1

PRI
MARY7SCI
ENCE .
CONTENTS .

UNI
T1:
HUMANSYSTEMSANDREPRODUCTI
VESYSTEMSI
NPLANTS.
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.2

UNI
T2:
DISEASESANDHYGI
ENE.
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17

UNI
T3:
THEEARTHANDTHESOLARSYSTEM.
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.22

UNI
T4:
ENERGYCHANGE.
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24

UNI
T5:
USI
NGENERGY.
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.25

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 2
UNI
T1:HUMANSYSTEMSANDREPRODUCTI
VESYSTEMSI
NPLANTS .

THECI
RCULATORYSYSTEM .

1.Themai ntr
anspor tflui
dinthebodyi s_____
______
____
____
___.
 Bl ood.
2.Themuscul arorgant hatpumpsbl oodtoallpart
softhebodyis_ __
____
__ _
_____
____
__.
 Hear t.
3.Namef ourchamber softhehumanhear t
.
 Ri ghtauricl
e.
 Lef tauri
cle.
 Ri ghtventricl
e.
 Lef tventri
cle.
4.Expl
ainwhyt hewal lofleftvent
ri
cleisthi
ckerthanthewallofr
ightvent
ricl
e.
 Thi si sbecauset heleftvent
ricl
epumpsbl oodunderpressuret
oal lpar
tsofthe
bodyunl i
ket herightvent
ricl
ewhichpumpsbl oodtothelungs.

5.Whati
saheart
beat?
 Hear
tbeati
sther
elaxat
ionandcont
ract
ionoft
hehear
tmuscl
es.

6.Nameanytwofact
orsthatincr
easet
hehear
tbeat
.
 Vi
gorousexerci
se.
 Si
ckness.
 Exci
tementorfear
.

7.Whi
chi
nstr
umenti susedt
omeasur
ehear
tbeat
?
 Stethoscope.

8.Defi
net
hef ol
lowing.
(a)Bl
oodcir
culati
on.
 Bloodcirculati
onisthemovementofbl
oodfrom t
heheartt
oallpar
tsoft
hebody
andbackt otheheart.
(b)Bl
oodvessels.
 Th esearetubesthroughwhichbl
oodci
rcul
atesastheyf
lowthr
oughthebody
.

9.Whati
stheuseofv al
vesi
nthehear
t?
 Theypr eventt
hebackfl
owofbl
ood.
10.Namethethreebloodvessel
s.
 Arter
ies.
 Veins.
 Capill
aries.

11.Whi
chbl
oodv
essel
br i
ngsbl
oodf
rom t
hel
ungst
othehear
t?
 Pul
monar
yvein.

12.Whi
chpartofthehear
tpumpsbl
oodt
otheaor
ta?
 Lef
tv ent
ri
cl
e.

13.Whi
chbl
oodv
essel
bri
ngsdeoxy
genat
edbl
oodf
rom al
lthebodypar
tst
othehear
t?
Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 3
 Venacav
a.

14.Whyi
sbl
oodthatf
lowsfr
om t
helungstothehear
tbri
ghtredrat
hert
handarkr
ed?
 Bl
oodf
rom t
helungisr
ichi
noxygen.Thehaemoglobi
ngivesi
tther
edcol
our
.

15.Al
lar
ter
iescar
ryoxygenatedbl
oodexcept_
___
___
___
___
___
___
__.
 Pu l
monaryar
tery.

16.Al
lvei
nscar
rydeoxygenat
edbl
oodexcept_
___
___
___
___
___
___
__.
 Pulmonar
yv ei
n.

17.Usi
ngat
abl
e,di
ff
erent
iat
ebet
weenanar
ter
yandav
eini
nter
msofst
ruct
ure.

Ar
ter
y Vei
n
 Hasthickwall  Hasthi
nwall
 Hasanar rowlumen  Hasawidelumen
 Lacksvalves.  Hasval
ves.

18.Uset
hedi
agr
am bel
owt
oanswert
hequest
ionst
hatf
oll
ow.

(
a)Namet
hebloodvessel
smar kedW,
X,YandZ.
 W- pul
monaryvein.
 X-pulmonaryar
tery
.
 Y-venacava.
 Z-aort
a.

(
b)Bl
oodv
essel
smar
ked_
___
___
___
___
___and_
___
___
___
___
___
___
_car
rydeoxy
genat
edbl
ood.
 XandY.

(
c)Whi
cht
wobl oodv
essel
scar
rypur
ebl
ood?
 W andZ.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 4
19.I
dent
if
ythebl
oodv
essel
sdr
awnbel
ow.

 (
i)-ar
tery.
 (
ii
)-vein.
20.Gi
veoneuseofcapi
l
lari
es.
 Theycar
ryoxygenanddi
gest
edf
oodt
oal
lbodyor
gansandcel
l
s.

21.Whyi
sbloodf i
rstpumpedtot
helungsbeforebei
ngtranspor
tedtoall
thebodypar
ts?
 Tog etenri
chedwit
hoxygenandforremovalofcarbondi
oxidefr
om i
t.

22.Namefourcomponent sofbl
ood.
 Re dbl oodcel
ls.
 Wh itebloodcell
s.
 Plasma.
 Platelets.

23.Thepal
eyell
owli
qui
dpar
tofbl
oodi
scal
l
ed?
 Plasma.

24.Whi
chcomponentofbl
oodhel
pst
opr
eventexcessi
vebl
eedi
ngf
rom ani
njur
y?
 Pl
atel
ets.

25.I
nthet
abl
ebel
ow,
Mat
cheachcomponentofbl
oodwi
thi
tsf
unct
ion.

Componentsof Funct
ions
bl
ood
Pl
asma. Carryoxygenthr oughoutthebody .
Redbloodcel
l
s. Helpstofightandki l
l di
sease-
causinggerms.
Whit
ebloodcell
s. Transport
scar bondi oxi
deandot herwaste
substancesfrom allbodycellstothelungs&
ki
dney swheret heyar eremovedfrom blood.

26.Theredbloodcel
lscont
ainar
edpi
gmentt
hatgi
vesi
tther
edcol
our
.Thepi
gmenti
scal
l
ed
___
____
_____
______
____
_.
 Haemogl obi
n.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 5
27.Wher
earether
edbloodcell
spr
oducedi
nthebody
?
 Int
heredbonemarrow.

28.Di
sti
nguishbetweenoxygenatedbloodanddeoxy genat
edblood.
 Ox ygenatedbl
oodisbloodrichinoxygenwhi l
edeoxygenat
edbl
oodisbl
oodwit
h
l
it
tleornooxygen.
29.Whyisoxy geni
mportanttobl
oodandcel ls?
 Ox ygenisusedinrespi
rati
ontoreleaseenergyneededformet
abol
icact
ivi
ti
esi
nthe
body .

30.Whyi
sitri
skytoleav
eacharcoalst
oveburni
nginapoorlyv
enti
l
atedroom?
 Burni
ngcharcoali
npoorl
yventi
l
atedroom pr
oducesapoi
sonousgascall
edcarbon
monoxide.Thisgaspr
eventsbl
oodfrom pi
cki
ngupoxygenandthatr
esul
tsto
suddendeath.

31.Highli
ghtthreepointsyouwi l
ltal
kaboutt
opat
ient
sonpr
event
ionf
rom hear
tat
tackand
otherheartr
elatedproblems.
 Av oi
deatingal otoffatt
yfood.
 Pe rf
ormr egularexer
cises.
 Ea tawellbalanceddiet.

32.Out
li
neanyfoursubst
ancesdi
ssol
vedi
nbl
oodpl
asma.
 Sal
ts.
 Hormones.
 Ur
ea.
 Di
gest
edf
oodsubst
ances.
33.Gi
vef
ourusesofbloodinthebody .
 Transpor
tsoxygenfrom thelungstotherestofthebody.
 Tr
ansport
sdigestedfoodf r
om thesmalli
ntesti
nestoall
thebodypar
ts.
 Tr
ansport
scarbondioxidefrom thebodypartstothel
ungs.
 Tr
ansport
sheatfrom theliv
ertoallbodyparts.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 6
EXPANDYOURKNOWLEDGE .

 Di
agr
am oft
hehumanhear
t

Fi
g.1.Thei
nter
nal
str
uct
ureoft
hehear
t

THERESPI
RATORYSYSTEM .

1.Definet hef ollowi ngterms.

(a)Breathing.
 Br eat hingi stheprocessoft akinginfreshairint
othelungsandt aki
ngwast eairout
oft hel ungs.
(b)Respi r
at i
on.
 Re spirationisthepr ocesswher ebyfoodsubst ancesarebrokendowni norderto
rel
easeener gy.
2.Givet heuseofhai randmucusf oundint henose.
 Th ehai randmucust r
apsdustandger msfrom air.
3.Anot hernamef orTracheais_ _______
________
_ _
____
_ _
_ _
_.
 Wi ndpi pe.
4.Thedoubl emembr anethatencl osesthet wolungsisknownas_ ______
______
_____
_ __
_.
 Pl eur almembr ane.
5.Givet heusesoft hefol
lowingr espir
atoryparts.
(a)Thel ungs.
 Ex cr etecar bondioxide.
(b)Diaphragm.
 Se par atethechestf rom theabdomen.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 7
(
c)Ai
rsacs.
 Ex changeofgasest
akespl
aceher
e.

(
d)Ri
bs.
 F ormt hechestcav it
yt hatpr otectsthelungs.
6.Anothernamef orairsacsi sknownas_ __ _
_______
___________
__.
 Al veol i
.
7.___
_ __
______ _____________istheai rwebr eathein.
 Ox ygen.
8.Theunwant edpar tofairthatwebr eatheouti s_____
___ _
_______
_____
.
 Ca r
bondi oxide.
9.Thewi ndpi pei salway skeptopenbyhar dC- shapedringsknownas?
 Ca r
til
age.
10.Whyi sitnotadv isabletobr eathet hrought hemout h?
 Ai rbreat hedt hrought hemout hi scold,dryanddust ywithgerms.
11.Breathi
ngi nisal soreferredt oas?
 Inhal ation.
12.Breathi
ngouti sreferredtoas?
 Ex hal ati
on.
13.Class7i nacer tainschool madet hef ollowingmodel oftherespi
rat
orysy
stems.

Thepar
tsP,
Q,R, Srepresent
s?
 P-Trachea/windpipe.
 Q-Leftlung.
 R-Chestcavity.
 S-Di
aphr agm.

14.Ahumanbeingwithoutar espi
rat
orysyst
em isasgoodasacarwi thoutafuel.Explainthi
s.
 Th er
espir
atorysystem i
sresponsibl
eforgaseousexchangei nhumans.Thel ungs
removecarbondi oxidef
rom thebl
oodandaddoxy gentoit.Oxy genisusedin
respi
rat
iontoreleaseenergytothebody.Therefor
ewithoutrespirat
orysystem, the
bodywilll
ackener gytodowor ksi
milart
oacarwi t
houtaf uel.

15.Rel
atethefol
l
owi
ngpar
tsofpl
ant
stor
espi
rat
orysy
stem.
(a)St
em.
 Trachea
(b)Br
anches.
 Bronchi
Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 8
(
c)Fr
uit
s.
 Airsacs.

16.Whi choneoft hef

oll
owi
ngi
snoti
nvol
vedi
nbr
eat
hing?
(a)di
aphr agm.
(b)bronchioles.
(c)oesophagus.
(d)windpi pe.

17.Howdoessmoki
ngdest
royt
herespir
atorysyst
em?
 I
tdamagest
heai
rwaysandt
het heairsacs.

18.Namefourrespir
ator
ydi
seases.
 Lungcancer .
 Asthma.
 Tuberculosi
s.
 Bronchit
is.

19.Gi
veanyonewayofensur
ingt
haty
ourr
espi
rat
orysy
stem r
emai
nsheal
thy
.
 Avoi
dsmoking.

EXPANDYOURKNOWLEDGE .

 Di
agr
am oft
her
espi
rat
orysy
stem.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 9
THEEXCRETORYSYSTEM .

1.WhatisExcreti
on?
 Excreti
oni sther emoval ofwasteproductsfrom thebodyofal
i
vingt
hing.
2.Namet hr
eemai nexcretoryorgansi nanimals.
 Skin.
 Lungs.
 Kidneys.
3.Li
stdownanyf ourwast eproduct sinanimals.
 Urea.
 Excesswat er.
 Excesssal ts.
 Ca r
bondi oxide.
4.Statet
herolesplay edbyt hefoll
owi nginexcret
ion.
Organ Rol
epl ayed
1.Skin  I texcret
essweat .
2.Lungs  Theyex cretecarbondioxide.
3.Kidney
s  Theyf i
lt
erbl oodandexcreteurine.

5.Whydoesbl
oodfl
owthroughtheki
dneysduri
ngbloodci
rcul
ati
on?
 Tobefi
lt
eredi
.e.f
orremovalofwast
eproductsf
rom i
t.

