Confidential

GRAAD 12

NATIONAL
SENIOR CERTIFICATE

GRADE 12

ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY: ELECTRONICS

NOVEMBER 2024

MARKS: 200

TIME: 3 hours

This question paper consists of 23 pages, a 1-page formula sheet and

a 5-page answer sheet.

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INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. This question paper consists of SIX questions.

2. Answer ALL the questions.

3. Answer the following questions on the attached ANSWER SHEETS:

QUESTIONS 5.4.4, 5.5.1 and 5.9.2

QUESTIONS 6.2.4, 6.5.3 and 6.6.3

4. Write your centre number and examination number on every ANSWER

SHEET and hand them in with your ANSWER BOOK, whether you have used
them or not.

5. Sketches and diagrams must be large, neat and FULLY LABELLED.

6. Show ALL calculations and round off answers correctly to TWO decimal
places.

7. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this
question paper.

8. You may use a non-programmable calculator.

9. Calculations must include:

9.1 Formulae and manipulations where needed

9.2 Correct replacement of values

9.3 Correct answer and relevant units where applicable

10. A formula sheet is attached at the end of this question paper.

11. Write neatly and legibly.

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QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose
the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers (1.1 to 1.15) in
the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.16 D. Nov

1.1 A disastrous event, resulting from the use of plant and machinery, or from
activities at a workplace, is known as a/an …

A minor incident.
B major incident.
C accident.
D risk. (1)

1.2 The impedance in a RLC series circuit, is minimum when the …

A inductive reactance equals the capacitive reactance.

B inductive reactance is greater than the capacitive reactance.
C capacitive reactance is greater than the inductive reactance. (1)
D resistance is maximum.

1.3 In a pure capacitive circuit that is connected to an AC supply, the …

A voltage leads the current by 90°.

B current leads the voltage by 90°.
C voltage and current are in phase.
D current leads the voltage by 180°. (1)

1.4 The quality factor of an RLC parallel circuit is … to the bandwidth.

A inversely proportional
B directly proportional
C equal
D not related (1)

1.5 One advantage the field-effect transistor (FET) has over the bipolar junction
transistor (BJT) is …

A a low input impedance.

B the amplification of large signal voltages at the input stage of amplifiers.
C a high input impedance.
D that it draws a large amount of input current. (1)

1.6 A … is a three-terminal semiconductor device that can operate in the negative

resistance region of its characteristic curve.

A Darlington transistor
B unijunction transistor
C bipolar junction transistor
D junction-field effect transistor (1)

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1.7 A … is a characteristic of an ideal operational amplifier.

A low input impedance

B low voltage gain
C limited bandwidth
D low output impedance (1)

1.8 The gain of the … operational amplifier will be 2 if the values of the feedback
resistor and the input resistor(s) are the same.

A integrator
B non-inverting
C inverting
D summing (1)

1.9 The … multivibrator circuit produces a continuous square wave output without
any external trigger.

A monostable
B astable
C bistable
D Schmitt trigger (1)

1.10 The output of a 555 monostable multivibrator circuit … after a trigger pulse is
applied.

A remains stable until power is turned off

B switches to the other stable state and remains there indefinitely
C remains in the unstable state for a fixed period before returning to its
stable state
D continually changes between +VCC and -VCC. (1)

1.11 The primary function of a summing operational amplifier circuit is to …

A amplify only the largest signal of multiple input signals.

B subtract multiple input signals to receive one output signal.
C add multiple input signals to receive one output signal.
D compare multiple input signals to receive one output signal. (1)

1.12 The output voltage of an integrator operational amplifier … when a constant

long and large input voltage is applied.

A is constant
B increases linearly
C decreases linearly
D oscillates between positive and negative values (1)

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1.13 The primary purpose of the coupling capacitors in an RC coupled amplifier is

to …

A provide DC to pass through.

