EEN1002 LECTURER

Antonius Suhartomo, B.Sc.,

CALCULUS 1 M.Eng.Sc., M.B.A., Ph.D.
 LECTURER PROFILE
LECTURER BIODATA:
 Antonius Suhartomo obtained his B.Sc. degree in Physics from North Sumatera University,
Medan – Indonesia in 1984, M.Eng.Sc. in Electrical Engineering concentrate in Optical-
Electronics and Laser Applications from Indonesia University in 1993, Jakarta -
Indonesia, M.B.A. joint degree between AIM Makati Philippine – TelU Bandung –
Indonesia in 1994, Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering Department concentrate
in Electrical Engineering from Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
USA in 2007.
 E-mail: [email protected], and [email protected], 0811 281 0598
 Office: Electrical Engineering – Engineering Faculty Lecturer 3rd Floor, Room 311
COURSE INFO:
 Prerequisites: None
 Credit Hours: 3 credits
 GRADING

Exam:
1) Homework 10% of final grade
2) Topic Quizzes 20% of final grade
Closed book
Lowest grade dropped (will be announced in class)
3) Midterm 35% of final grade
Closed book, 2 pages of notes allowed
4) Final 35% of final grade
Closed book, 2 pages of notes allowed
8/30/2024 3
 OTHER INFO

 Homework: Will be assigned at every class meeting. Will be due and

collected the following class meeting. Solution will be distributed.
 Topic quizzes will be short (30 minutes) quizzes at eCampus, based on
previous week’s lecture and homework. Lowest quiz will be dropped.
 Reading: Read text and notes before class. Study from class to lass.
 Attendance: Taken at every class meeting.
 Text-book:
 Thomas’s Calculus, Eleventh Edition, Person Adison Wesley,
 James Stewart, Calculus, (7th edition), Brooks/Cole, 2012.