6.Bel
owi
sadi
agr
am oft
heur
inar
ysy
stem.

(
a)Namethepar t
slabell
edW, X,Y,
Z.
 W- Lef tKidney.
 X- Ureter.
 Y- Bladder.
 Z- Urethra.
(
b)Wher
eisurinedischargedoutofthebody
?
 Atp artmar kedZ-Uret
hra.

7.Namethr
eecomponentsofur
ine.
 Urea.
 Excesswat
er.
Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 10
 Ex cesssal t
s.
8.Giv
et hreesi gnsandsy mptomsofUr inar
yTractInfect
ions(UTIs)
.
 Bl oodi nur i
ne.
 Pa i
ndur ingur i
nati
on.
 Ur ineleakage.
9.Whyi sthel eftkidneylocatedsl
ightl
yhigherthantherightki
dney?
 Th erightki dneyisslight
lyl
owert hanthelef
tkidneybecauseoft
hepr
esenceoft
he
l
iverabov ei twhichtakesalargearea.

10.Bel
owi
sadi
agr
am ofahumanski
n.

(
a)Namet
helay
ersAandB.
 A-Epi
dermis.
 B-Dermis.

(
b)Namet
hepart
slabel
l
edYandZ.
 Y-Hai
r.
 Z-sweatgl
and.

(
c)Gi
vet
hef unct
ionofthepar
tlabell
edZ.
 Itabsorbsexcesswaterandsal
tsf
rom bl
ood.

11.Apartf
rom removi
ngexcesssal
tsandwat
erf
rom t
hebody
,gi
veoneot
heri
mpor
tanceof
sweati
ngtous.
 Ithelpsincool
i
ngourbodies.

12.Whydoessweatt
astesalt
y?
 Becausei
tcontai
nsexcesssal
ts.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 11

EXPANDYOURKNOWLEDGE .

 Di
agr
am oft
hehumanski
n

THEDI
GESTI
VESYSTEM .

1.Whati
sdigesti
on?
 Digesti
oni
sthepr
ocessofbreaki
ngdownf
oodi
ntosmal
lpar
ti
clest
hatcanbe
absorbedi
ntot
hebloodst
ream.

2.Nametwofor
msofdi gesti
on.
 Mechanical
digest
ion.
 Chemicaldi
gesti
on.

3.Thel
ongt
ubewher
edi
gest
iont
akespl
acei
scal
l
ed_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_.
 Gut
.

4.Thedi
gesti
onoffoodbeginsint
he_
___
___
___
_(i
)__
___
___andendsi
nthe_
___
___
_(i
i
)__
___
.
 (i
)-Mouth.
 (i
i)-Smal
l i
ntest
ines.

5.Wher
edoesthedi
gest
ionofst
archbegi
n?
 I
nthemouth.

6.Namethegl
andwhichpr
oducesal
i
vai
nthemout
h.
 Sal
iv
arygl
and.

7.Givethefuncti
onofeachoft
hefoll
owi
ngindigest
ion.
(a)Teeth.
 Th eybreakdownf
oodint
osmallpi
ecesbychewing.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 12
(
b)Sal
i
va.
 Itmakesf
oodmoi
st,
sli
pper
yandeasyt
oswal
l
ow.

(
c)Tongue.
 Th et
onguer
oll
sdownthef
oodint
osmall
roundbal
l
scal
l
edbol
usesandpushes
them t
othebackoft
hemouthf
orswal
l
owing.

8.Gi
vether
oleofhydr
ochlor
icaci
dpr
oducedbythest
omach.
 Itki
l
lsgermsthatmaybepr
esenti
nfood.

9.Anot
hernameforoesophagusi
s__
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__.
 Gu l
l
et.
10.Compl
etethetabl
ebelow.

Partoft
hegut Di
gest
ivej
uice
(a)Mouth. Sal
i
va .
(b) stomach . Gast
ri
cjui
ce.
(c)Li
ver
. Bi
l
ejui
ce .
(d) smal li
ntest
ines . I
ntest
inal
jui
ce.

11.Themov ementoff oodfrom themout htothest omachi scal

led____
_____
___
___
___
__.
 Pe ristalsi
s.
12.Smalli
ntestinei sal
socalled______
_______
_ _
______.
 Ill
eum.
13.Whereisbi l
ej ui
cestored?
 Ga llbladder .
14.Theremov al ofundigest
edwast emat er
ial
si scall
ed_ _
______
_ _
___
_____
_.
 Eg est i
on.
15.Giv
ethef unct i
onoft hel
argeintest
ine(colon).
 Ithel psi ntheabsorpti
onofwat erandmi neralsalt
sinthebody.

16.Out
li
net
hreeenzy
mescont ai
nedi
npancr
eat
icj
uice.
 Li
pase,amyl
ase,t
rypsi
n.

17.Whati
semul
sif
icati
on?
 Emul
si
fi
cationist
hebr
eaki
ngdownofabi
ggermol
ecul
eint
oasmal
l
ermol
ecul
e.

18.Whi
chdi
gest
ivej
uiceemul
sif
iesf
at?
 Bi
l
e.

19.Thediagr
am bel
owi
spar
toft
hehumandi
gest
ivesy
stem.Usei
ttoanswert
hequest
ions
thatf
oll
ow.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 13

(
a)Namethepar t
smar kedYandW.
 Y- Gullet.
 W- Pancreas.
(
b)St
atet
hef uncti
onoft hepartmar kedZ.
 Th estomachdi gestsproteins.
(
c)Gi
veanyonedi seasethataffect
st hepar
tmar
kedX.
 L i
vercirr
hosis.

EXPANDYOURKNOWLEDGE .

 Di
agr
am oft
hedi
gest
ivesy
stem.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
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 14
THEREPRODUCTI
VESYSTEMSI
NFLOWERI
NGPLANTS .

1.Thereproduct i
veor ganinaf l
oweringpl
antis____
______
___
____
_____
___.
 F l
ower .
2.Themal epar tofaf loweriscall
ed_ _
___
__(i
)__
____
____whil
ethefemalepar
tiscal
l
ed
___
____
(ii
)___________.
 ( i)-Stamen.
 ( ii
)-Pi st
il
.
3.Namet hreepar t
sofaf l
owerthatconst
it
utesthePist
il
.
 St i
gma, Ov ary,styl
e.
4.Menti
ont wopar t
soff lowerthatmakeupt heStamen.
 An ther,fi
lament .

5.Wr
it
ethef
unct
ionofeachpar
tint
het
abl
ebel
ow.

Partofthefl
ower Funct
ion
1.Sti
gma.  Receivespol
lengrai
nsfrom antherdur
ingpol
l
inat
ion.
2.Anther.  Producespoll
engrains.
3.Ovary.  I
tcont ai
nsandenclosestheovules.
4.Fil
ament.  I
tholds/supportstheanther.

6.Whi
chpartofthefl
owerisbri
ght
lycol
our
edt
oat
tr
acti
nsect
sforpol
l
inat
ion?
 Petal
s.
7.Mat
chthefol
lowingcor
rectl
y.

Partofthef
lower Funct
ion
Ovules Holdthefl
oweront hestem.
Sepal Femalereproduct
ivecel
l
sinflower
.
Styl
e Prot
ectsfl
owerdur i
ngbudstage.
Stal
k Connectsthesti
gmat otheovar
y.

8.Namet
hepar
tsoft
hef
lowerl
abel
l
edbel
ow.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
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om) .
 15
 A-pet al
.
 B-Stigma.
 C-ant her.
 D-fi
lament .
 E-sepal .

9.________
__ _______ ______isacol lecti
onofsepals.
 Ca l
y x.
10.Acol l
ectionofpet alsiscalled_ ____
______
________
__.
 Cor olla.
11.Whati spol lination?
 Pol linationi sthet ransferofpol l
engrainsfr
om theantherst
othest
igma.
12.Namet wot ypesofpol li
nation.
 Se l
fpol lination.
 Cr osspol l
ination.
13.Def i
nethef oll
owi ng.
(a)Selfpoll
inat i
on.
 I sthet r
ansf erofpol lengr ai
nsf r
om theanther
st othesti
gmaofsameflower
.
(b)Crosspol l
inat i
on.
 Th i
si st het ransferofpol lengrai
nsfrom theanthersofonefl
owert
osti
gmaof
anot herf loweronadi f
ferentplantofthesameki nd.

14.Namet hreeagent sofpol l

inati
ont hatyouknow.
 Wi nd.
 Wa t
er.
 An imal se. g.insectsandbi r
ds.
15.Gi
vef ourchar acteri
st i
cs/featuresofi nsectpol l
inat
edf l
ower s.
 Th eyar el argeinsize.
 Th eypr oducenect arandni cesmel l.
 Th eyar ebr i
ghtlycoloured.
 Th eyhav est i
ckyst i
gmaandpol l
engr ains.
16.Outl
inef ourf eat uresofwi ndpol l
inatedf l
ower s.
 Du llcolour s.
 Non ect ar.
 Nos mel l
.
 Pr oducel argeamount sofpol l
engr ai
nst hatarelight.
17.Nameanyonei nsectt hatusuallyv i
sitfl
ower stocollectnectar.
 Be es.
18.Whati sfer ti
lisat i
on?
 F er t
ili
sat i
oni st hefusionoft hemal ecel l
inthepol l
engr ai
nandt
hef
emal
ecel
l
(ovules) .
19.Aft
erf ert
ili
sat ion, whichpar toffl
owerdev el
opsi nto:
(a)Afr
uit?
 Ov ary.
(b)Aseed?
 Ov ules.
20.Whyi samai zegr ainconsi deredasaf r
uitandnotaseed?
 Be causei thast woscar s.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
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21.Whydowindpol
li
natedf
lowerspr
oducel
argequant
it
iesofpol
l
engr ai
ns?
 Lar
gequanti
ti
esofpoll
engrai
nsar
eproducedbecausealotofthem ar
elostont
he
waytothenextpl
ant.

EXPANDYOURKNOWLEDGE .

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 17
UNI
T2:DI
SEASESANDHYGI
ENE.

1.Nameanyfoursourcesofwater
.
 Rai
n,lakes,
river
s,wel
l
s,bor
ehol
e,et
c.

2.Statethreedomest i
cusesofwat er.
 F orcooki ng.
 F ordr inki ng.
 F orwashi nge. g.cl othes, bodies,ut ensils.
3.Statethreeusesofwat eront hef arm.
 F orwat er ingpl ant s.
 F ormi xingf arm chemi cal s.
 F orwashi ngf armt ools.
4.Ment i
ont hreer ecr eationalusesofwat er.
 Swi mmi ng.
 Boa traci ng.
 Su rfing.
5.Statefourmet hodsusedi ncol lect ionofwat er.
 Ta nks, cont ainers, Bucket s,pots.
6.Namet woway sofmaki ngwat ersaf ef ordr inki
ng.
 F il
ter ingandboi l
ing.
 Ad dingchemi calst oki llger ms.
7.Nameonechemi calusedf ort reat i
ngwat er .
 Ch lor i
ne.
8.Whati swat erpol lut i
on?
 Wa terpol lutioni st headdi t
ionofhar mf ul substancesintowater
.
9.Ment i
onf ourway si nwhi chwat ercanbecont ami nat
ed.
 Di sposal ofhumanandani mal wast esint owat ersources.
 Oi l spillage.
 Re l
easeofunt reatedi ndust ri
alwast eintowat er.
 Un cont rolleduseoff arm chemi cals.
10.Statefourway sofpr event ingwat erpollution.
 Di ggi ngl at ri
nes,sept i
ct anksandr eser v oirsawayf r
om watersour
ces.
 Av oidbat hingorwashi ngnearwat ersour ces.
 Pr operdi sposal ofr efuseawayf r
om wat ersour ces.
 Wa teringani mal sawayf rom wat ersour ces.

11.Whatar ewat erbor nediseases?

