General Grammar

1. Prefix & Suffix:

• Prefix: A group of letters added to the beginning of a word to change its

meaning.

• Example: Unhappy (un- is the prefix meaning “not”)

• Suffix: A group of letters added to the end of a word to change its meaning or
grammatical function.

• Example: Childish (-ish is the suffix meaning “like a child”)

• Examples:

• Prefix: Disagree, Misplace, Rebuild

• Suffix: Kindness, Teacher, Helpful

2. Jumbled Sentences:

• Jumbled sentences are mixed-up words that need to be rearranged to form a

meaningful sentence.

• Example:

• Jumbled: “are / you / going / where /?”

• Correct Sentence: “Where are you going?”

3. Figures of Speech:

• Simile: A comparison using “like” or “as.”

• Example: She is as brave as a lion.

• Metaphor: A direct comparison without using “like” or “as.”

• Example: Time is a thief.

• Personification: Giving human traits to non-human things.

• Example: The wind whispered through the trees.

• Alliteration: Repetition of the same initial consonant sounds in a series of

words.
 • Example: She sells seashells by the seashore.

• Hyperbole: An exaggerated statement not meant to be taken literally.

• Example: I’ve told you a million times.

Writing Skill

1. Article Writing:

• Format:

1. Title/Heading: Reflects the topic of the article.

2. Introduction: Introduce the topic, stating the relevance or importance.

3. Body: Discuss the topic in detail. Use facts, examples, and arguments to
support your points.

4. Conclusion: Summarize the main points and provide a concluding thought or

recommendation.

• Example Topic: “Pros and Cons of Online Shopping”

• Introduction: Online shopping has become increasingly popular in recent

years due to its convenience and variety.

• Body:

• Pros: Convenience, Variety, Better Prices, Time-Saving.

• Cons: Lack of physical inspection, Security concerns, Delivery issues,

Impersonal experience.

• Conclusion: While online shopping offers significant benefits, it is essential

to be aware of its drawbacks and shop responsibly.

2. Paragraph Writing:

• Format:

1. Topic Sentence: Introduce the main idea of the paragraph.

2. Supporting Sentences: Provide evidence, examples, and details to support

the topic sentence.
 3. Concluding Sentence: Summarize the main point or transition to the next
idea.

• Example Topic: “Travelling - An Insight to Life”

• Paragraph: Traveling is more than just visiting new places; it’s a journey into
oneself. It exposes us to different cultures, broadens our perspectives, and teaches us the
value of diversity. Through travel, we learn to adapt to new environments, make decisions
in unfamiliar situations, and appreciate the beauty of the world around us. Ultimately,
traveling provides insights into life that can only be gained through experience, making us
more open-minded and empathetic individuals.

Tense (Simple, Continuous, Perfect)

1. Simple Tense:

• Present Simple: I eat breakfast every morning.

• Past Simple: She visited her grandmother yesterday.

• Future Simple: They will travel to Paris next year.

2. Continuous Tense:

• Present Continuous: She is reading a book right now.

• Past Continuous: They were playing football when it started raining.

• Future Continuous: I will be working on my project tomorrow.

3. Perfect Tense:

• Present Perfect: He has finished his homework.

• Past Perfect: They had already left before I arrived.

• Future Perfect: By next week, she will have completed the course.

Phrase and Clauses

1. Phrases:
 • A phrase is a group of words that acts as a single part of speech and does not
contain both a subject and a verb.

• Examples:

• Noun Phrase: The tall man

• Verb Phrase: is running

• Prepositional Phrase: under the tree

2. Clauses:

• A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate. There

are two main types:

• Independent Clause: Can stand alone as a sentence.

• Example: She went to the store.

• Dependent Clause: Cannot stand alone as a sentence.

• Example: Although it was raining

Types & Transformation of Sentences

1. Declarative Sentences:

• Definition: A sentence that makes a statement.

• Example: She loves to read books.

• Transformation to Interrogative: Does she love to read books?

2. Imperative Sentences:

• Definition: A sentence that gives a command or makes a request.

• Example: Close the door.

• Transformation to Interrogative: Will you close the door?

3. Interrogative Sentences:

• Definition: A sentence that asks a question.

• Example: Are you coming to the party?

 4. Exclamatory Sentences:

• Definition: A sentence that expresses strong emotion.

• Example: What a beautiful day it is!

• Transformation from Declarative: It is a beautiful day. -> What a beautiful day

it is!