1

J. Glob. Innov. Agric. Sci., 2025, 13(1):285-296

ISSN (Online): 2788-4546; ISSN (Print):2788-4538
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22194/JGIAS/25.1427
http://www.jgiass.com

The Role of Zakat in Poverty Alleviation and Farmer Welfare; the Theoretical
Review
Abdul Wahid Mongkito1,*, Samdin2, Gamsir3, La Ode Suriadi4, Muh. Yani Balaka5, Lapipi6, La Ode
Muhammad Harafah7, Irmawatty P. Tamburaka8, Alwahidin9 and Ambo Wonua Nusantara10
1
Doctoral Program in Economics, Haluoleo University, Kendari, Indonesia; 2,8,10Faculty of Economics and Business,
Haluoleo University, Kendari, Indonesia; 9Faculty of Economics and Business, IAIN Kendari, Indonesia
*
Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]

Zakat is a must to implement which has been proven to be an instrument for equal distribution of income to alleviate poverty
and socio-economic disparities in society. This research aims to reveal the latest research regarding the role of zakat in poverty
alleviation and prosperity. Then map previous research findings and gaps regarding the role of zakat in poverty alleviation and
prosperity; and reveal the role of zakat in the welfare of farmers. This research uses a literature study paradigm. They used
secondary data from 71 journals. The scientific journal search technique used the keywords "the role of Zakat in alleviating
poverty and welfare of farmers" in the latest publication period between 2014 and 2024. Discussions regarding the role of zakat
in alleviating poverty and welfare are generally carried out in Indonesia, Nigeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tanzania, Brunei
Darussalam, Bangladesh, and Malaysia. Research intensity (number of journals) in the rice line shows an increase. The results
of previous studies agree that zakat has quite important potential as a key instrument in distributing financial resources to be
used by zakat recipients to get out of the poverty line. The results of the next analysis are research findings that specifically
state that zakat has begun to shift to the agricultural sector. In particular, research regarding zakat for the welfare of farmers
began to be carried out in 2016-2024. The focus of the analysis is distribution scenarios, driving factors for zakat payments,
models for empowering zakat recipients, implementation barriers, and most recently the focus on implementing agricultural
zakat for financial inclusion by strengthening institutions. Several predictors that are widely discussed by researchers and need
to be studied further are the role of zakat on poverty and welfare through labor absorption to overcome unemployment and
income inequality.
Keywords: Zakat, poverty, welfare, economic growth, unemployment, inequality, farmers.

INTRODUCTION reduced (Fahad, 2022; Miah, 2017; Mahmud et al., 2015).

Meanwhile, in Pakistan, zakat has been proven to be able to
For Muslims, Zakat is a must. The motivation, apart from reduce income inequality by up to 22.6% (Abdullah et al.,
being an order, is also to earn rewards by distributing part of 2015), also in several countries with a majority Muslim
their income to be used for those who have limited financial population such as Ghana, India, and Palestine (Dogarawa,
resources. According to (Jahan 2021; Malik, 2016) zakat has 2010). It is also the same in Malaysia that zakat plays a role
functioned as an instrument for income distribution to in reducing poverty (Salim et al., 2024). The same thing was
alleviate poverty and socio-economic disparities in society. also reported in Afghanistan (Yar and Nasih, 2024), Tanzania
The goal is to cleanse the soul of stinginess and cleanse the (Hamad, 2023), Nigeria (Yakasai et al., 2021; Atah et al.,
property of other people's rights attached to it. 2018), Pakistan by Shaikh (2015). In Indonesia, among the
Several previous studies have proven the significant role of studies that discuss the role of zakat on poverty and welfare
zakat in reducing poverty and improving community welfare. are Maghfirah (2022); Efendi and Fathurrohman (2021); Beik
Mukhlis and Beik (2013) in their study stated that zakat can et al. (2018); Amir (2017). The research results show that
reduce the number of poor families, and can reduce poverty zakat has a positive impact on reducing the number of poor
gaps and income gaps. Research in Bangladesh found that people.
with the effective utilization of zakat, poverty levels were

Mongkito, A.W., Samdin, Gamsir, L.O. Suriadi, M.Y. Balaka, Lapipi, L.O.M. Harafah, I.P. Tamburaka, Alwahidin and A.W. Nusantara. 2025. The Role of
Zakat in Poverty Alleviation and Farmer Welfare; The Theoretical Review. Journal of Global Innovations in Agricultural Sciences 13:285-296.
[Received 1 Jul 2024; Accepted 3 Aug 2024; Published 1 Jan 2025]
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
 Mongkito, Samdin, Gamsir, Suriadi, Balaka, Lapipi, Harafah, Tamburaka, Alwahidin & Nusantara

However, there is still a gap in effectiveness in terms of its framework for formulating the problem to be researched. The
role in overcoming poverty and creating prosperity. (Eliana ultimate goal of a literature review is to get an overview of
and Endang, 2023) reported that the level of compliance with what other people have done before.
paying zakat is still very low, and has even tended to decline This research purely uses secondary data originating from
in recent years. The cause is the lack of public understanding journals. Secondary data from journal sources that discuss
regarding zakat obligations, lack of trust in zakat management management practices in agricultural development are 71
institutions, and reluctance to pay due to perceptions of international journals. The steps and processes in literature
corruption and injustice. Then it cannot be explained that study research consist of at least four steps as presented in
zakat consistently reduces unemployment and creates Figure 1.
prosperity (Eliana and Endang, 2023). This indicates that The first stage is to determine or formulate problems
analyzing poverty and welfare is quite complex because there regarding the topic discussed according to the researcher's
are many variables to measure, for example, economic growth scientific interests. The resulting topic is about zakat poverty
Salsabila and Azhar (2023); Fuis and Filianti (2022); and welfare.
Mohapatra and Giri (2022); Suryahadi et al. (2020). Then The second stage is a literature search, the literature in
there is the unemployment rate (Taufiqurrahman, 2022; question is scientific publications or journals. The scientific
Suryahadi et al., 2020; Prawesti and Hermawan, 2017; Nisha journal search technique is carried out using several
and Iqbal, 2017). Another factor that has been discussed in techniques (a) The journals analyzed are international, so
explaining the role of zakat is income inequality (Akçay, national journals are ignored; (b) Journal search using the
2022; Tadjoeddin et al., 2021; Tjachja et al., 2020; McDoom keyword "the role of Zakat in poverty alleviation and farmer
et al., 2019; Akhmad et al., 2018). welfare". At this stage, we found a new topic that was
Observing the research results of Fatimah et al. (2024); Salim frequently found, namely "zakat" so that the next journal
et al. (2024); Salsabila et al. (2023); Niswah and Assadam search keyword was "farmers' welfare zakat"; (c) Journal
(2023); Swandaru et al. (2022); Setianingsih et al. (2022); search for the latest publications between 2014 and 2024.
Hakim et al. (2022); Wijaya and Ritonga (2021); Tasriani Search for journals in the Google menu with the keywords
(2021); Saripudin et al. (2020); and Sachfurrohman et al. mentioned above, then classify them by setting standard
(2020) found "empty-space" to update the scope of analysis journals indexed by international databases and indexed by
to answer, namely how zakat plays an important role in Scopus.
alleviating poverty and/or creating prosperity. For
researchers, there is a need to update knowledge regarding the
"empty-space" in question. The first step can be started by
reconstructing theory based on secondary data from the latest
and relevant research through review studies. As a novelty
and originality, this research also contains the content of the
study of zakat which theoretically can have a positive and
strong influence in explaining poverty and welfare, as well as
its influence on economic growth, unemployment, and
income inequality.
The aims of this research are: 1) to reveal the latest research
regarding the role of zakat in poverty alleviation and
prosperity; 2) to map previous research findings and research
gaps regarding the role of zakat in poverty alleviation and
prosperity; and 3) reveal the role of zakat on the welfare of
farmers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Source: Francis and Baldesari (2006)
This study uses a literature study paradigm. Quoted from
Figure 1. Steps and processes in literature study research.
Lewin (2008); Francis and Baldesari (2006); Kitchenham
(2004); Perry and Hammond (2002) that review study
The third stage is journal evaluation, the aim is to ensure that
research is a review or search of the literature as a first step in
each journal is consistent with the topics discussed, namely
collecting relevant information for research. It continues that
"Zakat, Poverty, Welfare and Farmers". The consequence is
a literature review is a description of theories, findings, and
that inconsistent journals are ignored in the literature
other research materials obtained from reference materials to
collection.
be used as a basis for research activities to develop a clear

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 The role of Zakat in poverty alleviation and farmer welfare; the theoretical review

The fourth stage is analysis and interpretation, discussing the

analysis process with the research team. The analysis process
is to create patterns of similarity (compare), or dissimilarity
(contrast); carry out mapping according to topic focus, year,
and country; provide arguments or views (criticize); compare
each journal (synthesize); and summarize.

RESULT

Current Studies Regarding the Role of Zakat in Poverty

Alleviation and Welfare: Analysis of the topic in question
comes from 71 international journals. The results of the
analysis begin by mapping them based on the distribution of
countries in the world that have the most research on zakat,
poverty, and farmers (Figure 2). Then presents the frequency Figure 3. Distribution of Research Topic Focus on the
or focus of topics discussed according to publication year Role of Zakat, Poverty, and Welfare in 2014-
(Figure 3 and Fig. 4). 2024.

Number of journals First, regarding zakat, distribution (institutional and

management), and income as reported by Dharma (2023);
Mubarrak et al. (2023); Mustofa and Khotib (2023); Hasanah
et al. (2023); Hasan and Prabowo (2022); Faizah (2022);
Fahlefi et al. (2019); Manara et al. (2018); Adam and Hidayati
(2018).
The second topic that is widely discussed is zakat, agricultural
zakat, farmer welfare, and poverty. This topic was found in
journals published between 2016-2024 as done by Fatimah et
al. (2024); Salim et al. (2024); Salsabila et al. (2023); Niswah
and Assadam (2023); Swandaru et al. (2022); Setianingsih et
al. (2022); Hakim et al. (2022); Wijaya and Ritonga (2021);
Tasriani (2021); Saripudin et al. (2020); Sachfurrohman et al.
(2020); Farikha (2018); Puspitasari et al. (2016); Hamang et
al. (2016).
Third, be stricter on zakat and poverty. Judging from the
numbers, this topic is more widely researched as reported by
Yar and Nasih (2024); Holle et al. (2024); Setiawan et al.
(2024); Herianingrum et al. (2023); Hisan et al. (2023);
Figure 2. Distribution of Countries Examining the Role of Hamad (2023); Niswah and Assadam (2023); Pratama (2023);
Zakat, Poverty, and Welfare in 2014-2024. Nurhapsari et al. (2022); Afrimaigus and Renata (2022);
Fahad (2022); Faizah (2022); Anggyana et al. (2021); Sahroni
As can be seen in Figure 2, research journals on the topics (2021); Yakasai et al. (2021); Maghfirah and Zulkifli (2020);
analyzed in the 2014-2024 period are distributed in eight Ayuniyyah et al. (2019); Amri (2019); Suteki and Putri
countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Afghanistan, (2019); Ayuniyyah et al. (2018); Aminu (2018); Miah (2017);
Tanzania, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Brunei Syaputra (2016); Jaelani (2015); Mahmud et al. (2015).
Darussalam. Of the total journals, Indonesia has conducted Fourth, it focuses on topics regarding zakat, regional
the most studies on the topics discussed, namely around 57 economics, and empowering small, micro, small, and medium
journals or around 80% of the total journals. The remainder enterprises (MSMEs). This topic will begin to be discussed in
(20%) is distributed across seven countries such as Nigeria, 2024-2024 as carried out by Simbolon and Afdawaiza (2023);
Malaysia, and Bangladesh, each with 3 journals or around Zaenurrosyid et al. (2023); Nurhasanah et al. (2023);
12%. Mustaqim and Atabik (2022); Arifin and Anwar (2021);
The results of the subsequent analysis were seven focus topics Saripudin et al. (2021); Zainuddin and Khalid (2020);
that were widely discussed throughout 2014-2024 as seen in Mustika et al. (2019); Furqani et al. (2018); Shaikh (2015).
Figure 3. The fifth topic is about zakat in the digital era. Topics still
tend to be little reported in Indonesia by Asman (2023); and

