Part 4: You will hear wolf expert Shaun Ellis talking about his experience of living with wolves.

For questions 1-10, complete the sentences with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each
gap. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes.
As a young child, Shaun’s knowledge of wolves came from (1) _______________.
In his twenties, Shaun became a (2) ________________ in the USA.
Shaun’s colleagues considered his method of studying wolves extremely (3) _________________.
After his initial encounter with wolves, Shaun developed (4) _____________ for them.
Shaun and the wolves lived mainly on a diet of (5) _________________.
Shaun felt no desire for (6) ________________during his time with the wolves.
One day an incident involving food made Shaun aware that he was in a very (7) ________ position.
On one occasion, a wolf protected Shaun and the pack from a (8) _______________.
After leaving the wolves, Shaun experienced a massive (9) ______________.
Shaun wanted to show everyone that wolves are not (10) ____________.
Your answers:
1. 5. 9.
2. 6. 10.
3. 7.
4. 8.

B. LEXICO - GRAMMAR (40 points)

Part 1. Choose one of the words marked A, B, C, or D which best completes each of the
following sentences. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes.
1. Sales began the year at 30,000 units in January and increased slightly __ 2,000 units in February.
A. by B. to C. in D. at
2. _____ Mississippi River flows into _____ Gulf of Mexico in _______ state of Louisiana.
A. - / the / the B. The / the / the C. The / - / - D. - / - / -
3. The brother and sister were ________ over who would get to inherit the beach house.
A. at large B. at odds C. at a standstill D. at a loose end
4. You _______ then; otherwise, the policeman wouldn’t have stopped you.
A. could have been speeding B. must have been speeding
C. might have been speeding D. ought to have been speeding
5.My mind went ____ when the official asked me my phone number- I couldn’t remember it at all.
A. empty B. clear C. blank D. vacant
6. ________ that Helen was getting married, we were sorry she’d be leaving home.
A. Delighted though we were B. As we were delighted
C. However delighted were we D. As we were so delighted
7. Many local authorities realize there is a need to make _______ for disabled people in their
housing programmes.
A. assistance B. conditions C. admittance D. provision
8. It's a shame they didn't pick you up, but it doesn't _______ out the possibility that you might get a
job in a different department.
A. strike B. cancel C. draw D. rule
9. Earthquake can damage a tree ______violently, and it can take several years for the tree to heal.
A. to cause to shake it B. when shaking it causes
C. to cause shaking it D. by causing it to shake
10. Ninety________ the maximum length of time allowed for entrance exams to this school.
A. minute is B. minutes are C. minute are D. minutes is
11. I saw the men, the women, and the cattle ________ went to the field.
A. which B. who C. that D. what
12. He believes that all children are born with equal intelligence, ______?
A. doesn’t he B. does he C. are they D. aren’t they
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 13. Susan: “I love your gardens. The plants are well taken care of!”
Jack: “Thanks. Yes, I suppose I’ve always __________.”
A. had green fingers B. let nature take its course
C. made it down on my luck D. drawn the short straw
14. Since I came in half an hour late this morning, I have to stay until 5:30 to _______ for it.
A. save up B. make up C. keep up D. hold up
15. Tom: “I thought your performance last Sunday was wonderful.” Laura: “____________”
A. Don’t tell a lie. I thought it was terrible.
B. You must be kidding. It was not as good as I had expected.
C. I completely agree with you. It was terrific.
D. No doubt!
16. I don’t think you have been watering the plants near the gate. The soil is _________.
A. as dry as rice B. as dry as a tile C. as dry as a bone D. as dry as wood
17. Having been served dinner, __________.
A. the problem was discussed by the members of the committee.
B. the committee members discussed the problem.
C. it was discussed by the committee members the problem.
D. a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee.
18. There are fast-growing __________ of fir tree here in this park.
A. variations B. variances C. variants D. varieties
19. Whether the sports club survives is a matter of complete _____ to me.
A. indifference B. disinterest C. importance D. interest
20. Only in the Civil war _____killed or wounded
A. soldiers in America B. so many American soldiers were
C. many in America were D. were so many American soldiers
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Part 2. Give the correct form of the words in brackets. Write your answers in the corresponding
numbered boxes.
1.The main reason I believe children shouldn’t be exposed to violence on TV is that they are
so__________ at that age. (IMPRESS)
2. There was a donation of $100,000 made by an anonymous ______. (BENEFIT)
3. The judges describe Jones as a ______ criminal who was a danger to members of the public.
(HARD)
4. Barack Obama is the first President of the United States with _______ background. (RACE)
5. Being the hardest natural substance, diamond is practically______. (DESTROY)
6. Deforestation and excessive farming have _______ the soil. (POOR)
7. My brother works for UNESCO in a purely ___________ role. (ADVICE)
8. ___________ of the new system will take several days. (INSTALL)
9. This type of behavior is no longer ___________ acceptable. (SOCIETY)
10. Our school has just set up a project to _________ the library system. (COMPUTER)

