagocytosis and/or pinocytosis for
intracellular digestion.
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2
3
How do morphological, anatomical, physiological, and genetic traits relate to environmental
4
constraints?
5
6
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7
8
These traits have evolved to help species cope with physical and chemical constraints
9 imposed by their environments.
10
11
12

13

14 What are the characteristics of the phylum Apicomplexa?

15
16 Give this one a go later!
17
18 Includes gregarines, coccidians, haemosporidians, and piroplasms.
19
20
 What happens to particles smaller than 0.5 micrometers in sponges?

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1
They pass through to choanocytes, which account for most (80%) of the food material.
2
3

4
5
6
How many phyla are there within the Metazoa?
7
8 Give this one a go later!
9

10 There are 34 phyla within the Metazoa.

11
12

13

14
15 What is a defining feature of Class Hexactinellida sponges?
16

17 Give this one a go later!

18
19 They have 6-rayed (hexactine/hexasters) siliceous spicules and are typically larger
20 bodied.
 What adaptation do some organisms in estuarine habitats have for fluctuating oxygen levels?

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1 They can switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism.

2

3
4
5
6 What is the name of the tube worm that lives near hydrothermal vents?
7

8 Give this one a go later!

9

10 Riftia pachyptila.
11
12
13

14

15 When did sponges first appear in the fossil record?

16

17 Give this one a go later!

18

19 Approximately 630 million years ago.

20
 What are the size classifications of plankton?

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1
Size classifications include megaplankton (20-200 cm), macroplankton (2-20 cm),
2 mesoplankton (200 μm-2 cm), microplankton (20-200 μm), nanoplankton (2-20 μm),
3 picoplankton (0.2-2 μm), and femtoplankton (<0.2 μm).
4
5
6

7
8 How do organisms in Phylum Stramenopila store food?
9

10
Give this one a go later!

11
12 They store food reserves as polysaccharides or oils.

13

14
15
16

17 What is the feeding mechanism of Ciliophora?

18
Give this one a go later!
19
20
 Cytostome (cell mouth) with oral ciliature; they eat bacteria, other protists, and detrital
particles.

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1
2 What must taxon names for Superfamily and all taxa below be based on?
3
4 Give this one a go later!
5
6 They must be based on type specimens, type species, or type genera.
7

8
9

10

11 What is the process of digestion in heterotrophic animals?

12
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13

14

15 Heterotrophic animals must locate, select, capture, ingest, and digest food.

16

17
18

19
20 What are the two forms of reproduction in foraminifera?

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 Asexual reproduction through multiple fission or budding, and sexual reproduction
involving alternation between gamont (sexual form) and agamont (asexual form).

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1
2 What role do diatom frustules play in marine sediments?
3
Give this one a go later!
4
5
6 Diatom frustules contribute to marine sediments known as diatomaceous or siliceous
ooze.
7

8
9

10

11
How do sponges respond to environmental stressors?
12
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14

15
Sponges are sensitive to high loads of suspended sediment but are reasonably resistant
16
to hydrocarbon and heavy metal pollution.
17
18

19
20

What is the habitat of Class Calcarea sponges?

 Give this one a go later!

They are all marine and mostly small-bodied, typically less than 10 cm high.

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1
2

3
What are the advantages of larger body size in animals?

4
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5
6
Larger body size provides escape from predation, better energy efficiency, resilience
7
through regeneration, and requires cell specialization and integration.
8
9

10

11
12
What are the feeding strategies of grazers and herbivores?
13

14 Give this one a go later!

15
16 Grazers feed on plant matter, while herbivores specifically consume plant material.
17
18

19
20

How does the structure of leuconoid sponges support larger body sizes?
 Give this one a go later!

