Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH)

Vol. 37, No. 2, April 2018, pp. 322 – 329

Print ISSN: 0331-8443, Electronic ISSN:

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http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v3
7 i2 . 6

CHARACTERISATION AND GRADING OF THREE SELECTED

TIMBER SPECIES GROWN IN KWARA STATE NIGERIA
ACCORDING TO EN 338 (2009)
FOR STRUCTURAL
USE

A. A. Jimoh1 and B. J.
Ibitolu2,*
1, 2 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN, ILORIN,
KWARA STATE. NIGERIA
E-mail addresses: [email protected],
[email protected]

ABSTRA
CT
This paper is aimed at classifying three potential timbers grown in Nigeria using EN338 (2009)
strength classification for structural size specimen. The timbers namely Vitex doniana, Ceiba
pentandra and Pseudocedrela kotschyi were obtained in Ilorin, Kwara State of Nigeria.
Physical and Mechanical properties of the selected timber species were determined in
accordance with EN 13183-1 (2002) and EN 408 (2003) for structural timbers. Four point
bending tests based on EN 408 (2003) with specimen 50x50x1000 mm were carried out using
a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) to determine the bending strength and Modulus of Elasticity
of the each timber specie. Characterisitc values of Bending strength, Modulus of Rupture and
Density were determined using EN 384(2004). The timber species; Vitex doniana, Ceiba
pentandra and Pseudocedrela kotschyi had equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of 15.70%,
13.71 % and 24.28 % respectively. Strength grading of timber species was then conducted by
adjusting the material properties values of species to 12 % moisture content using the
required adjustment factors. The timber were then graded according to EN338 (2009).
Pseudocedrela kotschyi had the highest density of 813 kg/m3 followed by Vitex doniana (706
kg/m3) while Ceiba pentandra had the lowest density of 402 kg/m3. Vitex doniana, ceiba
pentandra and Pseudocedrela kotschyi were assigned to strength class D30, C16 and
D35 respectively in accordance with EN338(2004).

Keywords: Bending strength, classification, density, modulus of elasticity, Nigerian grown

timber structural use
1. because of its low density, cellular and
INTRODUCTIO polymeric composite which overlaps into
N numerous classes of materials. Careful
Global demand for timber is increasing exploration of its structural properties has
annually at the rate of 1.7 per cent. At shown that it is adequate for designing an
the same time, forestry resources are not environmentally friendly structure which is
adequate to meet current demands. The scope cost effective [2]. Selecting timber is not easy
for enlargement of forested areas is limited. as it seems because timber has various
This trend creates pressure on the economy types and selecting the right material for the
that encourages the commercial exploitation right use is key. There are many useful needs
of natural forests unless supply can be of timber during the construction of
increased through the establishment of high building such as doors, ceilings, railings and
yielding plantations [1]. Timber was found to windows
be the world most successful fibre composite
and all these contribute a lot in the tropical climates but do not grow in cold or
beautification and overall look of interiors. very dry areas of Nigeria. Furthermore,
Timber has many other uses but which type of Nigeria as a nation is now allocating huge
timber should be used for right purpose is resources on importation of steel which is
important to know because if timber used in not necessary even in fabrication of long
construction comes out to be of low quality span trusses for sophisticated structures
then one may need replacement again and because timber can be used to achieve
again [3]. Before purchasing timber material strength, durability, aesthetic and even time
for construction, adequate information conservation [4].
regarding timber types and forms must be Structural timber is the timber used in
known because to select a single knot can framing and load-bearing structures, where
bring down the show of a whole woodwork. strength is the major
Trees grow best in temperate and moist