 Wa t
erbor nediseasesar ediseasesthatar
etr
ansmi
tt
edt
hroughwat
er.
12.Namet hreewat erbornediseasest hatyouknow.
 Ch oler
a, Typhoid, Bi
lhar
zia.
13.Wr i
tedownt hecausat i
veagent sof:
(a)Typhoid.
 Ba cter
ia.
(b)Bi
lharzia.
 Pa rasi
te(Li verf
lukes).
(c)Cholera.
 Ba cter
ia.
Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
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om) .
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14.Outli
neanyf oursi gnsandsy mpt omsofTy phoid.
 F ev er .
 Ab domi nal pai n.
 Se v er eheadache.
 Bod yweakness.
15.Gi
v etwopr event ionsofTy phoid.
 Dr inki ngboi ledort reatedwat er.
 Wa shuncooked/ rawf oodse. g.fr
uits,veget
abl
es.
16.Outli
nef oursi gnsandsy mpt omsofBi l
harzia.
 Bl oodi nt heur ineandst ool(faeces).
 Di ar rhoea.
 Pa i
nwhenur inat ing.
 Ba ckache.
17.Ment i
ont wopr ev ent ionsofBi l
harzia.
 Ki l
l wat ersnai l
susi ngchemi cals.
 We aringpr ot ect ivecl othingandgumboot swhenwalki
nginwater
.
18.Namet hepar t soft hebodyaf f
ectedby :
(a)Ty
phoi d-causi ngbact eria.
 I nt est i
nes.
(b)Bi
lharzia-causi ngwor ms.
 Bl adder&i nt est ines.
19.St
at efoursi gnsandsy mpt omsofChol era.
 Se v er edi arrhoea.
 Vomi ting.
 De hy drat i
on.
 Se v er eabdomi nal pain.
20.Gi
v etwoway sofpr ev entingt hespr eadofChol er
a.
 Wa shuncookedf ood.
 Pr operdi sposal offaecal wastes.
21.Whatar eai rbor nedi seases?
 Ai rbor nedi seasear edi seasest hatcanspr eadt
hroughtheai
r.
22.Li
stdownanyf ourai rbor nedi seases.
 Tu ber culosi s.
 Me asl es/ Rubel la.
 I nf l
uenza/f l
u.
 Ch ickenpox.
23.Fi
lli
nt het abl ebel ow.

Disease Causat
iveagent
1.Infl
uenza  Vi
rus
2.Tubercul
osi
s  Bact
eri
a
3.Measles  Vi
rus
4.Chickenpox  Vi
rus

24.St
ateanyf oursi
gnsandsympt
omsofTuber
cul
osi
s.
 Cou ghingblood.
 Swe ati
ngatnight
.
 F ever.
 Ch estpain.
Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
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om) .
 19
25.Gi
veanyt woway sofprev ent
ingt
hespr eadofTuber
cul
osi
s.
 Pr act i
cegoodhy giene.
 Av oi dcongest edplaces.
26.St
atefoursi gnsandsy mpt omsofinf
luenza.
 Ru nningnose.
 Dr yt hroatcough.
 Sor ethroat.
 Con gest edchest.
27.Gi
veonewayofpr eventi
ngmeaslesfrom spreadi
ng.
 Av oi dcongest edplaces.
28.Out
li
nef oursi gnsandsy mpt omsofMeasl es.
 Ra short inyredspot sonski
n.
 Ru nningnose.
 Cou ghing.
 F ev er.

29.Gi
veanyt woway sofpreventi
ngmeasl esfrom spreading.
 Isol ati
onofsi ckpat i
ents.
 Av oi dcongest edplaces.
30.Out
li
nethr eesi gnsandsy mpt omsofchickenpox.
 Itchyr edbl i
sters.
 He adache.
 Sor et hroat.
31.Gi
vetwoway sofpr eventi
ngchickenpoxfrom spreading.
 Isol ati
onofi nfectedpatients.
 Di sinfectingpersonalit
ems.

32.Defi
net hef ol
lowingt erms:
(a)St
ress.
 St ressisany t
hingt hatcausesbodi lyorment altension.
(b)Depression.
 Isamedi cal i
ll
nesst hatnegati
velyaffectshowaper sonfeel
s,t
hinksandact
s.
33.Giveanyt hreesignsandsy mpt omsofst r
essanddepr ession.
 L ossofappet i
te.
 L ackofsl eep.
 Poorc oncentration.
34.Stat
eanyonecauseofst ressanddepr ession.
 Ill
ness.
35.Whati shomenur sing?
 Homen ursingist hecar egiventoapat ientathome.
36.Whyi shomenur singi mpor tantforpeopleli
v i
ngwi t
hHI V/AIDS?
 Be causet herei slessst r
essanddepr essi
on.

37.Gi
vef
ourreasonswhyy outhi
nkhomenur si
ngisadv
ant
ageous.
 Therei
sprivacyathome.
 Therei
ssecur i
ty.
 I
toffer
soneononeat t
ent
ion.
 I
tischeaperthanadmissi
oninhospit
als.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
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om) .
 20

38.Namefouracti
vi
ti
est
hatapat
ientneedsdur
inghomenur
sing.
 Bathi
ng.
 Toil
eti
ng.
 Grooming.
 Me di
cati
on.

39.Whati
snut ri
ti
on?
 Isthepr ocesswher
ebyli
vi
ngt hingsobt
ainf
oodnut
ri
ent
sfr
om t
hei
renv
ironment
andusei t
.
40.St
atet
hreer easonswhyweeatfood.
 Toprovideener gy
.
 Tobuil
dandr epai
rwor
noutpar t
s.
 Toprotectthebodyagai
nstdiseases.

41.Namethreebasicgroupsoff
ood.
 Bod ybui
ldingfood.
 Energygivi
ngf ood.
 Protect
ivefood.
42.Gi
vet
hreeexampl esofeachoft
hefol
l
owi
ngi
nthet
abl
ebel
ow.

Groupoffood Exampl
es
1.Ener
gygivi
ngfood  Ri
ce,maize,potat
oes,yams.
2.Bodybuil
dingf
ood  Beans,meat,eggs,mil
k.
3.Prot
ect
ivefood  Orange,mango,cabbage,car
rot
s.

43.Whoar ei nf ants?
 Infant sar ebabi esagedf rom 0to4y ears.
44.Statethreer easonswhyani nfantneedsbr eastmi l
k.
 Br eastmi lkisbal anced.
 Itisf reef r
om ger ms.
 Itiseasyt odigest .
45.Topr omot est r
ongbonesandt eet
hofani nfant,breastfeedi
ngmot hersshoul
deatf
ood
ri
chin__ __
___ __ ___
_ __.
 Ca l
ci um.
46.Howi mpor tanti seatingf oodr ichinir
ont oamot her?
 Ithel pstor eplacebl oodl ostdur i
ngchi l
dbirth.
47.Pregnantmot hersar eadv isedt otakeenoughf luids.Whyi sthisi
mpor t
ant?
 Itisi mpor tantinmai ntai
ningtheamni oticfluid.
48.Whydopr egnantmot hersr equireproteins?
 Pr ot einspr ovideener gytothemot her.
49.Adietrichi nv itamin&mi ner al
shelpsaper sonsuf feri
ngf r
om HIV/AIDS
to__
___________ ___________ _
_.
 Boos tthei mmuni ty.
50.Howi sadi etr i
chi nfibrehel pfultoaper sonsuf feringfrom HIV/AI
DS?
 Ithel pstopr ev entconst ipati
on( dif
fi
cultyinpassi ngoutstools/f
aeces)
.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 21
51.Whati
sfoodpoisoning?
 Foodpoisoningisani
ll
nessofthestomachthatiscausedbychemi
cal
sand
microor
ganisms.
52.Nameanyonemi cro-or
gani
sm t
hatcausesfoodpoisoni
ng.
 Ba ct
eri
a.

53.Gi
veanythreecausesoffoodpoi
soni
ng.
 Poorh ygi
enewhenhandli
ngfoode.
g.handl
i
ngwi
thdi
rt
yhands.
 Improperstor
ageoffood.
 Eati
ngexpiredfood.

54.St
atethreesignsandsy mpt omsoff oodpoisoning.
 Vomi t
ing.
 Se verestomachache.
 Di arr
hoea.
 F ever.
56.Out
li
nef ourway sofpreventingfoodpoisoning.
 Cook i
ngf oodatther i
ghttemperatur
es.
 Pr operstorageoffoode. g.usi
ngr ef
ri
gerator
s.
 Ma i
ntaini
nggoodhy gi
enewhenhandl ingfood.
 F oodeat enrawshoul dbet hor
oughlywashed.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 22

UNI
T3:THEEARTHANDTHESOLARSYSTEM .

1.I
dentif
ythecomponent soft hesolarsystem.
 Th esun, planets,heavenl
ybodi ese.g.ast
eroi
ds&comets.
2.All
planetsgor oundt hesun.Tr ueorFal se?
 Tr ue.
3.Thepatht hatt hepl anetsfoll
owast heygor oundthesuniscal
l
ed?
 Or bit
.
4.Whatisfoundbet weenpl anetMarsandJupi t
er?
 As teroids.
5.Whichplaneti snextt othesun?
 Me r
cur y.
6.Arr
anget hepl anetsbel owf rom t
hebi ggesttothesmall
est
.

Mar
s,Venus,
Jupi
ter
,Mer
cur
y.

 Jupi
ter
,Venus,
Mar
s,Mer
cur
y.

7.Whatisatt hecent reoft hesol arsy stem?

 Th eSun.
8.Whichplanetgoesr oundt hesuni nant i
clockwi semanner ?
 Ve nus.
9.Whichplanett akest hel ongestt imet ogor oundt heSun?Why ?
 Ne pt une.Becausei ti sfur therawayf rom theSun.
10.Namet hepl anetwi ththr eebeaut i
fulri
ngsr oundi t.
 Sa tur n.
11.Whichplaneti sof tenr efer redt oast hemor ni ngStar?
 Ve nus.
12.Theplanetwhi chi sr eferr edt oast heev eni ngst aris______________ _
______
_ _
_.
 Me rcur y
.
13.Whichtypeoff or cehol dst hepl anetsint her i
ghtposit i
on?
 Gr av i
tational force.
14.Whatcauseswi nd?
 He atf r
om t heSun.
15.Whyisitnotadv i
sabl etogoswi mmi ngorf ishingduringf ul
lmoon?
 Be causet her ear ev er yhight i
desdur ingt hefullmoon.
16.Whydoobj ectswei ghdi ffer entlyondi fferentpl anets?
 Be causeoft hedi ffer encei ngrav i
ty .
17.WhydoesNept unet akel ongt or evolver oundt hesuncompar edtoMer cury?
 Be causei thasal ongeror bitf
rom t heSuncompar edt oMer curywhichisnextt
othe
sun.
18.Jupi
terhasmanymoonst hant heear t
h.Whydoy out hi
nkt hisisso?
 Be causei thasal ar gear eaofgr av i
tat i
onalstabil
ityaroundi ttosupportmany
moonst hant heear th.
19.Whydoy out hi
nkpl anetEar thismost l
yr efer redtoasabl uepl anet?
 Ea rthi sref er redt oasabl uepl anetduei tslar
gewat erbodi escov er
ingthesurf
ace.
20.Whichplaneti st hehot testi nt hesol arsy stem?
 Ve nus.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
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om) .
 23

21.Mat
cht
hef
oll
owi
ngpl
anet
swi
tht
hei
rper
iodofr
evol
uti
onr
oundt
heSun.

Planet Per
iodofr evol
uti
on
1.Mercury 1
365/ 4days
2.Eart
h 687day s
3.Mars 84years
4.Uranus 88day s

22.Gi
veanytwofuncti
onsofsat ell
it
esinthesol
arsy
stem.
 Fornavi
gati
on.
 Forweatherforecast
ing.
 Forcommuni cati
onpur poses.

23.Namet
hepl
anet
smar
kedP,
Q,Ri
nthemodel
bel
ow.

 P-Eart
h.
 Q-Jupit
er.
 R-Neptune.

24.Whatcausesdayandni ght
?
 Th erot
ati
onoft heEart
h.
25.Whatcausesfourseasonsexper
iencedonear
th?
 Re vol
uti
onoftheEarth.

EXPANDYOURKNOWLEDGE .
 Thesol
arsy
stem.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 24

UNI
T4:ENERGYCHANGES .

1.Di
sti
nguishbetweenaphy sical
changeandachemicalchange.
 Ap hy
sicalchangeisachangeinwhichnonewsubstancei
sfor
medwhi
l
ea
chemicalchangeisachangeinwhichanewsubstanceisf
ormed.

2.Givetwoexampl esineachcaseof:
(a)Physi
calchange.
 Boilingofwat er.
 Me ltingofwax.
 Freezi ngofwat er
.
(b)Chemicalchange.
 Digest ionoffood.
 Bu rningoffuelse.g.f
ir
ewood.
 Ru sting.

3.Usi
ngat
abl
e,gi
vet
hreedi
ff
erencesbet
weenaphy
sical
changeandachemi
cal
change.

Phy
sical
change Chemi
cal
change
 Nonewsubst anceisf
ormed.  Anewsubst anceisformed.
 I
tisr
eversi
blei.e.t
empor
ary.  I
tisi
rrever
siblei
.e.permanent
.
 Noenergyi
sr el
eased.  Ener
gyisreleasede.g.li
ght
,heat
,et
c.

4.Expl
ainwhyapersonseesdropl
etsofwateronami r
rorwhenhe/
shebreat
hesonit
.
 Wh enapersonbreat
hesonami rr
or,thehotai
rexhal
edmeetst
hecoldsur
faceof
t
hemirr
orandcondensestoform moistur
e.