8/30/2024 4
COURSE COVERAGE
No. Week Topic Recommended problems
1 I Review: Inequalities, functions, graph of functions. Section 1.1 3, 7, 26, 28, 36,
6 Sep 1.1-1.3 50, 57, 62, 63
2023 Section 1.2 3-4, 10, 13
Section 1.3 Exercises 1, 2, 3,
5, 14, 25, 27, 36, 42
2 II Limit: The Tangent and Velocity Problems HW 1
13 Sep Limit and Calculating Limits using the Limit Laws, 1.4 6, 8, 10, 17, 30, 31,
1.4-1.6 38
1.5 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 15, 16,
29, 30, 31, 34, 36
1.6 1- 7, 9, 11, 14, 17, 22,
23, 27, 30, 32, 41, 46, 49,
50
3 III Precise definition of Limit, Continuity, Derivatives Quiz 1
20 Sep and Rates of Change. 1.7-2.1 1.7 2, 13; 1.8 9, 13, 20,
27, 30, 43, 51, 53
2.1 17, 20, 22, 27, 39, 41,
47
 COURSE COVERAGE (CONT’D)
No. Week Topic Recommended problems
4 IV Derivatives: The Derivative as a Function, derivative of Quiz 2, HW 2
27 Sep trigonometric functions, the Chain Rule. 2.2-2.5 2.2 4-11, 19, 37-38, 41, 43
2022 2.3 7, 8,17, 34, 57,63, 76,
79, 94, 100,
2.4 9, 13, 32, 39, 42
2.5 21, 31, 32, 36, 59, 63,
66,
5 V Implicit differentiation, related rates, differential and Quiz 3, HW 3
4 Oct approximation. 2.6, 2.8,2.9. 2.6 … ; 2.8… ; 2.9..
6 VI Applications of derivatives: Extreme values, Mean HW 4
11 Oct value theorem, How Derivatives Affect the Shape of a 3.1: 55, 61; 3.2: 46, 59
Graph. 3.1-3.3 3.3: 20, 54; 3.4: 63, 64, 65
7 VII Wrap - up Quiz 4
18 Oct
8 VIII Midterm Exam
25 Oct
8/30/2024 6
 COURSE COVERAGE (CONT’D)
No. Week Topic Recommended problems
9 IX Limits at Infinity; Horizontal Asymptotes, Optimization HW 5
1 Nop problems. 3.4, 3.5, 3.7 3.5: 30, 31, 44
2023 3.6: 1, 50, 56
3.9: 18
10 X Integration : Antiderivatives, estimating with sums and Quiz 5
8 Nov definite integrals, The Definite Integral.3.9, 4.1, 4.2
2023
11 XI Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Indefinite integral Quiz 6
15 Nov and substitution rule. 4.3-4.5 4.5: 12, 14, 16, 26
2023 5.1: 3, 7, 14, 20, 22, 24, 25,
26
5.2: 2, 7, 10, 12, 15, 17, 18,
25, 27, 29, 34, 38, 41, 42,
48, 58, 66, 68
8/30/2024 7
 COURSE COVERAGE (CONT’D)
No. Week Topic Recommended problems
12 XII Applications of Integration : Area between curves, Volumes 5.3: 3, 7, 14, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26
22 Nov of solids, volumes of solid of revolution. 5.1,5.2,5.3 4, 6, 10, 12, 16, 17, 21, 22, 19-43
2023 odd, 56-59; 5.4: 49; 5.5: 79
13 XIII Transcendental Functions : Inverse Functions, the Natural Quiz 7, HW 6
29 Nop Logarithmic Functions, The Natural Exponential Function. 6.1, 6.1 1, 2, 3-15odd, 17, 19, 23, 25,
2023.6 6.2*,6.3* 39, 41, 43, 45
6.2 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 15, 17-35odd, 49,
61, 63, 65-73odd
6.3 3, 5, 7, 15, 27, 29,
14 XIV General Logarithmic and Exponential Functions, the Quiz 8; 6.4 1, 3, 5, 21, 23, 25-
6 Dec Exponential Growth and Decay. 6.4*, 6.5. 41odd, 6.5 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 14, 24, 26
15 XV Wrap - up
13 Dec
16 XVI Final Exam
20 Dec
8/30/2024 8
CHAPTER 1 Preliminaries

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 TOPICS AGENDA

1.1 Real Numbers and the Real Line

1.2 Lines, Circles and Parabolas
1.3 Functions and Their Graphs

8/30/2024 10
 LECTURE 1 LECTURER

INEQUALITIES, FUNCTIONS, Antonius Suhartomo, B.Sc.,

M.Eng.Sc., M.B.A., Ph.D.

8/30/2024
GRAPH OF FUNCTIONS 11
1.1 REAL NUMBERS AND THE REAL LINE

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 REAL NUMBERS
3
 Real numbers are numbers that can be expressed as decimals, such as − =
4
1
− 0.75000 ⋯ ; = 0.33333 ⋯ ; 2 = 1.4142 ⋯
3
 The real numbers can be represented geometrically as points on a number line
called the real line.

