HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE which prevails at a certain place • GEOLOGICAL - the science and

and time.” study of physical matter that

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE BUILDING constitutes the earth
- “It is a record of man's effort to - A basic need • CLIMATIC - encompasses the
build beautifully. It traces the - A social act statistics of temperature,
origin, growth and decline of ARKI-TEKTON (GREEK) humidity, atmospheric pressure,
architectural styles which have - master builder wind, rainfall, atmospheric
prevailed lands and ages.” ARCHITECTURE particle count and other
- “A systematic, often - had a simple origin in the meteorological elements in a
chronological narrative of primitive efforts of mankind to given region over long periods of
significant events as relating to a provide protection against time
particular people, country, or inclement weather, wild beasts, • Religious
period, often including an and human enemies. • Socio-political
explanation of their causes.” Influences of the Development of • Historical
HISTORIC STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE Architecture
- “The particular method, the • Geographical - the study of the
characteristics, manner of design Earth and its lands, features,
inhabitants, and phenomena
HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF ARCHITECTURE

❖ PREHISTORIC c. NEOLITHIC (NEW STONE - Existing or excavated caves

MEGALITHIC SITES IN EUROPE AGE) - domestication of - Megalithic, most evident in
- describes structures made of plants and animals. France, England and Ireland
large stones, utilizing an development of pottery, DECORATION
interlocking system without the polished stone tools are more - Caves paintings
use of mortar or cement. complex, larger settlements - Sculpture
- Before 9000 BC, nomadic life of such as Çatal Hüyük and PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS
hunting & food gathering. Jericho Hunters and fishermen - rock caves,
- The success of the human race 2. BRONZEAGE - Innovation of the (manifestly the earliest form of
was largely due to the technique of smelting ore. A human dwellings)
development of tools – made of period of human history that • Tillers of the soil - arbours of
stone, wood, bone. began c. 4000-3000 BCE, trees, and from them fashioned
- By 9000 BC, farming and following the Stone age and huts of wattle and daub
agriculture was practiced - fertile preceding the Iron age. • WIGWAM - An American Indian
soil and plentiful food 3. IRON AGE - -prevalent use of dwelling, usually of round or oval
3 CULTURAL STAGES iron. Introduction of alphabetic shape, formed of poles overlaid
1. STONEAGE characters, and the consequent with bark, rush mats, or animal
a. PALEOLITHIC (OLD STONE development of written skins.
AGE) language which enabled
b. MESOLITHIC (MIDDLE STONE literature and historic record.
AGE) - gradual domestication ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS:
of plants and animals and the MATERIALS
formation of settled - Animal skins & bones, trees &
communities at various times plants, stones & rocks
and places. CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
1|ARCH501 – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
Shepherds - coverings of skins which • DOLMEN - tomb of standing
only had to be raised on posts to form stone usually consisting of three
tents. or more upright stones capped
• TIPI/TEPEE/TEEPEE - A tent of with a large flat horizontal
American Indians, made of capstone.
animal skins laid on a conical
frame of long poles and having
an opening at the top for
ventilation and a flap door.

• CROMLECH - enclosure formed • TUMULUS - Treasury of Atreus,

by huge stones planted on the Greece
ground in circular form. - Ice Age to the Neolithic Age; the
Stonehenge, Salsburry, England earth’s climate warmed up.
- As settlements became more
• TRULLO – A traditional rendered permanent, hunters started
stone dwelling in Apulia, farming communities.
southern Italy, in which square - New architecture was also
chambers are roofed with developed to represent
conical vaulted roofs. communal and spiritual values.
EARLY CITIES
• JERICHO - One of the world's
oldest continually-inhabited city.
RECONSTRUCTED PLAN OF - A hilltop city; citizens lived in
STONEHENGE, ENGLAND - made up stone houses with plaster floors,
of concentric rings with the surrounded by high walls and
• HOGAN - A Navaho Indian following: towers.
dwelling constructed usually of a) Outer ring – 106 ft. in diameter
earth and logs and covered with b) Isolated blue stone
mud and sod. c) Innermost circle
d) Smaller blue stone

• KHIROKITIA – One of the earliest

Neolithic village.
- Utilized a complex architectural
• IGLOO - An Eskimo house,
system built according to a
usually built of blocks of hard
preconceived plan, suggesting a
snow or ice in the shape of a
structured social organization.
dome, or when permanent, of
sod, wood, or stone.
- Known in the 12th century as
“DANCE OF THE GIANTS”
- Known today as the “SARCEN
CIRCLE”
RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS - Druids celebrating summer
solstice - Houses, built in limestone, had a
• MENHIR - single, large upright
BURIAL MONUMENTS circular plan, the exterior
monolith.
- Arranged in parallel rows, • TUMULUS (PASSAGE GRAVE)/ diameter of which varied from
BARROW - mound of earth & about 2 to 9 meters.
sometimes reaching several
miles and consisting of stones raised over a grave or
thousands of stones. graves of ordinary persons
- Memorial of victory over one - dominant tomb type
tribe - has corridor lined with large
stone slabs leading to a circular • ÇATAL HÜYÜK – Largest and
chamber with corbelled vault. most well-preserved Neolithic
- prototype of Egyptian pyramids village.

2|ARCH501 – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

- Consisted of rectangular flat- • ASSYRIAN PERIOD (1250 TO 606
roofed houses packed together B.C.)
into a single architectural mass • BABYLONIAN PERIOD (606 TO
- No streets or passageways. 538 B.C.)
• PERSIAN PERIOD
❖ PERSIA – Hard, colored o EANNADU - earliest Babylonian
limestones (building of Susa and king mentioned in the cuneiform
Persepolis) inscriptions who reigned
❖ NEAR EAST - 4000 BC to 4th • Roof-timbers (obtained from B.C.4500
Elam) o SARGON (B.C. 722-705) - the
century
GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE • Persian tiles - world-famous for most celebrated Assyrian king;
- Near East/ West Asiatic their beauty of texture and erected the great palace at
colors Khorsabad
Architecture flourished &
developed in the Twin Rivers - Due to floods & heavy rains, it o REIGNS OF DARIUS (B.C. 521-
resulted in the conversion of its 485); and XERXES (B.C. 485- 465)
“Tigris & Euphrates”.
- also known as “Mesopotamia” earthen into clay to produce - most interesting palaces were
“bricks” in Assyria and Babylon erected at Susa and Persepolis.
(refers to Persia, Assyria &
Babylon) - Due to rare experience of rain in - The country remained under the
GREEK: Persia, they used timber and rule of the Persians until the time
MESOS = middle; coloured limestone. of Alexander the Great, B.C. 333,
CLIMATIC INFLUENCE when it became a possession of
POTAMOS = river
- One of the earliest seats of ❖ Chaldea and Assyria the Greeks. The conquest of
civilization, • floods and heavy rains = Egypt by Cambyses, B.C. 525,
“ZIGGURATS” and the dazzling impression left
o great fertility
o cradle and tomb of nations ❖ Persia - dry & hot climate = open by the marvelous buildings of
columned type temples Memphis and Thebes, caused
and empires
- The plain of Mesopotamia, once - country of sunshine, gardens and the development of the use of
deserts the column amongst the
the seat of a high civilization, was
irrigated by numerous canals RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Persians.
❖ BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA - In the seventh century A. D., the
between the above-mentioned
rivers, and was highly cultivated, • POLYTHEISM - worship of Arabs overran the country and
heavenly bodies, divisions of the settled there Bagdad becoming a
supporting an immense
universe, and local deities new capital of great
population round Nineveh and
• CHIEF GODS: magnificence. Towards the close
Babylon
o ANU - sky god of the tenth century, the Turks, a
GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE
o BAAL - earth god barbarous people pouring in
❖ CHALDEA OR LOWER
MESOPOTAMIA o EA – water god from the east, settled in the
❖ PERSIA - MONOTHEISM country, which is at the present
• ALLUVIAL - thick mud or clay
• system of ethical forces, moment in a desolate state
• usual building material - soil
believers of good and evil. owing to Turkish misrule.
made into bricks
SOCIAL-POLITICAL INFLUENCE ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• ordinary sundried bricks -
❖ ASSYRIANS - sturdy, warlike, but • Massiveness
general body of the walls
cruel people • Monumentality
• "kiln-burnt" and sometimes
- conquering monarchs took • Grandeur
glazed or vitrified bricks of
thousands of prisoners ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
different colors - used as a facing
❖ BABYLONIAN - among the three ❖ ASSYRIAN & BABYLONIAN -
were considered extraordinary Arcuated type of construction;
because achieved highest Arch, vault and flat strips,
degree of civilization (e.g. buttresses with glazed tile
irrigation, trade, cuneiform, Law adornment.
of Hammurabi)
❖ ASSYRIA - followed Babylonians ❖ ASSYRIAN AND PERSIAN -
in the use of glazed brick believed in military superiority
- faced the walls internally and thus manifested in their
externally with alabaster or buildings
limestone slabs carved with low HISTORICAL INFLUENCE
bas-reliefs and inscriptions. • CHALDEAN PERIOD (4000 TO
1250 B.C.)

3|ARCH501 – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

- Colossal-winged bulls, carved HYPOSTYLE HALL OF XERXES
alabaster slabs, sculptured bas- - probably used as a throne room
reliefs - originally had seventy -two black
❖ PERSIAN - Columnar and marble columns, 67 feet in
trabeated with flat timber roof height, arranged in a somewhat
sometimes dome. novel manner supporting a flat
roof.
❖ ASSYRIA
• Palace
Palace of Sargon, Khorsabad
- entrance portals flanked with
statues of headed winged bulls &
lions
- contains 700 rooms PALACE PLATFORM, PERSEPOLIS
EXAMPLES
- with its various courts,
❖ BABYLON - Steps leading to the eastern
chambers, and corridors is
• ZIGGURATS or “Holy Mountains” portico of the Apadana
supposed to have occupied an (Audience Hall) of Persepolis.
- chief building structure,
area of 25 acres.
- square or rectangle in plan w/
steeply battered sides
- an open platform on top
containing the “Fire Altar”.
Winged bulls with Human head and
Bas Relief
PALACE PARTS:
a) SERAGLIO – palace proper
which includes the king’s
residence, men’s apartment
- The angles of these temples & reception courts for COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
were made to face the cardinal visitors • PLAN
points b) HAREM - private
- surmounted by a richly - A special character was given to
apartments of the prince the temples of the early, and the
decorated temple chamber, and his family, women’s palaces of the later period, by
which served as a shrine and apartment
observatory from which raising them on terraces or
c) KHAN - service chambers, a platforms some 30 feet to 50
astrological studies could be Moslem “inn” for travelers.
made. feet in height.
❖ PERSIA - Angles of the Assyrian ziggurats
• DEVELOPMENT • Palace face the cardinal points of the
o ARCHAIC ZIGGURAT - PALACE PLATFORM, PERSEPOLIS compass
usually have one flat top - occupies 1500 & 1000 ft. & is - Assyrian palaces were designed
rectangular mound carrying elevated 40 ft. so as to be effective internally
the upper temple. - one of the important capitals of and externally, being raised on
Persia the platforms
- contains the following: • WALL
a) Palace of Darius Assyrians - used stone only as a
b) Palace of Xerxes
o TWO OR THREE-STAGED facing to their brick walls
ZIGGURAT - rectangular in c) Hypostyle Hall of Xerxes - the massive walls, which were of
d) Hall of Hundred columns by cased brickwork, only remain,
plan, design w/ several tiers
Darius the columns being of wood
or stages.
e) PROPYLAEA – entrance to hall having perished.
designed by Xerxes - In Persia - the walls which were
HALL OF HUNDRED COLUMNS thin have disappeared, leaving
- 225 feet square the massive stone or marble
- probably used as an audience blocks forming the door and
o SEVEN-STAGED ZIGGURAT and throne-hall window openings, immense
during the Assyrian period columns, and broad stairways
which alone have survived the
ravages of time.
- The slabs of alabaster with which
the walls of the palaces were

4|ARCH501 – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

 faced reveal much of the social the capital were treated DIFFERENT EGYPTIAN GODS
history of the people. with plain sinkings. • AMUN-RA – chief god
• ORNAMENT • RAH – symbol of the sun, hope
- Assyrian sculptures in alabaster for eternal life
exhibit considerable technical • ATUM – world creator
skill and refinement • OSIRIS – god of the dead
• OPENINGS
- Notable repousse pattern work • ISIS – wife of Osiris
- Lighting to the temples is
on bronze bowls, shields, and • HORUS – sky god, son of Osiris,
gate fittings. also reincarnation of ”Ra”
conjectural, but it appears to
have been effected by means of himself
a “clerestory” • SET – dead god of evil, brother of
- Use of the arch, both circular and pleasure
pointed ❖ EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE - From • THOT – ibis headed god of
3000 BC to 1st century AD wisdom
GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE • ANUBIS – jackal headed god of
• EGYPT - known as “The Land of death.
Pharaohs” • PTAH – god of craftsmen
• NILE RIVER - means of • SERAPIS – bull god
communication, trade route& SOCIAL & POLITICAL INFLUENCE
DOORWAYS - of great size, give lifeline • MONARCHY – form of
buildings a sufficient supply of light - Egypt’s greatest wealth was its government
and air, and openings may also have fertile soil • PHARAOH – King of Egypt, ruler,
been formed in the upper parts of the GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE highest priest in Egypt
walls
• STONE - abundant building • VIZIER – King’s most powerful
material official
• SAND DRIED BRICKS - made up of • CHANCELOR - controls the royal
clay & chopped stone for treasuries, granaries &
pyramids & temples supervises the census
• ROOFS • DATE PALM - for roofing • CHIEF STEWARD - in charge of
- The roofing appears to have • PALM LEAVES - for roofing the King’s personal estate &
been effected by means of materials household
timber beams reaching from one • ACACIA - boats SOCIAL RANKS
column to the next, and resting • SYCAMORE: mummy cases a) NOBLE FAMILIES
on the backs of the "double-bull" • Flat roofs without drainage (no b) SOLDIERS, VIZIERS,
capitals. CHANCELLORS, CHIEFSTEWARDS
downspout or gutters) due to
- Halls of the palaces were c) FISHERMEN, FARMERS,
absence of rain
covered with brick tunnel vaults, CRAFTMENS, MERCHANTS -
but in many cases the roof of ordinary Egyptians
considerable thickness was flat, d) SLAVES - lowest form
formed of very tough but plastic HISTORICAL INFLUENCE
clay and debris, and kept in • 30 DYNASTIES (started from 3rd
condition by being occasionally Millennium BC to Roman Period.
rolled - No windows to cut heat Egypt was part of Persian)
• COLUMNS penetration and sandstorm • Empire for 2 Centuries, before
- Primarily of wood, but in the - Unbroken massive walls the invasion of ALEXANDER the
later period at Persepolis, built protected the interior from the Great
them of the natural stone fierce heat of the sun I. ANCIENT KINGDOM (1ST – 10TH
- Capitals were double-bull, RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Dynasty)
double unicorn, double-horse, - Pyramids were built because • Development of two types of
double griffin type and the Ionic they believed in “Life after tombs
scroll occurs in some examples. Death“ & for the preservation of a) MASTABA
• MOULDINGS the dead body b) PYRAMID II.
o ASSYRIAN PALACES - - Pharaoh is not only king but also II. MIDDLE KINGDOM (11th –
sculptured slabs and colored “god” both political & religious 17thDynasty)
surfaces ruler, when hedies he becomes • IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES
o PERSEPOLIS - bead, hollow “Osiris”, god of dead a) MENTUHETEP II – developed the
and ogee mouldings in the - “monotheistic” in theory &“ 3rd type of tomb: Rock–cut
bases, while the volutes of polytheistic” in practice Tomb

5|ARCH501 – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

 b) SENUSRET – erected the earliest • rectangular flat-topped funerary
known Obelisk, Heliopolis. mound, with battered side
c) AMENEMHAT I – founded Great (angled at 75 degrees), covering
Temple of Ammon Kharnak a burial chamber below ground
(grandest of all temples).
III. NEW EMPIRE (18th – 30th
Dynasty) PARTS OF A PYRAMID COMPLEX
• IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES • Elevated Causeway
a) THOTMES I - began the additions • Offering Chapel
to the Temple of Ammon, Karnak • PARTS: • Mortuary
through architect Ineni a. outer chamber • Valley Building
b. SERDAB: inner chamber with
b) HATSHEPSUT – queen of Egypt,
STELAE (stone with name of
famous for her funerary temple
deceased inscribed); contains
at Mt. Deir el Bahari
statue of deceased and offering
c) AMENOPHIS III – erected the
table
Colossi of Memnon, one of the
c. chamber containing the
wonders of the ancient
sarcophagus, reached by an
d) RAMESES I – began the underground shaft.
construction of the Great
Hypostyle Hall, Karnak
e) RAMESES II – finished the 3. TOMBS - ROCK-HEWN OR ROCK-
construction of the Hypostyle 2. ROYAL PYRAMIDS/PYRAMID - CUT - cut deep into the mountain
Hall & erection of the Rock massive funerary structure of rock or hillsides
Temple, Abu Simbel stone or brick - For nobility, not royalty
IV. THE PTOLEMAIC PERIOD - square plan and four sloping • TOMBS AT BENI-HASSAN - Four
• IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES triangular sides meeting at the out of the 39 tombs are
a) PTOLEMY II – built the Pharaohs apex accessible to the public:
or the “Light House” - evolved from MASTABA Amenemhet, Khnumhotep II,
b) PTOLEMY III – founded the - with four sides facing the Baqet III,Khety
“Greatest Serapeum” at cardinal points
Alexandria - made by 100,000 men for 100
V. The Roman Period (BC 30 - AD years
395) STEPPED PYRAMID:
VI. Later Periods (AD 395 to the • PYRAMID OF KING ZOSER or ISER
present day) – built by IMHOTEP, oldest Tomb of Amenemhet, Beni-Hassan
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER surviving masonry building
• Simplicity structure in the world
• Monumentality
• Solidity or massiveness
ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
BATTEREDWALL - inclination from
base to top of the facade.
HIEROGLYPHICS - used as ornaments, BENT/BLUNT/FALSE PYRAMID:
pictures & writings from the walls • PYRAMID OF SENEFERU
DECORATIONS - mouldings such as 4. OBELISK - upright stone square in
"gorge" or "hollow and roll" was plan, with an electrum-capped
inspired by reeds; Torus moulding pyramidion on top
SYSTEM OF CONSTRUCTION
- sacred symbol of sun-god
a) POST & LINTEL
Heliopolis
b) COLUMNAR ORTRABEATED SLOPE OR TRUE PYRAMID: - usually came in pairs fronting
EXAMPLES • PYRAMIDS OF GIZA – The four temple entrances
THE TOMBS WERE OF THREE MAIN
sides, which, as in all the - height of nine or ten times the
TYPES:
pyramids, face the cardinal diameter at the base
1. MASTABAS - first type of
points, are nearly equilateral - Four sides features hieroglyphics
Egyptian tomb triangles • Great Temple of Ammon Karnak,
• Tomb-houses that were made to
• The Great Sphinx shows King Luxor
take the body at full length
Chepren as a man – lion
protecting his country.