5.Inacer tai
nexper iment ,abot tl
etopwasf i
lledwi t
hwat erandplacedint
hesun.Af t
er
somet i
mes, thebot tl
et opwasf oundt ocont ainnowat er.
(a)Explainwhathappenedt ot hewat erinthebot tl
et op.
 Wh enthewat erinthebottletopwasl eftundert hesun,itwasheat
edbyt heSun'
s
heatandev apor ated.
(b)Wher ehast hewat ergonef rom thebot tl
et op?
 Th ewat erhasgonet otheat mospher easv apour.
6.Definehumi dit
y .
 Hu midityistheamountofwat ervapour /moi st
ureintheair.
7.Namet heinstrumentusedt omeasur ether el
ati
vehumi dit
y.
 Hy gromet er
.
8.Explainwhyai rexplainswheni tri
ses.
 Asa irri
ses, airpressureatt hesurf aceislower ed.Thi
smakest heri
singairto
expand.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 25

UNI
T5:USI
NGENERGY .

1.Defi
nethef ol
l
owingterms.
(a)Energy.
 Istheabil
i
tytodowor k.
(b)Force.
 Isapushorapul lonanobject
.
(c)Weight.
 Isthegravi
tat
ionalf
orceonanobj
ect
.
(d)Mass.
 Istheamountofmat teri
nabody/anobj
ect
.

2.Forceismeasur edinunitscal
led__ _
_ _
_ _
____
_ __
___
____.
 Newt on.
3.Namet heinstrumentusedf ormeasur ingforce.
 Springbalance.
4.Stateandexplainfourtypesofforces.
 Grav i
tati
onalfor
ce-isthef orcethatpull
sobjectdown.
 Ma gneticforce-isaforcefoundi nmagnetsandmagnet i
cmater
ial
s.
 Upthrustforce-isaforcethatopposesmov ementinwater
.
 Fri
ctionalforce-atypeofforcet hatopposesmot i
ononasurf
ace.

5.Ment
ionfouref
fect
soff orce.
 Forcecanstopamov ingobject
.
 Forcecanchanget hedirecti
onofamovi
ngobj
ect
.
 Itcanaccel
eratethemot ionofobj
ect
s.
 Forcecanstartmot i
on.

6.Whi
chi
nstrumentisusedf
ormeasur
ingmass.
 Be am bal
ance.
7.Whi
chf
orcehelpsacarmovingonaroadt
ocomet
oast
op?
 Fricti
onal
force.

8.Heatener
gyisal
socall
ed_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_.
 Th er
malener
gy.

9.Gi
vefourusesofheat.
 Us edforcooki
ngfood.
 Us edforwarmingour
sel
ves.
 Us edfordry
ingthi
ngse.
g.cl
othes.
 Us edforsmokingmeatandfi
sh.

10.Li
stdownanyfourcommonsourcesofheatthaty
ouknow.
 Sun,el
ectr
ici
ty,f
ir
ewood,
charcoal
,gas.

11.Apar
tfr
om heatenergy,
Giv
eanyf
ourot
herf
ormsofener
gy.
 Lightenergy
.
 Electr
ical
energy
.
Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 26
 Magneti
cenergy
.
 Soundener
gy.
 Mechani
calener
gy.

12.Wri
tedownt wof ormsofelect
ri
cit
y.
 Stat i
cel ectri
cit
y.
 Cu rrentelectri
city
.
13.Gi
veanyfoursour cesofcurr
entel
ectr
ici
ty.
 Ca rbat teri
es.
 Tor ch.
 Drycel ls.
 Bicy cl
edy namos.
 Ge nerator s.

14.Whyi
sitadvisabl
enottotouchnakedel
ectr
iccabl
es?
 Toa v
oi dget
ti
ngshockedasitmayleadtodeat
h.

15.Whi
chener
gyisstor
edint
hef
oodweeat
?
 Chemical
energy
.

16.Whataremagnet s?
 Ma gnetsar
emat eri
alsthathavetheabili
tytoattractot
hermat
eri
als.
17.Di
sti
nguishbetweenmagnet icandnon- magnet i
cmat erial
s.
 Ma gneti
cmater
ialsaremat eri
alsthatareattr
actedbyamagnetwhi l
enon-
magnet
ic
mat er
ial
sarematerial
sthatarenotat t
ractedbyamagnet .

18.I
nthet
abl
ebel
ow,
wri
tet
woexampl
esi
neachcase.

Magnet
icmat
eri
als Non-
magnet
icmat
eri
als
 I
ron  Pl
asti
cs
 Steel  Wood
 Nickel  Rubber

19.St
atet
hreeusesofmagnets.
 Usedinspeakerse.
g.radi
os.
 Usedinconstr
ucti
ngelectr
icmotor
sandgener
ator
s.
 Magnetsareusedinindust
riesf
orpi
cki
ngupcarsandscr
aps.

20.Theenergypossessedbyabodyduei tsposit
ionofr esti
scalled___
__ _
_ __
____
____
____
____
.
 Pot entialenergy.
21.Theenergypossessedbyabodyduei tsposit
ionofmot i
oniscall
ed__ _____
____
____
____
__.
 Kinet i
cener gy.
22.Whatisstaticener gy?
 Ist hest ati
onaryelect
ri
cchargeproducedt hr
oughf ri
cti
on.
23.___
___
_____ _
___ _
________
_istheenergyfoundinmat erial
sthatcanstretch.
 Elast i
cener gy.
24.Whatissound?
 Sou ndisaf orm ofenergypr
oducedbyv i
brat
ionsofobj ect
s.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 27
25.Def
inet
heter
m EnergyTr
ansf
ormati
on.
 Ener
gyTransf
ormat
ioni
sthechangeofener
gyf
rom onef
ormt
oanot
her
.

26.Whenyourubacombagai nsty
ourhai
r,i
tat
tractspi
ecesofpaper
s.Wr
it
edownt
heener
gy
tr
ansf
ormati
onthattakespl
ace.
 Me chani
calener
gy--
->El
ect
ri
calener
gy .
(
combr
ubbedonhai
r) (
stat
icel
ect
ri
cit
y)

27.Wri
tedowntheenergytr
ansfor
mationthattakesplacei
nanelect
ri
ccircui
twhenthe
swit
chistur
nedon.
 Ch emi
calenergy-
--
--
>Elect
ri
calenergy---
->Heatener
gy--
--
>Lightener
gy.

28.Wr
it
edowntheener
gytr
ansf
ormati
onthattakesplaceinasol
arpanel
.
 Solarener
gy-
--
>Chemical
energy-
--
->Lightenergy
(
int
hesol
arcel
l
) (
inabat
ter
y) (i
nthebul
b)

29.Athome, whenyouputadr ycel

linaradi
oandtuneiton.Wri
tedowntheener
gy
tr
ansformat
ionthattakesfr
om theradi
otoyou,t
heli
stener.
 El
ectri
calenergy-
--
>Magnet i
cenergy-
--
>Kineti
cener
gy---
>Soundener
gy

30.Keny
iat
eposhoduri
ngluncht
ime.Wri
tetheenergytr
ansfor
mat
iont
hatt
ookpl
acei
nhi
s
body.
 Chemical
ener
gy-
---
>Kinet
icener
gy--
-->Heatenergy
.

31.Explai
nwhycooki ngi
nacov eredpant
akesashorterti
met hancooki
nginuncov
eredpan.
 Cookinginacov er
edpanconservesheatwhichcooksfoodfast
erwhil
emuchheat
lossoccursinuncover
edpanwhichdelayscooking.

32.Gi
vet
woadv ant
agesofani mprov
isedchar
coalstov
eov
ert
het
radi
ti
onalchar
coal
stov
e.
 I
tprevent
sheatloss.
 I
tsavesalotofenergyandisver
yeconomical
.

33.St
ateanyonedi sadvant
ageofi mpr ovisedchar coalstove.
 Itisveryexpensiv
e.
34.Gi
veoneadv antageofthetraditi
onal charcoalstoveov ert
heimprovi
sedchar
coal
stov
e.
 Itischeaperthantheimpr ovisedchar coalstove.
35.Hi
ghli
ghtfouradvantagesofusi ngrenewabl esour cesofenergy
.
 Th eyarecheapandaf fordable.
 Th eydonotpol l
utet
heenv i
ronment .
 Th eyhelpustoconser venon-r enewabl esour cesofener
gy.
 Th eyarereadi
lyavai
lable.

36.Wri
tedownf ourexamplesofr
enewablesourcesofenergy.
 Th esun, wi
nd,bi
ogas,t
rees.
37.Thegasproducedfrom cowdungmixedwithwateriscall
ed__
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__.
 Me t
hane.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 28
38.Gi
vetwoadv antagesofbi ogascompar edt ootherfuel
s.
 Itisenv i
ronment alf
ri
endly.
 Itischeapert hanothersourcesoff uel
.
39.Menti
onanyt woway sinwhi chwecanconser veenergyinourcommuni t
y.
 Us i
ngener gyspari
ngly.
 Us i
ngr enewabl eenergysourcesfi
rst.
40.Di
sti
ngui
shbet weenr enewabl eandnon-renewabl esourcesofener
gy.
 Re newabl esourcesofenergyaresour cesofenergythatcanberecycl
edorreused
whil
enon- renewablesourcesarethoset hatcannotberecycl
edorreused.

41.Gi
veanytwoexampl
esofnon-r
enewabl
esour
ces.
 Coal
,nat
ural
gas,
nucl
earenergy
,et
c.

42.Manysol
artypesofequipmentar
epaint
edbl ack.Giv
eareasonfort
his.
 Bl
ackisav er
ygoodabsorberofheat
.Ithelpsinabsor
bingt
heSun'sl
ightanddoesnot
al
lowtheheattoescape.

43.Whatar
egears?
 Gear
sarecir
cul
arr
otat
ingmachi
nepar
tst
hathav
eteet
h.

44.Nameanyt
wot
hingst
hatmakeuseofgear
s.

 Bi
cycl
e,motor
bike.
45.Whati
sapull
ey?
 Apull
eyi
sasy stem madeupofwheel
andaxl
eusedf
orl
i
fti
ngheav
yloads.

46.Whyar esinglefi
xedpul
ley
simpor
tanti
nourliv
es?Gi
veanytworeall
if
eappli
cat
ionsofa
si
nglef
ixedpul l
ey.
 Raisingflags.
 Raisingheav yl
oadsupver
ti
cal
heightsuchasbui
l
dingsanddeephol
es.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 29

PRI
MARY8SCI
ENCE .
CONTENTS .

UNI
T1:
THERELATI
ONSHI
PBETWEENHYGI
ENEANDDI
SEASES.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
30

UNI
T2:
REPRODUCTI
ONANDSUSTAI
NABI
LITY.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.33

UNI
T3:
INTERDEPENDENCEBETWEENPLANTSANDANI
MALS.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
41

UNI
T4:
WEATHERANDCLI
MATE.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.45

UNI
T5:
ACI
DS,
BASESANDI
NDI
CATORS.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.50

UNI
T6:
SOUNDANDLI
GHT.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
54

UNI
T7:
ELECTROMAGNETI
SM.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
59

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 30
UNI
T1:THERELATI
ONSHI
PBETWEENHYGI
ENEANDDI
SEASES .

1.Whati
shomesani
tat
ion?
 Homesanit
ati
onisthecl
eanl
i
nessoft
hehomeenv
ironment
.

2.Whydoyout
hinki
t'
simpor
tantt
opr act
isegoodpersonal
hygi
eneandhomesani
tat
ion?
 Ithel
pst
okeepawaygermst hatcausedi
seases.

3.Howdoy oudisposet hef oll

owi ngwast esinyourl
ocalenvi
ronment
?
(a)i
norganicwast ese.gplast i
cs,gl asses,et
c.
 Theyar eplacedi nbinsf orr ecycli
ng.
(b)organicwastese.g.kit
chenwast esandanimalwastes.
 Theyar econv ert
edi ntocompostmanur e.
(c)humanwast es.
 Di sposedintothepitl at
rinesort oil
ets.

4.Whati
sfoodpoi soni
ng?
 Foodpoisoningisanil
l
nessoft
hest
omacht
hati
scausedbychemi
cal
sand
microor
ganisms.

5.St
ateanythreecausesoffoodpoi
soni
ng.
 Poorhygienewhenhandli
ngfoode.
g.handl
i
ngf
oodwi
thdi
rt
yhands.
 Improperstor
ageoffood.
 Eati
ngexpiredfood.

6.Namethechemi
calt
hatoccur
sinmai
zegr
ainsduet
oimpr
operst
orage.
 Af
lat
oxi
ns.

7.Gi
veanythr eesi
gnsandsympt
omsoff
oodpoi
soni
ng.
 Vomiting.
 Severestomachache.
 Diar
rhoea.
 Fever.

8.I
denti
fyanyfourway sinwhichapersoncanpract
icegoodper
sonal
hygi
enet
opr
event
di
seases.
 Keepi ngthebodycl eanthr
oughbathi
ng.
 Av oidsharingpersonali
tems.
 Keepi ngfi
ngernailsshor
t.
 Wear ingcleanclothes.

