EL

Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure

PT
Prof. S. K. Bhattacharyya

N
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Module : Retrofitting of Steel Structures
Lecture 01 : Introduction and Overview [email protected]
Concepts Covered

 Distresses of different types in Steel structures

EL
PT
 Steps to be adopted for Retrofitting

N
 Types of Tests that are adopted
Flange Buckling of Plate Girder

EL
PT
N
Web Buckling of Plate Girder due to Shear

EL
PT
N
 Flexibility
of Angle is
essential

EL
PT
Stiffening is

N
essential
 Types of Failures that are
observed in welded and
bolted joints in steel
structures

EL
PT
N
• An investigation of existing conditions is intended to determine the
state of the structure’s health, to establish a diagnosis and to arrive
at a suitable remedial measure.

EL
Investigation of Establish a

PT
existing conditions diagnosis

N
Adopt a suitable
remedial measure
Non-destructive tests for steel are:

 Visual
 Ultrasonic testing

EL
 Radiography

PT
 Magnetic particle test

N
 Liquid penetrant test
 Hardness
N
PT
EL
Destructive tests for steel are:

 Chemical test
 Bend test

EL
 Tension test

PT
 Compression test

N
 Charpy, Izod & drop weight impact test
 Fatigue test

•4/11/2022 •RRI / IITKGP / SKB / L2 •10

 EL
PT
N
Tension Test and Stress-Strain
curves for different steels
Conclusion

Discussed:

EL
 Types of distresses in steel structures

PT
N
 Tests that are relevant for steel structures

 Steps of Retrofitting measures

N
PT
EL
 EL
Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure

PT
Prof. S. K. Bhattacharyya

N
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Module : Retrofitting of Steel Structures
Lecture 02 : Retrofitting of structural members [email protected]
Concepts Covered

 Distresses of different types in Steel structures

EL
PT
N
 Steps to be adopted for Retrofitting
• An investigation of existing conditions is intended to determine the
state of the structure’s health, to establish a diagnosis and to arrive
at a suitable remedial measure.

EL
Investigation of Establish a

PT
existing conditions diagnosis

N
Adopt a suitable
remedial measure
 Strengthening of Existing
Existing Beam
Weld along Beam members to
length and Continuous Plate enhance its capacities
ends

EL
Existing Beam
Weld along

PT
length and Continuous Plate
ends

N
Existing Beam
 Distresses in Existing
Steel structural members

EL
PT
N
 Supporting Arrangements
and retrofitting of existing
steel structures

EL
PT
N
 Retrofitting of beam and
connection in steel
structures

EL
PT
N
Conclusion

Discussed:

EL
 Types of distresses in steel structures

PT
N
 Steps of Retrofitting measures
N
PT
EL
 EL
Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure

PT
Prof. S. K. Bhattacharyya

N
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Module : Retrofitting of Special Structures
Lecture 01 : Introduction [email protected]
Concepts Covered

 Distresses of different types in Overhead Water Tank

EL
PT
N
 Steps to be adopted for Retrofitting
• An investigation of existing conditions is intended to determine the
state of the structure’s health, to establish a diagnosis and to arrive
at a suitable remedial measure.

EL
Investigation of Establish a

PT
existing conditions diagnosis

N
Adopt a suitable
remedial measure
 Container
MAIN STRUCTURAL
• Overhead water tank is ELEMENTS OF OH TANK
a water storage
structure and it is a part
of water supply network.

EL
Staging
Intze Tank

PT
• Function– To store the
water, and supply under

N
gravity as and when
required.

Footing
 COMMON DEFECTS IN OH TANKS

Common defects that occur in overhead water tanks are:

• Distress of Container by development of cracks leading

to leakage and corrosion of reinforcement.

EL
PT
• Distress of Foundation by settlement and/or tilting.

N
• Distress of Staging elements leading to sudden collapse.
General steps for Retrofitting
• Evaluate – Visual Inspection and possible Tests
• Analyse the system
• Diagnose the causes

EL
• Decide the Repair strategy
• Material Selection

PT
• Surface preparation

N
• Placement method selection with proper support system
• Execution of the job
• Final Check up
RETROFITTING MATERIAL
THE FACTORS REQUIRED to be considered:

DURABILITY

COMPATIBILITY COST

EL
PT
MATERIAL

N
MECHANICAL
AESTHETIC
PROPERTIES

CONSTRU-
AVAILIABILITY
CTIBILITY
 RETROFITTING MATERIALS
THE FACTORS AFFECTING COMPATIBILITY:

COMPATIBILITY OF
REPAIR MATERIAL

DIMENSIONAL CHEMICAL PERMIEABILITY ELECTROCHEMICAL

EL
Drying shrinkage

PT
N
Thermal expansion

Creep

Modulus of elasticity
Conclusion

Discussed:

EL
 Types of distresses in Overhead Water tanks

PT
N
 Steps of Retrofitting measures
N
PT
EL
 EL
Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure

PT
Prof. S. K. Bhattacharyya

N
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Module : Retrofitting of Special Structures
Lecture 02 : A case study of Retrofitting [email protected]
Concepts Covered

 Details of an Intze tank

EL
PT
 Distresses in Overhead Water Tank

N
 Causes of distresses
 EL
PT
N
Structural Sectional Elevation
 General details of structure

• Raft type footing.