6|ARCH501 – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

 b. HYPAETHRAL COURT - large colossal statues of Rameses
outer court open to the sky sitting over 20 m high
c. HYPOSTYLE HALL - a pillared hall
in which the roofs rest on
column.
• PIAZZA OF S. GIOVANNI, ROME -
d. SANCTUARY - usually
originally from the temple of
surrounded by passages &
Ammon, Karnak
chambers used in connection
- oldest of its kind in Rome
with the temple service
- brought to Rome by command of
e. AVENUE OF SPHINX – an avenue
emperor Constantine II
of human headed sphinxes of
over one and a half miles once
connected the temples of Karnak
and Luxor.
• Obelisk of Thutmoses I, Temple
of Amun-Ra - 21.2 m high and
weighs nearly 150 tons INNER SANCTUM - The Abu Simbel
Temple is aligned so that the sun's
rays penetrate an inner sanctuary
twice each year. They then illuminate
the figures of Ptah, Amun, the deified
5. PYLON - monumental gateway to Rameses II and Re.
the temple consisting of slanting • TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT, DEIR
walls flanking the entrance EL-BAHARI - quite different from
portal all others in Egypt, and consists
- often decorated with scenes of three terraced courts stepped
emphasizing a king's authority out of the rock and connected by
since it was the public face of a inclined planes
cult building
• Pylon of Rameses II, Luxor
Temple

• GREAT TEMPLE OF AMMON,

KARNAK - grandest temple &
work of many kings
• Temple of Isis, Philae - 150 ft. - Originally commenced by
broad - 6o ft. high Amenemhat about B.C.2466
- occupying an area of 1,200 ft. x
360 ft
- Hatshepsut was the first female
pharaoh of Egypt. She reigned
between 1473 and 1458 B.C. Her
6. TEMPLES - sanctuaries that only
name means “foremost of noble
Kings and Priests can penetrate
women.”
- only a high priest can enter in
- Hatshepsut's chancellor, royal
both types of temple
architect Senunmut oversaw
- for mysterious rites and priestly
construction.
processions which took place
7. SPHINX
within guarded precincts
o ANDROSPHINX - a mystical
• CULT - built for the worship of
monster with a body of a lion and
the gods
head of a man
• MORTUARY - built in honour of
the Pharaohs
• GREAT TEMPLE OF ABU SIMBEL -
PARTS OF AN EGYPTIAN TEMPLE
Example of rock-cut temple -
a. ENTRANCE PYLON - massive
Constructed by Rameses II o HIERACOSPHINX - body of a lion
sloping towers fronted by an
- Entrance forecourt leads to & head of a hawk
obelisks known as gateways in
imposing pylon with 4 rockcut
Egypt

7|ARCH501 – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

 intervals appear to be tied by
bands.
- The capitals were mostly derived
from the lotus plant.
o CRIOSPHINX - body lion & head o MOULDINGS - hollow and bead
of a ram o ORNAMENTS
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS - This was symbolical, and was an
o WALLS important element in the style,
- Immensely thick, and in including such features as the
• GREAT SPHINX, GIZA - The important buildings were of solar disc or globe and the
greatest monumental sculpture granite, while in the less vulture with outspread wings, as
in the ancient world, it is carved important they were of brick a symbol of protection, while
out of a single ridge of limestone faced with granite. diaper patterns, spirals and the
240 feet (73 meters) long and 66 - The faces of the temple walls feather ornament were largely
feet (20 meters) high. slope inwards or batter towards used. The scarab, or sacred
the top, giving them a massive beetle, was considered by the
appearance Egyptians as the sign of their
- For the purposes of decoration, religion,
the walls, even when of granite, ❖ GREEK ARCHITECTURE
were generally covered with a GREEK (800-300 B.C.) - Delicacy of
8. CAPITALS & COLUMNS fine plaster, in which were outline, perfected proportions and
a) Bud & Bell Capital executed low reliefs, treated refined treatment.
b) Volute Capital with bright color. - Based the different proportions
- Simplicity, solidity, and of their construction systems on
grandeur, qualities obtained by mathematical ratios.
broad masses of unbroken - The first manifestation was a
walling, are the chief wooden structure of upright
characteristics of the style. posts supporting beams and
o OPENINGS sloping rafters.
c) Hathor – Headed Capital - These were all square-headed - Completed with sophisticated
d) Polygonal Columns and covered with massive lintels, optical corrections for
e) Palm type Capital for the style being essentially perspective.
trabeated. - Major public buildings were built
- Window openings are seldom with limestone and marble. locks
found in temples, light being of stone were held in place by
admitted by the clerestories. bronze or iron pins set into
o ROOFS molten lead.
- These were composed of PHASES
f) Osiris Pillars massive blocks of stone 1. AEGEAN PERIOD – Structures
g) Papyrus Capital supported by the enclosing walls were generally rough and
h) Square Pillars and the closely spaced columns. massive.
- Being flat, they could be used in - The capital is ornamented with a
dwelling-houses as a pleasant square abacus, and a circular
rendezvous for the family in the bulbous echinus.
evening for the enjoyment of the - CYCLOPEAN WALLS - large
view and the fresh breezes which stones without mortar, on clay
i) Lotus Bud Capital spring up at sunset, and at bedding.
j) Bell Capital certain seasons may have been - MEGARON – single-storey
used for repose. They may also dwelling with a central room and
have been used in the daytime, if porticoed entrance; columns
protected from the sun by support roof; thalamus
temporary awnings. (bedroom).
9. MOULDINGS - The flat roofs of the temples • TREASURY OF ATREUS -
• Gorge and Hollow Moulding seem to have been used in the Beginning in the late Bronze Age,
• Torus Moulding priestly processions. the kings were buried outside
o COLUMNS the city in great beehive—or
- The columns, seldom over 6 tholos—tombs, monumental
diameters in height, were made symbols of wealth and power.
to represent the stalks, and at

8|ARCH501 – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

 - The design and layout of
buildings are symmetrical and
orderly.
- Moldings were used for
decorations.
- Entrances faced east.
GREEK TEMPLE - The chief building
type of the Hellenic Period.
• ACROPOLIS – "City on the
height."
- In classical Greek architecture, a
city stronghold or fortress
constructed on higher ground
than surrounding urban fabric.

The Lion Gate - Mycenae, Greece.

- Part of the citadel palace of
• TEMENOS – The sacred area or OPTICAL CORRECTIONS
Agamemnon; Cyclopean walls of
enclosure surrounding a classical - Entasis, a slight convex curve in
boulders weighing 5-6 tons were
the shaft of a column;
eased into alignment with Greek citadel.
- the stylobate curves upward;
pebbles. • PROPYLAEA – A monumental
- the columns taper toward the
gateway to a sacred enclosure,
top;
fortification, town or square.
- the columns at the corners angle
1 PARTHENON
inwards and are thicker than the
3 ERECHTHEUM
others;
4 STATUE OF ATHENA PROMACHOS
- and the column flutes deepen
5 PROPYLAEA
toward the top
6 TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE
PLANNING OF TEMPLES - Greek and
12 ALTAR OFATHENA
Roman temples are described
2. HELLENIC PERIOD – Of or 15 ODEON OF HERODESATTICUS
according to the number of columns
pertaining to ancient Greek 16 STOA OF EUMENES
on the entrance front, the type of
history, culture and art, 18 THEATRE OF DIONYSUS
colonnade, and the type of portico.
especially before the time of ELEUTHEREUS
Number of columns
Alexander the Great. 19 DEON OF PERICLES
- 1 – HEMOSTYLE
- The temple became the chief • PARTHENON - Athens, Greece.
- 2 – DISTYLE
building type. Ictinus and Callicrates.
- 3 – TRISTYLE
- Columnar and trabeated; - Built from 447-438 B.C. in honor
- 4 – TETRASTYLE
Carpentry in marble of Athena, the city’s patron
- 5 – PENTASTYLE
- Materials used were timber, goddess. Used the proportion
- 6 – HEXASTYLE
stone, and terracotta. 2n+1 in determining the number
- 7 – HEPTASTYLE
- Refinements to correct optical of columns on the sides of a
- 8 – OCTASTYLE
illusion (entasis, swelling of temple
- 9 – ENNEASTYLE
columns) - NAOS/CELLA – principal
- 10 – DECASTYLE
- Structures were ornamented chamber; enclosed part of the
- 12 – DODECASTYLE
with sculptures, colors, and temple where the cult image was
COLUMN ARRANGEMENT -
mural paintings. kept.
Determines the type of colonnade a
3. HELLENISTIC PERIOD – From the - PRONAOS/ANTICUM – an open
classical temple has.
time of Alexander the Great’s vestibule before the cella.
death; Greek culture was • IN-ANTIS - anta, columns are
- EPINAOS/POSTICUM, rear
modified by foreign elements. between anta and at front.
vestibule.
- A diversion from religious • AMPHI-ANTIS – double anta, at
- OPISTHODOMOS – a small room
building types; civic structures front and rear.
in the cella as for a treasury
were also built; later will be an • PROSTYLE – portico at front only.
inspiration for Roman
architecture.

9|ARCH501 – HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

• AMPHIPROSTYLE – porticoes at
front and rear.
• PERIPTERAL – columns on all
sides.
• PSEUDO-PERIPTERAL – columns
attached to naos. Dipteral:
double line of columns
surrounding the naos
• PSEUDO-DIPTERAL – like
dipteral, but inner columns are
attached to the naos.
INTERCOLUMNATION - The
systematic spacing of columns
expressed as multiples of column
diameters.
• 1.50D – Pycnostyle
• 2.00D – Systyle
• 2.25D – Eustyle
• 3.00D – Diastyle
• 4.00D – Araeostyle

10 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
THE GREEK ORDERS • Developed in Greece in the 7th metopes, and a cornice, the
• An order is one of the century B.C. corona on which has mutules on
predominating styles in classical CHARACTERISTICS: its soffit.
architecture: • Fluted (concave curves) columns • COLUMN: H= 4-6 * column base⌀
o DORIC, having no base; Entablature: H=1 3/4 *lower ⌀
o IONIC, AND • CAPITAL: square abacus at top,
o CORINTHIAN. rounded echinus at the bottom;
DORIC - Oldest, simplest and most • ENTABLATURE: plain architrave,
massive of the three Greek orders. a frieze of triglyphs and

11 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
• PARTHENON - Athens, Greece. - Used for smaller buildings and
Ictinus and Callicrates interiors
CHARACTERISTICS:
• Fluted columns typically had
molded bases.
• CAPITAL: spiral volutes.
• ENTABLATURE; consists of an
architrave of three fascias, a
richly ornamented frieze, and a
cornice corbeled out on egg and
IONIC – Developed in the Ionian dart and dentil moldings.
Islands (now western Turkey) in the • COLUMN: H=9 * column base ⌀;
6th century B.C. 24 flutes separated by fillets
Entablature: H=2 ¼ * column⌀.

• Temple of Athena Nike Athens, - carved with two tiers of curly and an abacus with concave
Greece. Callicrates. acanthus leaves. sides.
CHARACTERISTICS: • Column: H=10 * column base⌀
• TEMPLE OF APOLLO - Epicurius
Ictinus. Bassae.

CORINTHIAN – Named after the city

of Corinth, where sculptor
Callimachus supposedly invented it
after he spotted boblet surrounded
by leaves.
• Similar to the Ionic order in its • Similar in most respects to Ionic - The Corinthian order used for
base, column, and entablature, but usually of slender the first time; Built of fine-
but its capital is more ornate, proportions. grained, brittle grey limestone;
• Capital: deep-bell shaped details in marble, roof of thin
decorated with acanthus leaves marble slabs.
12 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
FIGURED OF COLUMNS: statuesque stooping male figure, 2. Erechtheion, Athens, Greece,
• CARYATID - Also kore, a carved often serving as a columnar 420–406BC, Mnesikles;
statue of a draped female figure support for a pediment. 3. Palazzo Ducale, Venice, Italy,
which functions as a column. 1300–1400;
4. Palazzo Valmorana, Padua, Italy,
1566, Andrea Palladio

• HERM, herma plural hermae: a

• CANEPHORA, CANEPHORE, square tapered column capped
CANEPHORUM, KANEPHOROS: with the carved head, bust or
`BASKET-CARRYING - a carved torso of a figure, usually Hermes;
statuesque column of a draped originally used by the Greeks as a
female figure carrying a basket, boundary marker, later as
or with a basket on her head. decoration.

• ATLAS (Greek), telamon (Roman) 1. Treasury of Siphnos, Delphi,

plural atlantes: a massive carved Greece, c.525 BC;

• Erechtheion Athens, Greece. promenade or meeting place - Council chamber with rows of
Mnesikles. around public places. stepped benches surrounding a
central platform.

• PRYTANEION - Prytaneion of
CIVIC BULDINGS
Panticapaeum. Ukraine.
• AGORA - Tyre, Lebanon. • ODEION – Ephesus Odeon.
- SENATE HOUSE – A public town
- A market or meeting place in a hall for the citizens of ancient Turkey.
Greek city, the hub of public life Greece, containing state - A roofed theatre building in
where the most important public banquet halls and hospitality antiquity, especially one for the
buildings were situated. suites. performance of vocal and
instrumental music.

• STOA - Stoa of Attalos.

- Athens. An ancient Greek • BOULEUTERION - Bouleuterion. • STADION - Nemea Stadion
portico, usually detached and of Priene. Greece.
considerable length, used as a

13 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
- An ancient Greek elongated • PALAESTRA - Vaison-la-Romaine. • THEATRON - Theatre of Dionysus
sports venue with rounded ends, - Wrestling house; A place used Eleuthereus.
surrounded on all sides by for the instruction and practice - Designed for the presentation of
banked spectator stands; venue of wrestling and athletics. plays in which choral songs and
for footracing. dances were prominent
features. Open-air, usually
hollowed out of the slope of a
hillside with a tiered seating area
around and facing a circular
orchestra backed by the skene, a
• GYMNASION – Pompeii
building for the actor’s use.
• HIPPODROME – Tyre, Lebanon. Gymnasion.
- An open or roofed track or arena - An ancient Greek centre for
for chariot and horse racing in sports, with buildings, playing
ancient Greece. areas and baths.

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS - hearth

• MEGARON - An early Greek • PROSTAS - A Greek dwelling-type
dwelling type. entered from the street via a
- A long rectangular central hall in passage to an open courtyard,
a Mycenaean palace complex, around which all spaces are
which may have served as a arranged; the principal rooms
temple. are accessed via a niche-like
- Parts consists of an open porch, anteroom or prostas.
a vestibule, and a large hall with 5 court, courtyard
a central hearth and a throne. 6 Prostas – anteroom
- PRODOMOS – porch 7 PROTHYRON – entrance
8 THYROREION – entrance passage
9 PASTAS – veranda
10 ANDRON – mens' dining room
11 kitchen
12 PERISTYLION – peristyle;
13 HESTIA, ESCHARA – altar;
14 room's function uncertain; bed
• PERISTYLE - A Greek dwelling-
chamber, living room, store etc.
type whose open courtyard is
surrounded by colonnades on all
- DOMA – main room sides, often more luxurious than
- THALAMOS – rear chamber a prostas or pastas house
14 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
 developed by the Ionian vaulting, which demonstrated
Hippodamus of Miletus in the their sophisticated engineering
5th century BC. skills.
- Placed an emphasis on
monumental public buildings.
- Marble, granite, and alabaster
were the primary facing
materials, as well as stucco and
mosaics.
- Sophisticated building services
such as, plumbing, heating, and
water supply.
- On an urban scale it also
• PASTAS – A dwelling-type from produced an impressive array of
the classical period of northern planning elements.
Greece, 423–348 BC, with a THE ROMAN ORDERS:
courtyard in the centre of the o Tuscan or Etruscan
south side and deep columned o Composite.
veranda or pastas affording • TUSCAN – The Etruscans’
access to rooms. simplified version of the Doric
Order with smooth-shafted
columns, a simple capital, base
and entablature.

A – ACROPOLIS: citadel
B – GATE
C – VIA SACRA, SACRA VIA: sacred
• COMPOSITE – A classical Roman
road order, a hybrid of Ionian and
D – city walls
Corinthian, with fluted columns,
E – AGORA: main square
a capital with both volutes and
G – NYMPHAEUM: fountain house,
acanthus leaves, a base and an
nymph temple
entablature with dentils.
H – TEMPLE
K – PLATEIA (pl. plateiai): main street
L – STEPONOS (pl. steponoi): side
street
M – GYMNASION: sports hall
N – STOA: colonnaded court MATERIALS AND METHODS:
O – THERMAE: baths Opus - Plural opera, “work” (Latin);
Q – HEROON (monopteros): heroic an artistic composition or pattern,
shrine especially as used in relation to
R – SYNAGOGUE (basilica) Roman stonework and walling
T – WAREHOUSE construction.
❖ ROMAN ARCHITECTURE Roman concrete - Combined volcanic
ROMAN (300 B.C. - 365A.D.) ash - called pozzolana - and lime with
- Ostentation, interiors were sand, water, and gravel.
elaborately ornamented and ADVANTAGES OF USING CONCRETE:
exteriors remained austere. • Strong, cheap, and easy to use.
URBAN PLANNING Influenced by the Etruscans, and • Doesn’t have to be quarried, cut,
• HIPPODAMIAN GRID SYSTEM – A combined their use of the arch, or transported unlike real stone.
rectilinear town layout in which vault, and dome with the Greeks’ • Can be mixed on the building
blocks of dwellings are divided columns. site.
up by narrow side streets linked - The invention and development • Can be casted in a mold of
together by wider main roads, of concrete led to a system of virtually any shape.

15 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
ARCH – A curved structure for spanning an opening, designed to support a vertical load primarily by axial compression.

16 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
VAULT – An arched structure of CIVIC BUILDINGS Roman city, the center of judicial
stone, brick, or reinforced concrete, • FORUM – Roman Forum, Italy. and business affairs, and a place
forming a ceiling or roof over a hall - The public square or of assembly for the people,
room, or other wholly or partially marketplace of an ancient usually including a basilica and a
enclosed space. temple.

