What is Research? Research is defined 2.

**Systematic:** Research follows

as a systematic investigation and study organized and sequential procedures
of material sources aimed at based on valid principles.
establishing facts and reaching new 3. **Controlled:** Variables in research
conclusions. It involves a systematic and are controlled, except those being tested
objective search for reliable knowledge. or experimented on.
Additionally, research is described as an 4. **Employs Hypothesis:** Hypotheses
act of studying something carefully and guide the investigation process, aiding in
extensively to attain deep knowledge. the search for facts and solutions to
On a larger scale, research contributes problems.
to the welfare of humanity and can vary 5. **Analytical:** Research involves
in nature from creative and exploratory critical analysis of all data to ensure
to reassuring. accurate interpretations.
6. **Objective:** Research maintains
Experiences in Doing Research: objectivity, ensuring unbiased and
Research teaches researchers various logical findings based on empirical data.
skills and qualities, including: 7. **Original Work:** Research requires
effort to conduct original investigations
and produce necessary data.
. Methods of Discovery:
 Creativity **Other Characteristics of Qualitative
 Resourcefulness Research:**
 Perseverance 1. **Concern for Context and Meaning:**
. Investigative Skills: Qualitative research is contextual,
aiming to study specific contexts
 Patience influenced by social, historical, political,
 Perseverance and cultural factors.
 Honesty 2. **Naturally Occurring Setting:**
. Critical Thinking & Logic: Qualitative research observes behaviors
 Rightfulness in natural settings like schools,
 Respect communities, or organizations.
 Reasonableness 3. **Humans as Instruments:**
Researchers serve as primary
. Basic Ingredients of Argument: instruments for data gathering and
 Self-confidence analysis, capturing the complexity of
 Honesty human experiences.
 Rightfulness 4. **Descriptive Data:** Qualitative
studies use descriptive data in the form
Another significance of research is to … of words, pictures, or visuals to present
IMPROVE THE STANDARD OF LIVING. holistic descriptions.
SAFER LIFE. 5. **Emergent Design:** Qualitative
KNOW THE TRUTH. research allows for flexible design
EXPLORE OUR HISTORY. adjustments as the study progresses due
To Discover New Things To Make to unpredictable interactions between
Changes researchers and participants.
To Improve the Standard of Living
For Safer Life **Types of Research:**
To Find the Truth - **Library Research:** Involves specific
To Explore History questions or problems investigated using
available resources.
CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES AND - **Field Research:** Conducted in
ETHICS OF RESEARCH natural settings such as communities,
schools, or organizations.
**Research Characteristics and Ethics: A - **Laboratory Research:** Takes place
Review** in controlled conditions within specified
and equipped areas.
**Characteristics of Research:**
1. **Empirical:** Research relies on **Ethics and Research:**
observed and measured phenomena, Ethics in research refer to norms
deriving knowledge from real-life distinguishing acceptable behavior,
experiences rather than theory or belief. guiding decisions, and analyzing
complex problems. Main ethical - Understand the concepts of research,
principles include: mixed method, qualitative, and
quantitative approaches.
1. **Beneficence vs. Maleficence:** - Differentiate between qualitative and
Ensuring research benefits subjects quantitative research methods.
without causing harm. - Recognize the characteristics,
2. **Veracity:** Upholding truthfulness, strengths, weaknesses, and applications
honesty, and integrity in research. of qualitative research.
3. **Privacy, Confidentiality, and
Consent:** Respecting subjects' privacy, **Research:**
obtaining informed consent, and - **Empirical:** Based on observed and
ensuring confidentiality. measured phenomena, deriving
4. **Informed Consent:** Providing knowledge from real-life experiences.
relevant information to participants, - **Systematic:** Follows organized
ensuring understanding, voluntariness, procedures based on valid principles.