* Corresponding author tel: +234 – 806 – 010 - 8550

 CHARACTERISATION AND GRADING OF THREE SELECTED TIMBER SPECIES GROWN IN KWARA STATE,
factor in its selection and use. Most woods 2.2 Preparation of Test
used in the building construction are Specimen
softwoods but in structures like bridges and For bending strength and Modulus of
railway sleepers, hardwoods are specially Elasticity (MOE) tests, 120 No. beams of
used [5]. For structural usage, the properties 50 mm×50 mm×1000 mm each, that is, 40
of large size specimens are preferred to those pieces per specie, were prepared with the aid
of small clear specimens because of of sawing and milling machines at the wood
unavoidable defects such as shakes, knots processing unit of the Department of Civil
other defects found in wood [6]. Classification Engineering,
of these timbers to standards then becomes of University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. For
great importance because of diverse and also moisture
similar properties of some of them. When a
timber is classified and graded, designers can
easily use different available timbers for a
purpose.
This paper intends to classify potential
Nigerian timbers in accordance with EN338
[7] which is the limit state design. This
will give an opportunity to adopt the Euro
code 5 design procedure in the Nigerian case
of study which is the permissible stress
design. The objective of the study is as
follows:
1 To characterize selected timber species
for their physical and mechanical
properties according to EN 408 and
adjustment of characteristic values with
respect to moisture content at 12%.
2 To classify selected Timber species to
strength grades according to EN 338.

2. MATERIALS AND
METHODS
2.1
Materials
The materials used in this paper are timber
logs obtained from Kwara State in North-
Central part of Nigeria. Timber logs sawn
into (100mm x 150mm x
3000mm) were purchased from the
sawmills to be used for the project and this
were conditioned at the standard environment
of (20 ± 2) °C and (65 ± 5) % relative
humidity according to EN 408(2003). Plate 1
shows the timbers sampled from the
sawmills. Each piece of logs were weighed
successively at intervals of
24 hours and recorded until a relative
constant mass is attained. This timber species
are Vitex doniana, Ceiba pentandra and
Pseudocedrela kotschyi as shown in Table
1.

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 CHARACTERISATION AND GRADING OF THREE SELECTED TIMBER SPECIES GROWN IN KWARA STATE,
content and density tests, a total of 20 test
specimens each of size 50 mm×50mm×50 mm 2.4
sawn after bending tests from timber beams Density
section close to fracture were also prepared The density of timber is its mass per unit
at the same unit. volume at a specified value of MC. The density
of specimen was determined in accordance
2.3 Moisture content of with EN 408 [9] using Equation (2) with its
Timber characteristic values determined in
The timber species moisture contents (MCs) accordance with EN 384 [10] from Equation
were determined in accordance with EN (3).
13183-1 [8] and EN
408 [9]. The MC for each timber was obtained
by first measuring its initial mass before
drying using an electronic weighing balance. where Pk is the characteristic density, P05 is
The test sample were then oven dried at a the 5- percentile density, P and s are the
temperature of 103 ± 2 c. The specimens
0 mean and the standard deviation of densities
were dried until the final weight of oven- of all specimen (in kg/m3), respectively.
dried timber is constant after two successive
weighing. The initial and oven dry mass of
each specimen sample were recorded and the
MC was then computed from Equation (1):

where m1 and m2 and MC are the initial mass,

oven dry mass and MC of test specimen
respectively. The mean moisture content was
then obtained by finding the mean value of Figure 1: Bending test setup and specimen
MC for the 15 specimens of each timber dimension
specie.
Table 1: Timber
Nomenclature
Botanical Names Family Name Local Name Where grown Colour
Vitex doniana Lamiaceae Eriri Kwara Kogi (common) Yellowish
Ceiba pentandra Malvaceae Somi Ekiti (Otun) Aparo Ekiti Blackish yellow
Pseudocedrela kotschyi Maliaceae Emi- gbegi Kwara Kogi Reddish brown

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 CHARACTERISATION AND GRADING OF THREE SELECTED TIMBER SPECIES GROWN IN KWARA STATE,

Engineering Laboratory of the University of

Ilorin. The UTM has a square shaped loading
head. The Modulus of Rupture was computed
from Equation (4).

where a is the distance between loading

position and the nearest support (mm), Fmax
is the maximum load (N), W is the section
modulus (mm3) and f m is the bending
strength (N/mm ).
2

According to [10], the characteristic values of

strength properties based on the measured
MC were computed from Equation (5) derived
Figure 2: Four Point Bending from EN 384 [11]:
test Setup
where and are the characteristic
and 5th- percentile values of bending
strength, respectively. Figure 1, Figure 2 and
Figure 3 show the specimen dimension,
bending strength setup and its failure mode,
respectively.