• IMPERIAL FORUM – No streets • FORUM ROMANUM – Oldest

and no spatial or axial forum in Rome; Open space,
connections between the rectangular inshape, enclosed by
spaces; the elements are simply different institutionaland public
bonded to each other to create a buildings, serving as the city's
sequence of open, colonnaded, marketplace and centre of public
and enclosed spaces. business.

17 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
 • THERMAE - Thermae of
Caracalla.
- Establishments that were built
for washing, as well as
exercising, entertaining, and
conducting business.

- Centre for sports, with buildings,

• BASILICA - Basilica of Maxentius. playing areas and baths.
Rome. 1 DROMOS – running track
2 XYST, XYSTUS – passage, colonnade
3 SFAIRISTERION, SPHAERISTERIUM –
ball games
4 CRYPTOPORTICO, Cryptoporticus
5 PALAESTRA – wrestling hall
6 KORYKEION, CORYCEUM – boxing
- A Roman building-type, 7 EPHEBEION, EPHEBEUM – main hall
rectangular in shape with an and classrooms
apse at either end, used as a 8 APODYTERION – dressing room
meeting place, courthouse, 9 ELAIOTHESION, ELAEOTHESIUM –
marketplace, and lecture hall. oil and lotion store
10 ALIPTERION, UNCTUARIUM –
oiling and massage
11 KONISTERION, CONISTERIUM –
sanding and powdering
12 LACONICUM (DRY), SUDATORIUM
(WET) – steam bath
20 VESTIBULUM – entrance hall 13 CALDARIUM, CALIDARIUM – hot
21 MAIN ENTRANCE
baths
22 APODYTERIUM – changing room
14 TEPIDARIUM – lukewarm baths
23 PALAESTRA – wrestling area
15 FRIGIDARIUM – cold baths
24 AMBULATION – exercise
• AMPHITHEATER - Colosseum.
25 BALNEUM – bathing pool
Rome.
26 DESTRICTARIUM – massage
- A classical arena for gladiatorial
27 LACONICUM (DRY), SUDATORIUM
contests and spectacles
(WET) – sweating rooms
consisting ofan oval or round
28 SCHOLA – conversation
space surrounded by tiered
29 CALDARIUM – hot baths
seating for spectators.
30 HELIOCAMINUS – a solar-heated
room
31 TEPIDARIUM – lukewarm baths
32 FRIGIDARIUM – cold baths
33 NATATIO – swimming pool
34 EXEDRAE – libraries and lecture
halls
35 XYSTUS – gardens, parks 36
stadium or waterfall
1 TRIBUNE – apse, podium
38 AQUEDUCT
2 NAVIS MEDIA – nave
39 TABERNAE – shops, restaurants
3 AISLE
• YMNASIUM - Gymnasium of
4 CHALCIDICUM – porch
Hadrian, Ephesus, Turkey.
5 PORTICUS, PORTICO, COLONNADE
6 EXEDRA, APSE
7 EPICRANITIS – MOULDING
8 CLERESTORY WINDOW 1 DORIC ORDER, 1st storey
9 COFFERED CEILING. 2 IONIC ORDER, 2nd storey

18 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
3 CORINTHIAN ORDER, 3rd storey 5 SKENOTHEKE, SCAENA FRONS – • TRIUMPHAL ARCH - The Arch of
4 COMPOSITE ORDER, 4th storey stage wall Constantine, Rome
5 BALTEUS, CORONA PODII – parapet 6 AULAEUM – curtain
6 PODIUM – dignitaries' enclosure, 7 PARAPETASMA, SIPARIUM –
'ringside' secondary curtain
7 MAENIANUM PRIMUM, IMA CAVEA
– first tier
8 MAENIANUM MEDIA, MEDIA
CAVEA – middle tier
9 MAENIANUM SUMMUM, SUMMA
CAVEA – upper tier - A large arched monument
10 MAENIANUM SUMMUM IN constructed in a public urban
LIGNIS – upper wooden tier, 'peanut place to commemorate a great
gallery' event, usually a victory in war
11 GRADUS – row of seats • CIRCUS - Circus Maximus.
12 PRAECINCTIO, PRECINCTIO, - In Roman architecture, a long U-
BALTEUS – horizontal gangway shaped or enclosed arena for
13 ADITUS – entrance to cavea chariot and horse racing; Greek
14 VOMITORIUM (PL. VOMITORIA) – hippodrome.
exit, escape route
15 PULVINAR – box, loge (a)
emperor's, (b) consuls' and Vestal
virgins' 32 BALBIDES, CARCERES – starting
21 PORTA TRIUMPHALIS – triumphal gates;
gate 33 PORTA TRIUMPHALIS;
22 PORTA POMPAE – ceremonial 34 SPINA – dividing wall;
gate 35 META PRIMA;
23 PORTA LIBITINENSIS – funerary gat 36 META SECUNDA;
24 PORTA SANAVIVARIA – gate of life 37 QUADRIGA – four-horsed chariot.
25 HYPOGEUM, HYPOGAEUM – • AQUEDUCT - Pont du Gard,
underground spaces Nimes, France
- A bridge or other structure
designed to convey fresh water,
usually a canal or channel called
“SPECUS” or river supported by
8 ORKHESTRA, ORCHESTRA – choir piers and arches, or a tunnel;
9 THYMELE – altar from the Latin, aquae ductus,
10 PARASKENION, VERSURAE – ‘conveyance of water’.
secondary stage
11 PARADOS, ITINERA VERSURARUM
– side entrance
12 Thyroma – stage door
21 PROHEDRIA – front seats
22 PODIUM – diginitary seating
23 KERKIS, KEKRIDES, CUNEUS –
seating block
24 DIAZOMA, PRAECINCTIO – • DRAINAGE – Cloaca Maxima.
gangway - Main storm drainage system;
25 KLIMAKES – steps one of the world’s earliest
• THEATRUM - Pompeii, Italy. 26 GRADUS – seating row sewage system.
- A Roman theatre building or • CURIA Curia Julia. Senate house;
structure; a building or arena Greek Prytaneion
with a stage and auditorium for
the production and performance
of theatrical works.
1 LOGEION, PULPITUM – platform
2 PROSKENION, OKRIBAS,
PROSCAENIUM – front stage
3 HYPOSKENION – lower stage • PONS - Bridge of Augustus,
4 EPISKENION – upper stage Rimini, Italy. Simple, solid and
19 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
 practical construction designed o “SALIENTES” – similar to a CARDO - Shorter main axis or street
to resist the current of the water. large basin of water with in a typical Roman city, town or
spouting jets military encampment (castrum),
• PALACE - Palace of Diocletian, running north to south and crossing
Split, Croatia. the principal street or decumanus.
- Diocletian’s Palace is part • TEMPLE - Pantheon, Rome, Italy.
fortified camp, part city, and part - The world's largest unreinforced
villa. It is in the form of a slightly concrete dome. It served as a
irregular rectangle (175 by 216 temple, church, and tomb for the
meters) protected by walls and past centuries. The building was
• FOUNTAINS - Bridge of Augustus, gates, with towers projecting sited in an area north of the old
Rimini, Italy. from the western, northern, and city center known as Campus
eastern facades. Martius

- striking features of ancient &

modern Rome Types : 12 exedra, exhedra – niche;
o “LACUS” OR LOCUS – DECUMANOS - The principal straight
13 lacunar, coffered ceiling;
designed similar to a large axis or street of a Roman town,
14 caisson, coffer; 15 oculus, opaion
basin of water. encampment etc., generally running
– circular rooflight; 16 dome
east– west and crossed towards one
end by the cardo.

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
• DOMUS – The patrician
townhouse; Has party walls on
its flanks and an enclosed back
area, its principal opening to the
exterior is located on the street
front.

- A Roman masonry and concrete

tenement block for the labouring
classes, often a multistorey
structure with commercial
premises and workshops
(tabernae) at street level;
• INSULA - Casa di Diana.Italy. originally the plot of land
bounded by urban streets, on
which one was built.
- On Street Level
o 1 TABERNA – shop or
workshop
o 2 courtyard, light well
• VILLA - Villa deiMisteri.
20 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
- A large classical Roman country 22 COENATIO, CENATIO – dining
house with an estate; originally room
divided into two parts, the pars VITRUVIUS
urbana, or living area, and pars - Marcus Vitruvius Pollio;
rustica or working area. - Wrote De architectura (On
architecture), known today as
the “Ten Books onArchitecture”.
- firmitas, utilitas, venustas
(durability, usefulness,and
beauty)

❖ EARLY CHRISTIAN
ARCHITECTURE
Early Christian (200-1025)
- The final phase of Roman
architecture.
- Christianity became the state
religion.
- House-churches, early venue for
religious practices.
- Roman basilica form was
adopted as the ground plan for
most churches: rectangular plan
3 VESTIBULUM – entrance hall and a nave with two side aisles.
4 ATRIUM – court - Basilican churches were
5 IMPLUVIUM – pool constructed over the burial place
6 LARARIUM – altar of a saint.
7 COMPLUVIUM – opening - Facades faced west
8 CUBICULUM – bed chamber • BASILICA - Basilica Papale San
9 TRICLINIUM – dining room Paolo fuori le Mura.
10 ALA – alcove - An early Christian church,
11 OECUS, OIKOS – dining room characterized by a long,
12 TABLINUM – reception room and rectangular plan, a high
archive colonnaded nave lit by a
13 FAUCES – entrance passage clerestory and covered by a
14 CULINA – kitchen timbered gable roof.
15 LAVATRINA – washroom
16 BALNEUM, BALINEUM –
bathroom
17 PORTICUS – veranda
18 EXEDRA, EXHEDRA – reception
room
19 PERISTYLIUM – colonnaded court
20 PISCINA, FONS – pool
• ATRIUM HOUSE - Casa di Trebius
Valens.
- A Roman dwelling type in which
the building mass surrounds a
main central space, the atrium,
open to the sky. Early Christian Basilica. San
Clemente, Rome; 4th century AD.
(Opus Grecanicum, glass mosaic
decorations)
MAIN PARTS OF AN EARLY CHRISTIAN
BASILICA
• APSE, sanctuary.
21 TRICLINIUM AESTIVUM – outdoor • BEMA, stage for clergy
dining area • ALTAR, under the baldacchino
• NAVE, central aisle

21 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
• ATRIUM, forecourt OTHER EARLY CHRISTIAN • ORATORY – a small private
• NARTHEX, for the penitents TERMINOLOGIES: chapel furnished w/ an altar and
• CHOIR, enclosed by a cancelli • AMBULATORY – the covered a crucifix
• AMBO, pulpit walk around an atrium. • REREDOS – an ornamental
• ANTEPODIUM – a seat behind screen or wall at the back of an
the choir reserved for the clergy altar
• BEMA – a stage reserved for the • TRANSEPT –the portion of a
clergy church crossing the main axis at
• CHEVET – the apse, ambulatory, the right angle & forming a
& radiating terminal of a church cruciform plan
• CLERESTOREY – an upper stage • TRIBUNE – a slightly elevated
in the church w/ windows above platform or dais for the speaker
the adjacent roof • TRIFORIUM – roof over the aisles
• CLERGY – priest with the below the clerestorey
religious elders • SEPULCHER – a tomb or a
• DAIS – a raised platform receptacles for relics especially
reserved for the seating of in a Christian altar
speakers or dignitaries

• Early Christian Basilica. San Clemente, Rome; 4th 1 APSE

century AD 2 CATHEDRA, bishop’s throne
3 SYNTHRONOS, SYNTHRONON (podium or benches)
5 BEMA, altar platform
6 SOLEA (raised floor, usedby the clergy)
CHOIR SCREEN
8 APSIDIOLE (secondary apse)
10 CHOIR, schola cantorum
11 CANCELLI
12 GOSPEL AMBO
13 EPISTLE AMBO
14 NAVE

22 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
15 NORTHERN AISLE, gospel side, • Basilica di San Vitale - Ravenna,
women’s side Italy.
16 SOUTHERN AISLE, epistle side, - A Byzantine centralized church.
men’s side Prime example of Byzantine
17 SIDE CHAPEL architecture in the West
18 SACRISTY, VESTRY, REVESTRY,
VESTIARY • Hagia Sophia
20 EXONARTHEX - “Sacred wisdom” in Greek.
21 BELLTOWER - Constructed by Emperor
22 CLOISTER Justinian; designed by
23 ATRIUM, ATRIUM PARADISUS, Anthemios of Tralles and
PARADISE Isidorus of Miletus.
24 PROTHYRON (space in front of the - The interiors were beautified by
entrance) richly colored marble pavements
❖ BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE in opus sectile or opus
BYZANTINE (300-1450) Alexandrinum.
- Circular or polygonal plans for - Used as a church, mosque, and
churches, tombs, and presently a museum
baptisteries. • Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey,
- Characterized by masonry 532–537 AD, - architect
construction, round arches, Anthemios of Tralles & Isidorus
shallow domes carried on ofMiletus.
pendentives, and the extensive
use of rich frescoes, and colored 1 APSE
glass mosaics to cover whole 3 SYNTHRONOS, SYNTHRONON
interiors. 5 BEMA, altar platform
- First buildings constructed were 25 PROTHESIS, PASTOPHORIUM
churches (niche reserved for objects used in
- Dumped Early Christian style for worship)
new domical Byzantine style 26 DIACONICON, PASTOPHORIUM
- Byzantine is still official style for (for the keeping of garments and
Orthodox church vessels)
- Basilican plan - Early Christian 27 AMBULATORY (ground floor)
- Domed, centralized plan 28 GALLERY (upper level)
3 TYPES OF DOME: 29 NARTHEX
• SIMPLE DOME – dome &
pendentives were part of the
same sphere.
• COMPOUND DOME – dome is
not a part but rises
independently above them.
• ONION OR BULBOUS DOME –
consist of curved flutings which
avoided the necessity of
pendentives
19 BASKET CAPITAL;
20 DOSSERET AND BASKET CAPITAL;
21 DOSSERET & TRAPEZOIDAL
CAPITAL.
SPATIAL CONFIGURATION.
• St. Mark’s Basilica; Venice, Italy - A 30-meter square forms the
- Greek cross plan Golden mosaics center. At the corners, piers rise
(Church of Gold) It lies at the up to support four arches,
eastern end of the Piazza San between which are pendentives
DOSSERET - A thickened abacus or
Marco, adjacent and connected that hold a dome scalloped with
supplementary capital set above a
to the Doge's Palace. forty ribs. Windows line the base
column capital to receive the thrust
of an arch; also called a pulvin, of the dome, making it seem to
impost block or super capital. float.

23 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
 • St. Basil’s Cathedral, Moscow, semicircular, for openings such
Russia. Designed by Postnik as doors and windows, for vaults
Yakovlev and Ivan Barma. and for arcades.
• Speyer Cathedral; Romanesque
Arches in the Nave

❖ ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
ROMANESQUE (800-1180) 5. ARCADES - a row of arches,
- "Roman-like” supported on piers or columns
- Heavy articulated masonry
construction with narrow
openings, round arches, barrel
vaults, introduction of central
and western towers, and sparse
ornament.
- Churches gradually changed to Rheims Cathedral
cross-shaped plans formed by 6. PIERS. - In Romanesque
wings called transepts and the architecture, piers were often
choir. employed to support arches.
- known in England as Norman
architecture
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS:
2 ARCADE, cloister
1. WALL - The walls of Romanesque
3 ATRIUM PARADISUS: forecourt
buildings are often of massive
4 CANTHARUS, PISCINA: fountain,
thickness with few and
font
comparatively small openings.
5 EXONARTHEX: outer vestibule
They are often double shells,
6 ESONARTHEX: inner vestibule
filled with rubble.
10 NAVIS media: nave
2. Tum Collegiate Church, Poland
11 BEMA: altar platform 7. ROMANESQUE PORTALS - The
12 HIGH ALTAR door, or portal, of a temple or
13 APSE sanctuary carries in itself a
15 PARECCLESION: side chapel powerful symbolism.
16 PASTOPHORIUM: clerical chamber
17 PROTHESIS: table/niche
18 DIACONICON: garments & vessels
19 AISLE 3. BUTTRESSES. - Romanesque
21 CAMPANILE: belltower buttresses are generally of flat
22 BAPTISTERY square profile and do not project
a great deal beyond the wall. In
the case of aisled churches, Saint-Pierre Cathedral
barrel vaults, or half-barrel
vaults over the aisles helped to
buttress the nave, if it was
vaulted.
• Castle Rising, England

• The cathedral complex of Pisa;

Tuscany, Italy.
EXAMPLES
• BAPTISTERY - designed by Dioti
Salvi
4. ARCHES and OPENINGS - The - 39.3m circular plan in dia.
arches used in Romanesque - Built of marble
architecture are nearly always - largest Baptistery in Italy
24 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
- The lower part is 12th century 6 CROSSING (crypt of Virgin Mary)
Romanesque (with round
arches) and the upper parts are
predominantly 13th century
Gothic (with pointed arches)

• SPAIN. Santiago de Compostela.

• SPAIN. Loarre Castle.

7 TRANSEPT
9 ALTAR SCREEN
• CAMPANILE - a circular structure 11 NAVE
52 feet in diameter 12 AISLE
- ornamented with eight stories of 13 NARTHEX
arcades 17 ATRIUM, ATRIUM PARADISUS,
- During its erection the PARADISE
• Malmesbury Abbey, England,
foundations gave way, thus 18 CLOISTER
causing the tower to lean about 20 BAPTISTERY (chapel of John the
11 feet from the vertical Baptist)
- Architect: Bonanno Pisano 21 SINGERS' GALLERY, minstrel
THE CATHEDRAL COMPLEX OF PISA gallery
23 IMPERIAL CHOIR, capella
imperialis
• ENGLAND. Canterbury • Benedictine Abbey of Corvey
Cathedral.

Carolingian - Pertaining to the pre-

• CATHEDRAL • Notre Dame du Puy, le Puy en and early Romanesque art and
• BAPTISTERY - A space, area or Velay, France Byzantine influenced architecture in
separate building of a church or • Worms Cathedral, Germany France.
cathedral, containing a font ABBEY - A community of monks
where baptism takes place. overseen by an abbot, or of nuns by
• CAMPANILE - Bell tower, an abbess; also the main buildings of
freestanding or attached to a this community.
building. • ENGLAND. Fountains Abbey;
• CAMPOSANTO - A cemetery monastery.
surrounded by a colonnade.
• Notre Dame duPort. • GERMANY. Benedictine Abbey of
Corvey on the Weser

• ENGLAND. Windsor Castle.