and proxy consent when necessary. - **Controlled:** Variables, except those
5. **Honesty:** Striving for honesty in all tested, are kept constant.
scientific communications, avoiding - **Employs Hypothesis:** Guides the
fabrication or misrepresentation of data. investigation process.
6. **Objectivity:** Avoiding bias in - **Analytical:** Involves critical analysis
experimental design, analysis, and of data.
interpretation of data. - **Objective:** Maintains objectivity and
7. **Integrity:** Maintaining sincerity, logic.
consistency, and ethical conduct in - **Original Work:** Requires effort and
research activities. original investigation.
8. **Carefulness:** Avoiding errors and
negligence, maintaining good records, **Mixed Method:**
and critically examining one's work. - Integrates quantitative and qualitative
9. **Openness:** Sharing data, results, data within a single investigation.
and ideas openly, being receptive to - Example Titles: "A Three-way
criticism and new ideas. Perspective on Adherence to Basic
10. **Respect for Intellectual Property:** Health Protocols" or "Extent of
Honoring patents, copyrights, and giving Adherence to Basic Health Protocols by
proper credit for contributions. Market Consumers and Vendors."
11. **Confidentiality:** Protecting
confidential information and respecting **Qualitative vs. Quantitative:**
privacy rights.
12. **Respect for Colleagues:** Treating
colleagues fairly and respecting their
contributions.
13. **Social Responsibility:** Striving to
promote social good and prevent harm
through research and advocacy.
14. **Non-Discrimination:** Avoiding
discrimination based on irrelevant
factors.
15. **Competence:** Maintaining and
improving competence through
continuous learning.
16. **Legality:** Abiding by relevant **Examples of Qualitative Research:**
laws and institutional policies. 1. **Ethnographic Research:**
17. **Animal Care:** Showing proper Investigates culture through an in-depth
care and respect for animals in research. study of its members, focusing on
18. **Human Subjects Protection:** manifestations of the phenomenon of
Minimizing harm, respecting dignity, and interest.
ensuring fairness in research involving 2. **Phenomenological Research:**
human subjects. Describes experiences as lived by
individuals or groups, aiming to
**Module 1: Research, Mixed Method, understand their perception of reality.
and Qualitative vs. Quantitative** 3. **Grounded Theory:** Builds
naturalistic theory through inductive
**Lesson Objectives:** analysis of events, patterns, and inter-
relationships.
4. **Historical Research:** Analyzes **Why do we need to conduct a Review
patterns and events from the past to of Related Literature (RRL)?**
inform understanding and decision-
making in the present. A review of related literature is essential
5. **Case Study:** Investigates a single for several reasons:
person, event, or phenomenon within a
specified context, using multiple data 1. **Background Knowledge:** It
collection methods. provides background information about
the problem and associated ideas,
helping researchers gain a
**Characteristics of Qualitative comprehensive understanding.
Research:**
- **Design:** Naturalistic, Emergent, 2. **Theories:** It explores theories
Purposeful. related to the problem and identifies
- **Data Collection:** Personal variables connected to it, aiding in the
experience, Empathic neutrality, conceptualization of the study.
Dynamic systems.
- **Data Analysis:** Unique case 3. **Data Validation:** It presents data
orientation, Inductive analysis, Holistic that validate the occurrence and
perspective, Context sensitivity. severity of the problem, reinforcing the
need for the research.
How Data is Collected in Qualitative
Research: 4. **Results of Previous Studies:** It
examines detailed and broad results of
Personal Experience and Engagement: related studies, offering insights and
Researchers interact directly with potential starting points for the current
subjects and situations. research.
Empathic Neutrality: Seek understanding
without judgment, being fully present in 5. **Identification of Gaps:** It identifies
observation. gaps in existing literature and
recommendations for further study,
Dynamic Systems: Attention to ongoing guiding researchers on areas where
changes and system dynamics. additional research is needed.