B block DC and allow AC signals to pass.
C increase voltage.
D allow DC signals to pass and to block AC signals. (1)

1.14 The disadvantage of a push-pull amplifier is …

A frequency distortion.
B amplitude distortion.
C phase distortion.
D cross-over distortion. (1)

1.15 The transistor in a class C amplifier conducts for … of the input cycle.

A more than 180º

B more than 180º but less than 360º
C less than 180º
D more than 360º (1)
[15]

QUESTION 2: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

2.1 Define the term workplace with reference to the Occupational Health and
Safety Act, 1993 (Act 85 of 1993). (2)

2.2 Name TWO human rights in the workplace. (2)

2.3 Explain why poor ventilation is an unsafe condition in a workshop. (2)

2.4 State TWO types of victimisation by an employer that are forbidden. (2)

2.5 Explain why a person should not interfere with equipment in the workshop
that is provided for safety. (2)
[10]

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QUESTION 3: RLC CIRCUITS

3.1 Explain the following terms with reference to RLC circuits:

3.1.1 Inductive reactance (2)

3.1.2 Bandwidth (2)

3.2 FIGURE 3.2 below shows an RLC series circuit with a variable frequency
supply. Answer the questions that follow.

R XL = 150 XC = 113,6

VL = 3,45 V VC = 2,61 V

2,5 V/50 Hz

FIGURE 3.2: RLC SERIES CIRCUIT

Given:

XL = 150 Ω
XC = 113,6 Ω
VT = 2,5 V
VL = 3,45 V
VC = 2,61 V

3.2.1 State whether the circuit represented in FIGURE 3.2 has a leading
or a lagging power factor. (1)

3.2.2 Calculate the current through the inductor. (3)

3.2.3 Calculate the value of the inductor. (3)

3.2.4 Calculate the value of resistor R if the impedance Z = 106,42 Ω. (3)

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3.2.5 Complete the phasor diagram in FIGURE 3.2.5 below in your

ANSWER BOOK.

IT VR

FIGURE 3.2.5: PHASOR DIAGRAM (4)

3.2.6 After decreasing the frequency, the current increased slightly.

Explain why this happened. (3)

3.3 FIGURE 3.3 below shows an RLC parallel circuit and its impedance vs
frequency response curve. Answer the questions that follow.

IT IR IL IC
9,2 A
230 V R XL
50 Hz C
60 Ω 25 Ω

f1 fr f2 f (Hz)

FIGURE 3.3: RLC PARALLEL CIRCUIT AND FREQUENCY

RESPONSE CURVE

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Given:

VT = 230 V
IC = 9,2 A
R = 60 Ω
XL = 25 Ω
f = 50 Hz

3.3.1 Calculate the current through the resistor. (3)

3.3.2 Calculate the capacitive reactance. (3)

3.3.3 Determine the total current. Give a reason for your answer. (2)

3.3.4 Calculate the Q-factor of the circuit. (3)

3.3.5 Calculate the bandwidth of the circuit. (3)

[35]

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QUESTION 4: SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

4.1 Identify the MOSFET represented by the symbol in FIGURE 4.1 below.

FIGURE 4.1: MOSFET (2)

4.2 Refer to FIGURE 4.2 below and answer the questions that follow.

IDS
D

G
P N P VDS

VGS

FIGURE 4.2: CONSTRUCTION OF A JFET

4.2.1 Describe how the pinching state is reached in FIGURE 4.2 above. (3)

4.2.2 Explain why the junction field-effect transistor (JFET) has a high
input resistance compared to the bipolar junction transistor (BJT). (3)

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4.3 Refer to FIGURE 4.3 below and answer the questions that follow.

