OSI Model, TCP/IP &

Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP

Presented by
Dr. A. Satish
Associate Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Mohan Babu University, Tirupati
 Objectives

• To discuss the OSI model and its layer architecture and to

show the interface between the layers.
• To briefly discuss the functions of each layer in the OSI
model.
 Network Model

• A method of describing and analyzing data communication

networks by breaking the entire set of communication
process into a number of layers.

• Each layer has a specific function.

 The OSI Model

• International standard organization (ISO) established a

committee in 1977 to develop an architecture for systems
communication.

• Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model is the

result of this effort.

• This model allows any two different systems to

communicate regardless of their underlying architecture.
 The OSI Model cont.,

• The OSI model describes how data flows from one

computer, through a network to another computer.

• The OSI model is not a protocol; it is a model for

understanding and designing a network architecture that
is flexible and robust.

• The OSI model consists of seven separate but related

layers, each of which defines a part of the process of
moving information across a network.
Seven Layers of OSI Model
OSI Layers
 The OSI Layers

• Layers 1,2, 3- physical, data link and network are network

support layers.

• Layer 4, the transport layer, links the two subgroups.

• Layers 5,6,7- session, presentation, and application are

• user support layers.
An Exchange Using the OSI Model
 Physical Layer

• Physical layer is the bottom(layer 1) of OSI model.

• It is responsible for the actual physical connection between

the devices.

• The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one node to next.
 Physical Layer

• Physical layer is the bottom(layer 1) of OSI model.

• It is responsible for the actual physical connection between

the devices.

• The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one node to next.
Physical Layer
 Functions of Physical Layer

• Convert bits to signals

• Bit synchronization
• Manage physical connection
• Bit rate control
• Line configuration
• Physical topology
• Transmission mode
• Multiplexing
• Switching
 Data Link Layer

• The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from

one node to the next.
 Functions of Data Link Layer

• Framing:- divides the data from N/W layer into frames.

• Physical Addressing:- Add a header to the frame to define the

physical address of the source and the destination machines.

• Flow Control:- It is the traffic regulatory mechanism

implemented by Data Link layer that prevents the fast sender
from drowning the slow receiver.

• Error Control:- It provides the mechanism of error control in

which it detects and retransmits damaged or lost frames.

• Feedback:- after transmitting the frames, the system waits for

the feedback.
 Network Layer

• It is responsible for the source to destination delivery of a

packets across multiple networks.
 Functions of Network Layer

• Routing:- Provide mechanism to transmit data over

independent networks that are linked together.

• Logical addressing:- Adds Logical addresses of sender and

Receiver.
 Transport Layer

• It is responsible for source process to destination process

delivery of entire message.
 Transport Layer

Transport layer provides two types of services

1) Connection Oriented Transmission: In this type of

transmission the receiving device sends an
acknowledgment back to the source after a packet or
group of packet is received.

2) Connectionless Transmission: In this type of transmission

the receiver does not acknowledge receipt of a packet.
 Functions of Transport Layer

• Segmentation and Reassembly: Divide the message received

from Session layer into Segments and number them to make
a sequence for reassembly at the receiving side.

• Service point addressing: Transport layer makes sure that the

message is delivered to the correct process on destination
machine.

• Error Control: Make sure that the entire message arrives

without errors else retransmit.

• Flow Control: Transport layer makes sure that the sender

and the receiver communicate at a rate they both can
 Session Layer

• It is responsible for beginning, maintaining & ending the

communication between two devices, which is called session.
 Functions of Session Layer

Establishment, maintaining and ending a session:

Sends SYN packet – establish request
Receives ACK & SYN- established
To end – Sender sends ACK

Dialog Control: The session layer allows two systems to enter

into a dialog.

Synchronization: Allows a process to add checkpoints to

a stream of data.
 Presentation Layer

• This layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of

the information exchanged between two systems.
 Functions of Presentation Layer

• Data Translation: Encoding and Decoding Sender to

Common format on Sending side Common to Receiving
format on Receiver side

• Data Encryption: For security and privacy purpose.

• Data Compression: Data compression reduces the number

of bits contained in the information.
 Application Layer

• Provides User interfaces and support for Services, like

email, file transfer.
 Functions of Application Layer

• Network Virtual terminal: It allows a user to log on to a

remote host.

• File Transfer Access, and Management: This application

allows a user to access files in a remote host.

• Mail Services: This application provides various e-mail

services.

• Directory Services: This application provides the

distributed database sources and access for global
information about various objects and services.
 TCP/IP Model

• TCP/IP forms the base of present day internet.

• TCP and IP are two protocols of this model.
• This model was initially used by ARPANET.
• The TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four
layers:
1) Host-to-network
2) Internet
3) Transport
4) Application
TCP/IP & OSI Model
 Host to Network Layer

• It is the bottom layer of TCP/IP model also known as

Network interface layer.

• The purpose of this layer is to connect the host to the

network.
 Internet Layer

• Internet layer is similar to network layer of OSI model in

functionality.

• This layer is responsible for delivering IP packets to their

destinations.

• An important protocol of this layer is IP (Internet

Protocol).
 Internet Protocol

• It is an unreliable and connectionless protocol.

• IP transports data in packets called datagrams.

• IP does not keep track of the routes.

IP Diagram
 Transport Layer

• Transport layer is similar in functionality to transport

layer of OSI model.

• Transport layer of TCP/IP model also provides connection

oriented and connectionless services.
1) Connection Oriented – TCP(Transmission
Control Protocol)
2) Connection Less – UDP(User Datagram Protocol)
 Transport Layer cont..
TCP

• Transport layer used TCP for reliable connection oriented

service.
• The various functions of TCP are:
1) Error Control
2) Flow Control
3) Sequencing

UDP
• Transport layer used this protocol for unreliable connectionless
service.
• No assurance that packet reached.
• No sequencing & No error checking.
• Useful in real time data transfer and quick transfer of large
data.
• It follows that delivery is more important than accurate
delivery.
 Application Layer

• This layer is the combination of Application, Presentation

and Session layer of the OSI model.

• This layer provides various services to different user

applications.

• Application layer includes several high-level protocols that are

used for wide variety of applications like:
TELNET(Terminal Network): Used for remote login.
FTP(File Transfer Protocol): For transfer of file from one
system to another.
HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): For fetching web
pages on world wide web.
 Similarities between OSI & TCP/IP

• Both are based on the concept of a stack of independent

protocols.

• Functionality of layers is roughly similar.

• Up to Transport – network oriented.

• Above – User oriented

 Differences between OSI & TCP/IP

• OSI model has seven layers.

• TCP/IP has four layers.

• OSI model provides clear distinction between services,

interfaces and protocols.
• TCP/IP doesn’t provide clearly distinguish between
services, Interfaces and protocols.

• In OSI model transport layer is connection oriented.

• In TCP/IP transport layer is both connection oriented and
connectionless.
 Differences between OSI & TCP/IP

• In OSI Data Link layer and Physical layer are separate

layers.
• In TCP Data Link layer and Physical layer are combined
as one in Host-to-Network layer.

• Protocols do not fit well into the OSI model.

• Protocols fit well in TC/IP model.

• Minimum size of OSI header is 5 bytes.

• In TCP/IP minimum size of the header is 20 bytes.
Thank You