How Data is Analyzed in Qualitative **Sources of Literature Review:**

Research:
**Primary Sources:** These provide first-
Unique Case Orientation: Views each hand information closest to the object of
case as special and unique. the study and include original sources.

Inductive Analysis: Immersion in data to **Secondary Sources:** These offer

identify patterns and themes. second-hand data or information and are
written about primary sources, providing
Holistic Perspective: Understands additional analysis and interpretation.
phenomena as complex systems.
**Why do we need to do Citations?**
Context Sensitivity: Places findings
within social, historical, and temporal Citations are crucial for several reasons:
contexts.
**Strengths of Qualitative Research:** 1. **Plagiarism Prevention:** Citations
- Detailed coverage of problems. help prevent plagiarism by
- Focuses on small groups, cost- acknowledging the contribution of other
effective. authors and sources.
- Allows quick adaptation to new
findings. 2. **Acknowledgment of Ideas:**
- Provides genuine insights. Allowing readers to trace the origins of
concepts, ideas, or information
**Weaknesses of Qualitative Research:** presented in the research.
- Limited generalizability.
- Difficulty in demonstrating rigidity. **How do we synthesize Information
- Time-consuming analysis. from Relevant Literature?**
- Potential researcher influence.
Synthesizing information involves Diagnose: Identify and analyze the root
integrating materials from multiple causes of...
sources related to the research problem,
akin to putting puzzle pieces together. Understand: Gain insight into the
Different types of synthesis include complexities of...
demonstrating similarity, contrast, 
accumulation, and causation among
sources.
Tips for Stating Research Questions
**Chapter I Components:**
 Clear: State questions explicitly,
- **Introduction (Background of the providing enough detail for
Study and Rationale):** Provides an understanding.
overview of the research topic, its  Focused: Narrow enough to be
importance, and the rationale for thoroughly answered yet
conducting the study. comprehensive.
 Concise: Express in the fewest possible
- **Statement of the Problem:** Clearly words.
defines the research problem that the  Complex: Require synthesis and
study aims to address. analysis, not simple yes or no answers.
 Arguable: Open to debate rather than
- **Scope and Delimitation:** Outlines accepting facts.
the boundaries and limitations of the
 SMART: Specific, Measurable,
study.
Achievable, Relevant, Time-related.
- **Benefits & Beneficiaries (Importance
of the Study):** Explores the significance Scope and Delimitation
and potential beneficiaries of the
research.  Specify characteristics, location, timing,
etc., of the study.
- **Definition of Terms:** Clarifies key  Clarify who is included and excluded and
terms and concepts used in the study. reasons for exclusion.

**Introduction/Rationale:**
Benefits & Beneficiaries
The introduction sets the stage for the
research and should:  Identify study benefits and beneficiaries
from primary to tertiary levels.
1. **Attract Attention:** Start with
drama, conflict, or something Citations
unexpected to engage readers' interest.
 Use APA format for bibliography or
2. **Establish Credibility:** Explain why resources.
the author can be trusted to conduct the
 Format books and websites according to
research.
APA guidelines.
3. **Highlight Benefits:** Clearly state Parts of the Research Project
the benefits of reading the article and
why it is worth the reader's time. CHAPTER I: Introduction

Statement of the Problem . Background of the Study

. Statement of the Problem
Main Objective: This research aims
to... . Scope and Delimitation
. Importance of the Study
Explore: Investigate the underlying . Definition of Terms
factors contributing to...
CHAPTER II: Research Methodology
Describe: Provide a detailed account
of...
. Research Design
. Sources of Data . Practical Use of Data: Potential impact
. Locale and Population and relevance.
. Instrumentation and Data Collection . Novelty: Originality and avoidance of
redundant topics.
. Validation
. Ease in Locating Participants:
. Data Analysis
Accessibility and reliability of sources.
. Ethical Considerations . Availability of Information: Adequate
resources and literature.
CHAPTER III: Findings and
Discussion Guidelines for the Research Title

 Thematic Analysis:  Reflect the main idea of the research.