The complex folding and multiple excurrent canals allow leuconoid sponges to support
larger body sizes by increasing surface area for water flow.
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1
2

3
What ecological role do deposit feeders play?
4
5
Give this one a go later!
6
7
Deposit feeders play a significant ecological role through bioturbation, which involves
8 the turnover of sediment or soil and recycling of nutrients.
9

10

11
12
13 What does the term 'artificial classification' refer to?
14

15 Give this one a go later!

16

17 A classification that appears to show relationships but does not reflect true evolutionary
18 history.
19
20
 What two broad steps are involved in the classification process?

Hide question list Give this one a go later!

1 1) Search for similar anatomical features; 2) Determine if similarities are due to

2 independent evolution or common ancestry.
3
4
5
6
7 What is the significance of surface-to-volume ratios in evolution?
8
9 Give this one a go later!

10

11 They limit the evolution of an organism's form, affecting how materials are exchanged
12 across membranes.

13

14

15
16

17 What must be true about species names within one genus?

18
Give this one a go later!
19
20
 No two species within one genus may have the same name.

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1
How do testate amoebae differ from naked amoebae?
2

3 Give this one a go later!

4
5 Testate amoebae have an external test, while naked amoebae do not.
6
7

8
9

10 What is the significance of the anterior somatic cells in Rhombozoa?

11
12 Give this one a go later!

13

14 They form a polar cap at the front of the body, contributing to anterior-posterior
15 polarity.

16

17
18

19
20 What is the role of the mesenchyme in Placozoa?

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 The mesenchyme is a gel-like layer that contains embedded stellate amoeboid cells.

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1 What materials can exoskeletons be made of?

2

3 Give this one a go later!

4
5 Exoskeletons are usually chitinous or calcareous and may include phosphates, halides,
6 sulphates, and iron oxides.

8
9

10

11 What is the main focus of modern classification according to Charles Darwin?

12
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13

14
Classification is based on evolutionary relationships rather than just morphology.
15
16

17
18

19
What is a notable feature of some Dinoflagellata?
20

Give this one a go later!

 Many are bioluminescent, using a luciferin-luciferase system.

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1 What is the relationship between phylogenetic classification and evolutionary history?

2
Give this one a go later!
3
4
5
Phylogenetic classification reflects the evolutionary history of organisms based on
shared ancestry.
6
7

8
9

10
What does 'reproductively isolated' mean in the context of species?
11
12
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13

14
It means that a group of organisms cannot interbreed with other groups due to various
15
barriers.
16

17
18

19
20
What is the typical body shape of Class Hexactinellida sponges?

Give this one a go later!

 They are usually cup or vase-shaped.

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1
What is the relationship between muscles and skeletons in locomotion?
2

3 Give this one a go later!

4
5 Muscles interact with a support structure (skeleton) to facilitate movement.
6
7

8
9

10 What constraints does the bauplan impose on organisms?

11
12 Give this one a go later!

13

14 It limits animal and cell size, substance exchange with environments, movement,
15 feeding, and habitat.

16

17
18

19
20 How do amoebae reproduce?

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 Amoebae reproduce asexually through binary or multiple fission.

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1 What determines the correct or valid name of a taxon?

2

3 Give this one a go later!

4
5 It is based on the priority of publication, meaning the earliest applicable published
6 name.

8
9

10

11 What is the typical cellular structure of Placozoa?

12
Give this one a go later!
13

14
Placozoa have a simple, double layer of cells and can consist of as few as 20-30 cells
15
up to a few thousand.
16

17
18

19
20
How is sense organ distribution related to body symmetry?

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 Radially symmetrical animals have sense organs distributed around a non-centralised
nerve net, while bilaterally symmetrical animals have centralized nervous systems.

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1
2 What did Jean Baptiste Lamarck contribute to taxonomy?
3
4 Give this one a go later!
5
6 He separated Crustacea, Arachnida, and Annelida from Insecta and advanced
7 classification for molluscs.

8
9

10

11
12 What types of animals are included in the category of microphagous omnivores?

13
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14

15
Microphagous omnivores include both suspension feeders and deposit feeders that
16
consume small food particles.
17
18

19
20

What kingdom do Metazoa belong to?