• Depth of footing is 3.00m

EL
• Shaft type staging.

PT
N
• Intze type container.

• Gradual failure due to corrosion.

4
 General details of structure
• Year of Construction - 1985

• Capacity - 6.81 lacks litres .

• Staging Height - 18.00m.

EL
PT
• Shaft Dia. - 7.00m.

N
• Shaft Thickness – 160 mm

• Container Dia. - 13.00m.

 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF
CONTAINER

EL
PT
N
6
 EL
PT
N
REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF SHAFT & FOOTING
7
DETAIL OF OPENING
IN SHAFT

DETAIL OF DOOR

EL
OPENING IN SHAFT

PT
N DETAIL OF TIE BEAM

8
 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF RAFT

EL
PT
N
9
DETAILS OF STAIR

EL
PT
N
N
PT
EL
 Reinforcement of conical
slab corroded and
Spalling of concrete
observed

EL
PT
N
12
 Corrosion of Reinforcements
and spalling of concrete in
Shaft Reinforcements
Corroded shaft wall

EL
PT
N
 Steps and Stairs in the shaft
in distressed condition

EL
PT
N
 Corrosion of Reinforcements
and spalling of Concrete in
the tank wall

EL
PT
N
 Major causes of distresses observed

• Following major three causes are observed.

• Distress of container by development of cracks leading to

leakage and corrosion of reinforcement and spalling of concrete.

EL
PT
• Adequate cover to reinforcement is not available and hence shaft

N
and stair reinforcement corroded.

• After completion of construction of structure, proper and

effective maintenance was not done.

16
Conclusion

Discussed:

EL
 Typical details of Overhead Water tank

PT
N
 Types of distresses

 Causes of distresses
N
PT
EL
 EL
Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure

PT
Prof. S. K. Bhattacharyya

N
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Module : Retrofitting of Special Structures
Lecture 03 : A case study of Retrofitting (contd) [email protected]
Concepts Covered

 Distresses of different types in Overhead Water Tank

EL
PT
 Causes of distresses

N
 Retrofitting measures
N
PT
EL
 Reinforcement of conical
slab corroded and
Spalling of concrete
observed

EL
PT
N
4
 Corrosion of Reinforcements
and spalling of concrete in
Shaft Reinforcements
Corroded shaft wall

EL
PT
N
 Steps and Stairs in the shaft
in distressed condition

EL
PT
N
 Corrosion of Reinforcements
and spalling of Concrete in
the tank wall

EL
PT
N
 Major causes of distresses observed

• Following major three causes are observed.

• Distress of container by development of cracks leading to

leakage and corrosion of reinforcement and spalling of concrete.

EL
PT
• Adequate cover to reinforcement is not available and hence shaft

N
and stair reinforcement corroded.

• After completion of construction of structure, proper and

effective maintenance was not done.

8
 Repair Methodology
• A. Shaft, conical wall, & middle ring beam

• 1. All loose material / concrete are to be removed.

• 2. The rust on the reinforcement are to be removed by rust removal. Two coats of
anticorrosive paint be applied.
• 3. Patches are to be repaired by using polymer modified mortar

EL
• 4. Plaster the vertical shaft from inside & outside, bottom of conical wall & ring
beam (12 mm thick) with 1:3 cement sand mortar using 2 liters of polymer per 50

PT
kg of cement bag.
• Guniting is comparatively a quick and easy repair technique. But it is required to

N
be applied to the entire section.
• In this case available cover is less , particularly in shaft. Guniting be applied on
both sides of shaft and also on outside of the container.

9
• B. Spiral stair & column
• 1. Considering the condition of stairs, it is preferred the same be
demolished and constructed new.

• Container:- as per damaged condition of the bottom slant slab the

container leakage chances is more, before attending repair of

EL
container it is necessary to identify the locations of inside damage

PT
of container.

N
• Container:
• Surface be prepared for repair.
• All loose surface and concrete be removed.
• Rust removal be applied to corroded reinforcement.
• Corrosion preventing coating be applied to reinforcement.

EL
• Bond coating be applied to old prepared concrete surface.

PT
• Non shrink grouting be applied to seal the cracks.
• Patch of repair by modified polymer base cement mix mortar.

N
• Water proofing coat be applied.
• Surface protecting coat be applied on repaired surface.
• Cement based paint be applied to outside the tank.
 Guniting
Guniting is a method of applying an
artificial mixture of cement, water and
sand that is applied to produce a dense
hard protective layer. Guniting is used to

EL
line tunnels and structures and for
construction applications, such as sealing

PT
cracks, fissures and areas that could be

N
sources of leaks and/or structural instability.
Conclusion

Discussed:

EL
 Types of distresses in Overhead Water tanks

PT
N
 Causes of distresses

 Retrofitting measures
N
PT
EL