• The 13th-century Romanesque

cathedral in Ruvo di Puglia, Italy.
1 APSE
2 CHOIR BAY
❖ MEDIEVAL EUROPE - (5th to the
3 PRESBYTERY
15th century)
25 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
PARTS OF A MEDIEVAL CASTLE • FORE BUILDING - The entrance
• ALLURE - The wall-walk found at to the keep needed to be
the top of a curtain wall and is defended and the fore building
normally found on the inside of was designed to do this
the wall. This allowed guards to important job. Gatehouse As the
look over the top of the wall to main entrance to the castle, the
look for enemies. gatehouse was probably the first
part of a castle to be completed.
• KEEP OR DONJON - The keep was
probably the strong-point of the
castle and was where the
defenders would retreat to if the
rest of the castle fell into enemy
• ARMORY - An important function hands.
of a castle was to store weapons • MOAT - the water-filled ditch
for use in war or in times of that surrounds all or parts of a
attack. They needed to be castle. Rivers or springs were
protected so that they didn't fall diverted to provide the water for
into enemy hands. the moat and dams were built to
• BAILEY - As part of the Motte and provide a suitable depth of
Bailey castle, the bailey was the water.
area next to the motte (mound) - Moats made undermining of
that was enclosed by a ditch and castles much more difficult as
palisade. digging a mine beneath the
water could mean it getting
flooded.
• CHAPEL - It was very common for • MOTTE - A mound of earth on
there to be a chapel built within which a wooden tower was built
the keep or within the bailey of to act as defendable position and
• BARBICAN - This is a defensive the castle. a look-out point. The motte was
element that protected an • CROSS-WALL - a masonry wall constructed by building up layers
entrance to the castle. Some that divides the keep in two. of earth and rocks to a height
barbicans consisted of a narrow Curtain Wall This refers to the anywhere between 10 and a 100
passage that allowed a limited outer wall of a castle. Technically feet. At the top of the motte was
number of attackers access to a it means the sections of wall built a wooden palisade and
gate, forcing them into a between the towers, but tower which was usually on
confined area where they could generally it refers to the entire stilts. Wooden steps or ladders
be shot at by defenders. wall including the towers. connected the top of the motte
• DITCHES - the most common to the bailey below.
form of defense at a castle. Dug • PALISADE - Usually a wooden
around the outside the walls and fence erected around the edge
the resulting earth used to of a bailey or at the top of a
create banks. motte. The posts were tightly
packed so that there were no
• BERM - This is the flat piece of gaps between them and the tops
land between the base of the were pointed.
curtain wall and the start of the • MACHICOLATION - an opening
ditch that protects it. between the supporting corbels
• BUTTRESS of a projecting parapet or the
- Rectangular sections of masonry • GALLERIES - The passage built vault of a gate, through which
built on the outside of walls to into the thickness of the walls stones or burning objects could
provide extra strength and that runs around the upper part be dropped on attackers.
support. Buttresses become of the hall of a keep is usually • MERLON - the solid part of an
thinner towards the top. known as a gallery. embattled parapet between two
• HALL – possibly the heart of the embrasures.
castle. Over the centuries its • CRENEL - an indentation in the
design has varied greatly but its battlements of a fort or castle,
purpose has not. used for shooting or firing
missiles through.
26 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
 • STABLES - The foundations of
stables remain at several castles
including Goodrich shown
above. Horses were the main
means of transport in medieval
times and it was important to
keep them close and safe
• PORTCULLIS - A large wooden • TILTING YARD - The foundations
gate that was lowered through • Cathedral of Notre Dame,
of stables remain at several
slots in the gatehouse to defend castles including Goodrich Amiens, France, c.1220–69,
the entrance to the castle. Made Robert of Luzarches, Thomas
shown above. Horses were the
usually from many pieces of main means of transport in and Renault of Cormont (prior to
horizontal and vertical oak addition of chapels in 16th
medieval times and it was
beams with sharp spikes at the important to keep them close century)
bottom, the portcullis was
and safe.
strong and very heavy.
• WATERGATE - allowed the castle
Counterweights were
to be resupplied by sea. This was
sometimes used to make it
important when the castle was
easier to raise a heavy portcullis.
under siege and was a common
feature in the castles built in the
north of Wales by Edward I. The
Tower of London has a
watergate leading to the River
Thames and is known as the
Traitors' Gate.
• WELL - could be situated in the
• POSTERN - a small gate or courtyard or inside the keep. If
doorway leading out of the the well was outside, a wooden
castle and tend to be away from covering usually protected it
the main gatehouse. They are from the elements. Water was
small allowing just a single needed for kitchens and was
person to leave or enter at a either located near the kitchen
time. Their purpose was most or arrangements were made to
likely to allow a small number of get the water to the kitchen.
people to secretly leave or enter • ZOO - The Tower of London
the castle in times of siege. contained a collection of exotic
animals including an elephant. 1 ARCADE
The keepers had very little 3 TRIFORIUM
knowledge of how to look after 3B TRIFORIUM, blind arcade
the animals in their care so it is 4 CLERESTORY, clearstory
likely that they suffered greatly. 6 FLYING BUTTRESS
❖ GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 7 FINIAL, PINNACLE
GOTHIC (1050-1530) 8 GARGOYLE, waterspout
- “Style Ogivale” 9 BUTTRESS, PIER
- Progressive lightening and 10 AISLE
heightening of structure (made 11 NAVE
possible by the flying buttress) 12 WEST END
- Use of the pointed arch and 13 BODY
ribbed vault. 14 TRANSEPT
- Richly decorated fenestration 15 CHANCEL
CATHEDRAL – A large and principal 16 CHEVET, radiating chapels
church of a diocese, the seat of a 17 ARM, projecting transept
bishop. 18 PORCH
Amiens Cathedral Amiens, France 19 CROSSING
20 CHOIR SCREEN, rood screen
21 CHOIR STALLS
22 CHAPEL, RADIATING CHAPEL
23 HIGH ALTAR

27 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
24 CHANCEL AISLE, APSE AISLE, 7. The Emphasis Upon the O - COMPOUND PIER
AMBULATORY, DEAMBULATORY Decorative Style and the Ornate PARTS OF THE RIB/RIBBED VAULT
25 PARCLOSE, per close (a screen in a RIB/RIBBED VAULT - A vault • DIAGONAL RIB - A rib crossing a
church to seclude a chapel from the constructed of structural arched compartment of a rib vault on a
main space) stone members or ribs with an infill diagonal.
26 LADY CHAPEL (chapel dedicated to of masonry. • RIDGE RIB - A horizontal rib
the Virgin Mary) Anatomy of a ribbed vault. marking the crown of a vaulting
THE SEVEN KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF A - BAY compartment.
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE B - HAUNCH, HANCHE, RIB • BOSS - An ornamental, knob-like
1. Grand, Tall Designs, Which C - CELL, WEB, SEVERY projection at the intersection of
Swept Upwards with Height and D – GROIN ogives.
Grace E - TRANSVERSE RIB • LIERNE - A tertiary rib in a vault
2. The Flying Buttress F - WALL RIB, FORCEMENT often for decorative rather than
3. The Pointed Arch G - DIAGONAL RIB, groin rib, ogive structural purposes.
4. The Vaulted Ceiling H - TIERCERON, secondary rib TIERCERON - A subsidiary rib which
5. Light, Airy Interiors through K - LIERNE, tertiary rib connects a point on the ridge rib or
stained glass. L - TRANSVERSE RIDGE-rib central boss with one of the main
6. The Gargoyles of Gothic M - LONGITUDINAL RIDGE-RIB, ridge springers or supports.
Architecture rib
N - BOSS, pendant

28 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
❖ ENGLISH GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE • Gloucester Cathedral,
Early English - Also known as Lancet, Gloucester, England.
First Pointed or Early Plantagenet. (Perpendicular Gothic)
- Use of lancet-shaped arches and
plate tracery (tracery using
masonry into which shapes has
been cut). • Wells Cathedral
• Worcester Cathedral.
(EarlyEnglish)
• Bath Abbey; Somerset, England;
King's College Chapel;
Cambridge, England.

• Westminster Abbey
- Complex of church, royal palace
and burial grounds
DECORATED STYLE
- Most important medieval
- Also Geometrical and
building in Britain
Curvilinear, Middle Pointed,
- widest (32 m) and highest vault
Edwardian, or Later Plantagenet. ❖ FRENCH GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
in England (102 ft)
- Rich tracery, elaborate THREE PHASES OF FRENCH GOTHIC
• Windsor Castle
ornamental vaulting, and refined • PRIMARIE - a lancettes, pointed
stone-cutting techniques. arches and geometric traceried
• Westminster Abbey. (Decorated) windows.
• SECONDAIRE - rayonnant,
circular windows, wheel tracery.
• TERTIAIRE - flamboyant, flowing
and flamelike tracery.
❖ FRANCE
• Amiens Cathedral
- famous for its carved woodwork
PERPENDICULAR
in the choir stalls
- Also Rectilinear, Late Pointed, or
- Designed by Robert de
Lancastrian.
Luzarches.
- Perpendicular tracery (use of a
lacework of vertical glazing bars), NOTABLE STRUCTURE
fine intricate stonework, and ❖ ENGLAND
elaborate fan vaults • Salisbury Cathedral

29 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
• REIMS CATHEDRAL ❖ GERMANY
• Ulm Cathedral (Regarded as the • Burgos Cathedral
- coronation church of France
tallest cathedral in .) • Seville Cathedral (Tallest
- west façade is famous for its 500
cathedral in Spain)
statues

• Cologne Cathedral

• Barcelona Cathedral

• CHARTRES CATHEDRAL
- dominated by two contrasting
spires – a 105 meter plain
pyramid completed around 1160
and a 113-metre
- early 16thcentury Flamboyant
spire on top of an older tower ❖ ITALY
- famous for its 176 stained glass • Florence Cathedral or S. Maria
windows del Fiore - Designed by Arnolfo di
Cambio. Essentially Italian in
character, without the vertical
features of Gothic. Peculiar latin
❖ SPAIN cross plan with campanile and
- Strong Moorish influences: the baptistery
use of horseshoe arches and rich - pointed dome added by
surface decoration of intricate Brunelleschi
• NOTRE DAME, PARIS geometrical and flowing - lantern in 1462 by Giuliano
- One of the oldest French patterns Majano
cathedrals - Churches had flat exterior
- Begun by Bishop Maurice de appearance, due to chapels
Sully inserted between buttresses
- Excessive ornament, without
regard to constructive character

30 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
- Cathedral is composed of three • PALAISDE JUSTICE - Palais de - Mannerist, where practices
buildings: the "Duomo," which is Justice de Rouen, France. which had no Roman precedent
famous for its huge dome roof were interspersed with the usual
and is the fourth-biggest buildings, or entire buildings
cathedral in the world; the were conceived in a non-Roman
"Baptistery of San Giovanni," an way
octagonal building famous for - Mannerists used architectural
the "Gates of Paradise;" and elements in a free, decorative
"Giotto's Bell Tower," which and illogical way, unsanctioned
stands to the side of the Duomo. by antique precedent.
The white, green, and red marble • MANORHOUSE - Ightham Mote, • BAROQUE - Architects worked
exterior of the Cathedral is England. (A moated merchant’s with freedom knowledge.
decorated with beautiful house - The true nature of Renaissance
sculptures and mosaic works as a distinctive style began to
from many different artists. emerge
- Baroque saw architecture,
painting, sculpture and the
minor arts being used in
harmony to produce the unified
❖ RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE whole
RENAISSANCE (1420-1550) • ROCOCO - Style which is
- Developed during the rebirth of primarily French in origin
• Siena Cathedral (Use of classical art and learning in - Rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls,
stripedmarbles) Europe. and crimped shells
- Initially characterized by the use - Profuse, often semi-abstract
of the classical orders, round ornamentation
arches, and symmetrical - Light in color and weight
proportions. ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES:
- Pure Renaissance architecture - Reintroduction of the (5)
was based on regular order, Classical Roman Orders of
symmetry, and a central axis Architecture. - Standardized by
with grandiose plans and Renaissance Architects; Palladio,
impressive facades. Vignola, Scamozzi & Chambers.
- Silhouettes were clean and - Use of the rusticated masonry.
simple, with flat roofs. - Parapets are usually with
- Walls of large-dressed masonry balusters.
blocks gave buildings an - Dome on a drum
imposing sense of dignity and ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS:
strength. - Symmetry
- Emphasis on horizontality. - Proportion
- Ornamentation was based on - Geometry
• Milan Cathedral. (Largest pagan or classical mythological
Medieval cathedral in Italy) subjects
PERIODS
• EARLY RENAISSANCE - Period of
learning designers were intent
on the accurate Roman elements • St. Peter’s Cathedral, Vatican
• HIGH RENAISSANCE OR PROTO- City.
BAROQUE - Renaissance became - Officially the Basilica di San
an individual style in its own right Pietro in Vaticano;
- Purist or Palladian, where - Bramante was the first
OTHER BUILDING TYPES Roman tradition was held in high commissioned to design the
respect (represented by Andrea cathedral; Antonio da Sangallo
Palladio) the Younger; Michelangelo
- Proto-Baroque, where there was (dome and colonnades)
more confidence in using the - Bernini (baldacchino)
CASTLES. Chateau D’Amboise,
acquired vocabulary freely
France. (Built on mounds above (represented by Michelangelo)
rivers, with thick walls and small
windows.)
31 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
 ❖ LEON BATTISTA – Alberti Helped
promote architecture from an
artisan’s trade to a profession by
calling for such intellectual
requirements as mathematics, mannerism
geometry, and philosophy.
- Wrote the book, "De Re
Aedificatoria," which largely
influenced men's minds in favour ❖ MICHELANGELO BUONAROTTI –
of therevived Roman style. A famous Florentine sculptor,
- Other works are Santa Maria and painter of the roof of the
Novella in Florence and Sistine Chapel in Vatican.
Sant'andrea in Mantua. - He finished the Farnese Palace,
and carried out the Dome of St.
Peter.

high renaissance

St. Peter’s Basilica’s 12 Architects

1. DONATELLO BRAMANTE - His
design was selected from several ❖ ANDREA PALLADIO – The Four MANNERISM - A reaction against the
entries in a competition - He Books of Architecture classical perfection of the High
proposed a Greek cross plan and - Villa Rotonda, transforming a Renaissance; it either responded
a dome similar to the Pantheon house into a classical temple. with a rigorous application of
in Rome classical rules, or flaunted classical
convention, in terms of scale and
2. GIULIANO DA SANGALLO - a
shape.
student of Bramante, designed
• Uffizi Palace, Florence, Italy.
the Pauline Chapel
GiorgioVasari.
3. FRA GIOCONDO - Strengthening - renaissance: early renaissance(
classical styles)
the foundation
4. RAPHAEL SANTI - Proposed a
Latin cross plan
❖ BRUNELLESCHI
5. BALDASSARE PERUZZI - Reverted
- The Dome of Florence Cathedral
to Greek cross
was Brunelleschi's principal
6. ANTONIO DA SANGALLO - work.
Slightly altered plan – extended BAROQUE - French word meaning
- Other works are the Riccardi bizarre, fantastic, or irregular. It was
vestibule and campanile, and
Palace and San Lorenzo church in deliberate in its attempt to impress,
elaborated the central dome.
Florence.
7. MICHELANGELO BOUNAROTTI - and was most lavish of all styles, both
Undertook the project at 72 in its use of materials and in the
years old - present building owes high renaissance
effects it achieves.
most of its outstanding features • The Versailles Palace in France
to him. Greek-cross Plan and
strengthen the Dome
8. GIACOMO DELLA PORTA -
Designed the cupola
9. DOMENICO FONTANA - ❖ DA VIGNOLA – Giacomo Barozzi
Completed the dome in 1590 da Vignola
10. VIGNOLA - Added sided cupolas - Author of "The Five Orders of • Winter Palace, St. Petersburg –
or side domes Architecture." main staircase
11. CARLO MADERNA - Lengthened - Works include the Sant’andrea in
nave to form Latin cross and built Rome and the two small cupolas
the gigantic façade at St. Peter.
12. GIAN LORENZO BERNINI - Added
the Cathedra Petri, and the
Bronze Baldaccino.
ARCHITECTS
32 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
 research buildings for their styles

ROCOCO - term Rococo from the • PIETA FORTE – a brown stone • (Rebuilt) Houses of Parliament,
French ROCAILLE meaning shell. more suitable for exterior work. London. Charles Barry and
- an exuberant and delicate • CANTORIA – a singer’s gallery or Augustus Welby Northmore
flourish of decoration “choir” Pugin
- was an essentially interior REVIVALIST ARCHITECTURE
style—playfully decorated with NEOCLASSICISM - Revival of using
flowers, birds, ribbons, etc. Classical orders as decorative motifs
- vivid colors replaced by pastel during the 18th,19th until the 21st
shades century. Simple, strongly geometric BEAUX-ARTS ECLECTICISM eclectic-
-
- also referred to as "Late composition. Shallow reliefs on combination
Symmetrical plans and eclectic use of
Baroque" facades. architectural features.
• The Hermitage Winter Palace in • NEOCLASSIC. Paris Opera House, - Often gives a massive, elaborate,
St. Petersburg, Russia. Charles Garnier. and ostentatious effect.
• ÉCOLE DES BEAUX-ARTS
- School of Fine Arts established in
1819 by the French government.
The school taught a way of
organizing a building into a
• Sant'Agnese, Rome, Italy. • GREEK REVIVAL. Second Bank of balanced hierarchy of spatial
FrancescoBorromini the United States, William elements and planning
Strickland. principles. It drew upon the
principles of French
neoclassicism, but also
incorporated Gothic and
Renaissance elements, and used
involve artist emtions modern materials, such as iron
TERMINOLOGIES: research the images: ROMANTICISM - Turning to styles of and glass.
• QUIONS – hard stone or brick the past to draw playful forms that
used w/ similar ones to reinforce addressed the emotions. It allowed
an external corner or edge of a architects to tailor historical styles
wall. according to the particulars of
• SCROLL – contains spiral wind building type and location. • CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT -
band or “ volutes’. • Royal Pavilion, Brighton - John Daniel Burnham, proponent. An
• WREATH – or Swag or Festoon, Nash (Architect) approach to urban planning
twisted band, garland or chaplet
characterized by monumentally
representing flowers, fruits,
placed buildings, grand
leaves for decoration.
promenades, spacious plazas,
• CHAINES –vertical stripe of a
and classical sculpture.
rusticated masonry.
• BOSS– a lump or knob, projected
ornament at the intersection of • Old Customs Warehouse,
the ribs of a ceiling. Katajanokka, Helsinki
• RUSTICATION – a method of
romanesque-
forming a stonework w/ with modern
roughened surface & recessed architecture MODERN ARCHITECTURE
joints. INDUSTRIAL AGE - Began in Great
• CORTILE – Italian name for Britain. Industrial revolution, vast
internal court surrounded by an economic and social upheavals,
GOTHIC REVIVAL - Revived the spirit
arcade. stemming from mechanization and
and forms of Gothic architecture.
• ASTYLAR – a treatment of façade mass production, required new
- Remained the accepted style for
without column. building types for industry,
churches in the U.S. into the 20th
• PIANO NOBILE – several steps commerce, and transportation.
century.
- Material innovations: cast iron,
going up & 3 steps going down • Strawberry Hill, Horace Walpole.
steel, reinforced concrete, and
before the principal flooring o an
cheaper manufacturing of glass.
Italian palace.
- Innovations during the Industrial
• PIETRA SERENA – a blue grey
Age:
stone of fine quality.
o Steam Power
o Machine tools
33 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
 o Cement • Fallingwater (Kauffman House),
o Chemicals Pennsylvania. Frank LloydWright
o Glass Making
o Paper Machine
o Textile
o Mining
o Transportation • Broadacre City. Frank LLoyd
• Crystal Palace at Sydenham, Wright
London, England. Joseph Paxton. ❖ LOUIS SULLIVAN - “Form (ever) ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE - Promotes
1854 follows function.” harmony between human habitation
- His greatest contribution to the and the natural world. Materials,
skyscraper was the organizing of motifs, and basic ordering principles
its identical, stacked floors to based on nature.
express a strong visual identity. • Solomon R. Guggenheim
(Three levels: base, shaft, and Museum, Manhattan, New York
• Brooklyn Bridge. John Augustus top floor) City. Frank Lloyd Wright
and Washington Roebling. - Used nature-inspired or
(World’s largest steel suspension “organic” decorations to
bridge.) humanize his imposing
structure.
• Prudential (Guaranty) Building,
• Johnson Wax Company
Buffalo, New York. Louis Sullivan.
Administration Center, Racine,
Wisconsin. Frank Lloyd Wright.