ID

A B

ID

VGS

VGS

FIGURE 4.3: MOSFET CHARACTERISTIC CURVE

4.3.1 Identify the MOSFET characteristic curve in FIGURE 4.3 above. (1)

4.3.2 Label the regions at A and B. (2)

4.3.3 Briefly describe the relationship between the gate-source voltage

(VGS) and the drain current (ID), with reference to the characteristic
curve. (4)

4.3.4 State TWO applications of a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect

transistor (MOSFET). (2)

4.4 State the difference between the junction field-effect transistor (JFET) and the
metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), with reference to
their modes of operation. (1)

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4.5 FIGURE 4.5 below shows the circuit diagram of a UJT as a saw-tooth
generator. Answer the questions that follow.

+VBB

R1 R2

B2

B1

C
R3

0V

FIGURE 4.5: UJT AS A SAW-TOOTH GENERATOR

4.5.1 Name the polarity of the pulse that would be produced across B1. (1)

4.5.2 Briefly describe how the UJT reaches the valley point during its
operation. (2)

4.5.3 State the difference between a unijunction transistor (UJT) and a

bipolar junction transistor (BJT), with reference to the following:

(a) Construction (2)

(b) Amplification (2)

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4.6 Refer to FIGURE 4.6 below and answer the questions that follow.

+V +V

V2 + V1 _
(positive) (positive)
_ +
VOUT VOUT
-V -V
0V 0V
FIGURE A FIGURE B

FIGURE 4.6: OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

4.6.1 Determine the state of the output voltages in FIGURE A and

FIGURE B. (2)

4.6.2 State TWO advantages of an operational amplifier. (2)

4.6.3 Explain the term common mode rejection ratio with reference to
operational amplifier characteristics. (1)

4.7 FIGURE 4.7 below is an operational amplifier with an input signal voltage of
2 mV, a feedback resistor RF = 4,7 kΩ, non-inverting resistor R1 = 22 kΩ and
input resistor RIN = 470 Ω. Answer the questions that follow.

RF = 4,7 k Ω

RIN = 470 Ω +9 V
_

+
VIN = 2 mV -- 9 V
VOUT
R1 = 22 kΩ

0V

FIGURE 4.7: OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

Given:

VIN = 2 mV
RIN = 470 Ω
RF = 4,7 kΩ
R1 = 22 kΩ

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4.7.1 Name the type of feedback used in FIGURE 4.7 (1)

4.7.2 Calculate the gain. (3)
4.7.3 Calculate the output voltage. (3)
4.7.4 Explain why operational amplifiers require dual power supplies to
operate. (2)
4.8 FIGURE 4.8 below shows the internal circuit diagram of a 555 IC. Answer the
questions that follow.

+Vcc Control
supply Discharge Threshold Voltage

8 7 6 5

5 kΩ
-
C1
+
Flip-flop
T2
R Q

5 kΩ S Q

-
C2
+
5 kΩ

T1

1 2 3 4
Ground Trigger Output Reset

FIGURE 4.8: INTERNAL LAYOUT OF A 555 IC

4.8.1 State ONE industrial application where the 555 IC is used as a
timing device. (1)

4.8.2 Explain how the NPN transistor (T1) can be turned ON when the
555 IC is connected in a circuit. (1)

4.8.3 State the condition of the comparator's output voltage when the
inverting terminal voltage is higher than the non-inverting terminal. (1)
4.8.4 State the function of the three 5 kΩ resistors. (1)
4.8.5 Briefly describe what happens when the voltage at Pin 2 falls below
⅓ of the supply voltage. (2)
[45]

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QUESTION 5: SWITCHING CIRCUITS

5.1 Explain the concept negative feedback with reference to operational

amplifiers. (2)

5.2 Name the switching circuit described by EACH of the following statements:

5.2.1 In digital circuits and radio receivers it is used to recover signals

that have been polluted by noise. (1)

5.2.2 The output 'remembers' the last input and therefore this circuit is
often used as a memory element. (1)

5.2.3 A circuit using a 741 IC receives an input pulse, the output swings
to -VCC momentarily and then swings back to its original
+VCC output state. (1)

5.3 FIGURE 5.3 below shows the circuit diagram of a 555 IC used as a bistable
multivibrator. Answer the questions that follow.