 The symbol ℝ denotes either the real number system or, equivalently, the real line
 PROPERTIES
 The properties of the real number system fall into three categories:
algebraic properties, order properties, and completeness (AOC).
The algebraic properties say that the real numbers can be added,
subtracted, multiplied, and divided (except by 0) to produce more
real numbers under the usual rules of arithmetic. You can never divide
by 0.
The order properties of real numbers are given in Appendix 4. The
following useful rules can be derived from them, where the symbol ⟹
means “implies.”
The completeness property of the real number system is deeper and
harder to define precisely.
 RULES FOR INEQUALITIES
 If 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 are real numbers, then
1. If 𝑎 < 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑎 + 𝑐 < 𝑏 + 𝑐
2. If 𝑎 < 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑎 − 𝑐 < 𝑏 − 𝑐
3. If 𝑎 < 𝑏 and 𝑐 > 0 ⟹ 𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑐
4. If 𝑎 < 𝑏 and 𝑐 < 0 ⟹ 𝑏𝑐 < 𝑎𝑐
Special case: 𝑎 < 𝑏 ⟹ −𝑏 < −𝑎
1
5. If 𝑎 > 0 ⟹ >0
𝑎
1 1
6. If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are both positive or both negative, then 𝑎 < 𝑏 ⟹ <
𝑏 𝑎
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 SUBSETS OF REAL NUMBERS
 We distinguish three special subsets of real numbers.
1.The natural numbers, namely 1, 2, 3, 4, ⋯
2.The integers, namely 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ⋯
3.The rational numbers, namely the numbers that can be expressed in
𝑚
the form of a fraction , where 𝑚 and 𝑛 are integers and 𝑛 ≠ 0.
𝑛
Examples are
1 4 −4 4 200 57
,− = = , , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 57 =
3 9 9 −9 13 1
INTERVALS
A subset of the real line is called an interval if it contains at least
two numbers and contains all the real numbers lying between any
two of its elements. ሺ6, ∞ሻ
For example, the set of all real numbers 𝑥 such that 𝑥 > 6 is an
interval, as is the set of all 𝑥 such that −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5. ሾ−2, 5ሿ

Geometrically, intervals correspond to rays and line segments on

the real line, along with the real line itself.
Intervals of numbers corresponding to line segments are finite
intervals; intervals corresponding to rays and the real line are
infinite intervals.
 ሾ−2, 5ሿ ⟹ −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5
INTERVALS ሾ−2, 5ሻ ⟹ −2 ≤ 𝑥 < 5
ሺ−2,5ሿ ⟹ −2 < 𝑥 ≤ 5
ሺ−2, 5ሻ ⟹ −2 < 𝑥 < 5

A finite interval is said to be closed if it contains both of its

endpoints, half-open if it contains one endpoint but not the other,
and open if it contains neither endpoint.
The endpoints are also called boundary points; they make up the
interval’s boundary.
The remaining points of the interval are interior points and
together comprise the interval’s interior.
Infinite intervals are closed if they contain a finite endpoint, and
open otherwise.
The entire real line is an infinite interval that is both open and
closed.
ABSOLUTE VALUE PROPERTIES

NO ABSOLUTE VALUE NOTE

1 −𝑎 = 𝑎 A number and its additive inverse or negative have the
same absolute value.
2 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏 The absolute value of a product is the product of the
absolute values
3 𝑎 𝑎 The absolute of quotient is the quotient of the absolute
=
𝑏 𝑏 values
4 𝑎+𝑏 ≤ 𝑎 + 𝑏 The triangle inequality. The absolute value of the sum
of two numbers is less than or equal to the sum of their
absolute values.

3+5 ≤ 3 + 5 ⟹8≤8
3 − 5 ≤ 3 + −5 ⟹ 2 < 8
ABSOLUTE VALUES AND INTERVALS
If a is any positive number, then
5. 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = ±𝑎
6. 𝑥 < 𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 −𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑎
7. 𝑥 > 𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < −𝑎
8. 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 −𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎
9. 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ −𝑎
 SOLVING INEQUALITIES

 EXAMPLE 1 Solve the following inequalities and show their solution sets on the real
line.
𝑥 6
(a) 2𝑥 − 1 < 𝑥 + 3 (b) − < 2𝑥 + 1 (c) ≥5
3 𝑥−1
SOLUTION
2𝑥 − 1 + 1 < 𝑥 + 3 + 1
2𝑥 < 𝑥 + 4
2𝑥 − 𝑥 < 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 4
𝑥<4
 SOLVING INEQUALITIES

 EXAMPLE 2 Finding Absolute Values

3 = 3, 0 = 0, −5 = − −5 = 5, − 𝑎 = 𝑎
SOLUTION:

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 SOLVING INEQUALITIES

 EXAMPLE 3 Illustrating the Triangle Inequality

−3 + 5 = 2 = 2 < −3 + 5 = 8
3+5 = 8 = 3 + 5
−3 − 5 = −8 = 8 = −3 + −5
 SOLUTION:
ABSOLUTE VALUES AND INTEGRALS

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 SOLVING AN EQUATION WITH
ABSOLUTE VALUES
 EXAMPLE 4 Solve the equation 2𝑥 − 3 = 7
 SOLUTION:
−2,5 ⟹ −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5
 SOLVING AN INEQUALITY INVOLVING
ABSOLUTE VALUES
2
EXAMPLE 5 Solve the inequality 5 − <1
𝑥
SOLUTION:
 INEQUALITY

EXAMPLE 6 Solve the inequality and show the solution set on the real line:
(a) For 2𝑥 − 3 ≤ 1
(b) For 2𝑥 − 3 ≥ 1
 SOLUTION:
1.2 LINES, CIRCLES AND
PARABOLAS
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 CARTESIAN COORDINATES IN
THE PLANE
To begin, we draw two perpendicular coordinate lines
that intersect at the 0-point of each line.
These lines are called coordinate axes in the plane.
On the horizontal 𝑥 −axis, numbers are denoted by 𝑥
and increase to the right.
On the vertical 𝑦 −axis, numbers are denoted by 𝑦 and
increase upward (Figure 1.5).
 CARTESIAN COORDINATES IN
THE PLANE
Thus “upward” and “to the right” are positive directions, whereas
“downward” and “to the left” are considered as negative.
The origin 𝑂, also labeled 0, of the coordinate system is the point in the
plane where 𝑥 and 𝑦 are both zero.
The ordered pair (𝑎, 𝑏) is assigned to the point 𝑃 and is called its
coordinate pair.
The first number 𝑎 is the 𝒙 −coordinate (or abscissa) of 𝑃; the second
number 𝑏 is the 𝒚 −coordinate (or ordinate) of 𝑃. The 𝑥 −coordinate of
every point on the 𝑦 −axis is 0. The y-coordinate of every point on the
𝑥 −axis is 0. The origin is the point (0,0).
CARTESIAN PLANE

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 EXAMPLE 1 INCREMENTS AND
STRAIGHT LINES
In going from the point 𝐴ሺ4, −3ሻ to the point
𝐵ሺ2, 5ሻ the increments in the x- and
𝑦 −coordinates are
∆𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 = 2 − 4 = −2;
∆𝑦 = 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 = 5 + 3 = 8
From 𝐶ሺ5, 6ሻ to 𝐷ሺ5, 1ሻ the coordinate
increments are
∆𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 = 5 − 5 = 0;
∆𝑦 = 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 = 1 − 6=−5

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SLOPE
Definition
The constant
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 ∆𝑦 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚= = =
𝑟𝑢𝑛 ∆𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
is the slope of non-interval line 𝑃1 𝑃2 .
It has the same value for every choice of the two
points and on the line (Figure 1.8).

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 SLOPE

The slope tells us the direction (uphill, downhill) and steepness of a

line.
A line with positive slope rises uphill to the right; one with negative
slope falls downhill to the right (Figure 1.9).
The greater the absolute value of the slope, the more rapid the rise
or fall.
The slope of a vertical line is undefined.
Since the run ∆𝑥 is zero for a vertical line, we cannot evaluate the
slope ratio m.
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 ANGLE OF INCLINATION
The direction and steepness of a line can also
be measured with an angle.
The angle of inclination of a line that crosses
the 𝑥 −axis is the smallest counterclockwise
angle from the 𝑥 −axis to the line (Figure
1.10).
The inclination of a horizontal line is 0°.
The inclination of a vertical line is 90°.
If (the Greek letter phi) is the inclination of a
line, then 0 ≤ ∅ < 180°.
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POINT-SLOPE EQUATION
The relationship between the slope 𝑚 of a non-
vertical line and the line’s angle of inclination ∅ is
shown in Figure 1.11:
𝑚 = tan ∅