• Eiffel Tower, Paris, France.

Alexandre Gustav Eiffel, 1889
Exposition Universelle

• Carson Pirie Scott Department

Store (Sullivan Center), Chicago,
Illinois. LouisSullivan
SKYSCRAPER - An American
invention. The invention of elevator
and more sophisticated heating,
plumbing, and electric lighting
systems made the higher spaces as ART DECO - Also called Style
accessible and comfortable as the Moderne. First appeared in France
lower ones. before the WWI Based on geometric
• Home Insurance Building, motifs, streamlined and curvilinear
❖ FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT –
Chicago. William LeBaron Believed that buildings should be forms, sharply defined outlines. Uses
Jenney. (Considered as the first spread out horizontally. Prairie bold colors and synthetic materials
skyscraper.) (plastics).
house, homes with overhanging
rooflines and flowing rooms. • Chrysler Building, New York.
- Broadacre City, a visionary plan William Van Alen.
meant to bring urban life to the
country; a low-density
settlement with small
establishments and an acre of
land for each person. • The American Radiator Building
• Wainwright Building, St. Louis, • Robie House, Chicago, Illinois. in New York City by Raymond
Missouri. Louis Sullivan. Frank Lloyd Wright. Hood (1924)

34 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
ART NOUVEAU - “New Art;” based on forms, and asymmetry (inspired
the return to craftsmanship and the by a Mondrian painting).
integration of art, design, and • Rietveld Schröder House,
architecture. An international style of Utrecht, Netherlands. Gerrit
art, architecture and applied art, Rietveld.
• Casa Milà, Barcelona, Spain.
especially the decorative arts, that
Antoni Gaudi
was most popular between 1890 and
1910.
CHARACTERISTICS:
- Exaggerated, flowing, undulating
CONSTRUCTIVISM - Expression of
lines
construction was to be the basis for
- Rich ornamentation
all building design.
- Emphasis on the decorative and • Sagrada Familia, Barcelona,
structural properties of - was a form of modern
Spain. Antoni Gaudi
architecture that flourished in
materials, especially glass and
ironwork the Soviet Union in the 1920s
- Use of color and gilding and early 1930s.
- Emphasizes on functional
Asymmetrical composition
Germany - Jugendstil machine parts
CONSTRUCTIVISM ARCHITECTS:
Spain - Modernismo
Modern “-isms” And Other o VLADIMIR TATLIN
Italy - Stile Liberty
Architectural Styles o KONSTANTIN MELNIKOV
Austria - Sezessio
EXPRESSIONISM - A European o NIKOLAI MILYUTIN
France - Le Modern Style
movement that generated jagged o ALEKSANDR VESNIN
• Hôtel Tassel, Belgium. Victor
and dynamic forms in both painting o LEONID VESNIN
Horta.
and architecture. o VIKTOR VESNIN
PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSIONISM o EL LISSITZKY
- Distortion of form for an o VLADIMIR KRINSKY
emotional effect. o IAKOV CHERNIKHOV
- Subordination of realism to • Rusakov Workers' Club,
symbolic or stylistic expression Moscow. Konstantin Melnikov.
of inner experience. An
underlying effort at achieving
• Paris Metro Entrances. Hector the new, original, and visionary.
Guimard - Profusion of works on paper, and
models, with discovery and
representations of concepts • The Melnikov House, Russia
more important than pragmatic
finished products.
- Often hybrid solutions,
irreducible to a single concept.
❖ ANTONI GAUDI - Combined - Themes of natural romantic
Moorish and Gothic elements phenomena, such as caves,
with naturalistic forms, their mountains, lightning, crystal and
textured, undulating shapes rock formations. As such it is • Mosselprom Building - Moscow
recall waves, sea coral, and fish more mineral and elemental Russia
bones. than florid and organic which
• Park Güell, Barcelona, Spain. characterized its close
Antoni Gaudi. contemporary art nouveau.
• Einstein Tower, Potsdam,
Germany. Erich Mendelsohn.

METABOLISM - A post-war Japanese

architectural movement that fused
• Casa Batllo, Barcelona, Spain. ideas about architectural
Antoni Gaudi
megastructures with those of organic
DE STIJL - “The Style” biological growth. It had its first
- Use of black and white with the international exposure during CIAM's
primary colors rectangular 1959 meeting and its ideas were
35 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
tentatively tested by students from - “The house is a machine for
Kenzo Tange's MIT studio. living in.”
• Nakagin Capsule Tower
Apartments, an Example of
Japanese Metabolism.
• Farnsworth House, Plano,
• Villa Savoye, Poissy, France. Le Illinois. Mies van derRohe
Corbusier. (Reflected the
architect’s five points of
architecture)
ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE - A building FIVE POINTS OF INTERNATIONAL
should be functional, harmonizes STYLE: • Seagram Building, New York.
with its natural environment, and o Pilotis, structural system of stilts Mies van derRohe
forms an integrated whole. that lifted the building off the
- Shapes are often of irregular ground to allow people and
contours and resemble forms traffic to pass underneath;
found in nature. o Free plan, rooms enclosed by
• Bauhaus - Bau (building), haus non-load-bearing partitions;
(house) o Curtain walls;
- A school in Germany founded by o Ribbon windows; and POSTMODERNISM - A renewed
Walter Gropius o Roof gardens. appreciation for the rich traditions of
- Synthesis of technology, craft, • Unité d'Habitation, Marseille, architecture past.
and design aesthetics France. Le Corbusier. (An - Architects began enlivening
- Emphasis on functional design apartment block with 23 facades with color, pattern, and
(“form follows function”). different unit types) ornaments.
BAUHAUS ARCHITECTS: POSTMODERN ARCHITECTS:
o WALTER GROPIUS (1883-1969) - ❖ ALVAR AALTO - “Nature, not the
Designed Bauhaus Complex, machine, should serve as the
Desau (1925); MetLife Building, model for architecture.”
NYC (1963). - Finnish architect; one of the first
o LASZLO MOHOLY-NAGY – Taught modernists to fuse technology
the Bauhaus's vorkurs; director with craft.
• Notre Dame du Haut,
of New Bauhaus (1937-8), - Humanized modernism with
Ronchamp, France. Le Corbusier. curved walls and roofs and
Chicago.
o HANNES MEYER (1889-1954) - (More complex, sculptural wood-finished interiors. He was
shapes inconcrete.) also sensitive to the contour of
Swiss Marxist Professor of
architecture, later director, at the land and to a building’s
the Bauhaus. orientation to daylight.
o LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE • MIT Baker House Dormitory,
(1886-1969) - Succeeded Meyer Cambridge, Massachusetts.
as director of the Bauhaus in Alvar Aalto.
1930. • La Ville Contemporaine. Le
• The Bauhaus Building, Dessau, Corbusier. (A visionary scheme
Germany. Walter Gropius. of highly ordered groupings of
skyscrapers)

• Helsinki University of
Technology Lecture Hall. Alvar
Aalto.
INTERNATIONAL STYLE - Functional
architecture devoid of regional ❖ MIES VAN DER ROHE - “Less is
characteristics. more.”
- Simple geometric forms, large - Best known for developing boxy, ❖ EERO SAARINEN – Used
untextured surfaces (often steel-and-glass architecture for advances in structural systems to
white), large areas of glass, and nearly every purpose – from create sculpturally expressive
general use of steel or reinforced houses to skyscrapers. buildings.
concrete construction. • Barcelona Pavilion, Spain. Mies - His buildings followed a unique
❖ LE CORBUSIER - Charles Edouard van der Rohe. (Barcelona chair design direction according to the
Jeanneret
36 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
 particulars of their site and and “messy vitality” in their • Team Disney Burbank, California.
purpose. buildings. Michael Grave
• TWA Flight Center, New York. - His vision was an architecture of
Eero Saarinen. “both-and” rather than “either-
or.” This led to the development
of a more pluralistic attitude
towards architecture that still
THE NEW YORK FIVE
prevails today. Leading the modern revival group:
• Vanna Venturi House, ❖ Peter Eisenman
• Dulles International Airport,
Philadelphia. Robert Venturi. ❖ Michael Graves
Dulles, Virginia. Eero Saarinen
❖ Charles Gwathmey
❖ John Hejduk
❖ Richard Meier
❖ LOUIS KAHN - “Architectural • Getty Museum, Los Angeles.
form should reflect a building’s • Episcopal Academy Chapel; Richard Meier. (A cultural
social purpose.” Newtown Square, Pennsylvania. acropolis of six building situated
- His work is often compared to Robert Venturi high above a Los Angeles
ancient monuments. freeway.)
- Composed of circles, squares,
and triangles, his designs were
constructed of rough concrete
and brick to convey a massive ❖ PHILIP JOHNSON - Once an
primal quality. advocate of the International
- Daylight played an important Style, became one of
role in his buildings. postmodernism’s biggest POSTMODERN STYLES
• Phillips Exeter Academy Library, promoters. BRUTALISM - Inspired by the béton
New Hampshire. Louis Kahn. brut (raw concrete) used by Le
Corbusier in his later buildings.
- Used to describe massive
modern architecture built of
• T&T Building, New York. Philip reinforced concrete, with the
Johnson. concrete’s rough, abrasive
surfaces left exposed.
• Kimbell Art Museum, Fort • Art and Architecture Building,
Worth, Texas. Louis Kahn. Yale University. Paul Rudolph.
(Exemplifies his mastery of
natural illumination.

❖ JAMES STIRLING – Proponent of HIGH TECH - Using the technology of

New Brutalism and high-tech. building in a highly expressive way.
- He sculpted his buildings to - Pioneered by Richard Rogers,
convey solidity. Norman Foster, and Renzo
• Richards Medical Research • Neue Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart, Piano.
Building, Pennsylvania. Louis Germany. James Stirling • Centre Pompidou, Paris. Richard
Kahn. (Divided clustered towers Rogers and Renzo Piano. (The
into “served” and “servant” innards of the building are
spaces, an architectural principle placed on the exterior.
that is still followed today.)

❖ MICHAEL GRAVES – • Millenium Dome, London.

Incorporated decorative, Richard Rogers. (Spans 80,000
❖ ROBERT VENTURI - “Less is a historical references within his sq.m.; largest fabric-covered
bore.” abstract designs. structure in theworld.)
- Suggested that architects should - His architecture often has a
embrace ambiguity, decoration, childlike, cartoonish quality,
shown to exaggerated effect.

37 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
 - Laminated timber
- Functionalism in design
❖ CHARLES-EDOUARD JEANNERET
(LE CORBUSIER)
- Notre Dame du Haut, France
• HSBC Building, Hong Kong.
- Villa Savoye, France
Norman Foster. (Mechanical
BIOBITECTURE – A style of FIVE POINTS OF NEW ARCHITECTURE
ducts are kept hidden; prefers a
postmodernist architecture 1. Framework structurally independent
slick, clean skin of metal and
characterized by organic, rounded, of walls
glass that is articulated by
bulging shapes, Blobitecture (aka 2. Free-standing façade - the free
structure.)
blobism or blobismus) was first facade, the corollary of the free plan
christened by William Safire in the in the vertical plane
New York Times in 2002 (although 3. Roof garden - restoring, the area of
architect Greg Lynn used the term ground covered by the house
"blob architecture" in 1995) the style 4. Open planning - the free plan,
first appeared in the early 1990s. achieved through the separation of
- Developed by postmodernist the load-bearing columns from the
artists on both sides of the walls subdividing the space
DECONSTRUCTIVISM - Using bent, Atlantic, the construction of 5. Cube form elevated on stilts or
angled and exploded forms to blobitecture's nongeometric columns - pilotises elevating the mass
represent the uncertainty of our structures is heavily dependent off the ground
times. Drew upon the literary on the use of CATID software ❖ MARCEL BREUER
theories of Jacques Derrida, who (Computer Aided - Architect and designer
holds that “there is no fixed truth but Threedimensional Interactive - Best known for the design of
only multiple interpretations.” An Application). tubular steel Wassily Chair
iconic style of three-dimensional • The Sage Gateshead, designed - Studied at the Bauhaus - become
postmodernist art, opposed to the by Sir Norman Foster as a music director of the school's furniture
ordered rationality of modern design, center and City Hall, London by department in 1924.
Deconstructivism emerged in the Sir Norman Foster. neo classical • UNESCO Secretariat Building,
1980s, notably in Los Angeles Paris
California, but also in Europe.
Characterized by nonrectilinear
shapes which distort the geometry of
the structure, the finished
appearance of deconstructivist GREEN ARCHITECTURE - Sustainable
buildings is typically unpredictable design, considering land use,
and even shocking. transportation issues, energy
• Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, efficiency, indoor ecology and waste
Spain. Frank Gehry reduction when designing buildings. • Whitney Museum of Art
- Sustainability, to ensure that our
actions and decisions today do
not inhibit the opportunities of
future generations.
• Vitra Fire Station; Weil am Rhein,
• Nanyang Technological
Germany. Zaha Hadid.
University; Singapore. CPG
Consultants Pte Ltd.
❖ EERO SAARINEN TWA
• Terminal, JFK Airport
- Undulating shape was meant to
evoke the excitement of high
• One World Trade Center; New speed flight
York City. Daniel Libeskind. (The OTHER ARCHITECTS AND THEIR
- Even interior details: lounges,
tallest skyscraper in the Western WORKS
chairs, signs, and telephone
Hemisphere.) 20TH CENTURY - MODERN
booths harmonized with the
ARCHITECTURE
curving “gull winged” shell.
MORE INNOVATIONS:
- Curtain wall
- Steel and plate-glass
- Folded slab by Eugene Freyssinet
- Flat slab by Robert Maillart

38 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
• Dulles Airport

• Geodesic Dome • Rock & Roll Hall of Fame &

• Gateway Arch, Missouri
Museum, Ohio

❖ WALTER GROPIUS
❖ OSCAR NIEMEYER • Created prototype of modern
• Worked with city planner Lucio architecture: free-standing glass ❖ LOUIS ISADORE KAHN
Costa to conceive and build sheath suspended on a • Salk Institute for Biological
Brasilia, Brazil's capital in a structural framework - aka Studies, California
record time of just four years curtain wall
• Functionality and the use of pre- • First used this on Hallidie
stressed concrete dominate his Building, San Francisco in 1918
designs • Established Bauhaus, a school or
training intended to relate art • Kimbell Art Museum, Texas
and architecture to technology
and the practical needs of
modern life.
• Bauhaus School, Germany • National Parliament House,
❖ ERICH MENDELSOHN Bangladesh
• Einstein Tower, Potsdam

❖ FREI OTTO
• The seminal figure in the ❖ MICHAEL GRAVES
development of tensile • Portland Building, Oregon
architecture
❖ FRANK LLOYDWRIGHT • Veered away from the simple
• organic architecture geometric solutions and built
• Falling Water, Pennsylvania organic free forms that could
• Solomon R. Guggenheim respond to complex planning
Museum, New York City. and structural requirements.
• Disney World Dolphin Resort

❖ IEOH MING PEI ❖ MOSHE SAFDIE

• Johnson Wax Building • Habitat 67, Montreal
• Entrance to Louvre Museum,
Paris

❖ BUCKMINSTER FULLER
• Created the Dymaxion House,
the first “machine for living” - a
❖ NORMAN FOSTER
portable home inside from metal
• HSBC Building, Hongkong
alloys and plastics. • Bank of China, Hongkong

39 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
• London City Hall

BUDDHIST STRUCTURE
• STUPA - Dhamek Stupa.
• 30 St. Mary Axe, London

ASIAN ARCHITECTURE - A Buddhist memorial mound to

❖ INDIAN ARCHITECTURE - enshrine a relic of Buddha.
Architecture of the Indian • Ceylon, dagoba; Tibet and Nepal,
subcontinent chorten.
• Characterized by Hindu and • Dome-shaped mound on a
Buddhist monuments platform, crowned by a chattri,
• Structures sometimes share the surrounded by an ambulatory
same site, have rhythmic (stone vedika), with four
stratified motifs, and profuse toranas.
carved ornamentation, often PARTS OF BUDDHIST STUPA:
combining the religious and the • TORANA - elaborately carved,
sensuous. ceremonial gateway in Indian
MAURYA - Ancient Indian people Buddhist and Hindu architecture
who united northern India and with two or three lintels
established an empire 320BC. between two posts.
• Architecture shows the cultural • VEDIKA/MEDHI - railing
influence of Persia and the first enclosing the stupa.
use of dressed stone (stone • CHATTRI OR CHATTRA -
worked to desired shape and umbrella-shaped finial
smoothed on the face). symbolizing dignity, composed
GUPTA DYNASTY - 320-540 CE of a stone disc on a vertical pole.
- Court was the center of classical
Indian art and literature • CAITYA - a Buddhist shrine or
- Earliest substantial architectural prayer hall with a stupa at one
remains are from this period. end.
PALLAVA - Hindu state established in
southern India, 350-CE.
- Contributed to the expansion of
Indian culture into Southeast
Asia.
- Dravidian, style of Indian
architecture in the Pallava
Interior: Caitya hall at Bhaja, near
period, named after the Lonavla, India
language spoken in southern
• VIHARA - monastery often
India
excavated from solid rock.
KIVA - Large underground or partly
- generally refers to a monastery
underground chamber used by the
for Buddhist renunciates.
men for religious ceremonies or
councils.
40 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
 o ADHA MANDAPA - entrance
porch
o ANTARALA - a vestibule
o MAHA MANDAPA - the Great
Hall
o URUSHRINGA - a subsidiary
sikhara
• Gompa - Gompa, Tibetan
o GARBA GRIHA - a shrine inside
Buddhist monastery or nunnery.
the Sikhara • Taj Mahal, Agra, India. (Most
o JAGATI - Platform of the Mandir
renowned example of Mughal
o ADHISTHANA - the base platform
architecture.)
• Shore Temple. (One of the oldest
freestanding Hindu temple.)
Hemis Gompa, Ladakh
HINDU TEMPLES
• Mandir - A hindu temple.
• Rath, a Hindu temple cut out of • “Crown Palace”
solid rock to resemble a chariot. • Built by Shah Jahan as a tomb for
• Vimana, sanctuary of a Hindu his wife, Mumtaz Mahal.
temple in which a deity is MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE - Or Indo- • Placed on a chahar bagh, a
enshrined. Islamic; blended traditions from India platform at the end of a walled
• Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple. and Islam. (Mughal Period, golden garden divided by canals.
age of Islamic architecture in • The marble facade is decorated
northern India.) with floral motifs and a type of
• Humayun’s Tomb, New Delhi, inlay called pietra dura (using
India. (Forerunner of Taj Mahal, cut, fitted, and polished colored
oldest of the Mughal stones to create images)
monuments.)

