Department of Humanities and Social Sciences

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

INFORMATION BROCHURE

Dual-Degree
M.A. + Ph.D. Programme in Philosophy

2025-26
 Table of Contents

Page No.

A. GENERAL ........................................................................................................................ 1
A.1. The Institute ................................................................................................... 1
A.2. Research Facilities ......................................................................................... 1
A.3. Student Amenities ......................................................................................... 1
A.4. The Department............................................................................................. 2
A.5. The Faculty ............................................................................................................................2
B. DUAL-DEGREE M.A.+ PH.D. IN PHILOSOPHY ..................................................... 3
B.1. Rationale and Context ......................................................................................................3
B.2. Eligibility Criteria ...............................................................................................................3
B.3. Admission Procedure .......................................................................................................3
B.4. Syllabus for DEEP ...............................................................................................................4
B.5. Number of Seats (for the year 2025-26) ..................................................................4
B.6. The Structure of Curriculum and Course Work ....................................................4
B.6.1. Semester-wise distribution of Courses ..................................................................5
B.6.2. List of Electives .................................................................................................................6
B.7. Exit with M.A. Degree........................................................................................................6
B.8. Qualifier to the Ph.D. Programme ...............................................................................7
B.9. Confirmation of Registration to Ph.D. ........................................................................7
B.10. Project Activity during summer break ....................................................................7
B.11. Ph.D. Degree ........................................................................................................................7
B.12. Exit During Ph.D. ...............................................................................................................7
B.13. Fee Structure ......................................................................................................................8
B.14. Financial Assistance.........................................................................................................8
B.15. Placement .............................................................................................................................8
Annexure I: Syllabus for DEEP …………………………………………………………….. 9
A. GENERAL
A.1 The Institute
The Indian Institute of Technology Bombay is one of the twenty-three Indian Institutes of
Technology in the country set up with the objectives of making available the facilities for higher
education, research and training in various fields, such as Science, Technology, Humanities,
Social Sciences, Management, Design among others. It was established in 1958 with the
cooperation and participation of the erstwhile Govt. of the USSR under UNESCO’s Technical
Assistance Programme.

The Institute is located at Powai on a campus spread over about 480 acres amidst picturesque
surroundings, with Vihar and Powai lakes on either side. It currently has twenty-seven
Academic Departments, Schools and Centres, including the Department of Humanities and
Social Sciences (HSS) and forty-six interdisciplinary groups/centres/ schools/ interdisciplinary
programmes offering various undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral academic programmes.

A.2. Research Facilities

All the departments, schools, centres, and interdisciplinary groups of the Institute have well-
equipped research laboratories and workshop facilities. In addition, there are several central
facilities, including Computer Centre, Central Library and Central Workshop. The Central
Library has a very large collection of books, back volumes of periodicals, standard specifications
and other literature. The Library now has over 3 lakh books and volumes and subscribes to more
than 1500 current journals in Science, Engineering, Humanities, and Social Sciences.
A.3. Student Amenities
The Institute is mostly residential and has 18 hostels for students. However, students may be
permitted to have their own arrangements for accommodation outside the campus. Each hostel
is independent, with its mess and laundry facilities, stationery shops and recreation areas. In
addition to this, the Institute has a central Student Activity Centre that houses various sports
facilities, a Music Room, a Dance Room, a Yoga Centre and other recreational facilities.

There are various clubs within the Institute to encourage students' individual talents in hobbies
such as debate, painting, modelling, music, photography, aeromodelling, stargazing, and
fabrication of electronic devices, among others. The swimming pool is an additional facility.

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A.4. The Department

The Department of Humanities and Social Sciences was founded in 1958. The Department has
seven disciplines: Philosophy, English Literature, History, Linguistics, Psychology, Sanskrit
and Sociology. The MA+PhD (Dual Degree) Programme in Philosophy is among other
programmes run by the Department, besides the PhD programme in the above-mentioned seven
disciplines. The MA+PhD (Dual Degree) Programme in Philosophy is a well- received
Programme in Graduate studies in the discipline of Philosophy. Currently, the Programme has
over 45 students, with more than 1/3 of them working towards their PhD in Philosophy.

The Programme is housed within the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences. It
provides the students with exposure to other disciplines and disciplinary approaches, making
them sensitive to multi and inter-disciplinary approaches to themes.