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POINT-SLOPE EQUATION
Straight lines have relatively simple equations.
All points on the vertical line through the point 𝑎
on the 𝑥 −axis have 𝑥 −coordinates equal to
𝑎.
Thus, 𝑥 = 𝑎 is an equation for the vertical line.
Similarly, 𝑦 = 𝑏 is an equation for the
horizontal line meeting the 𝑦 −axis at b. (See
Figure 1.12.)

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 POINT-SLOPE EQUATION

We can write an equation for a non-vertical straight line 𝐿 if we

know its slope 𝑚 and the coordinates of one point 𝑃1 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 on it.
If 𝑃ሺ𝑥, 𝑦ሻ is any other point on 𝐿, then we can use the two points
and 𝑃 to compute the slope,
𝑦 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥 − 𝑥1
so that
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑦1 + 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1

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 POINT-SLOPE EQUATION

The equation
𝑦 = 𝑦1 + 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1
is the point-slope equation of the line that passes through the point
𝑥1 , 𝑦1 and has slope 𝑚.

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 EXAMPLE 2: POINT-SLOPE EQUATION

Write an equation for the line through the point (2, 3) with slope
3
− .
2
SOLUTION:
 EXAMPLE 3 A LINE THROUGH TWO
POINTS
Write an equation for the line through −2, −1 and ሺ3, 4ሻ.
SOLUTION:

𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
= → 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥 − 𝑥1 → 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

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CARTESIAN LINE INTERCEPT
The 𝑦 −coordinate of the point where a non-
vertical line intersects the 𝑦 −axis is called the
𝒚 −intercept of the line.
Similarly, the 𝒙 −intercept of a non-horizontal
line is the x-coordinate of the point where it
crosses the 𝑥 −axis (Figure 1.14).

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 CARTESIAN LINE INTERCEPT

A line with slope 𝑚 and 𝑦 −intercept 𝑏 passes through the point

ሺ0, 𝑏ሻ, so it has equation
𝑦 = 𝑏 + 𝑚 𝑥 − 0 , 𝑜𝑟, 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒, 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
The equation
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
is called the slope-intercept equation of the line with slope 𝑚 and
𝑦 −intercept 𝑏.

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 EXAMPLE 4 FINDING THE
SLOPE AND Y-INTERCEPT
Find the slope and y-intercept of the line
8𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 20
SOLUTION:

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PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR
LINES
Lines that are parallel have equal angles of inclination, so they
have the same slope (if they are not vertical).
Conversely, lines with equal slopes have equal angles of inclination
and so are parallel.
If two non-vertical lines 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 are perpendicular, their slopes
𝑚1 and 𝑚2 satisfy 𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1, so each slope is the negative
reciprocal of the other:
1 1
𝑚1 = − , 𝑚2 = −
𝑚2 𝑚1

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 PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR
LINES
Lines that are parallel have equal angles of inclination, so they
have the same slope (if they are not vertical).
Conversely, lines with equal slopes have equal angles of inclination
and so are parallel.
If two nonvertical lines 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 are perpendicular, their slopes
and satisfy so each slope is the negative reciprocal of the other:
1 1
𝑚1 = − , 𝑚2 −
𝑚2 𝑚1
PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR
LINES
To see this, notice by inspecting similar
𝑎
triangles in Figure 1.15 that and 𝑚2 = − .
ℎ
𝑎 ℎ
Hence, 𝑚1 𝑚2 = − = −1.
ℎ 𝑎