+9V

R3
R2 R1 200 Ω
10 kΩ 10 kΩ
LED1
8
4
7 555 3
6
2 LED2
1 5
S2 S1
C2 R4
10 nF 200 Ω

FIGURE 5.3: 555 BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

5.3.1 State the purpose of resistor R2. (1)

5.3.2 Explain the operation of the circuit when S2 is pressed. Refer to the
inputs and the states of LED1 and LED2 in your response. (4)

5.3.3 Explain how the circuit is reset. (2)

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5.4 FIGURE 5.4 below shows a monostable multivibrator circuit using a

741 op amp. Answer the questions that follow.

C1
1 µF +9 V
2 7
Input 6
Output

B 3
4 C2
-9 V 1 µF
R1

R2
-VREF

FIGURE 5.4: MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

5.4.1 State the voltage at B during the circuit's resting condition. (1)
5.4.2 Explain the purpose of having a negative reference voltage (-VREF)
in the circuit during its natural resting condition. (2)

5.4.3 Explain the operation of the circuit when a positive trigger input,
greater than VREF, is applied to the inverting input. (3)

5.4.4 Draw the output for the circuit on the ANSWER SHEET for
QUESTION 5.4.4 if R2 and C2 are chosen to create a changed
(unstable) state for 3 seconds. (4)

5.5 An astable multivibrator circuit can be constructed by using a 555 IC or a

741 op amp. Answer the questions that follow.

5.5.1 Complete the circuit diagram in FIGURE 5.5.1 on the ANSWER

SHEET for QUESTION 5.5.1 to make an astable multivibrator.

+supply
2 7
6 Output
741
3
4

- supply

R2

FIGURE 5.5.1: INCOMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF

AN ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR (4)

5.5.2 Differentiate between the output voltages of an astable multivibrator

circuit using a 741 op amp and an astable multivibrator circuit using
a 555 IC. (2)

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5.6 FIGURE 5.6 below shows a 741 op amp comparator circuit. Answer the
questions that follow.

9V

R1
100 k R3
10 k
741 Q1
R2
Thermistor R5
100 k
(PTC) R4 330
4,7 k
LED

FIGURE 5.6: COMPARATOR AS A TEMPERATURE SENSOR

5.6.1 Name the component that sets the reference voltage in the circuit. (1)

5.6.2 Name TWO components that make up the sensing unit. (2)

5.6.3 Explain how the temperature setting can be changed in the

comparator. (2)

5.7 State TWO applications of a Schmitt trigger. (2)

5.8 FIGURE 5.8 below shows the circuit diagram of an inverting summing
amplifier. Answer the questions that follow.

R4 = 100 kΩ
R1 = 10 kΩ
V1 = 500 mV
+9 V
R2 = 10 kΩ
V2 = 450 mV
R3 = 10 kΩ
V3 = 300 mV VOUT
-9 V

FIGURE 5.8 SUMMING AMPLIFIER

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Given:

R1 = R2 = R3 = 10 kΩ
R4 = 100 kΩ (variable)
V1 = 500 mV
V2 = 450 mV
V3 = 300 mV

5.8.1 Explain the purpose of variable resistor R4 in the circuit. (2)

5.8.2 Calculate the output voltage if R4 is set to 72 kΩ (3)

5.8.3 State why the output voltage can be calculated by the formula
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = −(𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 ) when R4 is set to 10 kΩ. (1)

5.8.4 Explain the effect on the circuit and its output if the value of R 4 is
increased beyond 72 kΩ. (2)

5.9 FIGURE 5.9 below shows the input and output waveforms for a short time
constant in a passive RC differentiator circuit. Answer the questions that
follow.