Visit the Departmental Webpage for further details.

https://www.hss.iitb.ac.in/
A.5. The Faculty
For the fulfillment of teaching and research goals, the Department has competent faculty
members with a high degree of excellence and who are in pace with the current developments in
their fields of specialization. For details, visit the Departmental Webpage.
https://www.hss.iitb.ac.in/people/faculty

2
B. DUAL-DEGREE M.A.+ PH.D. IN PHILOSOPHY
B.1. Rationale and Context
This is the first dual-degree M.A. + Ph.D. programme in IIT Bombay and the first such
programme in the discipline of Philosophy in India.
In recent years, liberal arts programmes have started gaining much popularity in India.
Philosophy, being the basis of the liberal arts, we aspire to combine the strengths of similar
philosophy programmes in India and the West with our own specific vision here at IIT
Bombay. The motivation behind the dual-degree M.A. + PhD programme is to contribute to
strengthening education in the discipline of philosophy in India.
This programme offers a 6-year dual-degree M.A. + Ph.D. (2-year M.A. programme with the
possibility to enter a 4-year Ph.D. programme) in Philosophy that is intensive in terms of its
curriculum and intent. The vibrant curriculum makes it stand tall in relation to similar
programmes. Though the proposed degree is clearly in alignment with the discipline of
Philosophy, the nature of the programme allows for various electives, thus opening up the
possibility of broader exposure to various disciplinary perspectives of the Humanities and the
Social Sciences.

The programme will be one of a kind in providing the prospective students with a rigorous
engagement with the primary texts of philosophy – Indian and Western. The students passing
out of this programme will be equipped to handle independent research and teaching in any
established academic institute.

B.2. Eligibility Criteria

A Bachelor's Degree (BA/BCom/BS/BSc/BE/BTech., etc.), 10+2+3/4, in any discipline with
60% marks (or first class as specified by the university) for GN/EWS/OBC(NC) and 55% for
SC/ST/PwD categories.
B.3. Admission Procedure
The M.A.+ Ph.D. Dual Degree in Philosophy Programme at IIT Bombay is designed to attract
aspiring Ph.D. scholars at an early stage in their academic careers. Students will enter the
programme through DEEP (Dual-degree Entrance Examination in Philosophy).

DEEP will be conducted by the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences at IIT Bombay.
It consists of three sequential stages:
Stage I. Objective type written examination (100 marks) from the domain of logical reasoning
and philosophy.
Stage II. DEEP Syllabus based Interview for those who qualify in the first stage.
Stage III. A comprehensive and elaborate evaluation of those who qualify stage II.
Candidates with valid (qualified) GATE Philosophy (XH C4) score will be exempted from
appearing for Stage I of the DEEP. They qualify directly to Stage II.

For important dates related to DEEP, visit the Departmental/Institute Webpage

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B.4. Syllabus for DEEP

See Annexure-I provided below

B.5. Number of Seats (for the year 2025-26)

Total: 10 Seats (Mandated Reservation Policy is followed)

B.6. The Structure of Curriculum and Course Work

The curriculum is modelled upon the history of philosophy – Indian and Western. Coursework
includes core courses, elective courses, and written projects spread over five semesters. The
following are the highlights of the program:
 The first 2 semesters will feature 6 master’s level core courses (5 of which will be of 6
credits and one 8-credit course in the second semester).
 The core courses will focus on the intensive reading of original texts.
 There will be 10 electives of 6 credits each, of which a maximum of 3 may be taken from
outside the discipline of philosophy.
 There will be 48 credits for the final written project divided into 3 stages over the last three
semesters, with the first two stages of 12 credits each and the final stage of 24 credits (the
final stage, that is, the fifth semester, is only for those students who enter the PhD
programme).
 The total credits for the programme are 146 (30+32+30+30+24)
 The project will be written to the standards of a peer-reviewed journal. It will be reviewed
at every stage through a presentation to a group-approved examination committee.
 Students exiting the programme with an M.A. will leave at the end of the 4th Semester with
an M.A. in Philosophy.
 Those intending to continue to the Ph.D. programme will be intimated on the basis of their
overall performance in the first two semesters and a comprehensive interview/examination
at the end of their 4th Semester.