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 Mongkito, Samdin, Gamsir, Suriadi, Balaka, Lapipi, Harafah, Tamburaka, Alwahidin & Nusantara

Asman and Ahmed (2023). Sixth, regarding zakat on forest (2021); Zainuddin and Khalid (2020); Saripudin et al. (2020);
farmers as reported by Ali et al. (2021). Seventh, regarding Hasan (2020); Mustika et al. (2019); Ayuniyyah et al. (2018);
zakat and sustainable development (SDGs) as reported by Aminu (2018); Shaikh (2015) is that productive zakat plays
Hasan (2020); Atah et al. (2018). The remainder is in the form an important role in strengthening and growing the economy,
of a literature study conducted by Mutmainah (2023); Kakar businesses (MSMEs) and strengthening community financial
et al. (2023); Nuraini (2021); Roslan and Akbar (2020); institutions such as Agronatif. In the case of Indonesia, the
Mohamed and Fauziyyah (2020). financial institutions that are mostly analyzed are community
Judging from the distribution of time for researching the financial institutions such as cooperatives.
topics of zakat, poverty, and welfare, more will be carried out The third finding is that the use and distribution of zakat will
in 2023 as many as 19. There is an increase compared to 2015 be good for welfare through strengthening micro businesses
from 3 journals slowly to 9 journals in 2021 and 2022. if the distribution is based on information technology. This is
Complete information on the distribution of research time is then followed by the application of management principles
presented in Figure 4 below. such as planning, organizing, staffing, coordinating,
implementing and controlling (POSCAC) (Simbolon and
Afdawaiza, 2023; Herianingrum et al., 2023; Zaenurrosyid et
Number of Journals 19 al., 2023; Mustaqim and Atabik, 2022; Wijaya and Ritonga,
2021; Fahlefi et al., 2019).
The fourth finding is that compliance with zakat payments is
determined by individual characteristic factors (attitudes
norms and gender). Likewise, demographic characteristics
such as education and knowledge contribute significantly to
9 9
8 compliance with zakat payments (Setianingsih et al., 2022).
7
6
5
3 3
1 1
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

Note: Data for 2024 is temporary data

Figure 4. Distribution of Research Topic Focus on the
Role of Zakat, Poverty, and Welfare According
to Year of Implementation.

Synthesis of Research Findings on the Role of Zakat in

Poverty Alleviation and Welfare: Based on the analysis of
review studies, produces four (4) points of research findings
that are most frequently reported by various researchers in Figure 5. Synthesis of Research Findings that are Much
various countries as presented in Figure 5. Discussed Regarding the Role of Zakat, Poverty,
First, zakat has been distributed appropriately so that it plays and Welfare.
a key role in alleviating poverty and creating prosperity
among Muslims globally, food security, financial inclusion, The Role of Zakat in Farmer Welfare: The results of the
and income equality (Salim et al., 2024; Setiawan et al., 2024; analysis have obtained information regarding the role of zakat
Dharma, 2023; Mutmainah, 2023; Mubarrak et al., 2023; for the welfare of farmers as presented in Figure 3. There are
Hisan et al., 2023; Hamad, 2023; Kakar et al., 2023; Mustofa 14 journals or 19.72% that discuss this topic. Almost all
and Khotib, 2023; Hasanah et al., 2023; Pratama, 2023; (93%) research was conducted in Indonesia, and only one
Swandaru et al., 2022; Nurhapsari et al., 2022; Fahad, 2022; (7%) was conducted in Malaysia by Salim et al. (2024).
Hakim et al., 2022; Faizah, 2022; Sahroni, 2021; Yakasai et Judging from time, discussions regarding the role of zakat in
al., 2021; Mohamed and Fauziyyah, 2020; Ayuniyyah et al., the agricultural sector for the welfare of farmers began to be
2019; Suteki and Putri, 2019; Ayuniyyah et al., 2018; Atah et intense from 2000 until now (2024), and only a little in 2018
al., 2018; Manara et al., 2018; Adam and Hidayati 2018; and 2016.
Miah, 2017). The results of the analysis regarding the development of
The second finding was synthesized by Fatimah et al. (2024); analytical focus and research findings that often discuss the
Simbolon and Afdawaiza (2023); Ali et al. (2021); Arifin and role of zakat for farmers' welfare are presented in Figure 6
Anwar (2021); Anggyana et al. (2021); Mohamed and Shafiai below.