PARTS OF A HINDU MANDIR

• Fatehpur Sikri (City of Victory),
the capital of the Mughal
Empire; built by Emperor Akbar.
SOUTHEAST ASIAN ARCHITECTURE
❖ CAMBODIA
KHMER ARCHITECTURE - the period
of Angkor is the period in the history
• Jama Masjid - (The Great of the Khmer Empire from
Mosque), one of the biggest in approximately the later half of the
India; at the centre of the court 8th century AD to the first half of the
is the tomb of Shaikh Salim, a 15th century CE.
Sufi saint. • The emphasis is necessarily on
religious structure.

o AMALAKA - bulbous stone finial • Diwan-i-Kas/ Diwan-i-Khas

of a sikhara. • DIWAN-I-KAS, Hall of Private
o SIKHARA - tower usually tapered Audience, divided by
convexly and capped by an overhanging mouldings called Angkor, Cambodia.
amalaka. chajja. RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES
o GOPURAM - monumentally, • Diwan-i-Am, the Hall of Public
• Angkor Complex
usually ornate gateway tower. Audience.
o MANDAPA - large, porch-like hall • Fatehpur Sikri Diwan-i-Kas, India
and used for religious dancing
and music.
41 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
 BOROBUDUR TEMPLE COMPLEX
o MENDUT TEMPLE - Whose
depiction of Buddha is
represented by a formidable
monolith accompanied by two
• Angkor, Cambodia. Bodhisattvas
o PAWON - Temple A smaller
- is the modern name of the temple, inner space does not
temple at Angkor, Siem Reap reveal which deity might have
Province, Cambodia, built in the been the object of worship.
Bayon style largely in the late • Candi Prambanan - Central Java,
12th and early 13th centuries Indonesia.
and originally called Rajavihara.
• PRASAT BAYON - Angkor,
Cambodia.
- Built 100 years after Angkor Wat
- Built in the late 12th or early
13th century as the official state - It is the largest Hindu temple site
temple of the Mahayana in Indonesia.
Buddhist King Jayavarman VII.

- Built by Suryavarman, king of the

- A typical of Hindu architecture,
Khmer empire. and by the towering 47-metre-
- Constructed to honor the Hindu - Known for its 51 enigmatic high (154 ft) central building
god, Vishnu and to serve as the smiling faces of Avalokitshevara inside a large complex of
king’s tomb after he died, and its extraordinary Basreliefs. individual temples.
- Use of corbelled arch. ❖ INDONESIA ❖ THAILAND
- GOPURA - an entrance gateway INDONESIAN ARCHITECTURE - THAI ARCHITECTURE - reflects both
to a Khmer Temple. reflects the diversity of cultural, the challenges of living in Thailand's
Angkor Wat, Siem Reap, Cambodia. historical and geographic influences sometimes extreme climate as well
(One ofthe largest religious that have shaped Indonesia as a as, historically, the importance of
structures in the world; a “temple whole. architecture to the Thai people's
mountain.”) • Invaders, colonizers, sense of community and religious
missionaries, merchants and beliefs.
traders brought cultural changes • WAT - a Thai Temple
that had a profound effect on RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES
building styles and techniques • KUTI - a small structure, built on
RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES stilts, designed to house a monk.
• Angkor Wat, Siem Reap, • Candi Borobudur - Central Java, Dimension of 12x7 keub or 4.013
Cambodia. (One ofthe largest Indonesia. by 2.343 meters.
religious structures in the world)
Angkor Thom - Angkor, Cambodia.

- Stepped pyramid resting on a

base shaped to represent a
mandala (geometric symbol of RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES
- the last and most enduring
the universe.) • Wat Arun - “Wat Arun
capital city of the Khmer empire.
- Base (kamadhatu); Built in three Ratchawararam
- It was established in the late
tiers: a pyramidal base with five Ratchawaramahawihan”
twelfth century by King
concentric square terraces
Jayavarman VII.
(rupadhatu), the trunk of a cone
• TA PHROM - Angkor, Cambodia
with three circular platformsand,
at the top, a stupa (arupadhatu).

42 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
 • Diverse architecture caused by
differences in geographic and
climatic conditions.
• System of wood frame
construction
• Jame' Asr Hassanil Bolkiah MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE
• Temple of the Dawn, a Buddhist Mosque - Bandar Seri Bengawan, ARCHITECTURE
Temple in Bangkok district. The Brunei Darussalam 1. Good anti-seismic function -
temple derives its name from the Chinese wooden buildings and
Hindu god Aruna, often have no deep foundations for
personified as the radiations of columns so that it could stand
the rising sun during earthquakes.
The main feature of Wat Arun is its 2. A high degree of standardization
central prang which is encrusted with - The dimensions of structural
colorful porcelain. • The mosque can accommodate
components are based on
5,000 worshippers at a time.
standard modules.
• Largest Mosque in the Country
• The mosque has 29 golden
3. Bright Colors - colors play vital
role in Chinese Architecture
domes and four minarets with
Jame' Asr HassanilBolkiah 4. The systematic grouping of
buildings. - Palaces and Villas
• Wat Pho - “Wat Phra Chetuphon Mosque height of 58 metres.
were grouped.
Vimolmangklararm • Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin
Mosque - Bandar Seri Bengawan, • Yang-shao - Neolithic culture in
Rajwaramahaviharn”
Brunei Darussalam China centered around the
Yellow River.
• Characterized by pit dwellings
and fine pottery painted in
geometric designs.
• Shang Dynasty - Also Yin
- considered as one of the most Dynasty.
- Temple of the Reclining Buddha, beautiful mosques in the Asia • 1600-1030BC.
one of the largest temples in Pacific, it is a place of worship for • Introduction of writing,
Thailand, and is home to more the Muslim community, a major development of an urban
than one thousand Buddha. historical site and a famous civilization, and a mastery of
- The temple complex houses the tourist attraction of Brunei. bronze casting.
largest collection of Buddha • Istana Nurul Iman - Bandar Seri • Qin Dynasty - 221-206BC
images in Thailand, including a Bengawan, BD • Emergence of a centralized
46 m long reclining Buddha. government; first imperial
❖ BRUNEI DARUSSALAM dynasty.
BRUNEI ARCHITECTURE - The most • The construction of much of the
authentic and oldest form of Great Wall of China.
architecture in Brunei is domestic RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES
(home) architecture. - “The Palace of the Light of Faith” TOWERS AND GATEWAYS
- Since most of the country lies on - the official residence of the • Pailou, monumental gateway toa
the water, wooden stilt houses Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal palace, tomb, or sacred place.
were the living arrangements for Bolkiah, and the seat of the • Zhonglou, bell tower or pavilion
most of time as they tend to be Brunei government. at the right side of a city gate,
fairly open to let in the breeze to - designed by Filipino Visayan palace entrance, or forecourt of
cool the houses. architect Leandro V. Locsin, who a temple.
• Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien utilized the architectural motif of • Gulou, left side counterpart of a
Mosque golden domes and vaulted roofs zhonglou.
to echo Brunei's Islamic and
• MINGTANG - Bright Hall. A ritual
Malay influences.
structure in Chinese architecture
EAST ASIAN ARCHITECTURE
that serves as the symbolic
❖ CHINA
center of imperial power.
CHINESE ARCHITECTURE - Palaces
and temples are the chief building
• Kampong Ayer or the Water type.
Village of Bandar Seri Bengawan,
Brunei Darussalam

43 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
 • Hall for Prayer for Good Harvests • Palace of Heavenly Purity, the
• Abstinence Palace residence of the son of heaven
and the conceptual center of the
empire.
• Hall of Supreme Harmony,
emperor’s throne room; also
where he met daily with his
officials.
• The Summer Palace Haidian,
Beijing, China
• an imperial garden in Qing
Dynasty.
• Longevity Hill is about 60 m (200
ft) high and has many buildings
- Designated as the intersection of positioned in sequence.
heaven (circle) and
earth(square), oriented around
the four cardinal directions.
- Lingtai, spirit altar, raised
astronomical observatory;
usually the central, circular
upper storey of the mingtang
• TA - A Chinese pagoda.
- Pagoda, Buddhist temple, Arrangement of Buildings
polygonal but usually octagonal • Buildings are dispersed around a
in plan, with roofs projecting courtyard.
from each storey; erected as a • Entire grouping is organized
memorial or to hold relics around a central pathway or axis.
(derived from the Indian stupa). • Largest and most important
- Usually 8 or 13 storeys high. building at the northernmost.
• The Songyue Temple Ta, PALACE • Surrounding structures and
Dengfeng, Henan Province. • Hall for Prayer for Good Harvest, courtyards increase in size as
(China’s oldest survivingta.) Temple of Heaven. they get closer to the main
building.
Fortifications
The Great Wall of China, built by Qin
Palace of Heavenly Purity, Beijing, Shih Huang Ti.
China.(Built by emperor Zhu Di,the • Fortified wall to protect China
best preserved imperial palace in against nomads from the north.
China.) • Also served as a means of
• Fogong Pagoda. (200-foot-high communication.
tower built entirely out of The History of the construction of the
wood.) Great Wall of China

• Temple of Heaven - Circular

Mound Altar, ritual platform.

• FORBIDDEN CITY - A palace

complex including temples,
reception halls, residences, and
• Imperial Vault of Heaven service buildings.

44 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS: • Goal: to promote the optimal
• BORDER TOWNS - Of varying flow of positive energy (chi’i)
shapes and sizes, these towns within the building.
were small and defensible, • Most buildings face south or
complete with moats, walls, southeast to take advantage of
streets, dwellings, and prevailing winds and sunshine.
watchtowers. JIAN - The basic measure in Heian Period - 785-1185 CE.
• FORTIFICATION: Small forts, 50 construction. - Modification and naturalization
to 150 square kilometers in area • Standard unit of space marked of ideas and institutions
and protected by moats and high by adjacent frame supports. introduced from China.
walls, served as military stations. DOUGONG/TUO-KUNG - Interlocking SHINTO SHRINE
• CHECK POINTS: Two- to three- bracket system used in traditional SHIMMEI-ZUKURI - Style of Shinto
story watchtowers were built Chinese construction to support roof shrine embodying the original style of
everywhere the wall beams. Japanese building.
encountered intersections or • Has both structural and - Rectangular plan raised on posts,
was open to movement decorative purpose. surrounded by a railed veranda,
BEACON TOWERS - Watchtowers on with a free-standing post at each
platforms from which lookouts could gable end.
spot approaching enemies and alert ISE JINGU
adjacent towers by smoke signals THE ISE JINGU CONSISTS OF TWO
were located about 130 meters SHRINES:
apart. • OUTER SHRINE (GEKU), which is
dedicated to Toyouke, the Shinto
deity of clothing, food and
COLORS housing.
Connotations of colors:
• INNER SHRINE (NAIKU), which
• Green, wood. enshrines the most venerated
• Yellow, earth; spaces deity Amaterasu, the Sun
reserved for emperors. Goddess.
• Blue and black, water.
DESIGN PRINCIPLES • White and gray, metal.
YIN-YANG - The interaction of two • Red, fire; hope and
opposing and complementary satisfaction
principles ❖ JAPAN
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE - NAIKU - innermost shrine for
Characterized by a synthesis of Amaterasu. (Rebuilt every 20 years;
seminal ideas from China and native Unlike most other Shinto shrines, the
• YIN - feminine, dark, and conditions producing a distinct style Ise Shrines are built in a purely
negative - Light, delicate, and refined. Japanese architecture style which
• YANG - masculine, bright, and NARA PERIOD - 710-794CE. shows almost no influence from the
positive - Adoption of Chinese culture and Asian mainland.)
FENG SHUI - “wind water” form of government. TORII - Monumental freestanding
• Arranging architectural elements - Named after the first permanent gateway on the approach to a Shinto
so that they are in harmony with capital and chief Buddhist center shrine.
nature. in ancient Japan.
Heijō Palace, imperial residence
• Two pillars connected at the top by a horizontal • The torii of Itsukushima (Miyajima) Shrine
crosspiece and a lintel above it.
45 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
BUDDHIST TEMPLES
o KODO - assembly hall for monks for reading sacred texts.
o TO - Japanese pagoda enshrining Buddha relics.
o KONDO - Golden Hall; sanctuary where the main image
of worship is kept.
o CHUMON - inner gateway to the precinct.
o KAIRO - covered gallery surrounding the precinct.
BUDDHIST TEMPLES
o SORIN - crowning spire on a • The Golden Pavilion, Kyoto. where a samurai would commit
Japanese pagoda (Kinkaku-ji; Built by Ashikaga suicide.
Yoshimitsu, a Zentemple.)

• Horyuji Temple, Nara. - (One of

the oldest surviving wooden
buildings in the world.) PALACES
• To - Japanese pagoda, also • Himeji Castle. (Himeji-jo; the
buttoor toba. finest surviving example of early
17th-century Japanese castle DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE
architecture.) • SHOIN - Meaning “writing hall.”
• A new type of residential
architecture during the
Muromachi period (1338-1573).
• Features the proportioning
system of using tatami mats
(about 1x2 yards in size).
- Central structure of a Buddhist • Tokonoma, decorative alcove.
• Himeji Castle - “The White • CHIGAIDAMA, staggered
compound.
Heron.” shelves.
- Five storeys high and square in
plan
- Tenshu-gun, keeps. • Shoji, paper-covered wooden
• Harakiri-maru, inner courtyard in lattice
the southeast corner of the court

ZASHIKI, reception room. (Main room • ROJI, ornamental garden

in a traditional Japanese house for adjacent the teahouse
receiving guests.)
• CHA-SIT-SU - Teahouses
• venue for tea ceremony

46 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
PROPORTIONING SYSTEM
KEN - A linear unit for regulating
column spacingin traditional
Japanese construction. Initially equal
to 6 shaku (1.818 meters); later
varied according to the tatami mats • Joseon Dynasty (1392- 1910)
(approximately 3’ x 6’). Architecture - Shifted from
• The size of a room is designated Buddhism to Confiucianism. ❖ ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - Also
- construction of local schools Muslim, Muhammadan or
by the number of its floor mats
(tatami) named (hyanggyo) in Seoul. Saracenic architecture. Mosque
- SEOWON; a private as a distinct building type.
TOKONOMA - a shallow, slightly
raised alcove for the display of a Confucianism Academy Domes, tunnel vaults, round and
STRUCTURES (Fortress Architecture) horseshoe arches, and rich
kakemonoor flower arrangement.
• Hwaseong Fortress, surrounding surface decorations (calligraphy
the center of Suwon, the and floral motifs in a geometric
provincial capital of Gyeonggi- framework).
do, South Korea FEATURES:
• Squinches, supports under the
dome.
• Muqarnas, “stalactite”
❖ KOREA
decoration of icicle-like
KOREAN ARCHITECTURE - As
elements hanging from the
Buddhism arrived in Korea, the
ceiling.
architecture from China was • Paldalmun Gate, Suwon • Glazed tiles on interior and
adopted… and developed.
exterior surfaces.
• Structures were less grand,
STRUCTURES
smaller, and less details.
• Selimiye Mosque, Turkey. (The
• Divided into two, the Choson
ultimate architectural
(North) and the Hanguk (South)
• Dongnaebusunjeoldo expression of the Ottoman
in between is the Han River.
külliye, by architect Sinan.)
• GORYEO (KORYŎ) DYNASTY
ARCHITECTURE (918-1392) -
Much of the architecture during
this period was related to
religion and influenced by
political power or kingdom. Most OTHER STRUCTURES
of the structures are made of
• CHEOMSEONGDAE - Said to be
wood.
the first observatory in Asia.
STRUCTURES MOSQUE - Also masjid or musjid.
Constructed during the reign of
• Woljeong Temple Pagoda - Queen Seon-deok (632-647), it Muslim building or place of public
Octagonal in plan; Nine storey; was used for observing the stars worship.
and made of stone. in order to forecast the weather. • JAMI MASJID, FRIDAY MOSQUE -
a congregational mosque for
public prayer on Fridays.
• ULU JAMI, a Friday mosque
having a sahn (central courtyard
of a mosque) for large
• Daeungjeon Hall of Sudeoksa congregations.
Temple • Mireuksa Temple - Largest and • MADRASA, teaching mosque.
earliest stone pagoda in Korea. PARTS OF THE MOSQUE:
• MINARET - tower attached to the
mosque; where the muezzin calls
the Muslim people to prayer.
• IWAN - also ivan or liwan, large
vaulted portalopening onto the
• Muryangsujeon - A national central courtyard of a mosque.
treasure of Korea. • Bulguksa Temple - Oldest
• MIMBAR - also minbar, pulpit
existing temple in Korea.
from which the imam delivers his
sermons.