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B.6.1. Semester-wise distribution of Courses

Semester I Semester II
Course Credits Course Credits

Core I: Vedanta Philosophy in the 6 Core IV: Madhyamika 6

Vedic Tradition Philosophy in the Buddhist
Core II: Philosophy in the Age of 6 Tradition
the Greeks Core V: Western Philosophy in 6
Core III: Western Philosophy and 6 the Time of Crisis
the Advent of Modern Science Core VI: Writing and Research 8
in Philosophy
HSS UG Core/Non-Philosophy 4xx 6
Philosophy Elective 6
Philosophy Elective 6
Institute Elective 6
Teaching Assistant Skill P/NP Total Credits 32
Enhancement & Training
Total Credits 30

Semester III
Semester IV
Philosophy Elective A 6 Elective C 6
Philosophy Elective B 6 Elective D 6
Institute Elective 6 Philosophy Course 6
Project Stage I 12 Gender in the Workplace P/NP
Communication Skills P/NP
Project Stage II 12
Total Credits 30 Total Credits 30

POSSIBILITY OF EXIT WITH M.A. DEGREE

Semester V
Project Stage III 24
Total Credits 24

Distribution of Courses and Credits

Semester No. of Courses + Projects Total Number of Credits
I 5 30 (6+6+6+6+6)
II 5 32 (6+6+8+6+6)
III 5+1 30 (6+6+6+12)
IV 3 +1 30 (6+6+6+12)
V 0+1 24 (24)
Total Credits 146
*The course structure is subject to change

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B.6.2. List of Electives (a few courses appear in more than one category)

Moral and Social Indian Philosophy Twentieth Century Philosophy of Language

Philosophy Western Philosophy and Mind
Introduction to Feminist Sankhya Philosophy Introduction to Feminist Wittgenstein I:
Philosophy Philosophy Wittgenstein’s Tractatus:
The Formalistic Approach
Twentieth Classical Indian Critical Theory Introduction
Century Political Thought in Modern to
Philosophy Times Philosophical
Hermeneutics
Critical Theory Contemporary Wittgenstein I: Language, Mind and the
Indian Philosophy Wittgenstein’s Tractatus: World
The Formalistic Approach
Language, Mind and the Indian Philosophy Introduction Philosophy of Action
World to
Philosophical
Hermeneutics
Social Epistemology Making of the Man: A French Thought after Analytic Epistemology
Study of the Mahatma Phenomenology
Ethics: Theory and Vedanta Philosophy Analytic Epistemology Wittgenstein II: Later
Practice Wittgenstein
Society: Its Sankhya Metaphysics in Classical Phenomenology Philosophy of Mind
Foundations and Future Classical Indian
Philosophy
Professional Ethics Buddhist Wittgenstein II: Later Philosophy of Language
Mahayana Philosophy Wittgenstein
Moral and Political Indian Ethics and Phenomenology Contemporary Issues in
Philosophy Contemporary and Existentialism Philosophy of Mind
Society
Problems in Social Ethics Rationality in Indian Advanced Topics in Theory of Knowledge
Thought Feminist Philosophy
Critical Social Philosophy Postmodernism Contemporary Trends in
Shaiva Epistemology and and Philosophy Philosophical Analysis
Metaphysics
Justice, Ethics and Making of a Man: A Contemporary Trends in
Community Study of Mahatma Philosophical Analysis
Gandhi
Indian Ethics and Recent Debates in Indian Philosophy and History of
Contemporary Philosophy Science
Society
Philosophy of Indian
Aesthetics
Advanced Readings in
Indian Philosophy

B.7. Exit with an M.A. Degree

Although the admission is for the M.A.+ Ph.D. Programme, students may leave the programme
with an M.A. degree based on the course work done in the 4 semesters. Students who clear all
the 4-semester courses (122 Credits) will be awarded an M.A. in Philosophy. Students who do
not fulfil the requirements of the M.A. degree will have to leave without any degree.

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B.8. Qualifier to the Ph.D. Programme
M.A.+ Ph.D. students wishing to continue with the Ph.D. programme will have to fulfil the
following 3 requirements:
i. CPI equal to or greater than 7.5 at the end of Semester IV;
ii. Grade of Project equal to or greater than ‘BB’ combining Stages I and II;
iii. Passing a Viva-Voce/ Written Examination conducted by the Examination Committee for
the Qualifier.

Exceptions to the above may also be made, subject to the student fulfilling the following
conditions:
i. CPI less than 7.5 (but above 6.5) after Semester IV;
ii. Grade of Project equal to or greater than a ‘AB’ combining Stages I and II;
iii. Passing a Viva-Voce Examination conducted by the Examination Committee for the
Qualifier.

B.9. Confirmation of Registration to Ph.D.