Your answers:
1. 5. 9.
2. 6. 10.
3. 7.
4. 8.
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C. READING (60 points)
Part 1. Read the following passage and decide which answer (A, B, C, or D) best fits each gap.
Write your answers in corresponding numbered boxes.
Public opinion polls show that crime is (1) _____ as one of the most serious problems of many
societies. Yet, penetrating studies have revealed that the amount of violent crime is (2) _____. Our
peculiar awareness and fear is largely brought about by the great attention it is (3) _____ in the
mass media and also because of violent crime being a popular theme for television series and films.
Among all crimes, murder makes the (4) _____ and there is little doubt that homicides still continue
to be a (5) _____ question in a number of countries. The various causes of severe crime are being
constantly (6) _____ and innumerable reasons for it are being pointed out. Among these are
unemployment, drug (7) _____, inadequate police enforcement, ineffective courts, racial
discrimination, television and the general decline in social values.
An acknowledged fact is that this is mainly poverty that (8) _____ crime. Individuals incapable of
securing for themselves and their families the rudimentary means of living unavoidably (9) _____
to stealing, burgling or committing other offences. We may try to explain crime on different (10)
_____ - cultural, economic, psychological, but criminologists are still far from detecting the exact
source of violent offences as the direct link between these particular factors isn’t possible to specify.
1. A. believed B. viewed C. alleged D. thought
2. A. outspoken B. overestimated C. presupposed D. upgraded
3. A. granted B. awarded C. devoted D. entrusted
4. A. headlines B. titles C. captions D. broadcast
5. A. lasting B. obstructing C. nagging D. contending
6. A. debated B. conversed C. conflicted D. articulated
7. A. escalation B. abuse C. maltreatment D. disuse
8. A. rears B. nurtures C. breeds D. urges
9. A. turn B. take C. gear D. bring
10. A. motives B. arguments C. reasons D. grounds
Your answers
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Part 2. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only ONE word
in each space. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes.
Have you noticed the spate of bank mergers (0) BEING reported in the financial pages? The names
change, smaller branches close and superfluous staff lose their jobs. If you thought this was all (1)
_______ the name of increased profit margins, think again. The banks themselves are engaged in a
struggle for their (2) ______ survival. Their nemesis? The Internet, of course. The Internet proved,
in just a (3) ______ short years, that it can transform (4) ________ very way that commerce is
conducted. Customers can pay for goods and services on-line, and settle (5) _______ accounts on
the Internet. (6) __________ direct transfer could conceivably spell the end of money as we know
(7) _______ today. Cash, cheques and credit cards will give (8) ______ to e-currencies, some form
of “Internet only” money.
What form will these new “e-currencies” take? Perhaps some kind of credits or (9) ________virtual
money. Some Internet sites are already using a system called “beenz” whereby you can earn credits,
or “beenz”, by visiting participating sites, which can be used to purchase items on-line. Also,
consumers will soon be able to download credit onto smartcards to be used to make purchases in the
real world. (10) _________ form such e-currencies ultimate take, the only thing we can be sure of is
that counting out coins for bus tickets will soon be a thing of the past.
Your answers
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Part 3. Read the passage and choose the best option A, B, C, or D to answer the questions. Write
your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes.
GEOLOGY AND LANDSCAPE
Most people consider the landscape to be unchanging, but Earth is a dynamic body, and its
surface is continually altering—slowly on the human time scale, but relatively rapidly when
compared to the great age of Earth (about 4,500 billion years). There are two principal influences
that shape the terrain: constructive processes such as uplift, which create new landscape features,
and destructive forces such as erosion, which gradually wear away exposed landforms.
Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting
the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms.
As a general rule, the higher a mountain is, the more recently it was formed; for example, the high
mountains of the Himalayas are only about 50 million years old. Lower mountains tend to be older,
and are often the eroded relics of much higher mountain chains. About 400 million years ago, when
the present-day continents of North America and Europe were joined, the Caledonian mountain
chain was the same size as the modern Himalayas. Today, however, the relics of the Caledonian
orogeny exist as the comparatively low mountains.
The Earth's crust is thought to be divided into huge, movable segments, called plates, which
float on a soft plastic layer of rock. Some mountains were formed as a result of these plates crashing
into each other and forcing up the rock at the plate margins. In this process, sedimentary rocks that
originally formed on the seabed may be folded upwards to altitudes of more than 26,000 feet. Other
mountains may be raised by earthquakes, which fracture the Earth's crust and can displace enough
rock to produce block mountains. A third type of mountain may be formed as a result of volcanic
activity which occurs in regions of active fold mountain belts.
The weather, in its many forms, is the main agent of erosion. Rain washes away loose soil
and penetrates cracks in the rocks. Carbon dioxide in the air reacts with the rainwater, forming a
weak acid that may chemically attack the rocks. The rain seeps underground and the water may
reappear later as springs. These springs are the sources of streams and rivers, which cut through the
rocks and carry away debris from
the mountains to the lowlands.
Under very cold conditions, rocks can be shattered by ice and frost. Glaciers may form in
permanently cold areas, and these slowly moving masses of ice cut out valleys, carrying with them
huge quantities of eroded rock debris. In dry areas the wind is the principal agent of erosion. It
carries fine particles of sand, which bombard exposed rock surfaces, thereby wearing them into yet
more sand. Even living things contribute to the formation of landscapes. Tree roots force their way
into cracks in rocks and. in so doing, speed their splitting. In contrast, the roots of grasses and other
small plants may help to hold loose soil fragments together, thereby helping to prevent erosion by
the wind.
1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements is true of changes in Earth's
landscape?
A. They occur more often by uplift than by erosion. B. They occur only at special times.
C. They occur less frequently now than they once did. D. They occur quickly in geological terms
2. The word "relatively" in the paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A. unusually B. comparatively C. occasionally D. naturally
3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the mountains of the Himalayas?
A. Their current height is not an indication of their age.
B. At present, they are much higher than the mountains of the Caledonian range.
C. They were a uniform height about 400 million years ago.
D. They are not as high as the Caledonian mountains were 400 million years ago.