9.Pickanexamplebel
owwhi choutl
inespooruseofpersonal
hygiene.
(a)Taki
ngoffjewel
l
erybeforewashinghandsandl
eavingtheoff
.
(b)Washinghandsbefor
eent er
ingt
hekitchen.
(c)Showerdai
lyandwearcleanclot
hing.
(
d)Leavi
ngl
onghai
rout
.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 31
10.I
fy ouhaveacoldandy ouar
eworki
ngasachef,
waiterorki
tchenhand,
yout
urnupt
o
work.Whatisthebestt
hingtodo?
 Iwil
lnothandlef
oodt oavoi
dspr
eadofger
mst oother
s.

11.Whydofoodhandl
erswearapron?
 Topr
eventdi
rty
ingt
heircl
othes.

12.Howdowecont roldi
seases?
 Maint
aini
ngpersonalhygiene.
 Pr
acti
singhomesanitati
on.
 Pr
acti
singproperf
oodpr eserv
ati
onmet
hods.

13.Whyisi
timportanttostor
efoodonashelfabov
ethef
loor
?
 Topreventcontaminat
ionorget
ti
ngcol
d.

14.I
nfantfoodshoul
dnotbest
oredatal
lbutmustbeusedimmediatel
y.Expl
ainwhy
?
 Inf
antsdohaveaweakimmunesy st
em,whichcannotwi
thstandgerms.

15.Whatisf
oodpr eservat
ion?
 Foodpreservat
ionmeanskeepi
ngf
oodi
ngoodcondi
ti
onsf
oral
ongt
imewi
thout
decomposing.

16.Howdowecal lf
oodsthatcannotst
ayf
orl
onganddecomposef
ast
er?
 Per
ishabl
efoods.

17.Whati
stheobj
ect
iveoffoodpr
eservat
ion?
 Tomakefoodst
aylongerwi
thoutspoil
i
ng.

18.Gi
vefourtr
adit
ionalmet
hodsofpr
eser
vingf
ood.
 Smoking.
 Dryi
ng.
 Sal
ti
ng.
 Useofhoney.

19.Gi
vethreemodernmethodsofpreservi
ngfood.
 Useoflowtemperat
urese.g.r
efr
iger
ator
s.
 Canning.
 Useofchemical
se.g.sy
rup.

20.Mat
chthefol
l
owi
ngmet
hodsoff
oodpr
eser
vat
ionwi
tht
hepr
inci
plebehi
ndt
hem.Use
arr
owstomatch.

Methods Pri
nciple
Dry
ing Dehydratesgerms.
Useofhoney Keepsof fgermsandai
r.
Sal
ti
ng Dehydratesfood.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 32
21.Gi
vereasonswhytheuseofl
owt
emper
atur
eforpr
eser
vingf
oodi
snotcommoni
nmany
homes.
 Lackofel
ectr
ici
ty.
 Iti
sanexpensiv
emethod.

22.Howwouldyouuset heknowledgeofsci
encetoimpr
oveper
sonal
andfoodhygi
ene?
 Sensi
ti
set hecommunit
yont heneedforper
sonal
andhomesanit
ati
onmeasurest
o
prev
entdiseases.
 Usebett
ermet hodsoffoodpreser
vat
ion.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 33
UNI
T2:
REPRODUCTI
ONANDSUSTAI
NABI
LITY .

REPRODUCTI
ONI
NMAMMALS .

1.Gi
veanyfourcharact
eristi
csofmammal s.
 Theyhavemammar yglands.
 Thei
rbodiesarecov er
edwi t
hhair
.
 Theyarewarm bl
oodedani mals.
 Theytakecar
eoft heiryoungones.

2.Wr
it
edownf
ourexamplesofmammal s.
 Humanbei
ngs,cow,l
ion,
sheep,
goat,bat
,et
c.

3.Whatisreproduct
ion?
 Repr oducti
onisthepr
ocessofgi
vi
ngr
iset
onewof
fspr
ingsoft
hesameki
ndt
othei
r
parents.

4.Thety
peofrepr
oduct
ioninhumanbei
ngsi
sref
err
edt
oas_
___
___
___
___
___
___
.
 Sexual
repr
oduct
ion.

5.Gi
veonereasonwhyr eproduct
ioni
simportantinl
ivi
ngorgani
sms.
 Iti
simportantbecauseitensur
escont
inuityoforgani
sms.

6.I
nmammals,t
hesexcel
lsf
rom mat
uremaleani
malsarecal
l
ed_
___
___
___
__whi
l
ethesex
cel
l
sfr
om matur
efemal
eanimal
sarecal
led_
_____
___
____
__.
 Sper
ms,ov a(
eggs)
.

7.St
udyt
hedi
agr
am oft
hef
emal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem bel
ow.

(
i)I
dent
if
ypart
soft
hef
emal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem l
abel
l
edwi
thl
ett
ersi
nthedi
agr
am bel
ow.
 A-Ovar
y.
Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 34
 B-Ov i
duct.
 C-Uterus.
 D-Vagina.
(
ii
)Namet hepr ocesst
hattakeplacei
nt hepar
tlabel
l
edA.
 Ovulati
on.
(
ii
i)Whathappensatpar tl
abell
edB.
 Ferti
li
sati
on.
(
iv)Expl
ainbrief
lywhathappensinpartC.
 Developmentofembr yotakesplacei
ntheuter
us.

8.Gi
vet
hef
unct
ionsoft
hef
oll
owi
ngpar
ts.

Part
s Funct
ion
1.Vagina  I
treceivessper
msf r
om themaleduringsexuali
nter
cour
se.
2.Oviduct  Fert
il
isati
onoftheovum t
akesplacehere.
3.Uterus  Developmentofembryotakesplace.
4.Ovary  Producesfemalesexcel
ls(ova)
.

9.Anot
hernamef ort
heoviducti
scalled?
 Fall
opiantube.
10.Thevaginaisalsoknownas_ __
_ _
____
_____
_ _
_ _
___
__.
 Bir
thcanal.
11.Namet hepartsofthemalereproduct
ivesystem l
abel
l
edwi
thl
ett
ersi
nthedi
agr
am bel
ow.

 A-Bladder.
 B-Spermducts.
 C-Urethra.
 D-Penis.
 E-Testis.
 F-Scrotum.
Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 35

12.Gi
vet
hef
unct
ionsofeachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngpar
tsoft
hemal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem.

Part
s Funct
ion
1.Peni
s  Usedtoputspermsintovaginaduri
ngsexuali
nter
cour
se.
2.Test
es  Producesper
ms.
3.Uret
hra  Actsasapathwayforsperms.
 Al
lowsurinetopassoutofthebody.
4.Sper
m duct
s  Al
lowsper mstopassthr
oughdur i
ngejacul
ati
on.

13.Wherearethespermsstor
edafterpr
oduct
ion?
 Intheepidi
dymis.
14Belowisadiagram ofamalesperm.

(a)Namet hepartsl abel

ledX, Y,Z.
 X-Nucl eus.
 Y-Head.
 Z-Tai l.
(b)Gi
v ethef uncti
onofeachoft hepart
slabelledXt oZ.
 X-f orpenet r
atingtheov um.
 Y-f useswit heggnucl eus.
 Z-pr opelsthesper ms.
15.Stateanyonef unct i
onofsemeni nmaler eproduct
ivesy
stem.
 Itt r
anspor t
ssper ms.
16.Disti
nguishbet weenej aculationandovulation.
 Ej aculati
oni sthereleaseofspermsf r
om t hetest
iswhil
eOvul
ati
oni
sther
eleaseofov
a
fr
om t heov aryafterevery28day s.

17.Dr
awandl
abel
anov
um (
egg)
.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 36

18.Whati
sfert
il
isat
ion?
 Fer
ti
li
sat
ionisthefusi
onoft
hemal
esexcel
l
sandf
emal
esexcel
l
stof
orm azy
got
e.

19.St
ateandexplai
nt wotypesoffer
ti
li
sati
oninanimals.
 Int
ernal
fert
il
isati
on-thi
stakespl
acewithinthebodyofanani
mal.
 Exter
nalfer
ti
li
sati
on-thist
akesplaceoutsi
dethebodyofananimal
.

20.Thetypeoffer
ti
lisat
ioni
nmammal
siscal
l
ed_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__.
 Int
ernalf
ert
il
isati
on.

21.Def
ineimpl ant
ation.
 I
mpl antati
onist heattachmentofoft
heembr yototheuteruswal
l.
22.Whatispregnancy ?
 Pregnancyr eferstotheperi
odbetweenferti
l
isat
ionandbirth.
23.Menti
onf oursignsofpr egnancyi
nwomen.
 Themenst r
ual f
lowst ops.
 Thewomanmayexper i
encemorni
ngsicknessinthefi
rstmonth.
 Abdomenenl arges.
 Cravingforsomef oodandshowingdisl
ikeforother
s.

24.Thetypeofpregnancywhi
choccurwhenthezygot
eimpl
ant
sint
hef
all
opi
ant
ubeot
her
thantheuter
inewalli
sknownas_____
___
____
_____
____
___
___
.
 Ectopicpr
egnancy.

25.Gi
vefourf uncti
onsoft heplacent
a.
 Enablest hefoetustotakeoxygenandnutrientsf
rom t
hemot her
'sbl
ood.
 Passeswast espr oductsli
kecarbondioxi
def r
om thefoetust
othemother
'sbl
ood.
 Actsasabar ri
eragainsttr
ansferofi
nfect
iontothefoetus.
 Secreteshormonesl ikeHCG.

26.Out
li
nef ourfunct
ionsoftheamni oti
cflui
d.
 Preventsthefoetusf
rom drying.
 Actsasashockabsor ber,
protect
ingtheembr
yof
rom i
njur
y.
 Actsasal ubri
cantduringbir
th.
 Enablestheembr yotomov eaboutfreel
y.

27.Whatisparturi
ti
on?
 Partur
it
ionistheprocessofbi
rt
h.
28.Howlongist hegestat
ionperi
odi
nhumanbei
ngs?
 Ninemont hs(about39weeks).

29.St
atethef uncti
onofeachoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:
(a)Umbil
icalcord.
 Itj
oinst hepl
acent
aandembry
oontheabdomen.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 37
(
b)Amni
on.
 I
tencl
osest
heamni
oti
cfl
uid.

30.Whati
slabourpai
n?
 I
sthepainexper
iencedbyapr
egnantmot
herduet
othecont
ract
ionoft
heut
eruswal
l
s.

31.Explai
nwhyaf oetusdoesnotgetinfect
edwithHIV/AIDSduri
ngpregnancyincasethe
motherisinf
ected.
 Becauset hemother'
sbloodvesselsarenotdi
rect
lyconnectedt
othoseoft hef
oetus
t
heref
orethefoetusbl
ooddoesnotmi xi
nanywaywi ththatoft
hemot her.

31.Gi
veanyt
hreewaysinwhichababymaygeti nfectedwithHIV/AIDSatbir
th.
 Whent
hebodyflui
dsfrom t
hemother,i
finfected,mixwiththebodyfl
uidsoft
hebaby.
 Whent
hebodyflui
dsoftheatt
endants,
ifinfected,mixwit
ht hebaby
'sbodyfl
uids.
 Whent
hecutt
ingtool
susedaresharedwithoutst er
il
izi
ng.

32.Whatismiscarr
iage?
 Miscar
riagei
sat ypeofbi
rt
hwhi
choccur
swhenababyi
sbor
nbef
oret
heexpi
ryofni
ne
months.

33.St
atethreecausesofmi scar
ri
ages.
 Smoki ngbypregnantmothers.
 Diseasesorpoorhealthofamot her
.
 Accidentsdur
ingpregnancy.

34.Wri
tedownanyf ourindi
cati
onsofovul
ati
oni
nwomen.
 Lightbleedi
ngknownasspot ti
ng.
 Slightcrampi
ngorpai nononesideoft
hepel
vi
s.
 Breasttenderness.
 Increasedsexdr i
ve.
 Abdomi nalbl
oating.

35.Gi
veanyf oursignsandsy mptomsofovulat
ioni
nani
mal
s
 Mount i
ngonot heranimals.
 Mucusdi scharge.
 Swell
ingandr eddeningofthevul
va.
 Bel
lowing,restl
essnessandtrai
li
ngotherani
mal
s.

36.Ar
ranget
hef
oll
owi
ngst
agesofbi
rt
hinor
der
.
(
i)babycomesout .
(
ii)cervi
xdilates.
(
iii
)uteri
newal l
scontract
.
(
iv)umbi l
icalcordisti
edandcut
.
(
v)af t
erbirthcomesout .
 ( i
ii
),(i
i)
, (
i)
,(i
v),
(v).

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 38
REPRODUCTI
ONI
NBI
RDS .

1.Thet
ypeoffert
il
isati
oni nbir
dsi
s____
___
____
_____
___
_____
___
.
 I
nter
nalfer
ti
lisati
on.
2.Whati
sincubati
on?
 I
ncubati
onist heprocesswher
ebyafemalebi
rdsit
sontheeggs.