 Give this one a go later!

Metazoa belongs to the Kingdom Animalia.

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1
2
What are the two broad groups in the tree of life?
3
4
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5
6
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
7

8
9

10

11
What are nekton?
12
13
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14

15
Nekton are active swimmers, including marine fish, reptiles, mammals, and birds.
16

17
18

19
20
What are the main body forms found in Protista?

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 Most are unicellular (e.g., Amoeba), some are colonial (e.g., Volvox), and a few are
multicellular (e.g., Brown algae).

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1
2 What is the significance of the apopyle in sponge anatomy?
3
4 Give this one a go later!
5
6 The apopyle is where water exits the choanocyte chamber into the spongocoel.
7

8
9

10

11 What is a cytostome and cytoproct in Protista?

12
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13

14

15 A cytostome is a 'cell mouth' for feeding, and a cytoproct is an anal pore for excretion.

16

17
18

19
20 What is a body plan in animals?

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 A suite of characters shared by a group of phylogenetically related animals at some
point during their development.

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1
2
Term 101 of 150
3
4
5 What does the phylogeny represent in scientific terms?
6
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Correct answer
17
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It functions as a scientific hypothesis that is subject to testing and change over time.
19
20
 Term 102 of 150

What pigments are found in green algae?

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10 Correct answer
11
12 Chlorophyll a and b, and ß-carotene.
13

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17
Term 103 of 150
18

19
What is the role of chemosynthetic bacteria?
20
 Give this one a go later!
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1 Skipped

3
Correct answer
4
5
Chemosynthetic bacteria perform chemosynthesis, using inorganic compounds to
6
produce energy, particularly in environments like hydrothermal vents.
7

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Term 104 of 150
12
13

14 How does water flow through a syconoid sponge?

15
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 Skipped

Correct answer
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Water flows from dermal pores to incurrent canals, then to choanocyte chambers via
1 prosopyles, and exits through apopyles into the spongocoel and out through the
2 osculum.
3
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6
7 105 of 150
Term
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What is the sexual reproduction strategy of sponges?
10

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18 Skipped
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Correct answer
 Sponges are usually sequentially hermaphroditic, releasing eggs and sperm into the
water for external fertilization.

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1
Term 106 of 150
2

3
4
What is the primary goal of circulation in animals?
5
6
7

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13

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15 Correct answer
16

17 To minimize diffusion distance by using moving fluids for transport.

18

19
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107 of 150
 Term

What is the significance of the study by Müller et al (2009) on Porifera?

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7

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9 Correct answer
10

11
It examines the effect of bacterial infection on stem cell patterns in sponges.
12
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Term 108 of 150
17
18

19
What is a gemmule in sponges?
20
 Give this one a go later!

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Skipped
1
2
Correct answer
3
4
A gemmule is an asexual body formed by freshwater sponges that contains a nurse cell
5
and food reserve for survival.
6
7

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Term 109 of 150
11
12
13 What evolutionary developments are made possible by changes in body
14 plan?
15
16

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18

19
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20

Skipped
 Correct answer

Changes in body plan can lead to advancements in locomotion, feeding strategies, and
overall adaptability to environments.
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1
2

3
4
5 Term 110 of 150

6
7 What role do cyanobacteria play in the nitrogen cycle?
8
9

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14 Give this one a go later!

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16 Skipped

17
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Correct answer
19
20
Cyanobacteria fix N2, contributing to nitrogen availability in ecosystems.
 Term 111 of 150
Hide question list

What does the term 'Mesozoa' refer to?

1
2

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6
7 Give this one a go later!
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9 Skipped
10

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12 Correct answer
13

14 Mesozoa are multicellular organisms thought to be a link between protists and

15 metazoans.

16

17
18

19
20 Term 112 of 150
 How do motile animals facilitate suspension feeding?

