MODULE - 02
1. Data and Transmission Techniques
Data Types
• Analog Data: Continuous waveforms representing data like sound, video, etc.
o Example: Human voice, temperature over time.
• Digital Data: Discrete values in binary format (0s and 1s).
o Example: Text files, software data.
Transmission Techniques
1. Analog Transmission
o Transmits analog data as continuous electromagnetic waves.
o Example: AM and FM radio.
o Diagram:
o [Analog Source] --> [Modulation] --> [Transmission Medium] -->
[Demodulation] --> [Receiver]
2. Digital Transmission
o Sends digital data using discrete signal levels.
o Example: Sending binary data via Ethernet cables.
3. Baseband Transmission
o Digital signals are sent without modulation.
o Used for short distances.
o Example: Local Area Networks (LANs).
4. Broadband Transmission
o Signals modulated on different frequencies for simultaneous transmission.
o Example: Cable television.
Transmission Modes
• Simplex: One-way communication.
o Example: Keyboard to computer.
• Half-Duplex: Two-way communication, one direction at a time.
o Example: Walkie-talkies.
• Full-Duplex: Simultaneous two-way communication.
o Example: Telephone conversation.
2. Multiplexing
Definition: Combining multiple signals to share a single transmission medium.
Types of Multiplexing:
1. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
o Each signal is assigned a different frequency band.
o Example: FM radio, cable TV.
o Diagram:
o [Signal 1] --|
o [Signal 2] --|---> FDM Multiplexer ---> Shared Channel
o [Signal 3] --|
2. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
o Each signal gets a unique time slot.
o Example: Telephone systems.
3. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
o Used in fiber optics; different light wavelengths.
o Example: Optical networks.
4. Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)
o Each signal encoded with a unique code.
o Example: CDMA in mobile phones.
Multiplexing Benefits
• Efficient use of bandwidth
• Reduced infrastructure cost
3. Transmission Media
A. Guided Media (Wired)
1. Twisted Pair Cable
o Two insulated copper wires twisted together.
o Speed: Up to 10 Gbps (Cat 6/7).
o Example: Telephone lines, Ethernet LAN.
2. Coaxial Cable
o Central core conductor, insulation, shield.
o Example: Cable TV, broadband internet.
3. Optical Fiber Cable
o Uses light to transmit data.
o Very high speed and low attenuation.
o Example: Backbone of internet infrastructure.
o Diagram:
o [Light Source] ---> [Optical Fiber] ---> [Light Detector]
B. Unguided Media (Wireless)
1. Radio Waves
o Omni-directional.
o Example: AM/FM radio, mobile communication.
2. Microwaves
o Unidirectional, line-of-sight required.
o Example: Satellite communication.
3. Infrared
o Short-range, non-penetrating.
o Example: TV remotes.
4. Asynchronous Communication
Definition: Transmission in which data is sent one byte at a time with start and stop bits.
No clock signal is shared.
Characteristics:
• No synchronization required between sender and receiver.
• Each character is independent.
• Higher overhead due to extra bits.
Structure:
| Start Bit (0) | 7/8-bit Data | Optional Parity Bit | Stop Bit(s) (1) |
Example:
Sending character 'A' (01000001):
Start(0) + 01000001 + Stop(1)
= 0 01000001 1
Applications:
• Used in RS-232 serial communication
• Communication with modems, microcontrollers, terminals
• Devices like keyboards and mouse use asynchronous signaling internally
Advantages:
• Simple and cost-effective
• Works well for intermittent data
Disadvantages:
• Inefficient for large, continuous data transfer
• Extra bits reduce effective throughput
Diagram:
Character 'A':
|0|0|1|0|0|0|0|0|1|1|
Start Data bits Stop
5. Wireless Transmission
Definition: Transmission of data without physical wires using electromagnetic waves.
Types of Wireless Transmission:
1. Radio Transmission
o Uses radio frequencies (30 Hz – 1 GHz).
o Characteristics: Omni-directional, can penetrate buildings.
o Example: FM/AM radio, Wi-Fi, mobile phones.
2. Microwave Transmission
o Operates between 1 GHz to 300 GHz.
o Requires line-of-sight.
o Used In: Satellite communications, cellular networks.
o Example: Telephone relay towers.
3. Infrared Transmission
o Uses infrared light for short-range communication.
o Cannot pass through obstacles.
o Example: TV remote, wireless mouse.
4. Bluetooth
o Short-range radio technology for device communication.
o Example: Wireless earphones, file transfer.
5. Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
o High-speed wireless internet over short distances.
o Frequencies: 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands.
Applications
• Mobile and satellite communication
• Remote sensing and telemetry
• Internet of Things (IoT)
Advantages
• No cabling required
• Ideal for remote areas and mobility
Disadvantages
• Susceptible to interference
• Security concerns and limited bandwidth
Diagram:
