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Third

The document provides an overview of English grammar, focusing on conditional sentences, comparatives, superlatives, and relative pronouns. It details the structures and examples for zero, first, second, and third conditionals, as well as how to form comparatives and superlatives for different types of adjectives. Additionally, it explains the use of relative pronouns and distinguishes between defining and non-defining relative clauses.

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2 views5 pages

Third

The document provides an overview of English grammar, focusing on conditional sentences, comparatives, superlatives, and relative pronouns. It details the structures and examples for zero, first, second, and third conditionals, as well as how to form comparatives and superlatives for different types of adjectives. Additionally, it explains the use of relative pronouns and distinguishes between defining and non-defining relative clauses.

Uploaded by

clalejos.french
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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🟩 1.

IF Clauses (Conditionals)
Type When to Use Structure Example

Zero Facts or always true If + present, present If you mix red and
blue, you get purple.

First Real, possible future If + present, will + If I study, I will pass


verb the test.

Second Imaginary or unreal If + past, would + If I were a bird, I


now or future verb would fly.

Third Imaginary past (didn't If + had + past If I had done my


happen) participle, would have homework, I would
+ past participle have passed.

🧠 “If” means maybe. Look at the verb tense to know when the action happens.
Zero Conditional: Use: Facts or always true
Structure: If + present, present
Examples:
- If you heat ice, it melts.
- If it rains, the grass gets wet.
- If you don't water plants, they die.

First Conditional:Use: Real, possible future


Structure: If + present, will + verb
Examples:
- If I study, I will pass the test.
- If it rains tomorrow, we will stay home.
- If you eat too much candy, you will get a stomachache.
Second Conditional:Use: Imaginary or unreal now/future
Structure: If + past, would + verb
Examples:
- If I were rich, I would buy a big house.
- If she had wings, she would fly.
- If we lived on the moon, we would bounce everywhere.

Third Conditional: Use: Imaginary past (didn't happen)


Structure: If + had + past participle, would have + past participle
Examples:
- If I had studied, I would have passed the test.
- If they had left earlier, they would have caught the bus.
- If you had told me, I would have helped you.

🟨 2. Comparatives and Superlatives


💡 How to Make Them
Adjective Type Comparative Superlative Example

1 syllable + -er + -est tall → taller / the


tallest

2 syllables ending change y → i + -er change y → i + -est happy → happier /


in -y the happiest

2 or more syllables more + adjective the most + adjective careful → more


careful / the most
careful

🔁 Common Irregular Adjectives


Adjective Comparative Superlative Example

good better the best She is better at math.

bad worse the worst That was the worst


movie ever.

far farther / further the farthest / the We walked farther


furthest today.

little (amount) less the least He has less candy.


many / much more the most She has the most
stickers.

🧠 Short adjectives → use -er/-est​


🧠 Long adjectives → use more/most​
🧠 Some words are irregular and must be memorized!

Relative Pronouns

Pronoun Used For Example

Who People The girl who won the race is my friend.

Which Animals or things I lost the book which you gave me.

That People or things The cake that she made is delicious.

Where Places This is the park where we play soccer.

When Time Summer is the season when we go swimming.

🧠 These words help us add more information to a noun.

🟦 Relative Pronouns – More Examples


🔹 Who (for people)
●​ The boy who is running is my brother.
●​ I know a girl who can speak three languages.
●​ My uncle, who lives in Spain, is visiting us.
●​ The teacher who gave us homework is absent today.

🔹 Which (for things and animals)


●​ I have a cat which loves to sleep on my bed.
●​ This is the pen which I use to write stories.
●​ The pizza, which was very hot, burned my mouth.
●​ We watched a movie which was very funny.

🔹 That (for people or things — often replaces "who" or "which")


●​ She is the girl that won the prize.
●​ This is the book that I read last night.
●​ He bought a shirt that was too small.
●​ They saw a bird that was building a nest.

🔹 Where (for places)


●​ That is the house where I grew up.
●​ This is the café where we had lunch.
●​ I know a park where kids play soccer.
●​ The school where I study is very big.

🔹 When (for time)


●​ Summer is the time when we go on vacation.
●​ Do you remember the day when we met?
●​ That was the year when I learned to swim.
●​ There are moments when I feel very happy.

Defining vs. Non-defining Relative Clauses (with more


examples)
🔹 Defining Relative Clauses
●​ Use: Gives important information about the noun.
●​ No commas are used.
●​ We need this information to know exactly who or what we are talking about.

Examples:

●​ The girl who is wearing a yellow dress is my cousin.


●​ The book that I borrowed from the library is exciting.
●​ The place where we met was very noisy.
●​ The teacher who helps me with math is very kind.
●​ The school where I learn English is very big.

🔸 Non-defining Relative Clauses


●​ Use: Adds extra information about the noun.
●​ Commas are used.
●​ We don’t need the extra part to understand the main idea.

Examples:

●​ My cousin, who is wearing a yellow dress, is coming to the party.


●​ The book, which I borrowed from the library, is very exciting.
●​ London, where I was born, is a big city.
●​ Mr. Perez, who teaches science, is very funny.
●​ My house, which is near the park, has a red door.

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