The confirmation to the Ph.D. programme will be the date of registration of the following
semester, after completion of the requirement of M.A.

B.10. Project Activity during Summer Break

Students continuing into the Ph.D. programme will extend their project work into the summer
break between Semesters IV and V.

B.11. Ph.D. Degree

Subject to fulfilling the course credit requirements and other conditions, as may be laid down
from time to time, the candidate may submit the Ph.D. thesis after two years from the date of
registration. The thesis is examined by two/three referees from outside the Institute. The Senate
examines the referees' reports and on acceptance of the thesis. It then appoints a Board of
Examiners to conduct a viva voce examination at which a candidate is required to defend the
thesis. On the basis of the report of the Board of Examiners, the Senate decides the student's
eligibility for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

If all requirements for the Ph.D. degree are fulfilled, the student is awarded both M.A. and Ph.D.
degrees.

B.12. Exit During Ph.D.

Unsatisfactory performance in the Annual Progress Seminar (APS) will be grounds for exit
during Ph.D. On the recommendation of the Research Progress Committee (RPC), the student
may be asked to repeat an unsatisfactory APS.

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B.13. Fee Structure
For details of the Fee Structure for the M.A+PhD Dual Degree visit the Institute webpage.
https://www.iitb.ac.in/newacadhome/FeesStructure.jsp

B 14. Financial Assistance

Teaching Assistantship (TAship) will be provided to a selected number of students from the
second year onwards for a maximum of 5 years, subject to fulfilment of academic criteria and
satisfactory research progress.

M.A. TAship: After completing two semesters, students will be provided a Master’s TAship
for the third and fourth semesters. At present, this amount stands at ₹ 6000/- per month (Please
note, this is open to revision)

This is, however, subject to fulfilment of the following criteria:

(a) no backlogs at the end of 1st Year, and
(b) earned a CPI of 7.5 at the end of 1st Year.

Ph.D. TAship: Four years of PhD TA-ship will be provided to all the students successfully
entering the PhD leg of the Programme after their PhD registration. At present, this amount
stands at ₹ 37000/- per month. (Please note that this is open to revision)

B15. Placement
The proposed programme will primarily prepare students for academic positions in philosophy.
Those who depart with an M.A. will be eligible for doctoral programmes in philosophy and allied
disciplines. In addition, all students, irrespective of their point of exit from the programme,
should be well-equipped to enter other professional fields like law, journalism, medical
humanities, bioethics, non-governmental organisations, as well as the corporate sector in niche
areas like CSR.

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 ANNEXURE II

Syllabus for DEEP

Western Philosophy

Sections Topics Primary Text Additional

Resources
Plato Allegory of the Cave, Plato, Republic, • Julia Annas, An
Education, Books 2 and 7. Introduction to
Knowledge, Theory Plato’s Republic,
of Forms, Nature of Oxford University
Justice Press, 1981.

• W.T. Stace, A
Critical History of
Greek Philosophy,
Ozymandius Press,
2016.

Aristotle Soul and Virtue Aristotle, • Jonathan Lear,

Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle: The
Book 1. Desire to
Understand,
Cambridge
University Press,
1988.

• W.T. Stace, A
Critical History of
Greek Philosophy,
Ozymandius Press,
2016.
Deductive Logic Nature of Categorical Irving M. Copi a and
Propositions, Carl Cohen,
Distribution, Square Introduction to Logic.
of Opposition,
Aristotelian
Syllogism, Moods and
Fallacies

9
Sections Topics Primary Text Additional
Resources
Inductive Logic Cause and Effect, The Irving M. Copi a and
meaning of Cause; Carl Cohen,
Induction by Simple Introduction to Logic.
Enumeration; Mill’s
Method of
Experimental Inquiry;
Mill’s Method of
Agreement, Method
of Difference, Joint
Method of Agreement
and Difference,
Method of Residues,
Method of
Concomitant
Variations; Criticism
of Mills Methods,
Vindication of Mill’s
Methods.

Descartes Method of Doubt; I Descartes, • Margaret Dauler

think, therefore, I am; Meditations, 1, 2, and Wilson, Descartes,
Nature of the Ego 3. Routledge, 1978.
Cogito; Innate ideas;
Proof for the • F. Thilly, History of
Existence of God Western Philosophy,
Henry Holt & Co.,
1941.