VIN

VOUT
0

FIGURE 5.9: PASSIVE RC DIFFERENTIATOR WAVEFORMS

5.9.1 Explain the primary function of a passive differentiator circuit. (2)

5.9.2 Draw, on the ANSWER SHEET for QUESTION 5.9.2, the output
waveform for a long time constant of the circuit for ONE full cycle. (3)

5.10 Differentiate between an op amp differentiator and an op amp integrator with

reference to circuit configuration. (2)
[50]

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QUESTION 6: AMPLIFIERS

6.1 Describe the term attenuation with reference to amplifiers. (2)

6.2 FIGURE 6.2 below shows a transistor amplifier biased with resistor
RC = 800 Ω and a supply voltage VCC = 12 V. Answer the questions that
follow.

IC (mA)
+Vcc
12 V
15
RC
RB 800 Ω

10

IB
Q
5 VCE
VBE
0,7 V

VCE 0V
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
FIGURE A FIGURE B

FIGURE 6.2: DC LOAD LINE AND TRANSISTOR BIASING

6.2.1 Briefly explain the purpose of the DC load line, as drawn in

FIGURE A above. (1)

6.2.2 Determine the value of VCE when the base current (IB) is equal to
zero. (1)

6.2.3 Determine the quiescent point voltage for a class A amplification.

Give a reason for your answer. (2)

6.2.4 Indicate the quiescent point of QUESTION 6.2.3 on the ANSWER

SHEET for QUESTION 6.2.4. (2)

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6.3 Refer to FIGURE 6.3 below and answer the questions that follow.

Low- High-
frequency frequency
range Mid-frequency range range
Vgain

AV

-3 dB

Bandwidth

f (Hz)
f1 f2 f3 f 4
Low High
frequencies frequencies

FIGURE 6.3: FREQUENCY RESPONSE CURVE

6.3.1 Identify the amplifier circuit from which the frequency response
curve in FIGURE 6.3 is derived. (1)

6.3.2 Explain the term roll-off at the high-frequency range of an amplifier. (1)

6.3.3 With reference to the frequency response curve above, explain

why the gain falls at:

(a) High frequencies (2)

(b) Low frequencies (2)

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6.4 FIGURE 6.4 below shows an amplifier circuit diagram. Answer the questions
that follow.

R1 Transformer R3 speaker
T1
Transformer
T2
Q1 Q2

C2 C3
R2 RE1 C1 R4 RE2

0V

FIGURE 6.4: AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

6.4.1 Identify the amplifier in FIGURE 6.4 above. (1)

6.4.2 Name TWO devices that might be connected to the secondary

terminals of transformer T2, apart from the loudspeaker. (2)

6.4.3 State the function of transformer T 1 in the circuit. (1)

6.4.4 Describe what would happen if a 16 Ω, 10 W loudspeaker is

connected to the output of a 8 Ω, 10 W transformer (T2) in
FIGURE 6.4 above. (3)

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6.5 FIGURE 6.5 below shows a push-pull amplifier connected to a speaker.

Answer the questions that follow.

+Vcc
RB1
NPN
transistor

Input signal RB 2
PNP
transistor Speaker

0V

FIGURE 6.5: PUSH-PULL AMPLIFIER

6.5.1 Identify the type of the push-pull amplifier circuit in FIGURE 6.5
above. (1)

6.5.2 Explain the function of capacitor C in the circuit. (2)

6.5.3 Draw, on the ANSWER SHEET for QUESTION 6.5.3, the output
waveform that would appear across the PNP transistor. (3)

6.6 Refer to FIGURE 6.6 below and answer the questions that follow.

+VCC
T2

R1 C1 C2 Output

T1
Q1

Input

R2 C3 R3 CE
0V

FIGURE 6.6: RADIO-FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER

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6.6.1 State the purpose of transistor Q1 in FIGURE 6.6. (1)

6.6.2 Describe how the radio-frequency amplifier circuit can be tuned to

amplify different frequencies. (2)

6.6.3 Draw a fully labelled frequency response curve of the radio-

frequency amplifier on the ANSWER SHEET for QUESTION 6.6.3. (4)

6.7 Refer to FIGURE 6.7 below and answer the questions that follow.

+ VCC

RF choke

C2 C4
R1
output
C3
Q1

L1
R2
R3
C5
C1

0V

L2

FIGURE 6.7: HARTLEY OSCILLATOR

6.7.1 Briefly discuss the freewheeling effect of the tank circuit. (3)

6.7.2 State ONE function of the coupling capacitors C2 and C3 in

FIGURE 6.7 above. (2)

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6.8 Refer to FIGURE 6.8 below and answer the questions that follow.