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DISTANCE AND CIRCLES IN THE
PLANE
The distance between points in the plane
is calculated with a formula that comes
from the Pythagorean theorem (Figure
1.16).
Distance Formula for Points in the Plane
The distance between 𝑃 and 𝑄 is
𝑑 = ∆𝑥 2 + ∆𝑦 2
= 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2
 EXAMPLE 5 CALCULATING DISTANCE

a. Find the distance between 𝑃 −1,2 and 𝑄 3,4

b. Find the distance from the origin to 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
SOLUTION:
RADIUS
By definition, a circle of radius a is the set of all
points P(x, y) whose distance from some center C(h, k)
equals a (Figure 1.17). From the distance formula, P
lies on the circle if and only if
𝑥−ℎ 2+ 𝑦−𝑘 2 =𝑎
So
2 2
𝑥−ℎ + 𝑦−𝑘 = 𝑎2 ሺ1ሻ

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 RADIUS

Equation (1) is the standard equation of a circle with center ሺℎ, 𝑘ሻ

and radius 𝑎.
The circle of radius and centered at the origin is the unit circle with
equation
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1

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 EXAMPLE 6

a. The standard equation for the circle of radius 2 centered at ሺ3, 4ሻ is

2 2
b. The center of circle equation, 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑦+5 = 3 is
SOLUTION:
 EXAMPLE 7 FINDING A CIRCLE’S CENTER
AND RADIUS

Find the center and radius of the circle

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 3 = 0
SOLUTION:
𝑥 − 𝑎 2 + 𝑦 − 𝑏 2 = 𝑟2
𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑏𝑦 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑟 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 − 4 − 6𝑦 + 9 − 9 = 3
𝑥 + 2 2 + 𝑦 − 3 2 = 16
Therefore, 𝐶 −2,3 and radius 𝑟 = 4
CIRCLE’S CENTER AND RADIUS
The points ሺ𝑥, 𝑦ሻ satisfying the inequality
𝑥 − ℎ 2 + 𝑦 − 𝑘 2 < 𝑟2
make up the interior region of the circle with
center ሺℎ, 𝑘ሻ and radius a (Figure 1.18).
The circle’s exterior consists of the points ሺ𝑥, 𝑦ሻ
satisfying
𝑥 − ℎ 2 + 𝑦 − 𝑘 2 > 𝑟2

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 𝟐
EXAMPLE 8 THE PARABOLA 𝒚 = 𝒙
Consider the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 . Some
points whose coordinates satisfy this
equation are
3 9
0,0 , 1,1 , , , −1,1 , 2,4 , and
2 4
−2,4 .
These points (and all others satisfying the
equation) make up a smooth curve called
a parabola (Figure 1.19).
 PARABOLA

The graph of an equation of the form

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2
is a parabola whose axis (axis of symmetry) is the 𝑦 −axis.
The parabola’s vertex (point where the parabola and axis cross)
lies at the origin.
The parabola opens upward if 𝑎 > 0 and downward if 𝑎 < 0.
The larger the value of 𝑎 , the narrower the parabola (Figure
1.20).
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COPYRIGHT © 2005 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. PUBLISHING AS PEARSON ADDISON-WESLEY
THE PARABOLA WITH CONSTANT 𝒂
The graph of the equation 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑎 ≠ 0, is a parabola.
The parabola opens upward if 𝑎 > 0 and downward if 𝑎 < 0.
The axis is the line
𝑏
𝑥=− , ሺ2ሻ
2𝑎
The vertex of the parabola is the point where the axis and parabola
intersect.
𝑏
Its 𝑥 −coordinate is 𝑥 = − ; its 𝑦 −coordinate is found by substituting
2𝑎
𝑏
𝑥= − in the parabola’s equation.
2𝑎
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EXAMPLE 9 GRAPHING A PARABOLA
1 2
Graph the equation 𝑦 = − 𝑥 −𝑥+4
2
SOLUTION:

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1.3 FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
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 FUNCTION

Definition: Function
A function from a set 𝐷 to a set 𝑌 is a rule that assigns a unique
(single) element 𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 𝑌 to each element 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷.