Locke
Locke, An Essay
Refutation of Innate
Ideas, Ideas and their
Concerning Human • Michael Ayers,
Understanding, Locke:
Classification,
Book 1, Chapter 2; Epistemology and
Substance, Primary
Book 2 Chapters 1, Ontology,
and Secondary
2,11, 12, 23, 24. Routledge, 1991.
qualities, Operations
Book 4: Chapter 2 &
of the Mind, Degrees
3
and of Human • F. Thilly, History of
Knowledge Western Philosophy,
Henry Holt & Co.,
1941.

10
Sections Topics Primary Text Additional
Resources

Monads, Coordination of Leibniz, G.W. The

Leibniz • Anthony Kenny, A
Monads, Perception and Monadology (1714).
New History of
Appetition, Rational Section 1-40
Order, God, the principle Western Philosophy
of sufficient reason. Volume III: The Rise
of Modern
Philosophy, 2006.

Hume Ideas and Hume, An Enquiry • Barry Stroud, Hume,

Impressions, Concerning Human Routledge, 1977.
Causation Understanding,
Sections 2, 3, 4, and 5. • F. Thilly, History of
Western Philosophy,
Henry Holt & Co.,
1941.

Kant Distinction between • Kant, Prolegomena • Allen W. Wood,

Analytic and to Any Future Kant, Blackwell
Synthetic Judgments, Metaphysics, Publishing, 2005.
Possibility of Preface; Chapters 1,
Synthetic a priori 2, 3.
judgments, Will and • S Korner, Kant,
Penguin Books,
Inclination, • Kant, Groundwork 1955.
Distinction between of the Metaphysic of
Hypothetical and Morals,
• Roger J. Sullivan,
Categorical Introduction; Books
An Introduction to
Imperative, 1 and 2. Kant’s Ethics,
Formulations of the
Cambridge
Categorical
University Press,
Imperative, Concept
1994.
of Duty

• John Deigh, An
Introduction to
Ethics, Cambridge
University Press,
2010.

Mill Principle of Utility, Mill, Utilitarianism, • John Deigh, An

Types of Pleasure, Chapters 1 and 2. Introduction to
Response to Ethics, Cambridge
Objections University Press,
2010.

11
 Indian Philosophy

Sections Topics Primary Text Additional

Resources

The Bhagavad Gītā Knowledge, Action, • Bhagavad Gītā, Śrīmad Bhagavad-

and the Upaniṣads Ātman, Dharma, Chapter IV (The Way Gītā, Swami
Avatāra of Renunciation of Swarupananda (tr)
Action in Knowledge (Calcutta: Advaita
Relation between – Jñāna-karma- Ashrama, 1996).
God/Lord (Īśa) and the samnyāsa-yoga
World (jagat), Self chapter with 42 Īśa Upaniṣad, in Eight
(Ātman), Knowledge verses) Upaniṣads with the
and Ignorance. Commentary of
Śankarācārya, Vol. 1,
• Īśa Upaniṣad (18
Swami
verses) with
Gambhirananda (tr)
Śaṅkara’s
(Calcutta: Advaita
commentary
Ashrama, 1998), pp.
1-32)

Sutta Nipāta (in Food and Purity, • Āmagandha Sutta The Sutta Nipāta
Khuddaka Nikāya) externally bad smelling (Sutta Nipāta 2:2 (Buddha’s Teachings:
food, and internal titled ‘Raw Stench’) Being the Sutta-Nipāta
Anguttara Nikāya corruptions. or Discourse-
Collection) Lord
• Kālāma Sutta (or
Free inquiry, Chalmers (tr) (Delhi:
Kesamutti Sutta) –
experiential Motilal Banarsidass,
Anguttara Nikāya 3:
knowledge. 1999), pp. 58-62
65)
Anguttara Nikāya (The
Book of Gradual
Sayings) Vol. 1, F. L.
Woodward (tr),
(Delhi: Motilal
Banarsidass, 2006),
pp. 170-175

Indian Materialism Ethics, Epistemology, Outlines of Indian

(The Cārvāka Metaphysics Philosophy by
system) Jadunath Sinha,
(Kolkata: New Central
Book Agency, 2013)
Jainism Pramāṇa and Naya,
Anekāntavāda and An Introduction to
Syādvāda, Categories Indian Philosophy by
(Jīva and Ajīva) Christopher Bartley,
2011, New York:
12
Sections Topics Primary Text Continuum.