2.6 Modulus of
Elasticity
The Local modulus of Elasticity was derived
from the four point bending test as prescribed
in EN408 [9]. The rate of movement of the
loading head was adjusted not to be greater
than 9 mm/min. The guage length for the test
Figure 3: Failure Mode of 4-point
is five (5) times the depth of the section (250
Bending Test
mm). The local modulus of elasticity was
2.5 Bending then computed using the following
Strength expression:
This was carried out in accordance with EN
408 [9] for structural timber. The strength
tests were carried out with the aid of a where is the local MOE in bending, a is
Universal Testing Machine (UTM) with the distance between inner point loads and
a maximum load capacity of 300KN at the supports (mm), l 1 is the gauge length (250
Agricultural mm), (F2 – F1) is the increment load (in
Newton) on the regression line with a
correlation coefficient of 0.99 and (w2 - w1)
is the increment of deformation (mm)
corresponding to (F2 – F1).

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CHARACTERISATION AND GRADING OF THREE SELECTED TIMBER SPECIES GROWN IN KWARA STATE,

Figure 4: Setup for measuring local modulus of Elasticity in Bending [6]

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 CHARACTERISATION AND GRADING OF THREE SELECTED TIMBER SPECIES GROWN IN KWARA STATE,

Characteristic values of MOE, which is also The characteristic values of tensile strength
the mean modulus of elasticity based on parallel to grain (f t,0,k) and compressive
measured moisture content is then calculated strength parallel to grain( f c,0,k) are
from the equation as given in EN 384:2004 computed from the Equations (9) and (10),
( ) – respectively:

where Ei is the ith value of MOE, n is the

number of specimens and Emean is the mean
The characteristic values of tensile strength
value of MOE in bending. A sketch for perpendicular to grain (f t,90,k) and
determining the Local MOE in bending is compressive strength perpendicular to grain(
shown in Figure 4.
f c,90,k) are computed from Equations (11)-
(14):
2.8 Other Mechanical
2.7 Adjusting Values To 12% Properties
Moisture Content Characteristic values of other mechanical
Equivalent properties at
Mechanical strength properties are 12% MC such as tensile strengths parallel
affected by variation in moisture content and perpendicular to grain, shear modulus,
below the fibre saturated point. Generally, compressive strength parallel and
many of the strength properties increase as perpendicular to grain and other stiffness
wood is dried. Above the fibre saturation point properties of the timbers were determined
(FSP), most of the mechanical properties are using the following equations from Annex A
not affected by changes in moisture content of EN338(2009).
[12]. Strength class values according to EN
338 [7] for structural timbers are derived
from timbers at about 12% moisture content,
which is taken as a reference moisture
content.
Thus the strength characteristics of timber
were adjusted to 12% reference moisture
content using Equation (8).

Where: F12 is the ultimate strength at 12%

moisture content, W is the moisture
content at the time of testing, F w is the

ultimate strength at the moisture content at

the time of testing, is the adjustment factor
for moisture content, equivalent to the
percentage change in strength values for 1%
change in moisture content. This is contained
in Table 1

Table 1: Adjustment factor for Wood state

of stress
α for ll
State of stress wood Referenc
e
Modulus of specie)
Elasticity ( 0.02 [11]
E m , Ec,0 )Strength
Bending 0.04 [13
Density -0.005 ]
[14

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 CHARACTERISATION AND GRADING OF THREE SELECTED TIMBER SPECIES GROWN IN KWARA STATE,
for of content values in general of the two species
wood for were below fiber saturation point (FSP) which
rdwood is usually between 25-30
for of wood % as recorded in [15]. Table 3 presents the
adjusted 12
for rdwood
Fractile 5th percentile values of MOE parallel
to grain
(E0,0.05) was computed from Equations (15)
and (16):
for of
wood for
rdwood
The characteristic values of mean modulus of
elasticity perpendicular to grain (E90,mean) for
the timbers were computed from the Equations
(17) and (18):
⁄ for of
wood
⁄ for
rdwood
The characteristic values of mean shear
modulus
(Gmean) were computed from
Equation (19):
⁄
T c r c ri ic d i y mean)

is computed from Equation (20):

Shear strength f t,0,k , was taken from Table 1

of EN 338 (2009) as specified by the code.
In Equations (9) to (20), E0,mean is the
mean MOE
p r ll l o gr i k is the characteristic
density while f m,k is the characteristic bending
strength all which are used to derive the other
mechanical properties. Shear strength f v,k
would be taken from Table 1 of EN338 as put
forward by the code. Equations (12)-(19),
which differentiate softwood from hardwood,
would be dependent on the characteristic
density range of the timber in accordance with
EN338.

3. RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
3.1 Physical Properties of
Timbers
Table 2 shows the results for the MC of the
three (3) timber species. Pseudocedrela
kotschyi had the highest equilibrium moisture
content (EMC) of 24.28 % followed by Vitex
doniana (15.70 %) and lastly Ceiba
pentandra with a MC of 13.71 %. Moisture
Nigerian Journal of Vol. 37, No. 2, April 328
 CHARACTERISATION AND GRADING OF THREE SELECTED TIMBER SPECIES GROWN IN KWARA STATE,
% characteristic density of the timbers to be lower than Nauclea diderrichii (54.45 N/mm2)
used for timber classification in accordance in [14]. Pseudocedrela kotschyi (39.415
with EN338. kN/mm2) is similar to Ahun (39.36 N/mm2) as
given in [17]. Table 5 presents the results of
3.2 Mechanical Properties of the other derived mechanical properties of
Timbers the Nigerian timber species as computed from
According to EN 384, characteristic values Equations (10)-(21).
are values that represent a fractile of the From the results, the Nigerian timbers were
statistical distribution of timber properties. allocated a strength class. This assignment
The Characteristic values of mechanical was based on EN338 which states that a solid
properties and density for structural timber may be assigned to a strength class if
timber are used for assigning grades and its characteristic values of bending strength
species to the strength classes of EN 338 at and density are equal to or exceed the values
12% moisture content. This is achieved with for the strength class given in Table 1 of
only three characteristic values of bending EN338, and its characteristic mean MOE in
strength, mean modulus of elasticity parallel bending equals or exceeds
to grain and density.
95 % of the value given for that strength class.
Adjusted Characteristic Density, MOE and
Based on this, Vitex doniana was assigned to
Bending strength values of Material strength class D30 due to its minimum
Properties for the timbers at 12 % MC is characteristic bending strength of
given in Table 4. Vitex doniana (12.134 30.1 N/mm2, characteristic density of 706
kN/mm2), Pseudocedrela kotschyi (12.185 kg/m3 and minimum mean MOE parallel
kN/mm2) and Ceiba pentandra (8.854 to grain of 12.13
kN/mm2) had higher MOE when compared KN/mm2. The characteristic bending strength,
with Macrocarpa bequaertii (8.169 kN/mm2) mean MOE and density of strength class D30
in [14] but they all fell below White Afara as provided in EN338 are 30 N/mm2, 11
(13.32 kN/mm2) in [16]. KN/mm2 and 530 kg/m3 respectively.
Moreso, the bending strength of all
timber species
considered in this paper as shown in
Table 4 were

Table 2: Summary of Moisture content result

Standar
Mean d Coefficient 95% 99%
Timber specie
Moisture Deviatio of Confidence Confidence
content (%) n variation Interval Interval
Vitex doniana 15.70 1.27 8.07% ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤
Ceiba 13.71 0.90 6.54% ≤ ≤ 12.977 ≤ ≤
pentandra
Pseudocedrel
a kotschyi 24.28 4.49 18.51% ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤

Table 3: Mean and Characteristic density of Timbers

Standar
Mean d Characteristic 12% MC
Timber Type
Density Deviatio Density Density
( Kg/m 3)
n (Kg/m3) (Kg/m3)
Vitex doniana 834 69.356 720 706
ceiba pentandra 450 27.290 405 402
Pseudocedrela
kotschyi 1002 82.329 866 813

Table 4: Adjusted Characteristic values of Material properties

to 12 % MC
Modulus of
Timber Type Density
Elasticity
(Kg/m3)
Vitex Nigerian
doniana 70 E0,mean Vol. 37, No. 2, April
12134.30
ceiba pentandra 40
6 8853.7
Journal of 329

Pseudocedrela kotschyi 2
81 1
12185.45
CHARACTERISATION AND GRADING OF THREE SELECTED2 TIMBER SPECIES GROWN IN KWARA STATE,
Bending Strength fm,k12% (N/mm )
30.098
21.985
39.415

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 CHARACTERISATION AND GRADING OF THREE SELECTED TIMBER SPECIES GROWN IN KWARA STATE,