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A FUNCTION CAN ALSO BE PICTURED
AS AN ARROW DIAGRAM

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IDENTIFYING DOMAIN AND RANGE

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GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS

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 EXAMPLE 3 EVALUATING A FUNCTION
FROM ITS GRAPH
The graph of a fruit fly population p is shown in Figure 1.26.
(a) Find the populations after 20 and 45 days.
(b) What is the (approximate) range of the population
function over the time interval 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 50?
Solution:

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 EXAMPLE 4 A FUNCTION DEFINED
BY A TABLE OF VALUES
Musical notes are pressure waves in the air that can be recorded.
The data in Table 1.2 give recorded pressure displacement versus
time in seconds of a musical note produced by a tuning fork.
The table provides a representation of the pressure function over
time.
If we first make a scatterplot and then connect the data points (t,
p) from the table, we obtain the graph shown in Figure 1.27.
EXAMPLE 4 A FUNCTION DEFINED
BY A TABLE OF VALUES

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THE VERTICAL LINE TEST (1/3)
Not every curve you draw is the graph of a function.
A function ƒ can have only one value 𝑓 𝑥 for each 𝑥 in its domain,
so no vertical line can intersect the graph of a function more than
once.
Thus, a circle cannot be the graph of a function since some vertical
lines intersect the circle twice (Figure 1.28a). If a is in the domain of
a function ƒ, then the vertical line 𝑥 = 𝑎 will intersect the graph of
ƒ in the single point (a, ƒ(a)).

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THE VERTICAL LINE TEST (2/3)
The circle in Figure 1.28a, however, does contain the graphs of two
functions of 𝑥; the upper semicircle defined by the function 𝑓 𝑥 =
1 − 𝑥 2 and the lower semicircle defined by the function g 𝑥 =
− 1 − 𝑥 2 (Figures 1.28b and 1.28c).

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THE VERTICAL LINE TEST (3/3)
PIECEWISE-DEFINED FUNCTIONS
Sometimes a function is described by using
different formulas on different parts of its
domain.
One example is the absolute value
function
𝒙, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎
𝒙 =ቊ
−𝒙, 𝒙 < 𝟎,
whose graph is given in Figure 1.29.

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EXAMPLE 5 GRAPHING PIECEWISE-
DEFINED FUNCTIONS
The function
−𝑥, 𝑥<0
𝑓 𝑥 = ቐ 𝑥 2, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
1, 𝑥>1
is defined on the entire real line but has values given by
different formulas depending on the position of 𝑥.
The values of ƒ are given by: 𝑦 = −𝑥 when 𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 =
𝑥 2 when 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, and 𝑦 = 1 when 𝑥 > 1.
The function, however, is just one function whose domain is
the entire set of real numbers (Figure 1.30).

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 EXAMPLE 6 THE GREATEST INTEGER
FUNCTION
The function whose value at any number x is the greatest integer less
than or equal to x is called the greatest integer function or the
integer floor function.
It is denoted or, in some books, [x] or [[x]] or int x. Figure 1.31
shows the graph. Observe that

2.4 = 2, 1.9 = 1, 0 = 0,
2 = 2, 0.2 = 0, −0.3 = −1
−1.2 = −2 −2 = −2

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EXAMPLE 7 THE LEAST INTEGER
FUNCTION
The function whose value at any number 𝑥 is the
smallest integer greater than or equal to 𝑥 is called
the least integer function or the integer ceiling
function.
It is denoted 𝑥 , Figure 1.32 shows the graph.
For positive values of 𝑥 , this function might
represent, for example, the cost of parking 𝑥 hours
in a parking lot which charges $1 for each hour or
part of an hour.

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EXAMPLE 8 WRITING FORMULAS FOR
PIECEWISE-DEFINED FUNCTIONS
Write a formula for the function 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
whose graph consists of the two line segments in
Figure 1.33.
SOLUTION:

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