47 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
• QIBLA - also qiblah, wall in a Africa (regions of Spain under Mandaya of Mindanao Maranao
mosque in which the mihrab Moorish domination). Building of Lake Lanao
(niche or decorative panel) is set, of large mosques and elaborate - Usually Six, Twelve or even
oriented to Mecca. fortress palaces. Structural eighteen meters from the
• SAHN, atrium systems and decorations ground.
• FAWWARA, or MEDA, fountain adapted from classical antiquity
for washingbefore prayers. and combined with Islamic
• LIWANAT, colonnade architecture.
• DIKKA, reading desk • Palace Fortress of Alhambra,
• MAQSURA, screen, protective Granada, Spain.
barrier of the mimbar.
DECORATIONS: PRE-COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
1. Domes VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE -
2. Pointed or ogee arches Exemplifies the commonest building
3. Walls covered in stone carvings, techniques based on the forms and
inlays, and mosaics. materials of a particular historical
4. Ornaments are based on flora, period, region, or group of people.
geometric shapes, and Arabic DOMESTIC STRUCTURES
script. Archetypal tropical characteristics of
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem. ❖ PHILIPPINES ARCHITECTURE Southeast Asian domestic
(Islam’s oldest monument.) EARLY PHILIPPINE SHELTERS architecture:
• TABON CAVE COMPLEX - Lipuun o An elevated living floor
Point, Palawan. o Buoyant rectangular volume
- Prehistoric cave shelters were o Raised pile foundation
the earliest form of human o Voluminous thatched roof
habitation. • BALE OR FALE - Traditional
- The Tabon cave was the site to Ifugao house, for the affluent;
first establish the presence of more permanent.
humans in the Philippines during • ABONG - dwelling for the poor;
the Pleistocene. temporary.
• Support system - four posts, two
girders, three joists or beams.
• HALIPAN - rat guard.
• “The house as a womb.”
- Influenced by Byzantine
architecture.
- Used as a shrine for pilgrims; at
its center is the sacred rock from
which Muhammad is said to TAU’T BATU - Indigenous Filipinos
have ascended to heaven. who still continue the primeval
Octagonal in plan practice of living in caves to his date.
• KA’BA - Also Ka’aba or Ka’abah. - • IDJANG - Batanes.
“House of God”. Small cubical • Rock-hewn fortresses
stone building in the courtyard
of the Great Mosque at Mecca.
- Contains a sacred blackstone.
- Objective of their pilgrimage.
- The point toward which they
turn in praying. PINANAHANG - Lean-to of theAgta of
Palanan. • BINURON - Traditional Isneg
- Constructed along the principle house. Roof suggests an inverted
of tripod. hull. Exposed floor joists outside
HAWONG - Used by the Pinatubo suggest the profile of a boat.
Aeta; has no living platform; forms • DATAG or XASSARAN, main
two sloping sides with one or both section.
ends left open. • TAMUYON, slightly raised
• TREE HOUSE - Gaddang and platform on three sides.
❖ MOORISH ARCHITECTURE - Kalinga of Luzon Manoboo and
Islamic architecture of North

48 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
 OTHER BUILDING TYPES PRIMARY SPACES
o AFONG - family residence. • Living room
o ATO - council house and • Kitchen and service area
dormitory of the young and old (dapogan, banggerahan,and
unmarried males. batalan)
o ULOG/OLOG -female dormitory. SECONDARY SPACES
o AL-KANG -storage for food, • Dining
jewelry and wine jars. • Silong and balkon
o AKHAMANG - rice granary. • Bedrooms
o FALINTO-OG - pig pens • LEPA - Traditional Badjao boat-
• BINANGIYAN - Traditional house.
Kankanai house - for the • No outriggers, roofed, loose and
wealthy. detachable structure.
• APA or Inapa - for poorer • DJENGING - has outriggers,
• BINAYON - Finaryon. Traditional families; temporary abode. roofed, walled in on all sides by
Kalinga house. • ALLAO - more temporary wooden boards.
- Octagonal in plan; exterior • DAPANG or VINTA - not roofed,
features are not strongly only used for fishing and short
defined. trips.
- DATAGGON - central section.
- SIPI - slightly elevated side
sections.

• RAKUH - Traditional Ivatan

house. Thick thatch, walls
mortared with stone or
plastered with white lime. • LUMA - Traditional Badjao
Wooden post and lintel landhouse.
framework is implanted in the • Harun, stairs where women
walls. often wash clothes and kitchen
• Rakuh - Sinadumparan utensils.

• FAY-U - Traditional Bontoc

house, for the affluent.
• KATYUFONG, dwelling for the
poor. • BAY SINUG - Traditional Tausug
• KOL-LOB, residence of widows or house. House building can be
unmarried old women; can also construed as corresponding to
be called katyufong. the birth of a human.
• Tadjuk pasung finials.
• Rakuh - Maytuab

• INAGAMANG - Traditional • BAHAY KUBO - Traditional • TOROGAN - Traditional Maranao

Bontoc house in Sagada. lowland dwelling, northern and house, ancestral residence of the
• AGAMANG, upper level granary. central regions. datu and his extended family.
- “The passively-cooled house.” • MALA-A-WALAI - traditional
o Porous surfaces large house.
o Horizontality of windows • LAWIG - small house.
o Roof and window • The PANOLONG (decorative
overhangs beam ends) - are often with pako
o Surrounding gardens rabong and nagacarvings.
INTERIOR SPACES
49 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
• LAMIN - lady’s dormitory tower • INTRAMUROS - Patterned after
the walled fortresses of Europe
• Reserved for the nobility and the
clergy.
• EXTRAMUROS - Living beyond
the walls.
• PUEBLOS, villages outside the
FEATURES OF VERNACULAR walls. • Bantay Church (Shrine of Our
ARCHITECTURE • PARIAN - a separate urban Lady of Charity); Ilocos Sur.
• The builders are non- quarter designated to the (Belfry served as a watchtower
professional architects or Chinese community. for pirates; Neo-Gothic.)
engineers. • DILAO - Japanese community.
• There is constant adaptation, o CUADRICULA - A system of
using natural materials, to the streets and blocks laid out in a
geographical environment. grid pattern, with uniform
• The actual process of precision.
construction involves intuitive THE LAWS OF THE INDIES, 1573
thinking and is open to later CHARACTERISTICS: • Carcar Church (Church ofSta.
modifications. • elevated location Catalina de Alexandria); Cebu.
• There is balance between • an orderly grid of streets (Minaret-like bell towers; Neo-
social/economic functionality • a central plaza, a defensive wall, Mudejar.)
and aesthetic features. and zones for churches, shops,
• Styles are subject to the government buildings, hospitals,
evolution of traditional patterns and slaughterhouses.
specific to an ethnic domain. Encapsulates the classicist theories of
SPANISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE urban design proposed by Vitruvius
INSTRUMENTS OF URBANISM and Alberti
o REDUCCIÓN - Forced • PLAZA COMPLEX - Grid pattern • Manila Cathedral; Intramuros,
urbanization and resettlement. of streets with the main plaza at Manila. (Restoration, Fernando
• The formerly scattered the center surrounded by the Ocampo; Neo-Romanesque)
barangays were brought church, the tribunal, other
together and reduced in number government buildings, and the
and made into compact and marketplace.
larger communities to facilitate COLONIAL INFRASTRUCTURES - New
religious conversion and cultural building typologies and construction
change. technology was introduced
• Bajo de las campana, under the CHURCHES - Edifices for religious
sound of the bells. conversion. • Baroque Churches of the
PARTS OF THE CHURCH Philippines, UNESCO World
• Altar mayor, main altar. Heritage Sites
• SAGRARIO, tabernacle. • San Agustin Church; Intramuros,
• PULPITO, pulpit. Manila
• RETABLO, elaborately
ornamented altar screen.
• SACRISTIA, where the priest and
o ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM - The his assistants put on their robes
colony was divided into parcels before the mass.
assigned to a Spanish colonist • CORO, choir loft.
(encomendero) who • TRIBUNAS, screenedgallery • The Church of the Immaculate
wasmandated to “allocate, allot CHRCH COMPLEX Conception of San Agustín. - First
or distribute” the resources of o Church church to be built in Luzon. Only
the domain. o CONVENTO, parish house or structure in Intramuros to
o SYSTEM OF CITIES AND TOWNS - rectory. survive WWII. High Baroque
The institution of a hierarchal o Campanarios, bell towers. style retablo. Ceiling paintings in
settlement system. Cabecera • Basilica Minore del Santo Niño; the trompel’oeil style.
(city) or poblacion (town), core Cebu. (Oldest church in the • Chinese fu dogs at the entrance.
of the municipality. Barrios, Philippines.)
adjacent barangays

50 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
 management and use as religious
structures, as declared National
Cultural Treasures, National
Historical Landmarks, and as World
Heritage properties.
• RA 10066 - (National Heritage
Law)
OTHER CIVIC BUILDINGS
• RA 10086 - (National Historical
• REAL AUDIENCIA - or Tribunal,
Commission of the Philippines
Law trial court.
• ADUANA, customs house.
• Paoay Church - Paoay, Ilocos • Hacienda Publica, treasury.
Norte • Municipio, Casa de Municipal, or
- Saint Augustine Church. Most Casa Real, a smaller version of
outstanding example in the the Ayuntamiento in the
Philippines of 'Earthquake provincial towns.
Baroque'. Volutes of PARTS OF THE FORT • Casa Hacienda, expansive
contrafuertes (buttresses) and in • CORTINAS - thick perimeter structures housing spaces for the
the pyramidal finials of wall walls. administrators and his workers
facades. Massive coral stone • BASTIONES OR BALUARTES - on a landed estate.
belltower. four-sided bulwarks skirtingthe EDUCATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC
cortinas on bothends. BUILDINGS - The various religious
• FOZO OR FOSO - moat. orders fulfilled the missionary tasks
• CASAMATAS - stone embrasures of bringing education, healthcare,
where artilleries were propped and social welfare to the indigenous
up. subjects.
• Miag-ao Church - Miag-ao,Iloilo. SCHOOL
• CALABOZO
- Sto. Tomas de Villanueva Church
• HERRERIA • University of Sto. Tomas, Manila.
• Stands on the highest point of Oldest established university in
• AMACENES
Miag-ao, its towers serving as Asia.
• ALOJAMINETOS
lookouts against Muslim raids.
• GARITAS
• It is the finest surviving example
INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS -
of 'Fortress Baroque'.
Monumental civic architecture
• The facade epitomizes the
epitomized the colonial institutions
Filipino transfiguration of
under the Spanish governance.
western decorative elements.
• AYUNTAMIENTO - Intramuros,
Manila. • Colegio or universidad, found in
- Also known as Casa del the urban areas.
Ayuntamiento, Casa del Cabildo, • Escuela primaria, found in
Casa Consistorial, or Casa Real. different
• Santa Maria Church - Santa As a seat of colonial governance, HOSPITALS
Maria, Ilocos Sur. it housed several administrative • HOSPITAL REAL - first hospital;
- Church of Nuestra Señora dela offices and archives. built by the Franciscans; catered
Asunción. Situated on a hill only to the Spaniards.
surrounded by a defensive wall. • Hospital de San Gabriel, for the
Separate pagoda-like bell tower Chinese in Binondo.
at the midpoint of the nave wall. • Hospital de San Lazaro, for the
The brick walls are devoid of lepers.
ornament but have delicately OBSERVATORIES - Observatorio
carved side entrances and strong Astronomico y Meteorologico de
buttresses. Manila, or the Manila Observatory;
• Palacio Real - Intramuros,
established by the Jesuits to assist in
Manila.
forecasting typhoons.
- Also known as Palacio del
INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS - Because of
Gobernador General. Residence
the Hispanic urban program, living
of the highest official of the land.
CONSERVATION - These legislations standards were elevated through
Malacañang Palace, the summer
ensure their proper safeguarding, urban infrastructure and public
residence of the Governor
protection, conservation, works.
General.

51 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
BRIDGE HOTELS CHARACTERISTICS OF BAHAY NA
• Puente de España (Bridge of BATO
Spain), built after the • Generally has two storeys, at
destruction of Puente Grande times three.
(first and only bridge crossing • The ground floor is made of cut
the Pasig River) in the 1863 stone or brick, the upper of
earthquake. wood.
• Windows: ground floor,
grillworks; second floor, sliding
shutters with capiz shells or glass
• Hotel la Palma de Mallorca, panels.
TRAIN STATIONS Hotel de Paris, and Hotel de
• The Tutuban Station of the • Capped by a high hip roof with
Espana, foremost hotels in a45-degree-angle pitch.
ManilaDagupan railway line; Intramuros.
served as the main terminal for PARTS
• Casas de huespedes - boarding GROUND FLOOR
all northbound destinations. houses; less expensive lodgings • COCHERA - driveway or garage.
BANKS
• ZAGUAN, vestibule or storage;
• Banco Español-Filipino de usually for the caroza.
IsabelII - first bank built; initially
• ENTRESUELO - mezzanine area,
housed in the Aduana.
for offices or servants’ quarters.
• CUADRA - horse stables.
• COCINA, kitchen.

LIGHTHOUSE
• The Pasig Farola, the oldest
lighthouse in the Philippines; DOMESTIC STRUCTURES - Dwellings
also known as the San Nicolas reflecting the differences in social
lighthouse. class.
ACCESORIAS - Apartment dwellings
- Evolved from the need of
migrant laborers for cheap
housing in commercial and
industrial areas.
- Vivienda, each unit; has a
zaguan, sala and sleeping • ESCALERA – wooden staircase.
quarters SECOND FLOOR
WATER SYSTEM - The Carriedo • CAIDA OR ANTE - sala, interior
Waterworks installed the piped-in overhanging veranda; most
water system. The water was offered immediate room from the stairs.
to the public free of charge.
• SALA - living room.
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS - Spain
• BAÑO - bathroom.
attempted to establish an Asian
• LATRINA - toilet.
trading empire to be based in Manila.
BAHAY NA BATO - A housing • COCINA - kitchen.
Soon the city became one of the
major colonial port cities in prototype which combined elements • COMEDOR - dining area.
Southeast Asia. of the indigenous and Hispanic • AZOTEA - outdoor terrace,
SHOP building traditions to prevent the located beside a balon or over an
• Alcaiceria de San Fernando, very dangers posed by fire, earthquakes aljibe (water cistern).
first large commercial structure; and cyclones. • CUARTO - bedroom.
silk market in Binondo; housed • PASAMANO - window sill.
stores for Chinese merchants • VENTANILLAS - vents beneath
and government offices. the window sill which reach to
• Tabacaleras, tobacco and cigar the floor.
factories; Cigarreras, female ARQUITECTURA MESTIZA - A new • BARANDILLAS - wooden
workers. hybrid-type of construction, coined balusters.
• The bahay na bato was later by Jesuit Francisco Ignacio Alcina, VERNACULAR TERMS
retrofitted to have room for which refers to structures built partly • MALA-ABANIKONG BINTANA
commercial function. of wood and partly of stone. (Ventana de abanico) – fanlight
• Sari-sari store and carinderias. • ANTEFIJA – antefix
52 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
• KOLONET – colonnete • GEOMETRIC STYLE NOTABLE BAHAY NA BATO IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• TANCHANCO BAHAY NA BATO –
Malolos
• TANSOJOY BAHAY NA BATO
• CASA COMUNIDAD DE TAYABAS
• FLORAL STYLE • BAHAY NA TISA
• LUZ KATIGBAK HOUSE
• SYQUIA MANSION
AMERICAN COLONIAL
• BRACKET, (brazo) – bracket ARCHITECTURE
• ALERO (alero) - eaves Tropical Hybrid Design - Familiar local
• PASAMANO – window sill architecture icons from Hispanized
GEOMETRIC FLORAL STYLE colonial structures overlaid with a
• BOLADA (volada) – upper floor STYLE
projection neoclassical massing.
Widespread Gained Colonial Infrastructures - Buildings
• REHAS (reja) – grille between 1780- popularity
• DINGDING (muro) – wall were built to facilitate ventures in
1880 during the last military control, public health,
• TUBO DE BAJADA DE AGUA – 3rd of 19th education, and commerce.
downspout century. OFFICIAL ARCHITECTURAL STYLES
• TUBO DE BANADA – soil stack The wooden Volada turned • Colonial Revival Mission Use of
• BINTANILYA (ventanilla) – small gallery, into an open clay roof tiles, adobe, concrete,
window extended along gallery but was stucco, gabled roof, round arch
• BINTANA (Ventana) – window the exterior abandoned, entrances, arcades, corridors,
• ALULOD (canalan) – gutter walls making the and mirador towers.
• BUBONG (techa) – roof interior more • Neoclassicism Revival of using
• LIMA TESA – hip spacious. Greek and Roman orders as
• LIMA HOYA – valley Dual sets of Windows are decorative motifs.
• PALUPO (cumbrera) – ridge sliding shutters: further BUREAU OF PUBLIC WORKS
• YERONG BUBONG (hierro the outer one screened by • The nerve center of colonial
galvanizado) – galvanized roof of concha, and tapancos or architectural production
• SEGUAN (zaguan) – entrance the inner of media agues • Function was confined to the
• BODEGA – storeroom jalousies of (metal awning) construction of roads and public
• SALA – living room louvers. made of sheet buildings
• KUWARTO (cuarto) – bedroom metal cutouts.
• Consultations, repair, design and
• KAIDA (caida) – antesala Roof eaves Metal roofs supervision of construction
• MIRADOR – mirador were narrow became • Consulting architects: William
• AZOTEA (azotea) – flat roof popular which Parsons, George Fenhagen, and
• BANYO (bano) – bathroom can project Ralph Harrington Doane.
• KUBETA (cubeta) – toilet beyond the
• KUSINA (cocina) – kitchen walls to create
wide eaves.
• KOMEDOR (comedor) dining
Surface Floral motifs.
• DISPENSA – pantry
decorations
• ALHIBE – a watertank/reservoir
were kept to a
• TINDAHAN – store • Camp John Hay - Baguio.
minimum:
• AKSESORYA – accessory translucent
- Protected Baguio and the nearby
• HAGDAN (escanela) – stair Capiz shells in
gold mines and projected the
• PASAMANO (pasamanos) – squares,
American military presence in
handrail northern Luzon. Also served as a
diamond on the
• MADRENG-HAGDAN – stringer rest and recreation camp for
window panels,
• BARANDILYA (barandilla) – officers and men
friezes with
railing • Fort William McKinley - Manila.
simple and
• KAHABAAN NG HAGDAN (tramo - Home of the Philippine Division
neoclassic
de escalera) – flight of stair The main American ground unit
motifs.
• TAKIP SILIPAN – riser in the Philippines.
Thinner house
• MESETA – post –
• BAITING (huella) – tread numerous
2 CATEGORIES OF BAHAY NA BATO: braing