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 The role of Zakat in poverty alleviation and farmer welfare; the theoretical review

Judging from the time distribution of research on the topics of

zakat, poverty, and welfare (Figure 4), more research will be
carried out in 2023, around 26.76% of the total journals. In
2024 (until June) there will already be 6 journals, the number
has the potential to increase until the end of the year. Judging
from the trend from 2015-2022, it shows an increasing trend.
From this, it can be said that studies regarding Zakat will be
carried out more intensively in the future.
Research Findings and Gaps on the Role of Zakat in
Poverty Alleviation and Welfare: The results of the analysis
revealed four things that were produced by various
Figure 6. Development of Focus Results of Research researchers as presented in Figure 5. If you look closely, there
Analysis Regarding the Role of Zakat for are interesting things that must be revealed, namely that there
Farmer Welfare. are weaknesses that also reflect research gaps that must be
answered in the future. Referring to the results of the study by
DISCUSSION Holle et al. (2024); Salsabila et al. (2023); Simbolon and
Afdawaiza (2023); Pratama (2023); Tasriani (2021);
Current Studies Regarding the Role of Zakat in Poverty Zainuddin and Khalid (2020); Sachfurrohman et al. (2020);
Alleviation and Welfare: The results of the analysis showed
Maghfirah and Zulkifli (2020); Amri (2019); Furqani et al.
that research on the role of zakat in alleviating poverty and
(2018); Mahmud et al. (2015) there are nine (9) points that are
realizing prosperity was mostly carried out in Indonesia,
problems to be answered in future research, namely: 1.
followed by Nigeria, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Awareness of paying zakat is still low; 2. Lack of public
Afghanistan, Tanzania, and Brunei Darussalam (see Figure literacy about zakat; 3. The Zakat funds distributed have not
2). The distribution of the number of journals is following the
been able to alleviate poverty; 4. Productive zakat alone does
distribution of the Muslim population in the world. As
not have a significant effect on welfare; 5. Zakat has not been
reported by The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Center
significant in developing and empowering recipient
(RISSC) entitled "The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most communities; 6. The amount of money (Zakat) given to them
Influential Muslims 2024" of the ten largest countries with as zakat does not have a significant effect on household
Muslim populations, Indonesia ranks first with around 244.41 income, expenses, and savings; 7. Access and availability of
million people, followed by Pakistan with around 230 million
Ziswaf funds are still very scarce and difficult for the public
people, Bangladesh 157 million people, and Nigeria 108
to obtain; 8. Distribution is incidental and consumptive rather
million people. This fact shows that Indonesia has enormous
than productive; and 9. The use of productive zakat tends to
potential to develop Zakat as an approach to solving the have complexity in its management because there are more
problem of poverty for greater prosperity. The country with stages in preparation and implementation.
the largest Muslim population can also do the same thing to
As initial information in unraveling the research gaps above,
make Zakat an instrument in developing its economy.
at least start developing the concept of zakat financial
The research focus topics that are widely discussed are
inclusion. Financial inclusion which is intended to increase
classified into seven, and the others are one review study. As
the role of zakat in community welfare is carried out by
can be seen in Figure 3, the focus of topics that were widely moving five points as proposed by Holle et al. (2024); Asman
discussed throughout 2014-2024 was zakat and poverty in 24 and Ahmed (2023); Niswah and Assadam (2023); Asman
journals, or 33.80%, followed by topics regarding agricultural
(2023); Nurhasanah et al. (2023); Hasan and Prabowo (2022);
zakat, farmers' welfare, and poverty at around 19.71%. The
Afrimaigus and Renata (2022); Farikha (2018); Puspitasari et
topics that are little discussed are zakat in the digital era and
al. (2016); Jaelan (2015), namely: a) Zakat is managed on
zakat and sustainable development (SDGs) in only 2 journals target to alleviate poverty; b) Awareness of paying zakat can
or 2.82%. This shows that scientists have an interest in be increased significantly through a holistic approach,
producing various scientific findings to maximize zakat for education, partnership, synergy and transparency; c) Zakat
poverty alleviation. The logic is, that if poverty is overcome,
management must be adjusted to the needs of those entitled to
it will directly create prosperity, the economy will grow
receive it in accordance with the socio-economic conditions
further, and the country will become more prosperous.
of Muslim citizens; d) Zakat needs to be maximized in three
Apart from this, there is a new fact, namely that there is a dimensions: infaq, sadaqah and waqf arrangements; reliable
journal that discusses zakat on forest farmers (1.41%) which human resources; and increasing the intellectual, mental and
was carried out in 2021 by Ali et al. (2021). This is quite spiritual capacity of zakat recipients (mustahiq); and e) There
interesting because it provides new information regarding
is a need for a role model for rural development based on
maximizing zakat distribution in the forestry sector.
sharia economics with the community as the main driver.

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 Mongkito, Samdin, Gamsir, Suriadi, Balaka, Lapipi, Harafah, Tamburaka, Alwahidin & Nusantara

Figure 7. Conceptual Model of the Role of Zakat, Poverty, and Welfare.

These five recommendations are the entry point or are course, what has a greater impact is that the implementation
explicitly stated as state-of-the-art to start future research. of sharia economics will become more massive. Third, the
You can formulate it all at once or you can choose between ease of capital required by farmers will have an impact on the
the five points according to factual conditions and empirical development of agricultural businesses. In this way, it is
phenomena. In simple terms, the results of the analysis are hoped that the agricultural sector, which is starting to weaken
presented in a conceptual model as seen in Figure 7. its role on the national stage, will remain visible and pay
The Role of Zakat in Farmer Welfare: Previous studies that attention to the government.
specifically discussed the role of zakat on the welfare of The 2018 study of zakat in the agricultural sector (farmers'
farmers were carried out from 2016 to 2024, divided into welfare) discusses the factors driving farmers to pay zakat and
seven phases and topics as presented in Figure 6. The first the sharia model. As reported by Farikha (2018), the factors
phase was the 2016 research period discussing the role of driving farmers to pay zakat are religious, economic
religious figures (ulama) in encouraging the Government to motivation, zakat governance, and satisfaction of zakat
jointly coordinate agricultural zakat (Hamang et al., 2016); payers. Zakat payments made by farmers in this village have
and zakat distribution scenarios (Puspitasari et al., 2016). become a role model for Sharia-based rural development with
Puspitasari et al. (2016) continued that there are three things the community as the main driver.
to pay attention to when distributing zakat to alleviate farmer Discussion in 2020 on empowerment. Sachfurrohman et al.
poverty. First, for zakat institutions, the absorption of zakat (2020) discuss the role of zakat institutions in empowering the
funds that have been collected is to maximize distribution so community, and Saripudin et al. (2020) examine the
that no zakat funds sit in the zakat institution's account for a empowerment model. Sachfurrohman et al. (2020) found that
long period. Second, Sharia insurance, whose role and the Zakat Community Development (ZCD) model did not
function are still unknown, especially by the lower levels of affect community empowerment due to a lack of supervision,
society, will increasingly exist and be known in all circles. Of control, and evaluation from Zakat distribution institutions.