 Present data and analyze  Avoid abbreviations and use current
findings. terminology.
 Corroboration or Contradiction:  Be concise and engaging, stimulating
 Seek literature that supports or reader interest.
refutes the research findings.
Research Problem vs. Research
CHAPTER IV: Summary, Conclusions, Questions
Recommendations
 Research Problem: Main topic of
 Summary: Recapitulate key findings. investigation.
 Conclusions: Draw conclusions based  Research Questions: Specific inquiries
on the findings. aimed at addressing the research
 Recommendations: Provide problem, following SMART criteria.
suggestions for future action or
research.
Scope & Delimitations

Bibliography
 Scope: Parameters within which the
study operates.
 Format references according to APA  Limitations: Matters beyond the
guidelines. researcher's control.
 Delimitations: Boundaries set
Appendices consciously by the researcher.

 Include supplementary material in the Benefits & Beneficiaries

order of their appearance in the
research.  Methods of Discovery: Creativity,
resourcefulness, perseverance.
Curriculum Vitae  Benefits to Learners: Development of
investigative skills, critical thinking, and
 Highlight essential details of the logic.
researcher's background.  Beneficiaries: Primary, secondary, and
tertiary stakeholders impacted by the
Factors to Consider in Selecting research.
Your Research Topic
CHAPTER II: Methodology
. Interest: Drive and dedication to
persevere. Research Approach: QUALITATIVE
. Career Path: Relevance to future RESEARCH
careers, especially in STEM fields.
. Time: Feasibility within the allotted time In this chapter, the qualitative research
frame. approach is discussed in detail,
. Budget: Consideration of research including the research design, type,
expenses. population, locale, sampling procedure,
 and data collection and analysis  Snowball Sampling: Selecting
procedure. respondents based on referrals from
initial participants.
Research Design:  Probability Sampling: Provides equal chance for
all elements in the population to be selected.
 Descriptive: Aims to describe the characteristics  Simple Random Sampling: Selecting
of a phenomenon or population. samples randomly from a population
 Exploratory: Seeks to explore new insights and list.
understanding of a phenomenon.  Stratified Sampling: Categorizing
 Diagnostic: Aims to diagnose problems or issues population into mutually exclusive
within a specific context. groups.
 Cluster Sampling: Randomly selecting
clusters and sampling all elements
Qualitative Research Types: within the chosen clusters.
 Systematic Sampling: Selecting every
. Case Study: Investigates a person, program, or nth element from a population list.
event within a defined timeframe.
. Ethnography: Involves extensive immersion in Data Collection & Analysis
the setting of an ethnic group. Procedure:
. Content Analysis: Examines words to derive
concepts or images.  Primary Data Collection Techniques:
. Phenomenological: Seeks to understand the . Interview: Engaging participants in
underlying meaning of participants' conversations about their experiences,
experiences. beliefs, etc.
. Ground Theory: Aims to develop abstract . Participant Observation: Immersing in
theories grounded in research participants' the natural setting of research
views. subjects.
. Policy Analysis: Analyzes policy . Focused Group Interview: Conducting
implementation, advantages, disadvantages, interviews with 6 to 8 participants
and perspectives. simultaneously.
. Observational Evaluation: Recording
Population and Locale: verbal and non-verbal behaviors of
individuals or groups.
 Location: Specify the study location. . Biography/Autobiography: Extracting
 Year: Mention the year when the study was data from personal narratives.
conducted.  Other Data Sources:
 Population and Samples: Provide the number
 Documents: Public or private
of population and samples, explaining the
documents such as newspapers,
rationale behind the selection.
personal journals, etc.
 Audio & Visual Materials:
Sampling Procedures: Photographs, videos, sound recordings,
etc.
 Non-probability Sampling: Focuses on  Analysis Procedure:
representative samples or cases from a larger  Thematic Analysis: Identifying patterns
population. and themes from participants'
 Convenience Sampling: Choosing responses.
respondents based on researcher's
convenience. Parts of Chapter II:
 Judgmental/Purposive Sampling:
Selecting respondents based on
 Research Approach
researcher's judgment.
 Research Design
 Population Description
 Sampling Procedure
 Data Gathering Procedure
 Ethical Consideration
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