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1
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2

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Skipped
4
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6 Correct answer
7

8 Motile animals move water through their feeding structures due to their movement
9 relative to the water.
10

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13

14 113 of 150
Term
15
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What is the role of choanocytes in sponges?
17
18

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20
 Give this one a go later!

Skipped

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Correct answer
1
2
Choanocytes are specialized cells that line the choanocyte chambers and are
3
responsible for water movement and nutrient/waste exchange.
4
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Term 114 of 150
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10

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What are the key functions of archaeocytes in sponges?
12
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20

Correct answer
 They are involved in cellular mobility, totipotency, and compensating for the lack of true
tissues.

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1
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Term 115 of 150
3
4
5 What is the impact of red tide caused by Dinoflagellata?
6
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14

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Correct answer
17
18
Red tide blooms can produce toxins that harm marine life and pose health risks to
19 humans.
20
 Term 116 of 150

What type of cells do Eukaryotes have?

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8
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10 Correct answer
11
12 Eukaryotes have cells with a distinct nucleus.
13

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17
Term 117 of 150
18

19
What is the difference between phylogenetic classification and biological
20
classification?
 Give this one a go later!
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1 Skipped

3
Correct answer
4
5
Phylogenetic classification shows evolutionary relationships without ranking groups,
6
while biological classification identifies ranked groups.
7

8
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Term 118 of 150
12
13

14 What is the ecological significance of prokaryotes?

15
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 Skipped

Correct answer
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Prokaryotes have evolved diverse metabolic pathways and have colonized every
1 conceivable niche on Earth, playing crucial roles in various ecosystems.
2

3
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6
Term 119 of 150
7

8
What are the dangers associated with Dinoflagellata toxins?
9

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18

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20 Correct answer
 Some produce potent toxins causing paralytic shellfish poisoning and neurotoxic
shellfish poisoning.

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Term 120 of 150

1
2

3 What is the significance of the complexity of stimuli and response in animals?

4
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12
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14 Correct answer
15
16
The complexity of stimuli and response is advantageous and relates to the animal's
17 lifestyle, such as being a predator or prey.
18

19
20

121 of 150
 Term

What is the ecological role of sponges in marine habitats?

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7

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9 Correct answer
10

11
Sponges are dominant biota in many benthic marine habitats, important for benthic-
12 pelagic coupling and providing physical habitat.
13

14

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17
Term 122 of 150
18

19
How do comparative biology and homologues relate to classification?
20
 Give this one a go later!
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1 Skipped

3
Correct answer
4
5
Comparative biology examines characters to identify homologous structures, aiding in
6
classification.
7

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Term 123 of 150
12
13

14 What are phylogenetic trees?

15
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 Skipped

Correct answer
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Branching diagrams that depict the evolutionary relationships among groups of

1 organisms.
2

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6
Term 124 of 150
7

8
What is the role of priority of publication in naming taxa?
9

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18

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20 Correct answer
 It ensures that the earliest applicable published name is considered the correct name.

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Term 125 of 150

1
2
What is the relationship between sponge structure and water flow rates?
3
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12
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14 Correct answer
15
16 Sponge structure, including the complexity of the aquiferous system, directly influences
17 water flow rates and efficiency of nutrient exchange.
18

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20

126 of 150
 Term

What are some key features of the body plan in animal phyla?
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5
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7

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9 Correct answer
10

11
Multicellularity, body symmetry, locomotion, body construction, internal organs, true
12 tissues, digestion, body layers, excretion, body cavities, nervous system, body support,
13 reproduction, segmentation, oxygen exchange, and embryology.
14

15
16

17
18 127 of 150
Term
19
20
What are the two historical classifications of protists based on nutrition and
locomotion?
Hide question list
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1
Skipped
2

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Correct answer
5
6
Zooflagellates (animal-like, heterotrophs) and phytoflagellates (plant-like,
7 photoautotrophs).
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Term 128 of 150
13

14
What are the key features of eukaryotic cells?
15
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20

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 Skipped

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Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, a nucleus, a cytoskeleton, linear

1
chromosomes, an acetylcholine/cholinesterase-based nervous system, special cell-to-
2
cell junctions, and connective tissue based on collagen.
3
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Term 129 of 150
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What is the next topic of study in the upcoming lecture on Porifera?
11
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Correct answer
 The body structure and the three classes of sponges.