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 4. The word "relics" in the paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A. resemblances B. regions C. remains D. restorations

5. According to paragraph 3, one cause of mountain formation is the

A. effect of climatic change on sea level
B. slowing down of volcanic activity
C. force of Earth's crustal plates hitting each other
D. replacement of sedimentary rock with volcanic rock
6. Why does the author mention carbon dioxide in the paragraph 4?
A. To explain the origin of a chemical that can erode rocks
B. To contrast carbon dioxide with carbonic acid
C. To give an example of how rainwater penetrates soil
D. To argue for the desirability of preventing erosion
7. The word "seeps" in the paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
A. dries gradually B. flows slowly C. freezes quickly D. warms slightly
8. The word "them" in the paragraph 5 refers to
A. cold areas B. masses of ice C. valleys D. rock debris
9. According to paragraph 5, which of the following is both a cause and result of erosion?
A. Glacial activity B. Rock debris C. Tree roots D. Sand
10. Which of the following square brackets [A], [B], [C], or [D] best indicates where in the
paragraph the sentence “Under different climatic conditions, another type of destructive force
contributes to erosion.” can be inserted?
Under very cold conditions, rocks can be shattered by ice and frost. Glaciers may form in
permanently cold areas, and these slowly moving masses of ice cut out valleys, carrying with them
huge quantities of eroded rock debris. [A]_____ In dry areas the wind is the principal agent of
erosion. [B]_____ It carries fine particles of sand, which bombard exposed rock surfaces, thereby
wearing them into yet more sand. [C]_____ Even living things contribute to the formation of
landscapes. [D]_____ Tree roots force their way into cracks in rocks and, in so doing, speed their
splitting. In contrast, the roots of grasses and other small plants may help to hold loose soil
fragments together, thereby helping to prevent erosion by the wind.
Your answers
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Part 4. Read the text and do the following tasks.
THE FACE OF MODERN MAN?
A. In response to the emergence of the ‘metro-sexual’ male, in other words, an urban, sophisticated
man who is fashionable, well-groomed and unashamedly committed to ensuring his appearance is the
best it can be, a whole new industry has developed. According to research conducted on behalf of a
leading health and beauty retailer in the UK, the market for male cosmetics and related products has
grown by 800% since the year 2000 and is expected to continue to increase significantly. The male
grooming products market has become the fastest growing sector within the beauty and cosmetics
industry, currently equivalent to around 1.5 billion pounds per annum.
B. Over the last decade, a large number of brands and companies catering for enhancement of the male
image have been successfully established, such operations ranging from male-only spas, boutiques,
personal hygiene products, hair and skin care ranges, and male magazines with a strong leaning towards
men’s fashion. Jamie Cawley, proprietor of a successful chain of London-based male grooming
boutiques, holds that his company’s success in this highly competitive market can be attributed to the
‘exclusivity’ tactics they have employed, in that their products and services are clearly defined as male-
orientated and distinctly separate to feminine products offered by other organisations. However, market
analyst, Kim Sawyer, believes that future growth in the market can also be achieved through sale of