3.Whati
shat
chi
ng?
 Hatchi
ngi
sthepr
ocesswher
ebyt
hechi
ckbr
eakst
heeggshel
landemer
gesf
rom i
t.

4.Gi
vether
easonwhybi
rdssi
tonthei
reggsbef
oretheyhat
ch.
 Topr
ovidet
hewar
mt hr
equi
redbythedevel
opingembry
o.

5.Bel
owi
sadi
agr
am ofabi
rd'
segg.

(
a)Namethepartsoft
heeggl
abel
l
ed.
 E-Eggshel l
.
 F-Yolk.
 G-Airspace.
 H-Thinalbumen

(
b)Gi
vet
hefuncti
onsoft hepar
tsmarkedE,FandG.
 E-Eggshel
lenclosestheeggandprot
ecttheembr
yo.
 F-Yol
kprovidenouri
shmenttotheembryo.
 G-Air
spaceall
owsexchangeofgases.

GOODCHI
LDCAREANDSUPPORT .

1.Whatisprenatalcare?
 Pr enatalcareisthecaregivenbeforethemot hergi
vesbir
th.
2.Whyisprenatal car
eimpor t
ant?
 Themot heri sadvi
sedaboutt hediett
ot ake.
 Shei swar nedagai nstt
akingdrugsandmedi cineswit
houtthedoct
or'
sadv
ice.
 Thebaby 'spositi
onischecked.
 Shei sadv isedabouthy gi
eneduringpregnancy.
Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 39
3.Whatispostnatalcare?
 Postnatalcareisthecar egi ventothemot herandherchi l
dafterdeli
ver
y.
4.Gi
vetwoadv icegiventoamot herduri
ngpostnat alcarethatarenotgivenduri
ngprenat
al
car
e.
 Sheisadv i
sedaboutt heimmuni zati
onschedul eforthechil
d.
 Sheisadv i
sedont heimpor tanceofbreastmi l
k.IfsheisHIVpositi
ve,sheisadvi
sed
nottobreastfeedthechi ld.
5.Whatwouldhappeni famot herdoesnotat tendclini
cs?
 Thehealthoft hemot herandchi ldwouldbeatr isk.
6.Menti
onanyf ourimmuni zabl ediseases.
 Tuberculosis,poli
o,tetanus, measl
es,etc.

SUSTAI NABLEENVI RONMENT .

1.Whatisenvir
onment alsustainabili
ty?
 Envir
onment alsustainabil
ityi
st heresponsibleinteract
ionwit
ht heenv
ironmentt
o
avoiddepleti
onordegr adati
onofnat uralr
esour cesandal l
owf orl
ongterm
envir
onment alquali
ty.
2.Gi
vethreeway soflivi
ngmor esustainably.
 Reorganizi
nglivi
ngcondi t
ions.
 Usingsciencetodev elopnewt echnologi
est hatar eeff
ici
ent.
 Conservi
ngnat uralresources.

EXPANDYOURKNOWLEDGE
 Diagr
ams:Bi
rd'
segg.

 Functi
onsoft hepar tsofanegg.
 Amnion-al l
owst heembr yotodevelopinawat eryenv i
ronment.
 Amnioti
cfluid-pr otectst heembry ofrom shock.
 Yolksac-encl osest hey olk.
 All
antoi
s-allowsf orrespi rat
ionandexcr eti
onoftheembr y
o.
 Chori
on-sur roundsal l
t heot hermembr anesandpr otectsthedevel
opi
ngembr
yo.
 Albumin-prov i
despr oteinsandwat erneededbyt heembr yo.
 Shell
-protectst heinnerpar tsoftheegg.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 40

Newwor
dsandmeani
ngs .
 Copul ati
on-sexual i
ntercourse.
 Placenta-adi scshapedor gant hatformsatthepointwhereembryoi
mplantsi
tsel
f.
 Sustainabilit
y-i st
heabi l
i
tytoendur e.
 Zygot e-thef i
rstcelli
nt hedev el
opmentofal ivi
ngthi
ngthatfor
mswhenamal e
andf emal esexcellsfuse.
 Fusion-j oini
ngofmal eandf emal esexcell
s.
 Embr yo-amassofcel l
sthatf or
mswhent hezygotedi
vi
desitsel
f.
 Foetus-amassofcel l
swi thfeaturesoftheorgani
smssuchaszy got
edi
v i
desi
tsel
f.
 Womb-al soknownasUt erus.Apl acewherethebabygrowsinfemal
es.
 Gestat i
on-t heperiodf r
om concept i
ontobir
th.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 41
UNI
T3:I
NTERDEPENDENCEBETWEENPLANTSANDANI
MALS .

1.WhatisRespir
ati
on?
 Respir
ati
onistheprocessbywhichf
oodi
schemi
cal
l
ybur
ntusi
ngoxy
gent
orel
ease
energy.
2.St
atethebyproductsofrespi
rat
ion.
 Carbondioxi
de.
 Water.

3.Theconcentrat
ionofoxy
geni
s__
___
___
___
___
_int
hel
ungsand_
___
___
___
___
___i
nthe
ti
ssues.
 More,less.

5.Theairwebreathei
nisri
chi
n__
___
___
___
___
__whi
l
etheai
rwebr
eat
heouti
sri
chi
n
___
____
_____
___
_ __
.
 Oxygen,
carbondioxi
de.

6.Fi
l
lthet
abl
ebel
ow.

Process React
ants Product
s
Respir
ation ___
___
___(i
)__
____
___
,food Water,_
____
_(i
i)
___
____
____
.
Photosynthesi
s Water
,____
_(i
ii
)__
___
__, Food,___
____
(v)
____
____
___.
___
___
(iv
)____
___.

 (
i)-oxygen
 (
ii
)-carbondioxi
de.
 (
ii
i)-carbondi
oxi
de.
 (
iv)-sunli
ght
.
 (
v)-oxygen.

7.Wher
edoesrespi
rati
ont
akeplacei
nthebodyofl
i
vingt
hings?
 Inthecel
lsofli
vi
ngt
hings.

8.Writeawor dequati
onsummari
zingt
hechemicalr
eact
ionthatt
akespl
acedur
ing
respi
rati
on.
 Gl ucose+oxygen-
--
--
->wat
er+carbondi
oxide+energy

9.Dur
ingexer
cise,
thehear
tratei
ncr
eases.Whydoesthi
shappen?
 Toprovi
dethebodywi t
hthemuchneededoxygenforr
espi
rat
ion.

10.Def
inephotosynt
hesi
s.
 Photosy
nthesi
sisthepr
ocesswher
ebygr
eenpl
ant
smaket
hei
rownf
ood.

11.St
atet
hebypr
oductofphot
osy
nthesi
s.
 Oxy
gen.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 42
12.Wri
teawordequat
ionthatsummari
zesthepr
ocessofphot
osy
nthesi
s.
 Water+car
bondioxi
de---
--
--
--
>st
arch+oxy
gen
(
glucose)

13.Wherei npl antsdoesphotosy nt

hesistakeplace?
 Inthel eav es.
14.Thegr eencol ouri
ngmat terintheleavesofplantsthatt
rapsunl
ighti
scal
led?
 Chl orophy l
l.
15.Thetinyhol esint
heleavesofpl antswherebypr oduct
sofphotosynt
hesi
sarerel
eased
arecal
led?
 Stomat a.
16.Whichoneoft hefol
l
owingi snotar awmat eri
alneededbyplant
st omakethei
rownfood?
A.St
arch.
B.Carbondi
oxi
de.
C.Water.
D.Sunli
ght
.

17.Tomatoesinagr eenhousegr
owf ast
erift
hecarbondi
oxideconcent
rat
ionisincr
eased.
Howdoy ouexplainthis?
 Whent hecarbondi oxi
dei
sinexcess,t
herat
eofphotosynt
hesiswil
lincr
easetoa
cer
tainlev
el.

18.Expl
ainhowtheproductsofphotosynt
hesi
sareused.
 Theglucoseisusedinrespi
rati
onorconver
tedi
ntostar
chandst
ored.
 Oxygenisproducedasaby -
productwhi
chisrel
eased.

19.Thegr
aphbel
owshowshowt
her
ateofphot
osy
nthesi
sisaf
fect
edbydi
ff
erentcondi
ti
ons.

(
a)Whatpatternscany oufindfrom thisgraph?
 Ther ateofphotosynthesisincreaseswithi
ncr
easei
ntheamountofcar
bondi
oxi
deand
temper atur
elevels.
(
b)Howisthisinformationusefultoaf armer?
 Itenablesthefarmert oi
ncreasehi sorheryi
eld.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 43
20.St
atethreeconditionsnecessaryf
orphot
osy nt
hesist
otakeplace.
 Carbondi oxi
de.
 Sunlight
.
 Wat er.
21.Howi sphotosynthesi
simportanti
ntheenvi
ronment?
 Ithelpstouseupt heexcesscarbondi
oxidefrom t
heatmospheret
her
efor
epr
event
ing
globalwar mi
ng.

22.Tabul
atet
hedi
ff
erencesbet
weenpl
ant
sandani
mal
s.

Pl
ant
s Ani
mal
s
 Theymaketheirownfood.  Donotmaket hei
rownf ood.
 Mostl
ystat
ionary.  Movefrom oneplacetoanot
her
.
 Thei
rcel
l
shavecel lwal
ls  Thei
rcell
slackcellwal
ls.

23.Gi
veanythreer
easonswhyani
malsmov
efr
om onepl
acet
oanot
her
.
 Tolookforf
ood.
 Movingawayfr
om pr
edat
ors.
 Tolookformat
es.

24.Howdowecal l:
A.Ani
malsthateatveget
ati
on?
 Her
bivores.
B.Ani
malsthatfeedonmeatonly
?
 Car
nivor
es.
C.Ani
malsthatfeedonbothpl
antsandani
mal
s?
 Omnivores.

25.Whichext
ernal
featuresdopl
antsandani
mal
shav
eincommon?
 Sensesandcell
ularstr
uct
ures.

26.Whatisint
erdependence?
 I
nterdependenceisthedependencyofor
gani
smsuponeachot
herf
orsur
viv
al.

27.Ment
ionthr
eeway sinwhichplantsdependonani mals.
 Pl
antsusecarbondioxi
dereleasedbyani malsdur i
ngrespi
rati
on.
 Pl
antsdependonanimalsforpolli
natione.g.i
nsect s.
 Pl
antsgetnut
rient
sfrom animalse.g.insect
ivorousplant
strapanddi
gest
sinsect
s.

28.Gi
veanythreeway sinwhichani
mal sdependonpl ant
s.
 Oxygenreleaseddur
ingphotosynthesi
sisusedupbyani mal
sinr
espi
rat
ion.
 Animalsgetfoodeit
herdir
ectl
yori ndi
rectl
yfr
om plant
s.
 Habit
ate.g.bir
dsandmonkey sliveont r
ees.
 Shadi
ngwheni ti
shot.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 44
29.Whatisafoodchai
n?
 Foodchaini
safeedi
ngr
elat
ionshi
pamongl
i
vingt
hingst
hatshowswhoeatwho.

30.Gi
venthefol
lowi
ngorganisms,
for
m af
oodchai
ntoshowt
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hem.
Hawk,l
izar
d,l
ocust
,grass.

 Gr
ass-
--
->l
ocust-
--
->l
i
zar
d--
--
>hawk.

31.Gi
venthefeedi
ngrelat
ionshi
pbel
ow,
studyi
tcaref
ull
yandanswert
hequest
ionsbel
ow:
Plants-
-->Gazel
l
es----
>Leopar
ds-
--
->Vul
tur
es.

(
a)Whi
chnamei sgiventoplantsinaf oodchain?
 Producers.
(
b)Whatwil
lhappent othepopul at
ionofgazell
esifallpl
antsdryup?
 Thepopul ati
onofgazelleswi l
ldecr
easesincetheywill
lackfoodtoeat.
(
c)Whatwil
lhappent othepopulationofleopardsift
henumberofgazellesincr
eases?
 Thepopul ati
onofleopardswi l
lincr
ease.Thisi
sbecauseast henumberofgazell
es
incr
eases, t
heywillhaveabundantf oodtoeat(gazel
l
es).

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 45
UNI
T4:WEATHERANDCLI
MATE

1.Di
sti
nguishbet weenweatherandCl
imate?
 Weat heristhecondi
ti
onoftheatmosphereataparti
cul
arplacer
ecor
dedforashor
t
per
iodoft imewhilecl
imateist
heaverageweathercondi
ti
onofaplacer
ecordedov
era
l
ongper iodoftime.

2.Gi
veanyfouraspectsofweat
her
.
 Rai
nfal
l.
 Temperat
ure.
 Wind.
 Humidi
ty.
 Atmospher
icpressur
e.

3.Out
li
neanyf ourfact
orsthati
nfl
uenceweat
herandCl
i
mat
e.
 Wind.
 Lati
tude.
 Alti
tude.
 Oceancur r
ents.
 Distancefr
om thesea.