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1 Term 130 of 150

3 What is the significance of the diversity in Phylum Stramenopila?

4
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12 Skipped

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Correct answer
15
16
The staggering diversity of around 9000 species highlights their ecological importance
17
in various marine and freshwater ecosystems.
18

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 Term 131 of 150

What roles do cilia and flagella play in movement?

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9 Correct answer
10

11
They cause movement with respect to surrounding water, create feeding and gas
12 exchange currents, and propel gametes and larvae.
13

14

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17
Term 132 of 150
18

19
What is the importance of understanding ancient classifications?
20
 Give this one a go later!
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1 Skipped

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4
5
It shows how indigenous knowledge is preserved and made accessible.
6
7

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Term 133 of 150
11
12
13 What is a monophyletic group?
14

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20

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 Correct answer

A group of species that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants.

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1
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4 Term 134 of 150

5
6
What is a mixotroph?
7

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Correct answer
18

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An organism that is photoautotrophic but can also acquire organic material from the
20
environment.
 Term 135 of 150
Hide question list

What is the common name for organisms in the phylum Euglenida?

1
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12 Correct answer
13

14 Euglenids or euglenoids.
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19 136 of 150
Term
20

What are some environments where prokaryotes can be found?

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1
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Skipped
3
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5 Correct answer
6
7
Prokaryotes can be found in diverse environments, including hydrothermal vents,
8 sewage treatment ponds, and extreme habitats like the Dead Sea.
9

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Term 137 of 150
14

15
What is the typical size of adult Dicyemida?
16

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1 Dicyemida adults range from 0.5 to 2.5 mm.

2

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Term 138 of 150
7

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9 What defines a population in biological terms?
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Correct answer
 A group of conspecific individuals that commonly form a breeding unit and share the
same habitat at one time.

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1 Term 139 of 150

3 What does the vertical axis in a phylogenetic tree represent?

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15
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The time component of evolutionary history.
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What is the role of thermoreceptors?

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They detect temperature, relevant for ectoparasites like mosquitoes.
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Term 141 of 150
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What are some environmental factors that differentiate terrestrial habitats?
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Temperature, altitude, and rainfall.
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10 Term 142 of 150

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12 What is the difference between diploblastic and triploblastic organisms?
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Diploblastic organisms have two germ layers (endo- and ectoderm), while triploblastic
organisms have three germ layers (endo-, ecto-, and mesoderm), allowing for more
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complex body constructions.

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7 What is the function of contractile cells in Porifera?
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Porocytes and myocytes regulate water flow by contracting.
 Term 144 of 150
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What role do Hox genes play in animal development?

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14 Hox genes control the body plan of an embryo along the head-tail axis, establishing
15 the anterior-posterior axis and identity of body segments.

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 What are plankton and how are they classified?

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8 Plankton are organisms that float in water and cannot propel themselves; they are
9 classified into phytoplankton (algae) and zooplankton (animals).
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How many described species of Porifera are there?
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Approximately 5,500 described species.
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10 What does the term 'saprotrophic' mean?

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 It refers to organisms that obtain nutrients by decomposing organic matter.

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1 Term 148 of 150

3 What are the differences between megascleres and microscleres in

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Hexactinellida?
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Megascleres are larger and not fused, while microscleres are smaller and can be fused.
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149 of 150
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What do chemosynthetic bacteria metabolize for energy?

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Methane and hydrogen sulfide.
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Term 150 of 150
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What is an incomplete natural group in phylogenetic classification?
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A group that includes a common ancestor but not all of its descendant species.
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