Table 5: Derived Mechanical properties of the Timbers

Timber Specie
Somi Emi-Gbegi
Other Mechanical Properties
Eriri Vitex Ceiba Pseudocedrela
doniana pentandra
Tension kotschyi
Parallel
(N/mm2) 18.0 13.2 23.4

Tension
Perpendicular
(N/mm2) 0.6 0.4 0.6

Compression
Parallel 23.10 20.09 25.99
(N/mm2)
Compression Perpendicular
(N/mm2) 10.6 2.8 12.2
Shear Strength
(N/mm2) 4.5 4.0 4.5
5% MOE, Parallel
(KN/mm2) 10.20 5.93 10.23

Mean MOE, Perpendicular

(KN/mm2) 0.809 0.295 0.812
Mean Shear Modulus
(KN/mm2) 0.758 0.553 0.761
Mean Density
(Kg/m3) 847 482 976

Figure 5: Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus Figure 6: Relationship curve between

of Rupture relations of the characteristic bending strength and
species. characteristic density

Based on the same criteria, Ceiba N/mm2 increase in Modulus of Rupture, the
pentandra and Pseudocedrela kotschyi Modulus of
timber species were assigned to strength Elasticity increases by 186.59
classes C16 and D35 respectively. N/mm2.
The coefficient of determination (r2) is 72.7% Figure 6 shows a relationship curve between
which implies a good correlation between the characteristic bending strength and
modulus of elasticity for the three timber characteristic density which would help to
species and their modulus of rupture as predict bending strength
shown in Figure 5. For every 1

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 CHARACTERISATION AND GRADING OF THREE SELECTED TIMBER SPECIES GROWN IN KWARA STATE,
once the density is obtained. The coefficient
of determination (r2) is 90.7% which shows a
good correlation between the two timber
properties.

4. LOAD/ DEFLECTION CURVE FOR THE

NIGERIAN TIMBER SPECIE
Figure 7, Figure 8 and Figure 9 shows a
relation between the load and deflection for
the potential timbers specie. A corresponding
increase in load with increase in deflection
was observed for all the timber species until a
point of rupture.

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 CHARACTERISATION AND GRADING OF THREE SELECTED TIMBER SPECIES GROWN IN KWARA STATE,

doniana and Pseudocedrela kotschyi are

deciduous species (hardwood) because
their characteristic densities of 706 kg/m3
and 813 kg/m3 fell within the hardwood
density range of 475-
900 kg/m3 as classified in EN338[7].
Furthermore, the timbers were assigned to
appropriate strength classes based on the
European structural timber strength

Figure 7: Load -Deflection curve for

Pseudocedrela
Kotschyi
Timber

Figure 8: Load -Deflection curve for Ceiba

Pentandra
Timbe
r

Figure 9: Load -Deflection curve for Vitex

Doniana
Timbe
r

5.
CONCLUSIO
N
Ceiba pentandra is a coniferous specie
(softwood) because its characteristic density
fall within the softwood density range of 290-
460 kg/m3as classified in EN338 [7]. Vitex

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 CHARACTERISATION AND GRADING OF THREE SELECTED TIMBER SPECIES GROWN IN KWARA STATE,
classification systems in [7]. Ceiba Engineering and Technology Vol. 2,
pentandra ,Vitex doniana and Pseudocedrela Number 6, pp 1076-1088, 2012.
kotschyi were assigned to strength class C16, [6] Appiah-Kubi, E., Kankam, C., and Adom-
D30 and D35 respectively. From the results, Asamoah,
Ceiba pentandra is recommended for low- M “B di g d odulu of l ici y
bearing structures and household furnitures prop r i of
10 lesser-u d i b r p ci i G
while Vitex doniana and Pseudocedrela ” Ghana
kotschyi can be used for load bearing Journal of Forestry, Vol. 28, Number 1, pp
structures. 15-28. ,
Lack of adequate information (mechanical 2012.
properties) on the lesser-used species in [7] EN 338. Structural timber -
Nigeria can lead to the over-exploitation of the Strength Classes.
few commercial species such as Ayin, European Committee for Standardization.
Mahogany, Obeche and Teak whose Austrian
properties are well known. Therefore more
research should be channeled on classification
of less-used timber specie. The authors
conclude that the work would serve as a
revision to the Nigerian timber design code so
as to meet up with international standards.

6.
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Nigerian Journal of Vol. 37, No. 2, April 335