4.Gi
veanytwohumanact iv
iti
esthatcausecl
i
mat
echange.
 Cut
ti
ngdownt r
ees(deforest
ati
on).
 Useoff
ossi
lfuels.

5.Gi
vetwoway sinwhichtreesar
eimport
antinmaint
aini
ngthecl
i
mate.
 Theyatt
ractr
ainfal
l
s.
 Theyhel
pt ouseupexcesscarbondioxi
def
rom theat
mospher
ether
efor
epr
event
ing
gl
obalwarming.

6.Whatdoyouunderst
andbytheterm'deser
ti
fi
cat
ion'
?
 Deserti
fi
cat
ionrefer
stothecut
ti
ngdownoftreeswi
thoutpl
ant
ingot
her
smaki
ngt
hat
pl
aceadesert
.

7.Whatcausegl
obal
war
ming?
 Toomuchorexcessamountofcar
bondi
oxi
dei
ntheat
mospher
e.

8.Gi
veanyoneeff
ectofglobal
warming.
 I
tcausesmelt
ingoficel
eadi
ngtofl
oodi
ngatt
hecoast
alar
eas.

9.Writet
rueorf al
sefort
hefoll
owingstat
ement s.
(i
)Peopleintheoldendaysdidnotknowany t
hingaboutweat
her.
 False.
(i
i)Peopl
eintheoldendaysusedthebehaviorofcert
ainani
malstopr
edi
ctt
heweat
her
.
 True.
(i
ii
)Thereisonlyoneaspectofweatherev
eryday .
 False.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 46
(
iv)Excessi
veuseoffuel
ssuchasker osenecanl
eadt
ogl
obal
war
ming.
 True.
(
v)Globalwarmingcannotcausef
looding.
 False.
(
vi)Cli
mateisthesameacrossthewor l
d.
 False.

10.Whydot her
egionsaroundt
heequatorexper
ienceaboutt
hesamet
emper
atur
eyearr
ound?
 Becausethesunisalway
soverheadtheequator
.

11.Whatcausewinds?
 Unevenheati
ngandcool
i
ngofdi
ff
erentpar
tsoft
heEar
th.

12.Whataretheeffectsofflood?
 Causessoilerosion.
 Outbreakofwat erbor
nediseasesl
i
kechol
era.
 Leadst omigrat
ionofpeople.

13.Whatar
ethet womai
ncl
i
mat
efact
orst
hatdet
ermi
nel
andusei
nSout
hSudan?
A.Windandclouds.
B.Sunandwind.
C.Soi
landcl
ouds.
D.Temper
atur
eandr
ainf
all
.

14.Writ
etrueorfal
seforthefollowi
ngstatements.
(i
)Heatwav esandduststor
msar eexperi
encedbypeopleofSout
hSudanev
eryday
.
 False.
(i
i
)Flashfloodscancausesoilerosi
on.
 True.
(i
i
i)Thestudyofweatherofapl acei
scall
edmet eorol
ogy
.
 True.

15.Expl
aini
nyourownwordsthemaincauseofconfl
ict
sbetweenpastor
ali
stsandf
armer
sin
SouthSudan.
 Lackofenoughpast
uresf
orl
iv
estockduetolackofenoughrai
nfal
l.

16.Whati
swat erconserv
ati
on?
 Waterconservat
ionmeansusi
ngwat
erspar
ingl
yandi
nawayt
hati
tisnotwast
ed.

17.St
ateanyf ourwaysofconser
vingwat
er.
 Harvestingwater
.
 Recycli
ngandr eusi
ngwater
.
 Stor
ingwat eri
nadam.
 Mulchingandshading.

18.Whati
sadam?
 Adam i
sar
eser
voi
rforst
ori
ngwat
er.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 47
19.Gi
veanyfourusesofwat erstoredi
nadam.
 Forwateri
ngli
vestock.
 I
rri
gat
ionduri
ngdr yseasons.
 Gener
ationofelectr
ici
ty.
 Domesticandindustri
aluses.

20.St
ateanyfourcont
ainer
susedf
orst
ori
ngwat
er.
 Tanks.
 Pots.
 Jerr
ycans.
 Drums.

21.Di
sti
nguishbet
weenmulchingandshading.
 Mulchingmeansspr
eadingdrygrassorleavesar
oundapl
antwhi
l
eshadi
ngi
sthe
cover
ingofyoungpl
antsinanurseryorseedbed.

22.Gi
veanyonei
mpor
tanceof
:

A.Mulching.
 Ithelpstoconser
vesoi
lwater
.
B.Shading.
 Itreducesevapor
ati
onorl
ossofwat
erf
rom t
heseedbedduet
odi
rectsunl
i
ght
.

23.Wri
tetrueorfal
sef orthefol
l
owi ngstat
ement
s.
(i
)Toconservewater,giveyourl
ivestockonl
yasmal
lamountev
ery
day
.
 False.
(i
i
)Peopleshouldbatheonl yt
wiceaweek.
 False.
(i
i
i)Pl
antsandanimalswi lldi
ewithoutwater.
 True.

24.Whichoneoft hefol
lowingdoesnotshowwat erbeingreused?
A.Usi
ngwat erforwashingtoilet
sandafterwashi
ngclothes.
B.Wateri
ngplantsusingwat erusedforwashi
ngutensil
s.
C.Usi
ngwat erthatremainsafterbat
hingtocl
eanlatr
ines.
D.Fi
lt
eri
ngandboi
li
ngdi
rt
ywat
erf
ordr
inki
ng.

25.Whydoy out
hinkinrecenty
ears,t
heneedf
orwat
erhasr
isensomuch?
 Becauseofincr
easeinpopulat
ion.

26.Gi
vereasonswhywateringofcr opsisusuall
ypref
err
edearl
yinthemor ningandlat
einthe
eveni
ng.
 Thiswil
lal
lowwatertor undowni ntothesoi
landreacht
herootsoft hepl
antwithout
toomuchexcesswat erlostduet oevapor
ati
on.
 Wateri
ngintheearl
ymor ni
ngwillal
somaket hewaterav
ail
abletotheplants
thr
oughoutthedaysot hattheplantswil
lbeablet
odealbett
erwiththeheatfrom the
Sun.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 48
28.Expl
aint
hemeani
ngoft
hef
oll
owi
ngwor
ds.

A.pressure.
 Pr essureisthef
orceperuni
tarea.
B.Temper at
ure.
 Temper atur
eisthehot
nessorcoldnessofabody/
subst
ance.
C.Volume.
 Vol umei stheamountofspacethatmatt
eroccupi
es.

29.Mat
terismadeupofsmal
lpar
ti
clescal
l
ed_
___
___
___
___
___
___
__.
 Molecul
es.

30.Wr i
tet r
ueorf al
sef orthefol
lowingst atements.
(i
)Whent hetemper at
ur eoftheairi
nt heat mospher eincreases,t
hepr essureandv ol
umealso
decrease.
 Fal se.
(i
i)Whent het emperatureofairi
nacont ainerincr
eases, thepressureandv olumedecrease.
 Fal se.
(i
ii
)Airmov esfrom anar eaofhi
ghpr essur etoanar eaofl owpressure.
 Tr ue.
(i
v)Highai rpressureinthetyreofacarhel psthatcarmov eeasil
yont heroad.
 Tr ue.
(v)Whenai risheatedinacont ainer
, t
hesmal lpart
iclesthatmaket heairmov eabout
knockingoneachot her.
 Tr ue.

32.Whichoneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
str
ueaboutv
olumeofai
r?
A.Iti
sfixed.
B.I
tisnotdef
ini
te.
C.Hasnovol
ume.
D.I
tist
hesame.

33.Explai
nwhyiti
sdangeroustoheatasmall
quant
it
yofwaterinasealedcont
ainer.
 Whenwat eri
sheated,i
tturnsi
ntov
apourwhi
chexpands.Theexpansi
onwillcauset
he
seal
edcont
ainert
oburst.

34.Descr
ibet
hegr
aphbel
ow.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 49
 Wheny
oui
ncr
easepr
essur
e,v
olumer
educes.

35.Whati
sav acuum?
 Avacuum isaspacet
hatdoesnothav
eanymat
ter
.

36.Therecanbenoli
fei
nav acuum mai
nlybecause:
A.Iti
sverycol
d.
B.Iti
sveryhot.
C.Thereisver
yheav
yrai
nfal
l
.
D.Noai
rorwat
er.

37.Thevacuum inafl
askpr
event
slossofheatby
:
A.Radi
ation.
B.Convecti
on.
C.Conductiononl
y.
D.Conduct
ionandconvect
ion.

38.Acooki
ngpothasaplast
ichandl
eto?
A.Makeitl
ookattr
act
ive.
B.Pl
asti
cischeap.
C.Pl
ast
ici
sani
nsul
ator
.
D.Pl
ast
ici
sreadi
l
yav
ail
abl
e.

38.Whichofthethr
eemet
hodsofheatt
ransf
erdoesnotneedanymat
eri
alf
orheatt
otr
avel
thr
ough?
 Radiat
ion.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 50
UNI
T5:
ACI
DS,
BASESANDI
NDI
CATORS .

1.Defi
nethefol
l
owingterms.
(a)Aci
d.
 Acidisasubst
ancethatneut
ral
isesabase.
(b)Base.
 Baseisasubstancet
hatneutr
ali
sesanacid.

2.Namet heacidsfoundinthef
oll
owi
ng.
(a)Vinegar.
 Acet i
cacid(Et
hanoicaci
d).
(b)Lemon.
 Ci t
ri
cacid.
(c)Milk.
 Lact i
cacid.

3.Gi
vefourproper
ti
esofacids.
 Haveasourtaste.
 Neutr
ali
sebases.
 Str
ongacidsarecorr
osiv
e.
 Aci
dsconductelect
ri
cit
y.

4.Out
li
nefourpropert
iesofbases.
 Haveabittert
aste.
 Neutr
ali
seacids.
 Str
ongbasesar ecorr
osi
ve.
 Str
ongbasesconductelectr
ici
ty.

5.Nametheusef
ulaci
dpr
oducedbyt
hest
omacht
hathel
psi
ndi
gest
ionoff
ood.
 Hy
drochl
ori
caci
d.

6.Givetwoexampl esineachcaseof
:
(a)st
rongacids.
 Hydrochlor
icaci
d.
 Sulphuri
cacid.
 Nitr
icacid.

(
b)st
rongbases.
 Sodium hy
droxi
de.
 Potassi
um hydr
oxi
de.
 Calci
um hydr
oxi
de.

7.Thefol
l
owi
ngareweakbases.Whichoneisnot?
(a)sal
i
va. (b)woodash. (c)t
oothpast
e. (
d)sodi
um hydr
oxi
de.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 51
8.St
ateanytwousesofaci
ds.
 Theyareusedi
ncarbatter
iese.
g.sul
phur
icaci
d.
 Theyareusedt
omanuf act
ureexpl
osi
vesanddeter
gent
se.
g.ni
tr
icaci
d.
 Theyareusedf
ormakingsoap.

9.Gi
vetwousesofbases.
 Usedasantaci
ds.
 Usedtoneutr
ali
seaci
dit
yoft
hesoi
l
.

11.Mat
cht
hef
oll
owi
ngbaseswi
tht
hei
ruses.

Base Use
1.Ammoni a Baki
ngsoda.
2.Sodium bi
car
bonat
e Househol
dcleaner
s.
3.Potassi
um hydr
oxi
de Manufact
ureofantaci
ds.
4.Alumini
um hydr
oxi
de Li
quidsoap.

12.Whati
sanacid-baseindi
cator
?
 Anaci
d-baseindi
catori
sachemi
cal
thati
susedt
ofi
ndoutwhet
herasubst
ancei
san
aci
dorabase.

13.Namethreemostcommoncommer
ciali
ndi
cat
orst
haty
ouknow.
 Li
tmuspaper .
 Methylorange.
 Phenolphthal
ein.

14.Writ
eTr ueorFalseforthestatementsbelow.
(i
)Youcant ast
eallsubstancestof i
ndoutiftheyar
eacidsorbases.
 False.
(i
i
)Acidstastesourwhilebasest ast
ebit
ter.
 True.
(i
i
i)Thestomachpr oducesanaci dthati
shighlycor
rosi
ve.
 True.
(i
v)Aci
dsf oundinl
emons, oranges,sourmilkarenotcorr
osi
ve.
 True.
(v
)Acidsfoundinlemonscanpr oducesmallamountofelect
ri
cit
y.
 True.

15.Whichofthefol
lowingi
snott
rueaboutbases?
(a)Theyneut
ral
iseaci
ds. (
b)Theyhav
eabi t
tertaste.
(c)TheyhaveapHofl esst
han7. (d)someofthem ar
el esscor
rosi
ve.

16.Oneoft
hef
oll
owingcannotbeusedt
omakeani ndi
cat
or.Whi
choneisi
t?
(a)Redt
ea. (
b)Redcabbage. (c)cof
feel
eaves. (
d)Rosefl
owerpet
als.