53 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
 • Constructed of wood or students to pursue university
ferroconcrete. education in the United States.
• Steps leading to a veranda, floor FIRST GENERATION
to ceiling partitions, bedrooms, o CARLOS BARETTO
living and dining room, kitchen, o ANTONIO TOLEDO
and toilet and bath. o TOMAS MAPUA
URBAN PLANNING - Proposed ideas o ARCADIO ARELLANO
• Capitol of Pangasinan. of organized comprehensive urban o TOMAS ARGUELLES
Supervised by Ralph Harrington o JUAN ARELLANO
planning based on the principles of
Doane, consulting architect. the City Beautiful Movement. • CARLOS BARETTO - First Filipino
FORMULAIC ELEMENTS architect with an academic
o Formulaic Elements degree from abroad; first
o A civic core pensionado.
• Philippine General Hospital; o Wide radial avenues - Became one of the pioneering
Manila. William Parsons. o Landscaped promenades staff of the Division of
o Visually arresting panorama Architecture.
• Proposed plans for the • ANTONIO TOLEDO - Regarded as
development of Manila and the master of the Neoclassic
Baguio, by Daniel Burnham. style. Among the first architect
IMPROVEMENTS IN CONSTRUCTION educators.
• Manila Hotel. William Parsons. – Importing American Architecture • Manila City Hall.
(One of the most prestigious and building technology.
hotels in the world during its NEW MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS
time.) o Use of steel-framed skeleton
construction, reinforced
concrete (ferroconcrete), and
concrete hollow blocks. • Department of Tourism Building.
o The Kahn Truss System, trussed Antonio Toledo.
bars were placed within
IMPROVEMENTS IN SANITATION concrete moulds for floor slabs
CUBETA - Also known as and beams.
“pailsystem”. o Production of prefabricated
• Way of introducing the concept components and precast
concrete ornaments. • Leyte Capitol Building. Antonio
of toilet among the dwellers of
o Adoption of standardized plans Toledo.
the bahay kubo.
• Public toilet sheds were also and modularized systems for
installed in congested nipa building types
districts. • GABALDON SCHOOLHOUSES -
• A latrine system was also Set of mass-produced model
schoolhouses. • Tomas Mapua - First registered
developed for remote areas.
architect in the Philippines
THE SANITARY BARRIO -
• Established the Mapua Institute
Neighborhood concept
of Technology in 1925, the first
• Nipa houses built on highly
architectural school in the
regulated blocks of subdivided
Philippines
lots.
• Built-in system of surface
drainage, public latrines, public
bath houses and laundry, and
public water hydrants, which are • Davao Municipal Hall and Calape
free of charge. Municipal Building (Bohol).
TSALET - “The healthy housing
alternative.”
• Tropical features of vernacular • De La Salle University, Main
buildings combined with Building. Tomas Mapua.
hygienic structural principles and FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
modern materials that gave PENSIONADO PROGRAM -
premium to light, ventilation, scholarship launched by the
and drainage government that allowed Filipino

54 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
 • Post Office Building, Manila.
Juan Arellano.

• ARCADIO ARELLANO - First • Benitez Hall (Education) and ❖ FERNANDO OCAMPO - Designed
Filipino to be employed by the Malcolm Hall (Law), UP Diliman. with straightforward simplicity,
Americans as one of their Juan Arellano. synthesizing traditional designs
architectural advisors. Pioneered with art-deco ornaments. Co-
in the establishment of an founded the UST School of Fine
architectural and surveying Arts and Architecture in1930.
office in the country. • UST Central Seminary Building.
• Gota de Leche Building, Manila. Fernando Ocampo.
SECOND GENERATION
• ANDRES LUNA DE SAN PEDRO
• PABLO ANTONIO
• FERNANDO OCAMPO
• JUAN NAKPIL
❖ ANDRES LUNA DE SAN PEDRO - • Manila Cathedral. Neo-
Introduced new architectural Romanesque.
forms in the Philippines by
incorporating modern and exotic
• Mausoleum of the Veterans of
design motifs through the
the Revolution, Manila. Arcadio
grammar of art deco.
Arellano.
• Regina Building, Manila.

❖ JUAN NAKPIL - National Artist for

• TOMAS ARGUELLES - One of the Architecture. Worked largely in
major department stores of the the Art Deco style, combining
period. Advocated the stylized flora and angular forms.
enforcement of the Building • Gonzalez Hall, UP Diliman. Main
Code of Manila. Library.
• Heacock’s Building. • Crystal Arcade, Manila. Andres
Luna de San Pedro. (Manila’s
most modern building before
WWII, Art Deco.)

• JUAN ARELLANO - Promoted the

shift to] protomodern (art deco
and streamline modern) and • Quezon Hall, UP Diliman (Admin
nativist phase of Philippine ❖ PABLO ANTONIO - National
Building). Juan Nakpil.
architecture. Artist for Architecture. His
• Metropolitan Theater, Manila. buildings were characterized by
Art Deco. clean lines, plain surfaces, and
bold rectangular masses. He also
became president of the
Philippine Institute of Architects. • Quiapo Church, Manila. Juan
• FEU Main Building. Art Deco. Nakpil. (Reconstruction and
• National Museum (formerly the addition of dome and belfry.)
Legislative Building), Manila.
Juan Arellano.

THE COMMONWEALTH
• Ideal Theater and Galaxy • Transition government;
Theater. PabloAntonio. • Increasing population in Manila;

55 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
• A new city was being • Palma Hall (Arts and Sciences) • Quezon Memorial Shrine,
contemplated to cushion the and Melchor Hall (Engineering), Quezon City. Federico Ilustre (Art
impending urban sprawl. UP Diliman. Cesar Concio. Deco)
BARRIO OBRERO - Homesite project
• Aims to provide the workingmen
and permanent employees with
homes at reasonable cost.
• Will serve as model residential
and community center.
• Homesite project
• Aims to provide the workingmen
and permanent employees with
• ANGEL NAKPIL - National Press • Veterans Memorial Building,
homes at reasonable cost.
Club Building, Manila. Manila. Federico Ilustre.
• Will serve as model residential
(Demolished)
and community center
POST-WAR AND REPUBLIC YEARS
• OTILIO ARELLANO
• CARLOS ARGUELLES
• CESAR CONCIO
• CRESENCIANO DE CASTRO
• GABRIEL FORMOSO • Alfredo Luz - Ramon Magsaysay
• LEANDRO LOCSIN Center, Manila. • RUPERTO GAITE - Quezon City
• ALFREDO LUZ Assembly Hall, Quezon City.
• FELIPE MENDOZA
• ANGEL NAKPIL
• JOSE ZARAGOZA
• FRANCISCO FAJARDO
• AUGUSTO FERNANDO
• CARLOS BANAAG • Gabriel Formoso - Pacific Star
• GINES RIVERA Building, Makati City. • Juan Nakpil - SSS Building,
• ANTONIO HEREDIA Quezon City.
• MAÑOSA BROTHERS (Jose,
Francisco, and Manuel Jr.)
MODERN ARCHITECTURE - provided
the image that represented growth,
progress, advancement, and
decolonization
FEATURES OF MODERN
ARCHITECTURE • Carlos Arguelles - Philamlife
o Utilization of reinforced Building, Manila.
concrete, steel and glass. SPACE AGE ARCHITECTURE -
o The predominance of cubic Significant events in science fueled
forms, geometric shapes, faith in technology and this was
Cartesian grids. transcoded in architecture and
o The absence of applied design.
decoration. • MARCOS DE GUZMAN -
STATE ARCHITECTURE - Capital cities,
• Cesar Concio - Church of the institutional buildings, and national
Residence of Artemio Reyes.
Risen Lord, UP Diliman. - Plateriform, saucer-shape motif.
monuments as symbols of national
power.
• FEDERICO ILUSTRE - Head of the
Division of Architecture.
• GSIS Building, Manila.

• Mañosa Brothers - Residence of

Ignacio Arroyo.

56 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
 - Commercial Bank and Trust PLANNING DEVELOPMENT -
Building and Rizal Theater. Juan Addressing the growing dilemma in
Nakpil. urban migration.
THE NEW CAPITOL CITY - R.A. No. 333
of July 17, 1948: Quezon City was
- Mutya ng Pasig Revolving inaugurated as the new capital city
Restaurant. and the Capital City Planning
• Victor Tiotuyco - UP Commission was created.
International Center, UP Diliman ARELLANO-FROST PLAN -
Constitution Hills, new site of the
government center located on a high
THIN SHELL - A three-dimensional plateau.
curved plate structure of reinforced SUBURBIA AND THE BUNGALOW -
concrete; Thin compared to its MODERN CHURCHES - Worship Subdivision development went full
dimension and load-carrying. spaces adapted the new and blast, patterned after the American
straightforward geometries. suburbia (automobile culture).
• CESAR CONCIO - Church of the
Sculptural acrobatics was achieved Generated from planning concepts
Risen Lord, UP Diliman.
with the use of poured concrete such as “Garden City” (Ebenezer
• LEANDRO LOCSIN - Parish of the
(liquid stone). Howard) and “neighbourhood units”
Holy Sacrifice, UP Diliman.
• Jose Ma. Zaragoza - Santo (Clarence Perry).
- National Artist for Architecture.
Domingo Church, Quezon City. HOUSING AGENCIES
• People’s Homesite Corporation
(PHC) - First government housing
agency; established model
residential communities for the
- Church of St. Andrew, Makati low income bracket.
City. Leandro Locsin. • National Housing Corporation
(NHC) - Constructed Heroes Hill,
the residential units for military
officials.
• Carlos Arguelles - Cathedral of PHHC - People’s Homesite and
the Holy Child, Manila. Housing Corporation, merged PHC
- Araneta Coliseum, Cubao,
Quezon City. (Designed by the and NHC.
Progressive Development - Designed and developed the
Corporation owned by J. Amado mass-fabrication of lowcost
Araneta; one of the largest bungalow units (Kamuning
coliseums and indoor facilities in Housing Projects and Projects 1 -
Asia, also one of the largest clear 8 and 16).
span domes in the world.) - Single-detached, duplex, and
rowhouses.
• Carlos Santos-Viola - Iglesia ni MID- AND HIGH-INCOME
Cristo, Central. Quezon City. SUBDIVISIONS
• Philam Life Homes - Developed
by the Philippine American Life
FOLDED PLATE - A roof structure in Insurance Company for
which strength and stiffness is moderate income families.
derived from pleated or folded • Ayala y Compania - Developer of
geometry. exclusive suburban villages;
- Formed by joining flat, thin slabs aimed to transform Makati into
along their edges. • Felipe Mendoza - Manila the most modern community in
• Juan Nakpil - SSS Building, Mormon Temple, Quezon City
the country.
Quezon City. REGIONAL TROPICALISM -
Tropicalism intertwined with the
incorporation of attributes of the
region’s endemic andtraditionally
built environment
• San Miguel Corporation Building,
Mañosa brothers and IP Santos,

57 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
 father of Philippine Landscape Takenobu Mohri Architects and
Architecture. Associates.)

NEO VERNACULAR - A nostalgic

• Benguet Corporation Building,
attempt to recreate a style from the
Leandro Locsin. (First and oldest • Meralco Building. Jose Zaragosa. past. “Folk architecture” and the
mining company in the (First building to rise along bahay kubo became architectural
Philippines.) Ortigas Avenue.) archetypes.
❖ JUAN NAKPIL
- Cotabato Municipal Hall. -
Tausug house silhouette; naga
• GSIS Building, Pasay City. Jorge tadjuk pasung gable finial.
Ramos.

SKYSCRAPERS - Manila Ordinance No.

4131 allowed maximum height of
buildings to be increased from 30 to
• 45 meters.
Felipe Mendoza Development • Sulo Hotel, Mañosa Brothers
Academy of the Philippines, • Angel Nakpil - Picache Building,
Pasig City. Manila.
- Considered as the first
skyscraper in the Philippines.

• Otilio Arellano - Philippine

Pavilion, 1964 New York’s Fair.
PIERCED SCREENS - Masonry that is
perforated, pierced, or lattice-like;
functioned mainly as diffusers of light
• LUIS MA. ARANETA - Araneta-
and doubled as exterior decorative
Tuason Building, Manila.
meshes.
- First to use vertical brise soleil as
• Abelardo Hall (Music), UP a decorative feature.
Diliman. Roberto Novenario • Leandro Locsin Philippine
Pavilion, 1970 Osaka World
Exposition.

BRISE SOLEIL - Or sun breakers; an • CRESENCIANODE CASTRO - Asian

architectural baffle device placed Development Bank Building,
outside windows or projected over Manila.
the entire surface of a building’s - Introduced the use of exposed
façade.
aggregate finish.
• Captain Luis Gonzaga Building, MARCOSIAN ARCHITECTURE
Rizal Avenue corner Carriedo. MARCOS REGIME - “Golden Age of
Pablo Antonio. Philippine Architecture”
- Marcos regime launched its New
Society.
- Extravagant building programs
were legitimized the search for
national identity and nation
• Insular Life Building, Cesar
building, headed by Imelda
Concio. (First office building to
• Julio Victor Rocha - Roque Roano Marcos.
surpass the old height restriction
Building, UST Manila • Batasang Pambansa Building –
in the Makati CBD. Redeveloped
- Initiated the successful use of Felipe Mendoza.
in 2005 by the Japanese firm,
brise soleil.
58 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
 • Manila Film Center, Froilan o Lung Center
Hong. (Applied classical o Kidney Institute
• National Arts Center - Laguna. proportions in the design of its o Eye Center
Leandro Locsin facade.) o Lungsod ng Kabataan (Children’s
City)
o Research Institute for Tropical
Medicine
• Nayong Filipino. (A miniature o expansion of PGH
• Tahanang Filipino or Coconut
village simulating the folk art and
Palace, Francisco Mañosa. (State
architecture drawn from
guest house by the bay, in
different regions; the first
promotion of Imelda’s Coconut
cultural park established in Asia
Utilization Program.)
and the world.
UAP - United Architect of the
Philippines
- Merged Philippine Institute of
HOUSING PROJECTS Architects (PIA), League of
• CCP Complex - Cultural Center of • Bagong Lipunan Improvement of Philippine Architects (LPA), and
the Philippines Sites and Services (BLISS). the Association of Philippine
- A cultural-convention facility on Imelda’s idea of a model Government Architects (APGA).
land reclaimed from the historic community plan, a self-reliant CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINE
Manila Bay and self-sufficient settlement ARCHITECTURE
- Venue for folk festivals and designed for 50-100 families in a PLURALISM - Characterized by an
spectacular state rituals, such as: two-and-a-half hectare area. overt application of historical
Kasaysayan ng Lahi; Miss
references and blunt symbolism
Universe, 1974; Manila
SKYSCRAPERS - To break its vertical
International Film Festival;
monotony, the postmodern
enshrining of National Artists.
skyscraper adopted the tripartite
- Tanghalang Pambansa, CCP • “The passively cooled urban division of columnar architecture:
Main Theater. Leandro Locsin house”, a prototype house podium, shaft, and crown.
designed by Geronimo Manahan PHILIPPINES 2000 - An economic
in collaboration with the program which aimed to elevate the
Ministry of Energy. nation to the status of a “newly
industrialized country”
• Folk Arts Theater, Tanghalang - Compelled the production of
Francisco Balagtas. Leandro “global architecture” in the
Locsin. (Arena-type, 10,000-seat Philippines.
theater constructed within 77 • Michael Graves - World Trade
days; intended venue for the Exchange, Binondo, Manila.
1974 Ms. Universe Pageant.

• PICC, Philippine International • I.M. Pei - Essensa Towers,

Convention Center. Leandro Taguig, Metro Manila
Locsin.

• PHILCITE, Philippine Center for

International Trade and
Exhibitions. Leandro Locsin. • ARQUITECTONICA - Pacific Plaza
Tower, Taguig City.
- Westin Times Square Hotel in
HEALTH FACILITIES New York.
• Jorge Ramos Philippine Heart - SM MOA, MOA Arena, SMX
Center, Quezon City. Convention Center, Megamall
59 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
 (expansion), SM Aura Premier • Rogelio Villarosa - Tektite Tower, experiences under a singular,
and SM City North EDSA. Ortigas. enclosed domain.
- Recio + Casas Architects, AOR. - Use of mirror glass. • Antonio Sindiong - SM
Megamall.
- Largest mall in Asia with its
concept of a self-contained city,
1992.

• SOM - RCBC Plaza (Yuchengco • NAIA Terminal 3,SOM

Tower), Ayala Avenue, Makati. • ARQUITECTONICA - Robert
- W.V. Coscolluela &Associates, Carag Ong and Associates as
AOR. architect-of-record,2006.
- Postmodern skyscrapers
adopted the tripartite division of DECONSTRUCTION - Exaggerating
columnar architecture: podium, contradictions in geometric
shaft, and crown. compositions.
- Quality of being dismantled, with
no visual logic, and
unharmonious composition of
the facade.
• Eduardo Calma - DLSU-CSB • RTKL Associates Inc. - Gateway
School of Fine Arts and Design, Mall, Cubao.
Manila. - Rogers, Taliaferro, Kostritsky and
HIGH-TECH ARCHITECTURE - New Lamb Associates Inc.
multinational style. - Set the standard for the upscale
- Fascination with cutting-edge malling experience in Cubao.
technology and sleek machine - Oasis, glass-encased floating
iconography, cybertopia garden,2004.
inspired.
- Often sleek, unadorned, MICRO-CITIES - Self-contained total
industrial facade. environments, Disney-fication.
• SOM - PBCom Tower, Ayala - Typifies the character of the
Avenue, Makati City. Tallest capitalist space.
office building in the Philippines. • Rockwell Center and Eastwood
- Skidmore, Owings &Merrill. City. (Disney-fication, the urban
- John Hancock Center and Burj space gradually transformed into
Khalifa. • Ayala Greenbelt. (Endeavours to
an environment akin to theme
- GF & Partners Architects, AOR parks.) create a highly pedestrianized
urban center.)

• Philip Recto - One San Miguel

Building, Pasig City • Tagaytay Highlands. (A
community as an escape from
the city to a life enveloped by
nature.)

• KPF - GT International Tower,

Makati City.
- Kohn, Pendersen, and Fox.
- GF & Partners Architects, AOR

RETAIL ESTABLISHMENT - Megamalls

have become an urban fixture
generating new urban spatial
60 | A R C H 5 0 1 – H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E