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 The role of Zakat in poverty alleviation and farmer welfare; the theoretical review

This is contrary to expectations which state that providing Regarding predictor factors, as done by Setianingsih et al.
capital can improve people's welfare and turn mustahik into (2022) stated that the predictor factors in explaining
muzakki (people who are obliged to pay zakat). The problems compliance with paying agricultural zakat are individual
raised by Sachfurrohman et al. (2020) were then answered by factors (attitudes and norms), demographic factors, zakat
Saripudin et al. (2020) in their research stating that in the knowledge, and religiosity. Attitude factors do not influence
context of economic empowerment of rural farmers, an compliance in paying agricultural zakat, and subjective norms
empowerment institutional model is needed by maximizing and perceived behavioral control have a positive influence on
the potential of zakat, infaq and alms as the main capital. This zakat compliance. Demographic factors represented by
institution integrates empowerment models that have been Islamic educational background have a positive influence on
implemented by both the government and the private sector, zakat compliance, while gender has a negative influence on
namely; providing capital assistance and increasing capacity, zakat payments. Zakat knowledge and religiosity factors have
providing agricultural production facilities at relatively cheap a positive influence on zakat compliance.
prices, providing nine basic commodities, and purchasing Entering 2023, the next discussion regarding zakat will be
farmers' harvests. The institution's operational activities use regarding the implementation of agricultural zakat as a
sharia principles to minimize usury. The implementation of solution to improving farmers' welfare by Salsabila et al.
this strategy is expected to reduce the distribution of goods (2023). The research is motivated by the fact that Muslim
and harvests so that it can increase farmers' income and in the farmers' awareness of agricultural zakat payments is still low
long term increase farmers' capital accumulation. In the end, due to a lack of knowledge about productive payment
farmers who were previously mustahik can be transformed systems. Therefore, Salsabila et al. (2023) concluded that
into muzakki (Saripudin et al., 2020). farmers' awareness of agricultural zakat can be significantly
The research focus in 2021 revealed obstacles to the increased through a holistic approach involving education,
implementation of agricultural zakat (Tasriani, 2021) and partnerships, and transparency to ensure the implementation
efforts to increase zakat (Wijaya and Ritonga, 2021). of effective and sustainable zakat programs. Productive
According to Tasriani (2021), the obstacle to implementing agricultural zakat can provide smart solutions to improve
agricultural zakat is due to the lack of public literacy about community welfare, especially when mustahik (zakat
agricultural zakat, apart from that there has been no recipients) can manage zakat effectively. Through this
socialization regarding agricultural zakat from community approach, not only does the agricultural sector thrive, but
leaders and the government. Wijaya and Ritonga (2021) other aspects of mustahik life also receive support, resulting
continued in their research that increasing welfare through in a more comprehensive positive impact.
zakat can be done through: 1) Program planning, namely by The latest research on agricultural zakat is directed at the role
budgeting activity plans for recipients; 2) Implementation of of productive zakat in strengthening local institutions to
empowerment, namely giving zakat to mustahiq, providing improve farmers' welfare (Fatimah et al., 2024). Then
mentoring and mentoring as well as strengthening religious agricultural zakat is for poverty alleviation, empowerment,
mentality for mustahiq; and 3) Evaluating empowerment and financial inclusion in urban areas (Salim et al., 2024).
activities, namely conducting a review of the recipients and According to Fatimah et al. (2024) zakat (productive) which
returning them to the new mustahiq. Referring to Wijaya and is managed in the form of "Dompet Dhuafa" plays an
Ritonga's (2021) report, efforts to increase literacy as an important role in strengthening Agronative Cooperatives. The
obstacle to implementation (Tasriani, 2021) should include role of Agronative Cooperatives in improving farmers'
every process and/or implementation stage that includes the welfare is carried out through three things; coaching on
interests of literacy for the community and zakat recipients. aspects of plant cultivation, character development to increase
Analysis of the role of zakat during 2022 examining the role farmer discipline, and off-takers or market liaisons for
of zakat on the welfare of farmers by Hakim et al. (2022), distributing farmers' products so that they feel calm about the
exploring predictor factors for compliance with zakat selling prices offered by the cooperative.
payments by Setianingsih et al. (2022), and zakat as Salim et al. (2024) emphasized that the zakat-based urban
sustainable financial inclusion by Swandaru et al. (2022). The agriculture model has demonstrated a new and effective
results of the analysis by Swandaru et al. (2022) state that with approach to overcoming urban poverty and increasing food
the existence of the zakat program, the number of poor security, as well as integrating the principles of Islamic social
farmers as measured by the headcount index is decreasing finance. The model's impact on poverty alleviation is
based on the standard poverty line and having kifayah. In the enormous, as it not only provides financial assistance but also
same vein, Hakim et al. (2022) in their study concluded that empowers participants with skills and a sustainable source of
the payment of zakat (muzaraah contract) greatly influences income. This approach results in substantial improvements in
the welfare of farmers, characterized by their ability to meet food security, with participants growing their produce,
basic needs, and slowly shows an increase in welfare. resulting in cost savings and better access to nutritious food.

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 Mongkito, Samdin, Gamsir, Suriadi, Balaka, Lapipi, Harafah, Tamburaka, Alwahidin & Nusantara

Another important success was fostering a strong sense of management) and income. What's interesting is that there is
community and empowerment among the participants. research on agricultural and forestry zakat, so this is a good
If we look closely at the results of the analysis in many thing to follow up on in the future.
journals, we can conceptually find the essence of the predictor The results of the next analysis are research findings grouped
factors in explaining the relationship between zakat and the into four topics. First, zakat has been distributed appropriately
economy, demographics, poverty, and social welfare. Many to play a key role in alleviating poverty and creating global
people say that the economy is related to economic growth in prosperity among Muslims, as well as food security, financial
GRDP, while demography is related to unemployment and inclusion, and income equality. Second, zakat plays an
income inequality. important role in strengthening and growing the economy,
When explored with relevant research, these things still give and businesses (MSMEs) and strengthening community
rise to discourse, especially researchers who have not financial institutions. Third, using and distributing zakat will
consistently proven a significant positive linear relationship. benefit welfare through strengthening micro businesses if the
For example, if economic growth contributes significantly to distribution is based on information technology. This is then
the welfare of society, it is rejected by Eliana and Endang followed by the application of management principles,
(2023). Then the reduction in unemployment should reflect a namely POSCAC. Fourth is compliance with zakat payments
significant increase in welfare, which is not in line with the is determined by individual characteristic factors (attitudes
research results. Another pattern is that income inequality norms and gender), and demographic characteristics such as
does not correlate with poverty. Likewise, income inequality education and knowledge.
does not correlate with welfare (Eliana and Endang, 2023). In particular, research regarding zakat for the welfare of
Finally, the research produced a conceptual model that needs farmers began to be carried out in 2016-2024. The focus of
to be explored in future research, which is simply shown in the analysis is distribution scenarios, driving factors for zakat
Figure 8. payments, models for empowering zakat recipients,
implementation barriers, and most recently the focus on
implementing agricultural zakat for financial inclusion by
strengthening institutions. Several predictors that are widely
discussed by researchers and need to be studied further are the
role of zakat on poverty and welfare through labor absorption
to overcome unemployment and income inequality.

Authors' contributions: The first author Abdul Wahid

Mongkito as the main contributor. Authors: Samdin, Gamsir,
and La Ode Suriadi helped test the research instruments and
the sharpness of the analysis. Authors: Muh. Yani Balaka,
Lapipi, La Ode Muhammad Harafah, Irmawatty P.
Figure 8. Conceptual Framework of Predictor Factors for Tamburaka, Alwahidin, and Ambo Wonua Nusantara
Welfare and Poverty. checked the quality of the manuscript content to make it
worthy of publication in a reputable journal.
Conclusion: Discussions regarding the role of zakat in Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank the
alleviating poverty for prosperity in the 2014-2024 period are promoter team, Postgraduate Director, and Chancellor of
generally carried out in Muslim countries such as Indonesia, Halu Oleo University for facilitating the research study.
Nigeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tanzania, Brunei Conflict of interest: The authors declared no conflict of
Darussalam, Bangladesh and Malaysia. The intensity of interest.
research (number of journals) in general shows an increase, Funding: There is no financial assistance from sponsors or
peaking in 2023 at 19 journals, which was lower in the other parties in any form.
previous year (an average of 3 journals). Of the journals Informed consent: N/A
analyzed, the majority were conducted in Indonesia. The SDG’s addressed: No Poverty, Zero Hunger, Good health and
results of previous studies agree that zakat has quite important Well-being
potential as a key instrument in distributing financial
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