17.___
___
_____
___
___
___
____
__ _changest
hecolourof____
___
___
_____
____
___li
tmusr
ed.
(a)Aci
ds,bl
ue. (
b)acids,red. (
c)bases,bl
ue. (
d)bases,r
ed.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 52
18.WhatisthepHr angeoft
hefol
l
owi
ng.
(a)str
ongacids.
 pHi sbetween0and4.
(b)strongbases.
 pHi sabove10.
(c)weakacids.
 pHi sbetween4and7.
(
d)weakbases.
 pHi sbetween7and10.

19.Abeesti
ngcontai
nsmet hanoicaci
d.Thati
swhyiti
ssopai
nful
.Howt
hencany
out
reata
personwhohasbeenstungbybees?
 Byappl
yingabasicsubstancesuchasatoot
hpaste.

20.Whichbasecanweusei
foursoi
lbecomesaci
dict
omakei
tneut
ral
?
 Lime.

21.Acholi
sf eel
ingsomebur
ningpainal
onghergul
l
et.
(a)whatdoy outhi
nkshei
ssuffer
ingfr
om?
 Heartburn.
(b)Whatcanbedonet ohel
preli
evethebur
ningf
eel
ing?
 Shehast otakeanant
acid.

22.Wri
tedownsomecommonl yavai
labl
ebasi
csubst
ancesaty
ourhomeenv
ironment
.
 Toothpast
e,ash,
baki
ngsoda.

23.Pupi
lsused10dr
opsofaci
dYtochanget
hecol
ourofi
ndi
catorB.Theyused4dr
opsof
aci
dXt ochanget
hecol
ourofi
ndi
cat
orB.Whi
chofthet
woacidswasst r
onger?
 AcidX.

24.Writ
eTrueorFalsefort
hestat
ementsbel
ow.
(i
)anacidcanneutr
ali
seabase.
 True.
(i
i)abasecanneutr
ali
seanacid.
 True.
(i
ii
)Excessaci
dproducedinthest
omachcanbeneut
ral
i
sedbyt
aki
ngal
i
ttl
eamountofwood
ash.
 True.

25.Whichoneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngcannotbeusedt
oneut
ral
i
seanaci
d?
A.Water.
B.Lemonj
uice.
C.Woodash.
D.Sodi
um hy
droxi
de.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 53
26.Al
lthef
oll
owi
ngwi
l
lnotchanget
hecol
ourofani
ndi
cat
orexcept
?
A.Sal
t.
B.Ur
ine.
C.Sugar
.
D.Water
.

27.St
rongacidsaresaidtobe__
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_whi
l
eweakaci
dsar
esai
dtobe
___
___
_____
______
______
.
 Concentr
ated,dil
uted.

28.Anaci
dwasfoundt
ohav
eapHof3.Wasi
tast
rongaci
doraweakaci
d?
 Str
ong.

EXPANDYOURKNOWLEDGE .
Di
dyouknow?
 Anacidt
urnsthecol
ourofbluel
itmuspaperr
ed.
 Abasetur
nsthecolourofr
edlit
muspaperblue.
 Alit
muspapermustbemoi stf
oritscol
ourt
ochangei
naci
dicorbasi
csol
uti
on.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 54
UNI
T6:SOUNDANDLI
GHT .

1.Whatdoest
hepinhol
ecamer
auset
ofor
mimages?
 Itusesl
ight
.

2.Whi
chmateri
ali
sthescreenofapi
nhol
ecamer
amadeof
?
 Transl
ucentmater
ial
.

3.Gi
veanythreecharacter
ist
icsofi
magesfor
medi
napi
nhol
ecamer
a.
 Upsi
dedown( invert
ed).
 Small
erthantheobject(di
mini
shed)
.
 For
medatt heback.

4.St
atefoursi
milar
it
iesbetweenapinhol
ecamer aandthehumaney
e.
 Theyuseli
ghttoformimage.
 Imagesareformedattheback.
 Theimagesaresmal l
erthant
heobjectsi
.e.di
mini
shed.
 Theimagesareupsidedowni.e.i
nver
ted.

5.I
nthet
ablebel
ow,
wri
tedownanyt
hreedi
ff
erencesbet
weenapi
nhol
ecamer
aandt
he
humaneye.

Pi
nhol
ecamer
a Humaney
e
 Hasnol ens.  Hasalens.
 Li
ghtpassest hr
ougha  Li
ghtpassest
hroughcor
nea,
flui
dandl
ens.
ti
nyhol
e.
 Amountofl i
ghtisnot  Amountofl
ightent
eri
ngt
heeyei
scont
rol
l
ed
cont
rol
led. byt
heiri
s.

6.Theeyesendsanimpul
set
othebr
aint
hrough_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
.
 Opti
call
ens.

7.Gi
veonei
mportanceoft
hepossessi
onoftwoeyesbyhumanbei
ng.
 Twoeyeshel
ptoimprov
efocusandsuppl
ementeachot
heri
nthef
ormat
ionofa
commonimage.

8.Whydoyouthi
nkhawkshavethebestey
esights?
 Becausethei
rret
inahav
emill
i
onsoflightsensi
ti
vecel
l
s.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 55
9.Drawaney e,oni
tindi
cat
e:
(a)wherei
magesar efor
med.
(b)par
toftheey et
hatcont
rol
theamountofent
eri
ngt
heey
e.
(c)opt
ical
nerves.

10.Theeyehasabet
terper
spect
ivet
hanthepi
nhol
ecamera.Expl
ain.
 Thebrai
nassi
stsi
nfli
ppi
ngtheimagesf
orus,sowedonotst r
uggl
ewi
thi
nver
sion.

11.Whyisanimpul
seaboutt
hei
magesentt
othebr
ain?
 Fori
nter
pret
ati
on.

12.Bel
owi
sadi
agr
am oft
hehumanear
.Namet
hepar
tsl
abel
l
ed.

 A-Pinna
 B-Cochlea
 C-Eardr
um
 D-Ex
ter
nal
audi
tor
ycanal

13.Givethefuncti
onsoft
hefoll
owi
ngpar t
softheear
.
(a)Cochlea.
 Receivessoundinf
orm ofvi
brat
ions.
(b)Eustachi
antube.
 Equalisestheai
rpr
essur
eonei t
hersideoft
heeardr
um.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 56
(
c)semi
-ci
rcul
arcanalsandvesti
bul
es.
 Responsi
bleformaint
aini
ngbalance.

14.Gi
vetwor easonswhywehav et
woears.
 Tobeabl etodet
ectsoundfr
om di
ff
erentsi
des.
 Becausethebodyissymmetri
cal
.

15.Mat
cht
hei
nfor
mat
ioni
ncol
umnAwi
tht
hosei
ncol
umnB.

A B
(
a)Outerear Actasal ever
.
(
b)Eardrum Transmi timpulse.
(
c)Audit
oryner
ve Deter minepit
ch.
(
d)Brai
n Vi
br ate.
(
e)Smallbones Capt ureearvibrat
ions.

16.Di
sti
nguishbet
weenpi t
chandvolume.
 Pit
chisthehighnessorl
ownessofsoundwhi
l
evol
umei
sthel
oudnessorsof
tnessof
sound.

17.Gi
vethefuncti
onofthener
voussyst
em.
 I
ttransmit
sinf
ormati
onbynerv
eimpul
sesf
rom onepar
toft
hebodyt
oanot
her
.

18.Nametwocomponentsoft
hecent
ral
ner
voussy
stem.
 Thebr
ain,
spi
nalcor
d.

19.Fil
li
ntheblanks.
(a)The___
____
_ _
_____
___
__i
slikeacomputert
hatcontr
olt
hebodyfunct
ions.
 Brai
n.
(b)The___
_______
____
___
___
___isl
ikeanet
workthatrel
aymessagestot
het oal
lpar
tsoft
he
body.
 Nervoussystem.

20.Thedi
agr
am bel
owshowsaner
vecel
l
.Namet
hepar
tsl
abel
l
ed.

 A-Axon
 B-Nucl
eus.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 57
21.Whatisst
imuli
?
 Sti
muliar
ethingsorev
ent
sthatcausespeci
fi
cfunct
ional
react
ionsi
nor
gansort
issues.

22.Di
stinguishbetweenr
eflexact
ionsandcondi
ti
onedr efl
ex.
 Ref lexact
ioni
saninv ol
unt
arymovementi
nr esponsetoasti
muluswhil
econdi
ti
oned
reflexoccurswhenthebrai
niscondi
ti
onedtor espondeveni
nabsenceofr
ealst
imul
i.

23.Sor
toutt
hefoll
owingaseit
herr
efl
exorcondi
ti
onedrefl
exi
natabl
eformat
.
Sneezi
ng,
sal
i
v at
ionaft
erseei
ngfood,
ridi
ngabicy
cle,
bli
nki
nganeye.

Ref
lexact
ion Condi
ti
onedr
efl
ex
 Sneezi
ng.  Ridi
ngabicycl
e.
 Bl
inki
nganeye.  Sali
vat
ion.

24.Johnst
eppedonashar
pobjectt
henremov
edhi
sfootv
eryqui
ckl
y.Whatmadehi
mtodo
so?
 Refl
exact
ionoft
hener
voussyst
em.

25.Amankeptar opeont hepathofsheep;thesheepjumpedt heropesever

alt
imes.He
removedtheropeont hepathandletthesheeppasst hroughthesamepath.
(a)Whatdoyout hinkthesheepdidwhent heyreachedwher etheropewas?
 Jumpedasal ways.
(b)Whati
sthenameoft hecondi
ti
on?
 Condit
ionedr ef
lex.

26.Whatcausesourey
est
obewetwhenwecutoni
ons?
 Refl
exacti
on.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 58
EXPANDYOURKNOWLEDGE .
DI
AGRAMS
 Humaneye

 Humanear

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 59
UNI
T7:ELECTROMAGNETI
SM .

1.Whati sanel ect romagnet ?

 Anel ectr omagneti sat empor arymagnetmadeusi ngelectricit
y.
2.Whyi sanel ect romagnetr ef erredtoasat empor arymagnet ?
 Becausewhent hewi reorcel laredisconnect ed, thenaill
osesmagnet ism.
3.Writedownt heener gyt ransf ormat i
ont hattakepl acei nanel ectromagnet .
 Chemi cal energy- --
->El ect ri
calenergy- -
--
>Elect romagnet icener gy---
->Kineti
cenergy.
4.Whichf orm ofener gyi sfoundi nadr ycell?
 Chemi cal energy .
5.Namet woway si nwhi chel ectromagnet ism canbei ncreased.
 Byi ncr easi ngt henumberofcel ls.
 Byi ncr easi ngt henumberofcoi ls.
6.Explainthet er m pol ari
ty.
 Pol arit
ymeanshav ingorshowi ngpol eslikeinmagnet s.
7.Outli
neanyt hr eeway sofweakeni ngelect r
omagnet ism.
 Ar rangingcel l
sinpar allelconnect i
on.
 Reduci ngt henumberofcoi l
s.
 Reduci ngt henumberofcel l
s.
8.Whyi sitadv i
sabl et oar r
anget hecel lsinser i
esthani npar al
lelwhenconnect ingan
el
ectromagnet ?
 I nseriesconnect ion, theamountofv ol
tageishi ghersincei tisthet ot
al vol
tageofall
cell
swhi lei npar all
el connect ion,theamountofv oltageisequi valenttothev ol
tageof
onecel l.

9.Gi
vefourappl
icat
ionsofel
ectromagneti
cenergy.
 I
tisusedincranestol
if
tloads.
 I
tisusedinradiost
oproducesound.
 Usedbyelectr
icbel
lst
oring.
 Bi
cycledy
namousesel ectromagnet
icenergyt
opr
oduceel
ect
ri
cit
yforl
i
ght
ing.

10.Mat
cht
hedev
icesi
ncol
umnwi
tht
hei
nfor
mat
ioni
ncol
umnBusi
ngar
rows.

A B
Comput er Tol
if
tl oads.
Crane Toproduceelectr
ici
ty
Televi
sion Toproducesound
Radio Tostoreinfor
mation
Bi
cy cl
eDy namo Todi
r ectthebeam ofl
ight
Train Tori
ng
El
ect r
icbell Tomov e

11.Whatwoul
dhappeni
fthenai
li
nanel
ect
romagneti
srepl
acedwi
thapl
ast
ic?
 Ther
ewoul
dbenomagnet i
sm.

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .
 60
12.Acarbatt
erycanmakeast
rongerel
ect
romagnet
.Tr
ueorFal
se?
 True.

EXPANDYOURKNOWLEDGE .

 Di
agr
am ofanel
ect
romagnet
.

_
___
___
___
___
___
___
THEEND_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
Formorei
nfo,
youcanreachmeon:+211923854275
Email
:machkuany
qok@gmail
.com

Pr
epar
edbyJacobMachKuany(
YoungAt
om) .