An Introduction to
Early Schools of Vaibhāṣika and Indian Philosophy:
Buddhism Sautrāntika schools Perspectives on
Reality, Knowledge,
and Freedom by
Gupta, Bina, 2012,
New York: Routledge.

Later Schools of Mahāyāna Philosophy Outlines of Indian

Buddhism (Mādhyamika Philosophy by
philosophy and Jadunath Sinha,
Yogācāra-Vijñānavāda (Kolkata: New Central
philosophy) Book Agency, 2013)

An Introduction to
Indian Philosophy by
Christopher Bartley,
2011, New York:
Continuum.

An Introduction to
Indian Philosophy:
Perspectives on
Reality, Knowledge,
and Freedom by
Gupta, Bina, 2012,
New York: Routledge.

Sānkhya Theory of Causation, Outlines of Indian

Puruṣa and Prakṛti, Philosophy by
Sāṁkhya Jadunath Sinha,
Epistemology (Kolkata: New Central
Book Agency, 2013)

An Introduction to
Indian Philosophy:
Perspectives on
Reality, Knowledge,
and Freedom by
Gupta, Bina, 2012,
New York: Routledge.

Chapter 8 in Indian
Philosophy: An
Introduction to Hindu
and Buddhist Thought,
by Richard King.
(1999) Edinburg
University Press,
Edinburg.
13
Sections Topics Primary Text Additional
Resources

Patañjali’s Aṣṭānga Yoga Outlines of Indian

Yogasūtra (Yogasūtra 2.29) Philosophy by
Jadunath Sinha,
(Kolkata: New Central
Book Agency, 2013)

Chapter 8 in Indian
Philosophy: An
Introduction to Hindu
and Buddhist Thought,
by Richard King.
(1999) Edinburg
University Press,
Edinburg.

Vaiśeṣika Padārthas and Theory Tarkasaṁgraha of Outlines of Indian

of Atomism Aṇṇambhaṭṭa Philosophy by
translated by Swami Jadunath Sinha,
Virupakshananda, Sri (Kolkata: New Central
Ramakrishna Math, Book Agency, 2013)
Madras, 2001.
An Introduction to
Indian Philosophy by
Christopher Bartley,
2011, New York:
Continuum.

An Introduction to
Indian Philosophy:
Perspectives on
Reality, Knowledge,
and Freedom by
Gupta, Bina, 2012,
New York: Routledge.

Nyāya Pramāṇas; Perception, Tarkasaṁgraha of An Introduction to

Inference and Aṇṇambhaṭṭa Indian Philosophy by
Hetvābhāsa translated by Swami Christopher Bartley,
Virupakshananda, Sri 2011, New York:
Ramakrishna Math, Continuum.
Madras, 2001.
Outlines of Indian
Philosophy by
Jadunath Sinha,
(Kolkata: New Central
Book Agency, 2013)

14
 An Introduction to
Indian Philosophy:
Perspectives on
Reality, Knowledge,
and Freedom by
Gupta, Bina, 2012,
New York: Routledge.

Sections Topics Primary Text Additional

Resources

Mīmāmsā Injunction, Kinds and Mīmāṁsā-paribhāṣā An Introduction to

Function of of Kṛṣṇa Yajvan Indian Philosophy by
Injunction translated by Swami Christopher Bartley,
Madhavananda, 2011, New York:
Intrinsic Validity Advaita Ashrama, Continuum.
(Svataḥprāmāṇya) of Calcutta, 2000.
Knowledge. An Introduction to
Indian Philosophy:
Perspectives on
Reality, Knowledge,
and Freedom by
Gupta, Bina, 2012,
New York: Routledge.

Outlines of Indian
Philosophy by
Jadunath Sinha,
(Kolkata: New Central
Book Agency, 2013)

Vedānta Superimposition, Jīva Vedānta-sāra of An Introduction to

and Superimposition Sadānanda translated Indian Philosophy by
and De- by Swami Christopher Bartley,
superimposition Nikhilananda, Advaita 2011, New York:
Ashrama, Calcutta, Continuum.
Metaphysical View 1990.
of Śankara: (Brahma, An Introduction to
Ātman, Jīva, Māyā, Indian Philosophy:
Mokṣa) Perspectives on
Reality, Knowledge,
Rāmānuja: Cit, Acit and Freedom by
and Īśvara Gupta, Bina, 2012,
New York: Routledge.

Outlines of Indian
Philosophy by
Jadunath Sinha,
(Kolkata: New Central
Book Agency, 2013)

15