+VCC

RB RC

C5
V
VOUT
UIT

C1 C2 C3
Q1

R1 R2 R3 R4 C4

0V

FIGURE 6.8: RC PHASE-SHIFT OSCILLATOR

6.8.1 Describe how the values of the capacitors (C1, C2, C3) and
resistors (R1, R2, R3) in the feedback network are selected for the
phase-shift oscillator. (2)

6.8.2 State the similarity between an RC phase-shift oscillator and a

radio-frequency amplifier circuit with reference to their operating
frequencies. (2)

6.9 Differentiate between an RC phase-shift oscillator and an LC oscillator circuit

with reference to their feedback circuits. (2)
[45]

TOTAL: 200

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FORMULA SHEET

RLC CIRCUITS SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

XC 
1 VOUT  RF 
2 π fC Gain A V    
VIN  R IN 
 R 
XL  2 fL VOUT  VIN    F 
 RIN 
1  R 
fr  VOUT  VIN  1  F 
2 LC  R IN 

SERIES SWITCHING CIRCUITS

V RF RF RF
IT  T VOUT = - (V1 +V1 +V1 )
Z R1 R2 R3
VL  I XL VOUT   (V1  V2  V3  ....VN )
VC  I X C R2
VT  I Z VFB = VSAT ×
R1 +R2
XL X C VL VC 1 L
Q     T=1,1×R1 C1
Z Z VT VT R C
Z  R2  XL  XC 
2 1
𝑓=
T
VT  VR
2
 VL  VC 
2 R2
VTRIG =VOUT ×
R1 +R2
R
Cos θ  AMPLIFIERS
Z
V V
Cos θ  R Ic  C AND VCC  VCE  ICR C
VT RC
I
PARALLEL A  20log o
i I
i
IR Vo
Cos θ  A V  20log
IT V
i
IT  IR 2  IL  IC 2 PO  I2  Z o
VR P
IR  A P  10log o
R P
i
VC A v dB   20logA
IC  V
XC
V VOUT  RF 
IL  L Gain A V    
XL VIN  RIN 
R R 1 1
Q= = 𝑓𝑂 = 𝑓𝑂 =
XL XC 2𝜋√𝐿𝐶𝑇 2𝜋√𝐿 𝑇 𝐶
f 1
BW  r 𝑓𝑂 =
Q 2𝜋√6𝑅𝐶

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CENTRE NUMBER:

EXAMINATION NUMBER:

ANSWER SHEET

QUESTION 5: SWITCHING CIRCUITS

5.4.4
Trigger pulse

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 t (s)

+9 V

VOUT Transfer mark to

t (s) answer book

-9V

MOD

FIGURE 5.4.4 (4)

5.5.1

+supply
2 7
6 Output
741
3
4

- supply
Transfer mark to
answer book

R2

MOD

FIGURE 5.5.1 (4)

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CENTRE NUMBER:

EXAMINATION NUMBER:

ANSWER SHEET

5.9.2

VIN

VOUT

Transfer mark to
answer book

MOD

FIGURE 5.9.2 (3)

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CENTRE NUMBER:

EXAMINATION NUMBER:

ANSWER SHEET

QUESTION 6: AMPLIFIERS

6.2.4
IC (mA)

15

10

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2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
FIGURE A

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FIGURE 6.2.4 (2)

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6.5.3
+V

0
t

-V

+V

0
t
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-V
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FIGURE 6.5.3 (3)

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6.6.3

Gain

Frequency

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FIGURE 6.6.3 (4)

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