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unisex products marketed to both genders, this strategy becoming increasingly easy to implement as
men’s interest in appearance and grooming has become more of a social norm.
C. Traditionalists such as journalist Jim Howrard contend that the turn-around in male attitudes which
has led to the success of the industry would have been inconceivable a decade ago, given the
conventional male role, psyche and obligation to exude masculinity; however, behavioural scientist
Professor Ruth Chesterton argues that the metro-sexual man of today is in fact a modern incarnation of
the ‘dandy’ of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. British dandies of that period, who were
often of middle class backgrounds but imitated aristocratic lifestyles, were devoted to cultivation of
their physical appearance, development of a refined demeanor and hedonistic pursuits. In France, she
adds, dandyism, in contrast, was also strongly linked to political ideology and embraced by youths
wishing to clearly define themselves from members of the working class revolutionary social groups of
the period.
D. Over recent decades, according to sociologist Ben Cameron, gender roles for both sexes have
become less defined. According to research, he says, achievement of status and success have become
less important in younger generations of men, as has the need to repress emotions. Cameron defines the
traditional masculine role within western societies – hegemonic masculinity – as an expectation that
males demonstrate physical strength and fitness, be decisive, self-assured, rational, successful and in
control. Meeting this list of criteria and avoiding situations of demonstrating weakness, being overly
emotional or in any way ’inferior’, he says, has placed a great deal of pressure on many members of the
male population. So restrictive can society’s pressure to behave in a ‘masculine’ fashion on males be,
Professor Chesterton states that in many situations men may respond in a way they deem acceptable to
society, given their perceived gender role, rather than giving what they may actually consider to be the
best and most objective response.
E. Jim Howard says that learning and acquiring gender identity makes up a huge component of a child’s
socialisation and that a child who exhibits non-standard behavioural characteristics often encounters
social and self-image difficulties due to the adverse reactions of their peers. According to Kim Sawyer,
media images and messages also add to pressures associated with the male image, stating that even in
these modern and changing times, hegemonic masculinity is often idolised and portrayed as the
definitive male persona.
F. Whilst male stereotypes and ideals vary from culture to culture, according to Professor Chesterton, a
universal trait in stereotypical male behaviour is an increased likelihood to take risks than is generally
found in female behaviour patterns. For this reason, she attributes such behaviour to the influence of
genetic predisposition as opposed to socially learned behaviour. Men, she says, are three times more
likely to die due to accident than females, a strong indication he says of their greater willingness to
involve themselves in precarious situations. Ben Cameron also says that an attitude of invincibility is
more dominant in males and is a predominant factor in the trend for fewer medical checkups in males
and late diagnosis of chronic and terminal illness than in their more cautious and vigilant female
counterparts.
G. Jamie Cawley, however, remains optimistic that the metro-sexual culture will continue and that what
society accepts as the face of masculinity will continue to change. He attributes this to a male revolt
against the strict confines of gender roles, adding that such changes of attitudes have led and will
continue to lead to establishment of greater equality between the sexes.
The reading passage has seven paragraphs A-G. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-G
from the list of headings below.
Write the appropriate numbers (i-x) in corresponding numbered boxes in boxes 1-6.
List of headings
i. Basis and predictions
ii. Revolution or recurrence?
iii. Servicing a growing demand
iv. The surfacing of a new phenomenon
v. A long-held mindset and its downsides

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 vi. Influence on minors
vii. Hereditary predilection
viii. Effects of external pressures

1. Paragraph B ___________
2. Paragraph C ___________
3. Paragraph D ___________
4. Paragraph E ___________
5. Paragraph F ___________
6. Paragraph G ___________
Questions 7-10
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage?
In boxes 7-10 write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
7. Sales in the female health and beauty market have slightly declined over recent years.
8. The rise of ‘dandyism’ in England and France is attributed to similar factors.
9. Emotional reaction is contradictory to hegemonic masculine behaviour.
10. There is a correlation between men’s belief that they are indestructible and their decreased
likelihood to seek medical advice.
Your answers
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.